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The halting problem Approximations Halting_problem > Computability theory > Approximations There are infrequently occurring new varieties of programs that come in arbitrarily large "blocks", and a constantly growing fraction of repeats. If the blocks of new varieties are fully included, the error rate is at least ϵ {\d... |
Chemical sensor Summary Distance_sensor Analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still widely used. Their applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine, robotics and many other aspects of our day-to-day life. |
Graph energy Summary Graph_energy It is assumed that G is simple, that is, it does not contain loops or parallel edges. Let A be the adjacency matrix of G and let λ i {\displaystyle \lambda _{i}} , i = 1 , … , n {\displaystyle i=1,\ldots ,n} , be the eigenvalues of A. Then the energy of the graph is defined as: E ( G )... |
Brittle fracture Strength Fracture > Strength If a ductile material reaches its ultimate tensile strength in a load-controlled situation, it will continue to deform, with no additional load application, until it ruptures. However, if the loading is displacement-controlled, the deformation of the material may relieve th... |
Statistical potential Overview Statistical_potential > Overview Possible features to which a pseudo-energy can be assigned include: interatomic distances, torsion angles, solvent exposure, or hydrogen bond geometry.The classic application is, however, based on pairwise amino acid contacts or distances, thus producing s... |
Glossary of computer science P Glossary_of_computer_science > P Subroutines may be defined within programs, or separately in libraries that can be used by many programs. In different programming languages, a subroutine may be called a routine, subprogram, function, method, or procedure. |
Inner model Summary Inner_model In set theory, a branch of mathematical logic, an inner model for a theory T is a substructure of a model M of a set theory that is both a model for T and contains all the ordinals of M. |
Metric system Base and derived unit structure Metric_system > Principles > Base and derived unit structure For example, in the modern metric system, length has the unit metre and time has the unit second, and speed has the derived unit metre per second. : 15 Density, or mass per unit volume, has the unit kilogram per c... |
Data diplomacy Data sensitivity and data security Data_diplomacy > Risks and limitations > Data sensitivity and data security One of the risks and impediments to data diplomacy is the issue of sensitive data and data security. Some data, such as pathogen sequence data and genetic sequence data are sensitive because the... |
Young adult novel Pre-20th-century Young_adult_literature > History > Pre-20th-century It contains riddles, pictures, and 'pleasant and delightful relations of many rare and notable accidents and occurrences' which has suggested to some that it should be thought of as an early children's book. However, its title-page i... |
Finite Element Analysis General form of the finite element method Finite_element > Discretization > General form of the finite element method In general, the finite element method is characterized by the following process. One chooses a grid for Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } . In the preceding treatment, the grid consisted... |
Machine learning in bioinformatics Workflow Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics > Machine learning approaches > Workflow Typically, a workflow for applying machine learning to biological data goes through four steps: Recording, including capture and storage. In this step, different information sources may be merged into... |
Cancer biomarkers Diagnosis Cancer_biomarkers > Role of biomarkers in cancer research and medicine > Uses of biomarkers in cancer medicine > Diagnosis Cancer biomarkers can also be useful in establishing a specific diagnosis. This is particularly the case when there is a need to determine whether tumors are of primary ... |
CaRMetal Magnetism CaRMetal > Special features > Magnetism A point can be made magnetic with a distance and a list of objects it is attracted to whenever the point is sufficiently near one or several of these objects (sufficiently near means that the distance between them is less than the minimal distance which is a pr... |
ANNOVAR System efficiency ANNOVAR > Technical information > System efficiency Benchmarked on a modern desktop computer (3 GHz Intel Xeon CPU, 8GB memory), for 4.7 million variants, ANNOVAR requires ~4 minutes to perform gene-based functional annotation, or ~15 minutes to perform stepwise "variants reduction". It is sai... |
Tissue biopsies Cancer Tissue_biopsies > Medical use > Cancer When cancer is suspected, a variety of biopsy techniques can be applied. An excisional biopsy is an attempt to remove an entire lesion. When the specimen is evaluated, in addition to diagnosis, the amount of uninvolved tissue around the lesion, the surgical ... |
Support-vector machine Implementation Support_vector_regression > Implementation The parameters of the maximum-margin hyperplane are derived by solving the optimization. There exist several specialized algorithms for quickly solving the quadratic programming (QP) problem that arises from SVMs, mostly relying on heurist... |
J. Robert Oppenheimer Scientific work J._Robert_Oppenheimer > Early career > Scientific work Two years later, Carl David Anderson discovered the positron, for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics.In the late 1930s, Oppenheimer became interested in astrophysics, most likely through his friendship with Richa... |
Chemotherapy Dosage Chemotherapy > Treatment strategies > Dosage BSA-dosed people were treated for a total of 680 months while people in the dose-adjusted group were treated for a total of 791 months. Completing the course of treatment is an important factor in achieving better treatment outcomes. Similar results were ... |
MicroRNA RNA-induced silencing complex Micro_RNA > RNA-induced silencing complex The mature miRNA is part of an active RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) containing Dicer and many associated proteins. RISC is also known as a microRNA ribonucleoprotein complex (miRNP); A RISC with incorporated miRNA is sometimes refer... |
Pulse-Doppler signal processing Track Pulse-Doppler_signal_processing > Track Other strategies are used for objects that do not satisfy Newtonian physics. Users are generally presented with several displays that show information from track data and raw detected signals. |
Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering N Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering > N network protectorA type of circuit breaker used to isolate a fault from a multi-transformer supply network. neural networksA network of individual logic elements in multiple layers that emulates some of the behav... |
Solubility constant Definitions Solubility_constant > Definitions Units of solubility may be molar (mol dm−3) or expressed as mass per unit volume, such as μg mL−1. Solubility is temperature dependent. A solution containing a higher concentration of solute than the solubility is said to be supersaturated. |
Asymmetric information Summary Asymmetric_information If the buyer has more information, the power to manipulate the transaction will be represented by the scale leaning towards the buyer's side. Information asymmetry extends to non-economic behaviour. Private firms have better information than regulators about the act... |
EC-hippocampus system Summary EC-hippocampus_system The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a major part of the hippocampal formation of the brain, and is reciprocally connected with the hippocampus.The hippocampal formation, which consists of the hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, the dentate gyrus, the subicular areas and the EC ... |
Schema-agnostic databases Example Schema-agnostic_databases > Schema-agnostic queries > Schema-agnostic keyword queries > Example "Bill Clinton daughter married to" "Books by William Goldman with more than 300 pages" |
Discovery and development of beta2 agonists Asthma Discovery_and_development_of_beta2_agonists > Clinical use > Asthma β2-agonists are used to treat asthma, an inflammatory disease in the airways. The inflammation makes the bronchia sensitive to some factors in the environment, which causes bronchoconstriction. When th... |
Remote-area power supply Summary Stand-alone_power_system A stand-alone power system (SAPS or SPS), also known as remote area power supply (RAPS), is an off-the-grid electricity system for locations that are not fitted with an electricity distribution system. Typical SAPS include one or more methods of electricity gene... |
Formation constant Theory Formation_constant > Theory {\displaystyle \beta _{pq...}={\frac {}{^{p}^{q}...}}} The definition can easily be extended to include any number of reagents. The reagents need not always be a metal and a ligand but can be any species which form a complex. Stability constants defined in this way,... |
Eventual consistency Conflict resolution Eventual_consistency > Conflict resolution In order to ensure replica convergence, a system must reconcile differences between multiple copies of distributed data. This consists of two parts: exchanging versions or updates of data between servers (often known as anti-entropy); a... |
Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase Metabolic significance of the catalyzed reaction Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate_synthase > Metabolic significance of the catalyzed reaction It can therefore be inferred that it is possible when glucose-1-phosphate is produced, it makes glucose-1,6-bisphosphate (with glucose-1,6-bisophosphate... |
Valency bonds Theory Valence_Bond_Theory > Theory For example, a bond between two s-orbital electrons is a sigma bond, because two spheres are always coaxial. In terms of bond order, single bonds have one sigma bond, double bonds consist of one sigma bond and one pi bond, and triple bonds contain one sigma bond and two... |
Cake number General formula Cake_number > General formula If n! denotes the factorial, and we denote the binomial coefficients by ( n k ) = n ! k ! ( n − k ) ! |
Protein melting temperature Summary Protein_melting_temperature Denaturation midpoint of a protein is defined as the temperature (Tm) or concentration of denaturant (Cm) at which both the folded and unfolded states are equally populated at equilibrium (assuming two-state protein folding). Tm is often determined using a... |
Scientific methodology DNA-characterizations Critical_method > Elements of the scientific method > Characterizations > DNA-characterizations The history of the discovery of the structure of DNA is a classic example of the elements of the scientific method: in 1950 it was known that genetic inheritance had a mathematica... |
Newtonian theory History Classical_mechanics > History Newton also enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In mechanics, Newton was also the first to provide the first correct scientific and mathematical formulation of gravity in Newton's law of universal gravitation. The combination... |
Combination square Uses Combination_square > Uses As well as being used as a regular standalone rule or straightedge, the rule is used in combination with the different heads. |
Human memory Cognitive neuroscience Human_memory > Cognitive neuroscience Encoding of episodic memory involves persistent changes in molecular structures that alter synaptic transmission between neurons. Examples of such structural changes include long-term potentiation (LTP) or spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP)... |
Vaccination policy Summary Vaccine_mandates A vaccination policy is a health policy adopted in order to prevent the spread of infectious disease. These policies are generally put into place by State or local governments, but may also be set by private facilities, such as workplaces or schools. Many policies have been d... |
Digital sculpting Sculpting technology Digital_sculpting > Sculpting technology The geometry used in digital sculpting programs to represent the model can vary; each offers different benefits and limitations. The majority of digital sculpting tools on the market use mesh-based geometry, in which an object is represente... |
Protein Design Branch and bound Protein_Design > Algorithms > With mathematical guarantees > Branch and bound The protein design conformational space can be represented as a tree, where the protein residues are ordered in an arbitrary way, and the tree branches at each of the rotamers in a residue. Branch and bound alg... |
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Epidemiology Nonalcoholic_fatty_liver_disease > Epidemiology MAFLD incidence is rapidly rising, along with obesity and diabetes, and has become the most common cause of liver disease in developed countries, for adults, teenagers, and children. The percentage of people with MAFLD ranges ... |
Chemical derivative Summary Derivative_(chemistry) In analytical chemistry, derivatization can be used to convert analytes into other species for improving detection. For example, polar groups such as N-H or O-H can be converted into less polar groups. This reaction reduces the boiling point of the molecule, allowing n... |
Quantum superposition Analogy with probability Quantum_linear_superposition > Theory > Analogy with probability In probability theory there is a similar principle. If a system has a probabilistic description, this description gives the probability of any configuration, and given any two different configurations, there ... |
Medicinal chemist Training Medicinal_chemist > Training Medicinal chemistry is by nature an interdisciplinary science, and practitioners have a strong background in organic chemistry, which must eventually be coupled with a broad understanding of biological concepts related to cellular drug targets. Scientists in medic... |
Compiler design Summary Compiler_theory A compiler-compiler is a compiler that produces a compiler (or part of one), often in a generic and reusable way so as to be able to produce many differing compilers. A compiler is likely to perform some or all of the following operations, often called phases: preprocessing, lexi... |
Algorithms-Aided Design (AAD) Summary Algorithms-Aided_Design_(AAD) Algorithms-Aided Design (AAD) is the use of specific algorithms-editors to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. The algorithms-editors are usually integrated with 3D modeling packages and read several programming... |
Triangular form Summary Triangular_matrices In mathematics, a triangular matrix is a special kind of square matrix. A square matrix is called lower triangular if all the entries above the main diagonal are zero. Similarly, a square matrix is called upper triangular if all the entries below the main diagonal are zero. B... |
Drain (transistor) Metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET) Field-effect_transistor > History > Metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET) With its high scalability, and much lower power consumption and higher density than bipolar junction transistors, the MOSFET made it possible to build high-density integrated circuits. Th... |
Multiple-instance learning Generalizations Multiple-instance_learning > Generalizations Much like the standard assumption, MI regression assumes there is one instance in each bag, called the "prime instance", which determines the label for the bag (up to noise). The ideal goal of MI regression would be to find a hyperp... |
Kearns–Sayre syndrome Genetics Kearns–Sayre_syndrome > Genetics This cellular energy deficit manifests most readily in tissues that rely heavily upon aerobic metabolism such as the brain, skeletal and cardiac muscles, sensory organs, and kidneys. This is one factor involved in the presentation of mitochondrial diseases... |
Private set intersection Summary Private_set_intersection The delegated PSI category can be further divided into two classes: (a) those that support one-off delegation, and (b) those that support repeated delegation. The PSI protocols that support one-off delegation require the data owner to re-encode its data and send... |
Windows Driver Frameworks Varieties Windows_Driver_Frameworks > Varieties There are three types of WDF drivers: Kernel-Mode Driver Framework, for writing standard kernel-mode device drivers User-Mode Driver Framework v1, for writing user-mode drivers using a C++ COM-based API User-Mode Driver Framework v2, for writing ... |
Analytical skill The 6 types of inductive reasoning Analytical_skill > Logical Reasoning > Inductive Reasoning > The 6 types of inductive reasoning Generalised: This manner utilises a premise on a sample set to extract a conclusion about a population. Statistical: This is a method that utilises statistics based on a la... |
NP class Why some NP problems are hard to solve NP_class > Why some NP problems are hard to solve If there is a polynomial-time algorithm for even one of them, then there is a polynomial-time algorithm for all the problems in NP. Because of this, and because dedicated research has failed to find a polynomial algorithm ... |
Algorithm characterization 1952 "Turing's thesis" Algorithm_characterization > 1943, 1952 Stephen Kleene's characterization > 1952 "Turing's thesis" Thus the inclusion of "partial function" extends the notion of function to "less-perfect" functions. Total- and partial-functions may either be calculated by hand or compu... |
Phenotypic response surfaces Oncology Phenotypic_response_surfaces > Applications > Oncology Optimization of combination therapies is of particular importance in oncology. Conventional cancer treatments often rely on the sequential use of chemotherapy drugs, with each new drug starting as soon as the pervious agent los... |
Plant agriculture Agricultural automation Plant_agriculture > Production > Agricultural automation FAO defines agricultural automation as the use of machinery and equipment in agricultural operations to improve their diagnosis, decision-making or performing, reducing the drudgery of agricultural work or improving the t... |
Sequence graph Construction Sequence_graph > Construction Before constructing a sequence graph, there must be at least two genomes represented as directed graphs with edges as threads (adjacency edges) and vertices as DNA segments. The genomes should be labeled P and Q, while the sequence graph is labeled as Breakpoint... |
Very Large Telescope Instruments Mid-IR_Interferometric_instrument > Technical details > Instruments Transiting planets are almost always close-in planets that are hot and radiate most of their light in the infrared (IR). Furthermore, the IR is a spectral region where lines of molecular gases like carbon monoxide (CO),... |
Photooxygenation States of molecular oxygen Photooxygenation > Background > States of molecular oxygen In classical Lewis structures, molecular oxygen, O2, is depicted as having a double bond between the two oxygen atoms. However, the molecular orbitals of O2 are actually more complex than Lewis structures seem to sugg... |
Marine prokaryote Symbiosis Marine_prokaryote > Symbiosis Glands on the worm's back secrete a mucus on which the bacteria feed, a form of symbiosis. Endosymbiont bacteria are bacteria that live within the body or cells of another organism. Some types of cyanobacteria are endosymbiont and cyanobacteria have been found t... |
Enzyme induction and inhibition History Enzyme_induction_and_inhibition > History In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the French molecular biologists François Jacob and Jacques Monod became the first to explain enzyme induction, in the context of the lac operon of Escherichia coli. In the absence of lactose, the constit... |
Work hardened Theory Work_hardened > Theory Instead, the dislocations accumulate, interact with one another, and serve as pinning points or obstacles that significantly impede their motion. This leads to an increase in the yield strength of the material and a subsequent decrease in ductility. Such deformation increases... |
Data auditing Summary Data_auditing Data auditing is the process of conducting a data audit to assess how company's data is fit for given purpose. This involves profiling the data and assessing the impact of poor quality data on the organization's performance and profits. It can include the determination of the clarity... |
Direct policy search Model-based algorithms Direct_policy_search > Algorithms for control learning > Model-based algorithms Finally, all of the above methods can be combined with algorithms that first learn a model. For instance, the Dyna algorithm learns a model from experience, and uses that to provide more modelled ... |
Aggregation method Summary Aggregation_problem In economics, an aggregate is a summary measure. It replaces a vector that is composed of many real numbers by a single real number, or a scalar. Consequently, there occur various problems that are inherent in the formulations that use aggregated variables.The aggregation ... |
Automata-based programming Procedural Automata-based_programming > Example > Automata-based program > Procedural Besides that, there is only one loop instead of the four the traditional version had. The body of the while loop is the automaton step and the loop itself is the cycle of the automaton step. The program impl... |
Order of a graph Tree Adjacency_relation > Types of graph > Tree A tree is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path, or equivalently a connected acyclic undirected graph. A forest is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by at most one path, or equivalently a... |
Direct Fusion Drive Summary Direct_Fusion_Drive Direct Fusion Drive (DFD) is a conceptual, low radioactivity, nuclear-fusion rocket engine, designed to produce both thrust and electric power for interplanetary spacecraft. The concept is based on the Princeton field-reversed configuration reactor, invented in 2002 by Sa... |
Philosophy of physics Uncertainty principle Philosophy_of_physics > Philosophy of quantum mechanics > Uncertainty principle The uncertainty principle is a mathematical relation asserting an upper limit to the accuracy of the simultaneous measurement of any pair of conjugate variables, e.g. position and momentum. In the... |
Gorilla arm Infrared grid Gorilla_arm > Technologies > Infrared grid An infrared touchscreen uses an array of X-Y infrared LED and photodetector pairs around the edges of the screen to detect a disruption in the pattern of LED beams. These LED beams cross each other in vertical and horizontal patterns. This helps the s... |
DNA damage Rate of evolutionary change DNA_damage_checkpoints > Evolution > Rate of evolutionary change On some occasions, DNA damage is not repaired or is repaired by an error-prone mechanism that results in a change from the original sequence. When this occurs, mutations may propagate into the genomes of the cell's p... |
Ray tracing (physics) Summary Ray_tracing_(physics) More detailed analysis can be performed by using a computer to propagate many rays. When applied to problems of electromagnetic radiation, ray tracing often relies on approximate solutions to Maxwell's equations that are valid as long as the light waves propagate thro... |
Prime factor History Prime_divisor > History A weaker consequence of this high density of primes was Bertrand's postulate, that for every n > 1 {\displaystyle n>1} there is a prime between n {\displaystyle n} and 2 n {\displaystyle 2n} , proved in 1852 by Pafnuty Chebyshev. Ideas of Bernhard Riemann in his 1859 paper o... |
Thermal inertia Volumetric heat capacity of solids Thermal_inertia > Volumetric heat capacity of solids The molar volume of solid elements is very roughly constant, and (even more reliably) so also is the molar heat capacity for most solid substances. These two factors determine the volumetric heat capacity, which as a... |
Quantum vacuum zero point energy Vacuum birefringence Lowest-energy_state > Experimental observations > Vacuum birefringence Yet, in theory, large nonlinear self-interaction of light due to quantum fluctuations should lead to this principle being measurably violated if the interactions are strong enough. Nearly all the... |
PER2 Main interactions PER2 > Function > Main interactions In mammals, mPER2 forms a heterodimer with mPER1, mCRY1, and mCRY2 by binding to PAS domains. The heterodimer acts to inhibit their own transcription by suppressing the CLOCK/BMAL1 complex resulting in a negative feedback loop. This negative feedback loop is es... |
Categorical semantics Overview Internal_language > Overview There are three important themes in the categorical approach to logic: Categorical semantics Categorical logic introduces the notion of structure valued in a category C with the classical model theoretic notion of a structure appearing in the particular case w... |
Hypertensive retinopathy Management Hypertensive_retinopathy > Management A major aim of treatment is to prevent, limit, or reverse target organ damage by lowering the person's high blood pressure to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Treatment with antihypertensive medications may be required to cont... |
Pharmacodynamics of testosterone Cardiovascular disease Pharmacodynamics_of_testosterone > Side effects > Long-term adverse effects > Cardiovascular disease Adverse effects of testosterone supplementation may include increased cardiovascular events (including strokes and heart attacks) and deaths based on three peer-re... |
Baudhayana sequences Circling the square Baudhayana_sequences > Baudhāyana Śulvasūtra > Circling the square Another problem tackled by Baudhāyana is that of finding a circle whose area is the same as that of a square (the reverse of squaring the circle). His sūtra i.58 gives this construction: Draw half its diagonal ab... |
Internet influences on communities Influences on communities Internet_influences_on_communities > Social capital > Influences on communities Information and communication technologies (ICT) affect various aspects of communities, including communications, social capital, friendships and trust. Internet has the most infl... |
Perineuronal net Neuroprotection Perineuronal_net > Functions > Neuroprotection In the site of ChABC injections, there was profuse outgrowth of the terminal branches of Purkinje cell neurons. However, myelinated axon segments were not affected and remained normal. Purkinje axon sprouting was first evident four days aft... |
Long non coding RNA Regulating basal transcription machinery Telomeric_non-coding_RNAs > Functions > In the regulation of gene transcription > Regulating basal transcription machinery The ability to quickly mediate global changes is also apparent in the rapid expression of non-coding repetitive sequences. The short int... |
RLC Circuit Sinusoidal steady state RLC_Circuit > Series circuit > Laplace domain > Sinusoidal steady state Sinusoidal steady state is represented by letting s = jω, where j is the imaginary unit. Taking the magnitude of the above equation with this substitution: | Y ( j ω ) | = 1 R 2 + ( ω L − 1 ω C ) 2 . {\displaysty... |
Dimensional modeling Benefits of dimensional modeling Dimensional_modeling > Benefits of dimensional modeling In normalized models, data is divided into many discrete entities and even a simple business process might result in dozens of tables joined together in a complex way. Query performance. Dimensional models are ... |
Stroma (fluid) Summary Stroma_(fluid) The series of biochemical redox reactions which take place in the stroma are collectively called the Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions. There are three phases: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration. The stroma is also the ... |
Histone-Modifying Enzymes Cancer Histone-modifying_enzyme > Role in research > Cancer Alterations in the functions of histone-modifying enzymes deregulate the control of chromatin-based processes, ultimately leading to oncogenic transformation and cancer. Both DNA methylation and histone modifications show patterns of ... |
Personal identity Locke's conception Personal_identity > Continuity of consciousness > Locke's conception Neither is self-identity founded on the body substance, argues Locke, as the body may change while the person remains the same. Even the identity of animals is not founded on their body: "animal identity is preserv... |
Cell fate Cell fate Cell_fate_determination > Cell fate Transplantation experiments can also be used in conjunction with the genetic manipulation and lineage tracing. Newer cell fate determination techniques include lineage tracing performed using inducible Cre-lox transgenic mice, where specific cell populations can b... |
Scapegoat tree Insertion Scapegoat_tree > Operations > Insertion Insertion is implemented with the same basic ideas as an unbalanced binary search tree, however with a few significant changes. When finding the insertion point, the depth of the new node must also be recorded. This is implemented via a simple counter tha... |
Gregory Bateson Ecological anthropology and cybernetics Gregory_Bateson > Work > Ecological anthropology and cybernetics In his book Steps to an Ecology of Mind, Bateson applied cybernetics to the field of ecological anthropology and the concept of homeostasis. He saw the world as a series of systems containing those o... |
Positive displacement meter Gear Positive_displacement_meter > Types > Gear Gear flow meters rely on internal gears rotating as fluid passes through them. There are various types of gear meters named mostly for the shape of the internal components Oval gear Two rotating oval gears with synchronized teeth “squeeze” a fi... |
Causal dynamical triangulation Related theories Causal_dynamical_triangulation > Related theories Another approach to quantum gravity that is closely related to causal dynamical triangulation is called causal sets. Both CDT and causal sets attempt to model the spacetime with a discrete causal structure. The main differ... |
Nuclear DNA Structure Nuclear_genome > Structure Nucleotides are distinguished by their bases: purines, large bases that include adenine and guanine; and pyrimidines, small bases that include thymine and cytosine. Chargaff's rules state that adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine always with cytosine. The phosp... |
.3ds Structure .3ds > Structure 3ds is a binary file format. The format is based in chunks, where each section of data is embedded in a block that contains a chunk identifier and the length of the data (to provide the location of the next main block), as well as the data itself. This allows parsers to skip chunks they ... |
Analysis of parallel algorithms Definitions Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms > Definitions Span law. A finite number p of processors cannot outperform an infinite number, so that Tp ≥ T∞.Using these definitions and laws, the following measures of performance can be given: Speedup is the gain in speed made by parallel ex... |
Combinatorial enumeration Binary and plane trees Enumerative_combinatorics > Combinatorial structures > Binary and plane trees In binary trees, a special case of plane trees, each node can have either two or no children. Let P {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}} denote the family of all plane trees. Then this family can be ... |
Vector processors Vector processor features Vector_processors > Vector processor features This allows code with conditional statements to be vectorized. Compress and Expand – usually using a bit-mask, data is linearly compressed or expanded (redistributed) based on whether bits in the mask are set or clear, whilst alwa... |
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