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Data Modeling Data models Data_Modeling > Topics > Data models This can lead to replication of data, data structure and functionality, together with the attendant costs of that duplication in development and maintenance. Therefore, data definitions should be made as explicit and easy to understand as possible to minimi... |
Baby sign language Learning baby sign Baby_sign_language > Learning baby sign When words were produced by the child, they typically were ones that the child had already been gesturing for. This shows that gesture is directly linked to the words that children will produce.Symbolic gesture is the specific term that encom... |
Solarroller Summary Solarroller Configurations differences include: motor (number and output), wheels (number and size), and frame designsThis robot type always moves forwards. The motor drives one or more wheels. A "Solar Engine" circuit is used to feed the robot. Solarroller's speed is directly related to the amount ... |
Macromolecular system Thermodynamics Supermolecular_chemistry > Control > Thermodynamics In the simplest case, p=q=1, the equilibrium can be written as H + G ⇋ H G {\displaystyle H+G\leftrightharpoons HG} The value of the equilibrium constant, K, for this reaction can, in principle, be determined by any of the techniqu... |
Wave particle duality History Three_wave_hypothesis > History : 211 The experimental evidence of particle-like momentum and energy seemingly contradicted the earlier work demonstrating wave-like interference of light. The contradictory evidence from electrons arrived in the opposite order. Many experiments by J. J. Tho... |
Computing science Artificial intelligence Computer_science > Fields > Applied computer science > Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) aims to or is required to synthesize goal-orientated processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, environmental adaptation, learning, and communication found in hu... |
Dynamic similarity (Reynolds and Womersley numbers) Boundary layer thickness Dynamic_similarity_(Reynolds_and_Womersley_numbers) > Boundary layer thickness yields: δ 1 = μ ρ ω {\displaystyle {\delta }_{1}={\sqrt {\tfrac {\mu }{\rho \omega }}}\,\!} Adding a characteristic length (L) to both sides gives the ratio: L δ 1 ... |
Covalently bonded History Covalently_bonded > History The term covalence in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society article entitled "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules". Langmuir wrote that "we shall denote by the term covalence the num... |
OpenQASM Summary OpenQASM Open Quantum Assembly Language (OpenQASM; pronounced open kazm) is a programming language designed for describing quantum circuits and algorithms for execution on quantum computers. It is designed to be an intermediate representation that can be used by higher-level compilers to communicate wi... |
Varying speed of light Gravitational constant G Varying_speed_of_light > Relation to other constants and their variation > Gravitational constant G In 1937, Paul Dirac and others began investigating the consequences of natural constants changing with time. For example, Dirac proposed a change of only 5 parts in 1011 pe... |
Metal–ligand multiple bond Reactivity explained through ligand hybridization Metal-ligand_multiple_bond > Reactivity explained through ligand hybridization Even the oxo can be sp2 or sp hybridized. The triply bonded oxo, similar to carbon monoxide, is partially positive at the oxygen atom and unreactive towards Brønste... |
Cross-validation (analytical chemistry) Summary Cross-validation_(analytical_chemistry) In analytical chemistry, cross-validation is an approach by which the sets of scientific data generated using two or more methods are critically assessed. The cross-validation can be categorized as either method validation or analyt... |
Oxygen saturation (medicine) Measurement Oxygen_saturation_(medicine) > Measurement An SaO2 (arterial oxygen saturation, as determined by an arterial blood gas test) value below 90% indicates hypoxemia (which can also be caused by anemia). Hypoxemia due to low SaO2 is indicated by cyanosis. Oxygen saturation can be mea... |
Heart chamber Influences Right_heart > Physiology > Heart rate > Influences However, as the atrial baroreceptors increase their rate of firing and as they stretch due to the increased blood pressure, the cardiac center responds by increasing sympathetic stimulation and inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation to increase... |
Class C share Price-to-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) Class_C_share > Valuation Metrics of Class B Shares > Price-to-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) This is the most common way to value a stock. It is represented by the stock price divided by the company’s most recent earnings per share (EPS). The lower the P/E ratio, the more ... |
Glassy phase Computational techniques Amorphous_solid > Characterization of amorphous solids > Computational techniques Simulation and modeling techniques are often combined with experimental methods to characterize structures of amorphous materials. Commonly used computational techniques include density functional the... |
Computer organization Cache Computer_organization > Microarchitectural concepts > Cache Previously, it didn't make much sense to build a pipeline that could run faster than the access latency of off-chip memory. Using on-chip cache memory instead, meant that a pipeline could run at the speed of the cache access latency... |
Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp. Background Enfish,_LLC_v._Microsoft_Corp. > Background In a standard, conventional relational database, each entity (i.e., each type of thing) that is modeled is provided in a separate table. For instance, a relational model for a corporate file repository might include the following tabl... |
List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics Classical mechanics List_of_textbooks_on_classical_mechanics_and_quantum_mechanics > Advanced undergraduate and graduate > Classical mechanics Translated by Sykes, J. B.; Bell, J. S. (3rd ed.). Elsevier. |
Computer Simulation Technology CST Studio Suite Computer_Simulation_Technology > CST Studio Suite CST Studio Suite is a computational electromagnetics tool developed by Dassault Systèmes Simulia. It contains several different simulation methods, including the finite integration technique (FIT), finite element method (F... |
Computational indistinguishability Formal definition Computational_indistinguishability > Formal definition Let { D n } n ∈ N {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \{D_{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }} and { E n } n ∈ N {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \{E_{n}\}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }} be two distribution ensembles indexed by a security parame... |
Autoimmune hepatitis Cause Autoimmune_hepatitis > Cause The prevailing theory for the development of autoimmune hepatitis is thought to be the interplay of genetic predisposition, an environmental trigger (virus, drugs, herbs, immunizations), and failure of the native immune system resulting in chronic inflammation of ... |
Greenhouse Effect Mars Greenhouse_warming > Bodies other than Earth > Mars Mars has about 70 times as much carbon dioxide as Earth, but experiences only a small greenhouse effect, about 6 K (11 °F). The greenhouse effect is small due to the lack of water vapor and the overall thinness of the atmosphere.The same radiati... |
History of Maxwell's equations Relativity History_of_Maxwell's_equations > Relativity Maxwell's equations were an essential inspiration for the development of special relativity. Possibly the most important aspect was their denial of instantaneous action at a distance. Rather, according to them, forces are propagated a... |
Causal models Independence conditions Causal_model > Associations > Independence conditions Conditioning on a variable involves analyzing the values of other variables for a given value of the conditioned variable. In the first example, conditioning on B {\displaystyle B} implies that observations for a given value of ... |
Nanoindentation Young's modulus Nanoindentation > Background > Young's modulus For a diamond indenter tip, E i {\displaystyle E_{i}} is 1140 GPa and ν i {\displaystyle \nu _{i}} is 0.07. Poisson’s ratio of the specimen, ν s {\displaystyle \nu _{s}} , generally varies between 0 and 0.5 for most materials (though it can ... |
Natural Law Hobbes Natural_Law > History > English jurisprudence > Hobbes Breach of this law is called ingratitude. The fifth law is complaisance: that every man strive to accommodate himself to the rest. The observers of this law may be called sociable; the contrary, stubborn, insociable, forward, intractable. |
Isothermal bulk modulus Interatomic potential and linear elasticity Bulk_modulus > Microscopic origin > Interatomic potential and linear elasticity Since linear elasticity is a direct result of interatomic interaction, it is related to the extension/compression of bonds. It can then be derived from the interatomic pote... |
Journal of Machine Learning Research Summary Journal_of_Machine_Learning_Research The Journal of Machine Learning Research is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering machine learning. It was established in 2000 and the first editor-in-chief was Leslie Kaelbling. The current editors-in-chief are Francis ... |
Free recoil Calculating free recoil Free_recoil > Calculating free recoil vgu is the velocity of the small arm expressed in meters per second (m/s). vp is the velocity of the projectile expressed in meters per second (m/s). vc is the velocity of the powder charge expressed in meters per second (m/s). 1000 is the conver... |
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation Projections Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation > Projections : 19 Unlike the Fifth Assessment Report, it had only expressed medium confidence rather than high confidence in AMOC avoiding a collapse before the end of the century. This reduction in confidence was likel... |
Data Modeling Semantic data modeling Data_modelling > Topics > Semantic data modeling The logical data structure of a DBMS, whether hierarchical, network, or relational, cannot totally satisfy the requirements for a conceptual definition of data because it is limited in scope and biased toward the implementation strate... |
Descriptional Complexity of Formal Systems Topics of the workshop Descriptional_Complexity_of_Formal_Systems > Topics of the workshop Typical topics include: various measures of descriptional complexity of automata, grammars, languages and of related systems trade-offs between descriptional complexity and mode of opera... |
Tensors in curvilinear coordinates The Jacobian Tensors_in_curvilinear_coordinates > Vector and tensor algebra in three-dimensional curvilinear coordinates > Coordinate transformations > The Jacobian As we now see that the Coordinates Z i {\displaystyle Z^{i}} and Z i ´ {\displaystyle Z^{\acute {i}}} are functions of e... |
Fisher's exact test Purpose and scope Fisher's_exact_test > Purpose and scope The p-value from the test is computed as if the margins of the table are fixed, i.e. as if, in the tea-tasting example, Bristol knows the number of cups with each treatment (milk or tea first) and will therefore provide guesses with the corre... |
Explained variation In principal component analysis Explained_variance > Special cases and generalized usage > In principal component analysis Explained variance is routinely used in principal component analysis. The relation to the Fraser–Kent information gain remains to be clarified. |
Line regression Machine learning Regression_intercept > Applications > Machine learning Linear regression plays an important role in the subfield of artificial intelligence known as machine learning. The linear regression algorithm is one of the fundamental supervised machine-learning algorithms due to its relative sim... |
Characterization of probability distributions Summary Characterization_of_probability_distributions On the probability space we define the space X = { X } {\displaystyle {\mathcal {X}}=\{X\}} of random variables with values in measurable metric space ( U , d u ) {\displaystyle (U,d_{u})} and the space Y = { Y } {\displ... |
Unit element Examples Unit_(algebra) > Examples The multiplicative identity 1 and its additive inverse −1 are always units. More generally, any root of unity in a ring R is a unit: if rn = 1, then rn − 1 is a multiplicative inverse of r. In a nonzero ring, the element 0 is not a unit, so R× is not closed under addition... |
Vibrio cholerae Pathogenicity Vibrio_cholerae > Pathogenicity In V. cholerae several TCS have been identified to be important in colonization, biofilm production and virulence. Quorum regulatory small RNAs (Qrr RNA) have been identified as targets of V. cholerae TCS. Here, the small RNA (sRNA) molecules bind to mRNA to... |
Distributed representation Convolutional Distributed_representation > Feedforward > Convolutional They have shown superior results in both image and speech applications. They can be trained with standard backpropagation. CNNs are easier to train than other regular, deep, feed-forward neural networks and have many fewer... |
Averest Summary Averest Components: compiler to translate synchronous programs to transition systems, symbolic model checker, tool for hardware/software synthesis. These cover large parts of the design flow of reactive systems, from specifying to implementing. Though the tools are part of a common framework, they are m... |
Symbiodinium Life cycle Symbiodinium > Life cycle During asexual propagation (sometimes referred to as mitotic or vegetative growth), cells undergo a diel cycle of karyokinesis (chromosome/nuclear division) in darkness. The mother cell then divides (cytokinesis) soon after exposure to light and releases two motile cell... |
Low field NMR Readings Low_field_nuclear_magnetic_resonance > Readings ISSN 0009-2614. S2CID 95508271. Volegov, P.L. |
Relativistic quantum theory Non-renormalizability Quantum_field > History > Non-renormalizability Given the tremendous success of QED, many theorists believed, in the few years after 1949, that QFT could soon provide an understanding of all microscopic phenomena, not only the interactions between photons, electrons, an... |
White Nose Syndrome Pathophysiology White-nose_syndrome > Research > Infection > Pathophysiology Hyperkalemia (elevated blood potassium) ensues because of an acidosis-induced extracellular shift of potassium. Dying, infected cells could also leak their (intracellular) potassium into the blood. The damaged wing epidermi... |
Meaning (philosophy) Paul Grice Meaning_(philosophy) > Usage and meaning > Paul Grice His guiding maxim was called the cooperative principle, which claimed that the speaker and the listener will have mutual expectations of the kind of information that will be shared. The principle is broken down into four maxims: Quali... |
Disability and poverty Current initiatives Disability_and_poverty > Current initiatives This doctrine set stage for the UN Decade of the Disabled Person from 1983 to 1992, where, at its close, the General Assembly adopted the Standard Rules of the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities. The Standar... |
Collision detection Collision detection in computer simulation Collision_detection > Collision detection in computer simulation Constraints avoid inertia and thus instability. Implementation of rest by means of a scene graph avoids drift. In other words, physical simulators usually function one of two ways: where the c... |
Pulses per second Medium PRF Medium_pulse_repetition_frequency > Measurement > Medium PRF Medium PRF is used with Pulse-Doppler radar, which is required for look-down/shoot-down capability in military systems. Doppler radar return is generally not ambiguous until velocity exceeds the speed of sound. A technique called ... |
Afocal photography Afocal secondary lenses Afocal_photography > Afocal secondary lenses Besides combining a Keplerian telescope with a camera, there are also dedicated secondary lens afocal attachments that mount on the front of a camera lens to work in the role of a teleconverter, technically called teleside converter... |
Logarithmic growth Summary Logarithmic_growth In more advanced mathematics, the partial sums of the harmonic series 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 + 1 5 + ⋯ {\displaystyle 1+{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{5}}+\cdots } grow logarithmically. In the design of computer algorithms, logarithmic growth, and rela... |
GNU make Rules GNU_make > Makefiles > Rules Because Make itself does not understand, recognize or distinguish different kinds of files, this opens up a possibility for human error. Each dependency line may be followed by a series of TAB indented command lines which define how to transform the components (usually source... |
Functional MRI Preprocessing Functional_Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging > Analyzing the data > Preprocessing A plot with these periods on the x-axis and the heights on the y-axis is called a power spectrum, and this plot is created with the Fourier transform technique. Temporal filtering amounts to removing the periodic wav... |
Covariance and contravariance (computer science) Interfaces Covariance_and_contravariance_(computer_science) > Generic types > Declaration-site variance annotations > Interfaces In C#, each type parameter of a generic interface can be marked covariant (out), contravariant (in), or invariant (no annotation). For example... |
Protein-coding gene Human genetic disorders Human_genome_sequence_map > Human genetic disorders Molecularly characterized genetic disorders are those for which the underlying causal gene has been identified. Currently there are approximately 2,200 such disorders annotated in the OMIM database.Studies of genetic disorde... |
Iterative algorithm Introduction Iterative_algorithm > Linear systems > Stationary iterative methods > Introduction Stationary iterative methods solve a linear system with an operator approximating the original one; and based on a measurement of the error in the result (the residual), form a "correction equation" for w... |
Dimensionless material constant Atomic properties Material_property > Atomic properties Atomic mass: (applies to each element) the average mass of the atoms of an element, in daltons (Da), a.k.a. atomic mass units (amu). Atomic number: (applies to individual atoms or pure elements) the number of protons in each nucleus... |
Linux Kernel Memory management Vmsplice()_local_root_exploit > Architecture and features > Memory management For example, pages reserved for DMA operations are in ZONE_DMA, pages that are not permanently mapped to virtual addresses are in ZONE_HIGHMEM (in x86_32 architecture this zone is for physical addresses above 89... |
Tracing garbage collection Weak collections Tracing_garbage_collection > Weak collections Data structures can also be devised which have weak tracking features. For instance, weak hash tables are useful. Like a regular hash table, a weak hash table maintains an association between pairs of objects, where each pair is u... |
Wallerian degeneration Clearance in PNS Wallerian_degeneration > Myelin clearance > Clearance in PNS Schwann cells continue to clear up the myelin debris by degrading their own myelin, phagocytose extracellular myelin and attract macrophages to myelin debris for further phagocytosis. However, the macrophages are not at... |
Acid dissociation constant Strong acids and bases Acid_dissociation_constant > Strong acids and bases An acid is classified as "strong" when the concentration of its undissociated species is too low to be measured. Any aqueous acid with a pKa value of less than 0 is almost completely deprotonated and is considered a st... |
Communication in small groups Group decisions Communication_in_small_groups > Social influence in groups > Group decisions Reaching decisions by minority decision calls for a subcommittee getting together and reaching decisions without the whole groupe being involved. A final method is by authority rule. In this method... |
Underlying instrument Glossary Derivative_contract > Glossary Exchange-traded derivative contracts: Standardized derivative contracts (e.g., futures contracts and options) that are transacted on an organized futures exchange. Gross negative fair value: The sum of the fair values of contracts where the bank owes money t... |
Delta-v Delta-v budgets Delta_V > Delta-v budgets For examples of calculating delta-v, see Hohmann transfer orbit, gravitational slingshot, and Interplanetary Transport Network. It is also notable that large thrust can reduce gravity drag. Delta-v is also required to keep satellites in orbit and is expended in propulsi... |
Glossary of linear algebra R Glossary_of_linear_algebra > R Row vector A matrix with only one row. |
Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Introduction Photon_Correlation_Spectroscopy > Data analysis > Introduction In most cases, samples are polydisperse. Thus, the autocorrelation function is a sum of the exponential decays corresponding to each of the species in the population. g 1 ( q ; τ ) = ∑ i = 1 n G i ( Γ i ) exp (... |
Free list Summary Free_list A free list (or freelist) is a data structure used in a scheme for dynamic memory allocation. It operates by connecting unallocated regions of memory together in a linked list, using the first word of each unallocated region as a pointer to the next. It is most suitable for allocating from a... |
Power distance Effects on employee behavior Power_distance > Applications and effects > The workplace > Effects on employee behavior In business, power distance can be defined as the acceptance (by employees) of the relationship between the highest and lowest ranked members in an organization. Studies have suggested th... |
Von Mises yield criterion Physical interpretation of the von Mises yield criterion Von_Mises_criterion > Physical interpretation of the von Mises yield criterion thus we have τ oct = 2 3 σ y {\displaystyle \tau _{\text{oct}}={\frac {\sqrt {2}}{3}}\sigma _{\text{y}}\,\!} Strain energy density consists of two components ... |
Software remastering Introduction Software_remastering > Introduction Software remastering creates an application by rebuilding its code base from the software objects on an existing master repository. If the "mastering" process assembles a distribution for the release of a version, the remaster process does the same b... |
GRADELA Summary GRADELA GRADELA is a simple gradient elasticity model involving one internal length in addition to the two Lamé parameters. It allows eliminating elastic singularities and discontinuities and to interpret elastic size effects. This model has been suggested by Elias C. Aifantis. The main advantage of GRA... |
Holomorphic function Definition Holomorphic_map > Definition In particular, the limit is taken as the complex number z tends to z0, and this means that the same value is obtained for any sequence of complex values for z that tends to z0. If the limit exists, f is said to be complex differentiable at z0. This concept of... |
Causality (book) Reviews Causality_(book) > Reviews Pearl succeeds in bringing together in a general nonparametric framework the counterfactual tradition of causal analysis with the variants of structural equation modeling worth keeping. The graph theory that he uses to accomplish this fusion is often elegant. Thus, Ca... |
Fission barrier Shell corrections Fission_barrier > Shell corrections This combination of macroscopic liquid drop and microscopic shell effects predicts that for nuclei in the U-Pu region, a double-humped fission barrier with equal barrier heights and a deep secondary minimum will occur. For heavier nuclei, like califo... |
Galerkin method History Galerkin_methods > History The approach is usually credited to Boris Galerkin. The method was explained to the Western reader by Hencky and Duncan among others. Its convergence was studied by Mikhlin and Leipholz Its coincidence with Fourier method was illustrated by Elishakoff et al. Its equiva... |
Equivalence checking Equivalence checking and levels of abstraction Formal_equivalence_checking > Equivalence checking and levels of abstraction This is a more general problem. A system design flow requires comparison between a transaction level model (TLM), e.g., written in SystemC and its corresponding RTL specificat... |
Acoustic sensor Definition Acoustic_sensor > Definition The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are talking about an earthquake, a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band playing in a rock concert. The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. |
Hairy cell leukemia Second-line therapy Hairy_cell_leukemia > Treatment > Second-line therapy Common criteria for treatment success include: Normalization of hemoglobin levels (above 12.0 g/dL), A normal or somewhat low platelet count (above 100 K/µL), and A normal or somewhat low absolute neutrophil count (above 1.5 K... |
Quantitative psychology Statistical techniques Quantitative_psychology > History > Statistical techniques Statistical methods are the quantitative tools most used by psychologists. Pearson introduced the correlation coefficient and the chi-squared test. The 1900–1920 period saw the t-test (Student, 1908), the ANOVA (Fi... |
World lines Usage in physics World_lines > Usage in physics An event is then represented by a point in a Minkowski diagram, which is a plane usually plotted with the time coordinate, say t {\displaystyle t} , vertically, and the space coordinate, say x {\displaystyle x} , horizontally. As expressed by F.R. Harvey A cur... |
Resistojet rocket Physical Principles Resistojet_rocket > Physical Principles Resistojets can be considered an evolution of traditional cold gas thrusters, which are the simplest form of rocket engine available. Their fuel tank holds the propellant, which is then led into the nozzle where it decompresses, propelling th... |
Atomic units Bohr model in atomic units Atomic_units_system > Bohr model in atomic units Atomic units are chosen to reflect the properties of electrons in atoms, which is particularly clear in the classical Bohr model of the hydrogen atom for the bound electron in its ground state: Mass = 1 a.u. of mass Orbital radius ... |
HTTP location Relative URL absolute path example HTTP_location > Examples > Relative URL absolute path example Relative URLs are URLs that do not include a scheme or a host. In order to be understood they must be combined with the URL of the original request. A client request for https://www.example.com/blog/all: may g... |
Magnetic Sail Magnetic field interaction with charged particles Magnetic_sails > Physical principles > Magnetic field interaction with charged particles An ion or electron with charge q in a plasma moving at velocity v in a magnetic field B and electric field E is treated as an idealized point charge in the Lorentz for... |
Mediation analysis Approaches to mediation Intervening_variable > Approaches to mediation While the concept of mediation as defined within psychology is theoretically appealing, the methods used to study mediation empirically have been challenged by statisticians and epidemiologists and interpreted formally. Experiment... |
Spiral of silence theory Isolating the factors that remove isolation Spiral_of_silence_theory > Internet > Isolating the factors that remove isolation The concept of isolation has a variety of definitions, dependent upon the circumstances it is investigated in. In one instance the problem of isolation has been defined ... |
Microcontroller unit Summary Microprocessor_control In modern terminology, a microcontroller is similar to, but less sophisticated than, a system on a chip (SoC). An SoC may include a microcontroller as one of its components, but usually integrates it with advanced peripherals like a graphics processing unit (GPU), a W... |
Message Passing Interface Functionality Message_Passing_Interface > Functionality MPI library functions include, but are not limited to, point-to-point rendezvous-type send/receive operations, choosing between a Cartesian or graph-like logical process topology, exchanging data between process pairs (send/receive operat... |
Glossary of gene expression terms A Glossary_of_genetics_(0–L) > A affected relative pair Any pair of organisms which are related genetically and both affected by the same trait. For example, two cousins who both have blue eyes are an affected relative pair since they are both affected by the allele that codes for blue... |
Herschel–Bulkley fluid Summary Herschel–Bulkley_fluid The Herschel–Bulkley fluid is a generalized model of a non-Newtonian fluid, in which the strain experienced by the fluid is related to the stress in a complicated, non-linear way. Three parameters characterize this relationship: the consistency k, the flow index n, ... |
Fission product yield Mass vs. yield curve Fission_product_yield > Mass vs. yield curve If a graph of the mass or mole yield of fission products against the atomic number of the fragments is drawn then it has two peaks, one in the area zirconium through to palladium and one at xenon through to neodymium. This is becaus... |
Maxwell–Stefan diffusion Summary Maxwell–Stefan_diffusion The molecular friction between two components is proportional to their difference in speed and their mole fractions. In the simplest case, the gradient of chemical potential is the driving force of diffusion. For complex systems, such as electrolytic solutions, ... |
Generalized anxiety disorder Pregabalin and gabapentin Generalized_anxiety_disorder > Treatment > Pharmacotherapy > Pregabalin and gabapentin The anxiolytic effects of pregabalin appear to persist for at least six months continuous use, suggesting tolerance is less of a concern; this gives pregabalin an advantage over ... |
Industrial catalysts Low temperature shift (LTS) catalyst Industrial_catalysts > Water gas shift reaction > Low temperature shift (LTS) catalyst The first mechanism that was proposed for the LTS reaction was a redox mechanism, but later evidence showed that the reaction can proceed via associated intermediates. The dif... |
Base (chemical) Summary Chemical_base The Lewis theory is more general than the Brønsted model because the Lewis acid is not necessarily a proton, but can be another molecule (or ion) with a vacant low-lying orbital which can accept a pair of electrons. One notable example is boron trifluoride (BF3). Some other definit... |
The Iron Bridge Influence on bridge design The_Iron_Bridge > Influence on bridge design This was followed by a complete bridge of five ribs and 210 feet (64 m) span which he had erected in a field in Paddington, but without buttresses it was merely for display and was dismantled after a year. In 1793–96, the Wearmouth ... |
Taylor's Theorem Statement of the theorem Quadratic_approximation > Taylor's theorem in one real variable > Statement of the theorem The precise statement of the most basic version of Taylor's theorem is as follows: The polynomial appearing in Taylor's theorem is the k {\textstyle {\boldsymbol {k}}} -th order Taylor po... |
Fraunhofer diffraction (mathematics) Solution using Fourier transform Fraunhofer_diffraction_equation > Slits > Two slits > Solution using Fourier transform The aperture can be represented by the function: where δ is the delta function. We have and giving This is the same expression as that derived above by integration... |
Alan G. Thomas (scientist) Summary Alan_G._Thomas_(scientist) He demonstrated that Griffith's strain energy release rate provided a useful way to characterize the conditions at a crack tip, a problem that previously had been thought intractable due to the finite straining and nonlinearly elastic stress-strain behavior ... |
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