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Joseph Valentin Boussinesq Biography Joseph_Valentin_Boussinesq > Biography In 1897, he published Théorie de l'écoulement tourbillonnant et tumultueux des liquides ("Theory of the swirling and agitated flow of liquids"), a work that greatly contributed to the study of turbulence and hydrodynamics. The word "turbulence"... |
Directed differentiation Conceptual frame Directed_differentiation > Conceptual frame During differentiation, pluripotent cells make a number of developmental decisions to generate first the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) of the embryo and intermediate progenitors, followed by subsequent decisions ... |
Monte Carlo methods for electron transport Inclusion of scattering mechanisms in Monte Carlo Monte_Carlo_method_for_electron_transport > Scattering mechanisms > Inclusion of scattering mechanisms in Monte Carlo A computationally efficient approach to including scattering in Monte Carlo simulation consists in storing th... |
0-based indexing Usage in programming languages Zero-based_numbering > Computer programming > Usage in programming languages In computer science, zero is thus often used as the base case for many kinds of numerical recursion. Proofs and other sorts of mathematical reasoning in computer science often begin with zero. Fo... |
Velocity time dilation Reciprocity Clock_hypothesis > Time dilation caused by a relative velocity > Reciprocity On the contrary, at the end of the round-trip, the traveling twin will be younger than the sibling on Earth. The dilemma posed by the paradox, however, can be explained by the fact that the traveling twin mus... |
Aspect-oriented programming Join point models Aspect-oriented_software_development > Join point models A means of specifying code to run at a join point. AspectJ calls this advice, and can run it before, after, and around join points. Some implementations also support things like defining a method in an aspect on anoth... |
Zero-point motion Overview Zero-point_energies > Overview All these fields have zero-point energy. Recent experiments advocate the idea that particles themselves can be thought of as excited states of the underlying quantum vacuum, and that all properties of matter are merely vacuum fluctuations arising from interactio... |
Gaseous signaling molecule Carbon dioxide Gaseous_signaling_molecules > Gaseous Signaling Molecules > Carbon dioxide Rather, breathing is stimulated by higher carbon dioxide levels.The respiratory centers try to maintain an arterial CO2 pressure of 40 mm Hg. With intentional hyperventilation, the CO2 content of arteria... |
QCD scale Weak and strong coupling Coupling_constants > Weak and strong coupling In a quantum field theory with a coupling g, if g is much less than 1, the theory is said to be weakly coupled. In this case, it is well described by an expansion in powers of g, called perturbation theory. If the coupling constant is of o... |
Infinite dimensional Lie group Summary Lie_Groups These are now called the classical groups, as the concept has been extended far beyond these origins. Lie groups are named after Norwegian mathematician Sophus Lie (1842–1899), who laid the foundations of the theory of continuous transformation groups. Lie's original mo... |
Rubik's Cube Permutations Singmaster_notation > Mathematics > Permutations Eleven edges can be flipped independently, with the flip of the twelfth depending on the preceding ones, giving 211 (2,048) possibilities. 8 ! × 3 7 × 12 ! |
Linearity of expectation Expectations under convergence of random variables Mathematical_expectation > Properties > Expectations under convergence of random variables and applying Fatou's lemma. Dominated convergence theorem: Let { X n: n ≥ 0 } {\displaystyle \{X_{n}:n\geq 0\}} be a sequence of random variables. If X n... |
Integrated information theory Related papers Integrated_information_theory > External links > Related papers 215 (3): 216–242. doi:10.2307/25470707. JSTOR 25470707. |
Kinetochore Capturing MTs Kinetochore > Function > Chromosome anchoring to MTs in the mitotic spindle > Capturing MTs In this way, the spindle in a mitotic cell has two poles emanating microtubules. Microtubules are long proteic filaments with asymmetric extremes, a "minus"(-) end relatively stable next to the centroso... |
Unique ergodicity The dynamical system associated with a Markov chain Uniquely_ergodic > Ergodicity of Markov chains > The dynamical system associated with a Markov chain Let S {\displaystyle S} be a finite set. A Markov chain on S {\displaystyle S} is defined by a matrix P ∈ S × S {\displaystyle P\in ^{S\times S}} , ... |
Stream flow Relationship to the environment Channel_runoff > Relationship to the environment Runoff of water in channels is responsible for transport of sediment, nutrients, and pollution downstream. Without streamflow, the water in a given watershed would not be able to naturally progress to its final destination in a... |
Brake fluid pressure sensor Design Brake_fluid_pressure_sensor > Design The sensor has an input port to measure the hydraulic braking pressure and an electrical connector output for a wire connection for feeding the warning light. Some brake failures do not trip the sensor into a fault mode. A brake fluid pressure sens... |
Glossary of genetics (0–L) H Glossary_of_gene_expression_terms > H A set of two matching chromosomes, one maternal and one paternal, which pair up with each other inside the nucleus during meiosis. They have the same genes at the same loci, but may have different alleles. homologous recombination A type of genetic reco... |
Social physics History Social_physics > History The earliest mentions of a concept of social physics began with the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes. In 1636 he traveled to Florence, Italy, and met physicist-astronomer Galileo Galilei, known for his contributions to the study of motion. It was here that Hobbes began t... |
Data lineage Prescriptive data lineage Data_provenance > Prescriptive data lineage The concept of prescriptive data lineage combines the logical model (entity) of how that data should flow with the actual lineage for that instance.Data lineage and provenance typically refer to the way or the steps a dataset took to rea... |
Three-way handshake Timeout-based retransmission ACK_flag > Protocol operation > Data transfer > Reliable transmission > Timeout-based retransmission When a sender transmits a segment, it initializes a timer with a conservative estimate of the arrival time of the acknowledgement. The segment is retransmitted if the tim... |
Personal data service Summary Personal_data_service Personal data services or personal datastores (PDS) are services to let an individual store, manage and deploy their key personal data in a highly secure and structured way.They give the user a central point of control for their personal information (e.g. interests, c... |
Tuberculosis New onset Epidemiology_of_tuberculosis > Treatment > New onset The recommended treatment of new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis, as of 2010, is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two months, and only rifampicin and isoniazid ... |
Glossary of calculus T Glossary_of_calculus > T total differential . trigonometric functions . trigonometric identities . |
Fuzzy concept Observer effect Fuzzy_concept > Uncertainty > Observer effect In physics, the observer effect and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle indicate that there is a physical limit to the amount of precision that is knowable, with regard to the movements of subatomic particles and waves. That is, features of phys... |
Nuclear structure The interacting boson model Nuclear_structure > Mean field theories > The interacting boson model The interacting boson model (IBM) is a model in nuclear physics in which nucleons are represented as pairs, each of them acting as a boson particle, with integral spin of 0, 2 or 4. This makes calculation... |
Alternate data streams Structure Alternate_Data_Stream > Structure NTFS is made up of several components including: a partition boot sector (PBS) that holds boot information; the master file table that stores a record of all files and folders in the filesystem; a series of meta files that help structure meta data more ... |
Simple fruit Development Simple_fruit > Development A fruit results from the fertilizing and maturing of one or more flowers. The gynoecium, which contains the stigma-style-ovary system, is centered in the flower-head, and it forms all or part of the fruit. Inside the ovary(ies) are one or more ovules. Here begins a co... |
Free Will Genetics Existence_of_free_will > Scientific approaches > Genetics Like physicists, biologists have frequently addressed questions related to free will. One of the most heated debates in biology is that of "nature versus nurture", concerning the relative importance of genetics and biology as compared to cultu... |
Liver protein production Symptoms Hepatic_metabolism > Clinical significance > Symptoms Bruising and easy bleeding are other features of liver disease. The liver makes clotting factors, substances which help prevent bleeding. When liver damage occurs, these factors are no longer present and severe bleeding can occur. P... |
Quorum sensing Applications Quorum_sensing > Quorum quenching > Applications Applications of quorum quenching that have been exploited by humans include the use of AHL-degrading bacteria in aquacultures to limit the spread of diseases in aquatic populations of fish, mollusks and crustaceans. This technique has also bee... |
Solar reflectance Climate and weather Albedo_effects > Examples of terrestrial albedo effects > Climate and weather Albedo affects climate by determining how much radiation a planet absorbs. The uneven heating of Earth from albedo variations between land, ice, or ocean surfaces can drive weather.The response of the cli... |
Effect of nuclear explosions Thermal radiation Effect_of_nuclear_explosions > Direct effects > Thermal radiation So despite any object that casts a shadow being rendered ineffective as a shield from the flash by fog or haze, due to scattering, the fog fills the same protective role, but generally only at the ranges tha... |
Anomaly-based intrusion detection system Summary Anomaly-based_intrusion_detection_system An anomaly-based intrusion detection system, is an intrusion detection system for detecting both network and computer intrusions and misuse by monitoring system activity and classifying it as either normal or anomalous. The classi... |
19 (number) Mathematics 19_(number) > Mathematics 19 {\displaystyle 19} is the eighth prime number, and forms a sexy prime with 13, a twin prime with 17, and a cousin prime with 23. It is the third full reptend prime in decimal, the fifth central trinomial coefficient, and the seventh Mersenne prime exponent. 19 is the... |
Random quantity Some properties Random_quantity > Some properties The probability distribution of the sum of two independent random variables is the convolution of each of their distributions. Probability distributions are not a vector space—they are not closed under linear combinations, as these do not preserve non-ne... |
Bond Order Examples Bond_Order > Examples In some molecules, bond orders can be 4 (quadruple bond), 5 (quintuple bond) or even 6 (sextuple bond). For example, potassium octachlorodimolybdate salt (K4) contains the 4− anion, in which the two Mo atoms are linked to each other by a bond with order of 4. Each Mo atom is li... |
Bayesian inference in phylogeny Bayesian inference of phylogeny background and bases Bayesian_inference_in_phylogeny > Bayesian inference of phylogeny background and bases Bayesian inference refers to a probabilistic method developed by Reverend Thomas Bayes based on Bayes' theorem. Published posthumously in 1763 it wa... |
Correlation swap Summary Correlation_swap A correlation swap is an over-the-counter financial derivative that allows one to speculate on or hedge risks associated with the observed average correlation, of a collection of underlying products, where each product has periodically observable prices, as with a commodity, ex... |
History of electromagnetic theory Einstein's Annus Mirabilis History_of_electromagnetic_theory > 20th century > Einstein's Annus Mirabilis (Einstein 1905c) In his paper on mass–energy equivalence (previously considered to be distinct concepts), Einstein deduced from his equations of special relativity what later became... |
Wheel slide protection Controlled wheel slip Wheel_slide_protection > Controlled wheel slip The controlled slip has the effect of conditioning the contamination layer on the rail (scrubbing action) thereby improving the level of friction and enhancing the ability of the train to stop. Controlled wheel slip can also hav... |
Cohomology with compact support Summary Cohomology_with_compact_support In mathematics, cohomology with compact support refers to certain cohomology theories, usually with some condition requiring that cocycles should have compact support. |
Hypothetical protein Summary Hypothetical_protein The real evidences for the hypothetical protein functioning in the metabolism of the organism can be predicted by comparing its sequence or structure homology by considering the conserved domain analysis. Even when there is enough evidence that the product of the gene i... |
Billiard table Bed Billiards_table > Snooker and English billiards tables > Bed The playing surface of a good quality snooker table has a bed of slate and is covered with baize cloth, traditionally green, though many other colours are now available. The thickness of this cloth determines the table's speed (lack of fric... |
Hans Dekker Research highlights Hans_Dekker > Research highlights Novel formulation of the dynamics of dissipative spin-boson systems in the noninteracting-blips approximation (1987). Discovery of the weak damping depopulation factor in an exactly solvable model for quantum tunnelling and thermal activation (1988). Non... |
Cardiac murmur Anatomic sources Cardiac_murmur > Diagnostic approach and diagnosis > Anatomic sources One may also hear it at the right lower sternal border (when associated with a dilated aorta). Other possible exam findings are bounding carotid and peripheral pulses. These are also known as Corrigan's pulse or Watson... |
Rufus Bowen Selected published works Rufus_Bowen > Selected published works 377–397. Bowen: "Symbolic Dynamics for Hyperbolic Flows" in Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians (Vancouver, 1974), pp. 299–302. |
Sample-complexity bounds Efficiency in robotics Sample-complexity_bounds > Efficiency in robotics A high sample complexity means, that many calculations are needed for running a Monte Carlo tree search. Its equal to a model free brute force search in the state space. In contrast, a high efficiency algorithm has a low s... |
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra History Fundamental_Theorem_of_Algebra > History {\displaystyle x^{4}+a^{4}=\left(x^{2}+a{\sqrt {2}}\cdot x+a^{2}\right)\left(x^{2}-a{\sqrt {2}}\cdot x+a^{2}\right).} A first attempt at proving the theorem was made by d'Alembert in 1746, but his proof was incomplete. Among other problems,... |
Discrete transistor Importance Discrete_transistor > Importance MOSFETs are the most numerously produced artificial objects in history, with more than 13 sextillion manufactured by 2018.Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) MOS transistors every year, the vast ... |
Genome editing Multiplex Automated Genomic Engineering (MAGE) Genome_editing_with_engineered_nucleases > Multiplex Automated Genomic Engineering (MAGE) The methods for scientists and researchers wanting to study genomic diversity and all possible associated phenotypes were very slow, expensive, and inefficient. Prior t... |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Medicine Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance > Applications > Medicine The application of nuclear magnetic resonance best known to the general public is magnetic resonance imaging for medical diagnosis and magnetic resonance microscopy in research settings. However, it is also widely used in biochemic... |
Discontinuous Galerkin Method Summary Discontinuous_Galerkin_Method However, among the early influential contributors were Babuška, J.-L. Lions, Joachim Nitsche and Miloš Zlámal. DG methods for elliptic problems were already developed in a paper by Garth Baker in the setting of 4th order equations in 1977. A more compl... |
Stock options Other models Stock_options > Valuation > Model implementation > Other models Other numerical implementations which have been used to value options include finite element methods. |
Geography of disability Models of disability Geography_of_disability > Models of disability Rob Imrie and Claire Edwards described how geographical-research methodology is used for social research on disabled people:"Hall and Kearns (2001: 243), for example, comment that 'traditional' research methods, such as question... |
Linear function (calculus) Example Linear_function_(calculus) > Relationship with linear equations > Example Note that the graph includes points with negative values of x or y, which have no meaning in terms of the original variables (unless we imagine selling meat to the butcher). Thus we should restrict our function ... |
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy Frequency domain Two-dimensional_infrared_spectroscopy > Experimental approaches > Frequency domain Similarly, in the frequency-domain approach, a narrowband pump pulse is applied and, after a certain waiting time, then a broadband pulse probes the system. A 2DIR correlation spectr... |
Critical line (mathematics) Origin Critical_line_theorem > Origin We still have not the slightest idea of what the expression could be. As to the properties he simply enunciated, some thirty years elapsed before I was able to prove all of them but one . Riemann's original motivation for studying the zeta function and i... |
Parkinson disease The neuroimmune connection Parkinson_disease > Pathophysiology > The neuroimmune connection PD patients have altered gut microbiota and colon problems years before motor issues arise. Alpha-synuclein is produced in the gut and may migrate via the vagus nerve to the brainstem, and then to the substanti... |
Local linearization method Local linearization schemes Local_linearization_method > LL methods for RDEs > Local linearization schemes Depending on the approximations ξ ~ {\displaystyle {\widetilde {\mathbf {\xi } }}} to the process ξ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\xi } } and of the algorithm to compute ϕ {\displaystyle \math... |
Neural architecture search One-shot models Neural_architecture_search > One-shot models These approaches are generally referred to as differentiable NAS and have proven very efficient in exploring the search space of neural architectures. One of the most popular algorithms amongst the gradient-based methods for NAS is ... |
Microcontroller unit Embedded design Micro_controller > Embedded design A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as an embedded system. The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephon... |
Minimal standard model Higgs sector Minimal_standard_model > Theoretical aspects > Construction of the Standard Model Lagrangian > Higgs sector This is the only dimensional parameter of the Standard Model and has a measured value of ~246 GeV/c2. After symmetry breaking, the masses of the W {\displaystyle {\text{W}}} an... |
Open subsets Motivation Open_region > Motivation In the set of all real numbers, one has the natural Euclidean metric; that is, a function which measures the distance between two real numbers: d(x, y) = |x − y|. Therefore, given a real number x, one can speak of the set of all points close to that real number; that is,... |
Proth number Large primes Proth_prime > Large primes As of 2022, the largest known Proth prime is 10223 × 2 31172165 + 1 {\displaystyle 10223\times 2^{31172165}+1} . It is 9,383,761 digits long. It was found by Szabolcs Peter in the PrimeGrid volunteer computing project which announced it on 6 November 2016. It is also... |
Electron Quantum properties Mass_of_electron > Characteristics > Quantum properties When the absolute value of this function is squared, it gives the probability that a particle will be observed near a location—a probability density. : 162–218 Electrons are identical particles because they cannot be distinguished from ... |
Flux (metabolism) Control of metabolic flux Flux_(metabolism) > Metabolic flux > Control of metabolic flux A step with a flux control coefficient of zero means that, that particular step, has no influence over the steady-state flux. A step in a linear chain with a flux control coefficient of one means that that particu... |
Glossary of computer science S Glossary_of_computer_science > S serializability In concurrency control of databases, transaction processing (transaction management), and various transactional applications (e.g., transactional memory and software transactional memory), both centralized and distributed, a transaction sch... |
Combrex Targeted experimental validation Combrex > Goals > Targeted experimental validation Such a model favors the validation of genes that provide relatively large increases in knowledge, for example because their validated function results in a large number of new predictions for other genes. At an early stage COMBR... |
Nervous system disease Genetic Nervous_system_disease > Causes > Genetic Some nervous system diseases are due to genetic mutations. For example, Huntington's disease is an inherited disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. Huntington's disease results from a mutation in either copy of the HTT gene, which... |
Stable isotope composition of amino acids Example Stable_isotope_composition_of_amino_acids > Isotopic fractionation in reaction networks > Example These acetyl groups enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl-CoA or can be used to synthesize lipids. There is a large kinetic isotope effect associated with this reaction, so... |
DNS management software DNS software homogeneity DNS_management_software > DNS software homogeneity Primary reasons for DNS providers (especially root operators) to use different DNS servers is code diversity and application performance. Code diversity makes it less likely that a performance or security bug in one DNS ... |
DNA transposon Polintons DNA_transposon > Mechanisms of action > Polintons Polintons are also a group of eukaryotic class II TEs. As one of the most complex known DNA transposons in eukaryotes, they make up the genomes of protists, fungi, and animals, such as the entamoeba, soybean rust, and chicken, respectively. They... |
Anisotropic diffusion Regularization Diffusion-based_image_processing > Regularization The diffusion coefficient, c ( x , y , t ) {\displaystyle c(x,y,t)} , as proposed by Perona and Malik can lead to instabilities when ‖ ∇ I ‖ 2 > K 2 {\displaystyle \|\nabla I\|^{2}>K^{2}} . It can be proven that this condition is equ... |
Influenza Vaccination Human_influenza > Prevention > Vaccination Annual vaccination is the primary and most effective way to prevent influenza and influenza-associated complications, especially for high-risk groups. Vaccines against the flu are trivalent or quadrivalent, providing protection against an H1N1 strain, an ... |
Real Analysis Series Real_Analysis > Scope > Series The series is assigned the value of this limit, if it exists. Given an (infinite) sequence ( a n ) {\displaystyle (a_{n})} , we can define an associated series as the formal mathematical object a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n {\textstyle a_{1}+a_{2}+a_{3}+\cdots =... |
Glauber–Sudarshan P representation Thermal radiation Glauber_P_representation > Examples > Thermal radiation {\displaystyle P(\{\alpha _{\mathbf {k} ,s}\})=\prod _{\mathbf {k} ,s}{\frac {1}{\pi \langle {\hat {n}}_{\mathbf {k} ,s}\rangle }}e^{-|\alpha |^{2}/\langle {\hat {n}}_{\mathbf {k} ,s}\rangle }.} In other words, ... |
Strict ∞-categories Strict higher categories Higher-dimensional_category_theory > Strict higher categories An ordinary category has objects and morphisms, which are called 1-morphisms in the context of higher category theory. A 2-category generalizes this by also including 2-morphisms between the 1-morphisms. Continuin... |
Slope deflection method Introduction Slope_deflection_method > Introduction By forming slope deflection equations and applying joint and shear equilibrium conditions, the rotation angles (or the slope angles) are calculated. Substituting them back into the slope deflection equations, member end moments are readily dete... |
Surface area Definition Surface_area > Definition Since surface area is a geometric notion, areas of congruent surfaces must be the same and the area must depend only on the shape of the surface, but not on its position and orientation in space. This means that surface area is invariant under the group of Euclidean mot... |
Weighted catenary Examples Weighted_catenary > Examples The Gateway Arch in the American city of St. Louis (Missouri) is the most famous example of a weighted catenary. Simple suspension bridges use weighted catenaries. |
Induced magnetic field In Maxwell's equations Magnetization > In Maxwell's equations The behavior of magnetic fields (B, H), electric fields (E, D), charge density (ρ), and current density (J) is described by Maxwell's equations. The role of the magnetization is described below. |
Fusion weapon Neutron bombs Two-point_implosion > Specific designs > Neutron bombs Nuclear warheads are very resistant to physical damage, but are very difficult to harden against extreme neutron flux. ERWs were two-stage thermonuclears with all non-essential uranium removed to minimize fission yield. |
Thermal conductivities Gases Thermal_impedance > Molecular origins > Gases For monatomic gases, such as the noble gases, the agreement with experiment is fairly good.For gases whose molecules are not spherically symmetric, the expression k = f μ c v {\displaystyle k=f\mu c_{v}} still holds. In contrast with spherically... |
Glossary of engineering: A–L E Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L > E ElectromagnetIs a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. Electromagnets usually consist of wire wound into a coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic field which is concentrated in the hole, denoting the c... |
Molten Sea In rabbinical literature Molten_Sea > In rabbinical literature The basin contained water sufficient for two thousand baths. According to the Talmud the laver was not entirely round, as might be inferred from Scripture; the upper two-fifths were round, but the lower three were square (Talmud. Eruvin 14a, b) T... |
Concurrency control Distribution Concurrency_control > Concurrency control in databases > Major goals of concurrency control mechanisms > Distribution With the fast technological development of computing the difference between local and distributed computing over low latency networks or buses is blurring. Thus the quit... |
Lagrange equations Momentum space formulation Lagrange_equation > Other contexts and formulations > Momentum space formulation The Euler–Lagrange equations can also be formulated in terms of the generalized momenta rather than generalized coordinates. Performing a Legendre transformation on the generalized coordinate L... |
Interaction network Predicting PPIs Interaction_network > Computational methods to study interactomes > Predicting PPIs Using experimental data as a starting point, homology transfer is one way to predict interactomes. Here, PPIs from one organism are used to predict interactions among homologous proteins in another or... |
Artificial philosophy Innovation in Understanding Artificial_philosophy > AI and AE Ethical System > Innovation in Understanding The proposed ethical system for AI and AE provides a comprehensive framework for the ethical development and use of AI. It acknowledges the unique form of 'being' presented by AE while also c... |
Semiconductor Devices Improvements in transistor design Semiconductor_electronics > History of semiconductor device development > Improvements in transistor design Shockley was upset about the device being credited to Brattain and Bardeen, who he felt had built it "behind his back" to take the glory. Matters became wor... |
Object-oriented design Object-oriented concepts Object-oriented_design > Object-oriented design topics > Object-oriented concepts Interface (object-oriented programming): The ability to defer the implementation of a method. The ability to define the functions or methods signatures without implementing them. Polymorphis... |
Multiple-vehicle collision Effects Multiple-vehicle_collision > Effects If the collision takes place in a remote area, getting medical help to the scene can be difficult. The destruction and intense heat of fires can also damage roadways, particularly by melting and burning the asphalt or spalling concrete surfaces. Th... |
Goldstone's theorem Nonrelativistic theories Goldstone's_theorem > Extensions > Nonrelativistic theories A version of Goldstone's theorem also applies to nonrelativistic theories. It essentially states that, for each spontaneously broken symmetry, there corresponds some quasiparticle which is typically a boson and has ... |
Foreign function interface Operation Foreign_function_interface > Operation The primary function of a foreign function interface is to mate the semantics and calling conventions of one programming language (the host language, or the language which defines the FFI), with the semantics and conventions of another (the gue... |
Conceptual modeling Mathematical models Abstract_model > Models in philosophy and science > Mathematical models Mathematical models can take many forms, including but not limited to dynamical systems, statistical models, differential equations, or game theoretic models. These and other types of models can overlap, with... |
Kernel (integral operator) Summary Kernel_(integral_operator) In mathematics, an integral transform is a type of transform that maps a function from its original function space into another function space via integration, where some of the properties of the original function might be more easily characterized and manip... |
1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers Summary and impact of the PRL papers 1964_PRL_symmetry_breaking_papers > History > Summary and impact of the PRL papers The three papers written in 1964 were each recognised as milestone papers during Physical Review Letters's 50th anniversary celebration. Their six authors were also a... |
Mahalanobis distance Intuitive explanation Mahalanobis_distance > Intuitive explanation The simplistic approach is to estimate the standard deviation of the distances of the sample points from the center of mass. If the distance between the test point and the center of mass is less than one standard deviation, then we ... |
Perceptual control theory The methodology of modeling, and PCT as model Perceptual_control_theory > The methodology of modeling, and PCT as model It is crucially important to distinguish the perceptions and point of view of the observer from those of the observed organism. It may take a number of variations of the test... |
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