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Crossover junction endodeoxyribonuclease Structure Crossover_junction_endodeoxyribonuclease > Structure E. coli RuvC, a Crossover junction endodeoxyribonuclease, is a small protein of about 20 kD, and its active form is a dimer that requires and binds a magnesium ion . RuvC is a 3-layer alpha-beta sandwich with a beta-sheet between 5 alpha-helices . The enzyme contains two binding channels that contact the backbones of the Holliday junction over seven nucleotides. A Holliday junction resolvase enzyme has also been identified in archaea in Pyrococcus furiosus cells - it is encoded by a gene called hjc and is composed of 123 amino acids . A figure of Thermus thermophilus RuvC in complex with a Holliday junction is shown below.
R naught The SEIR model with vital dynamics and constant population Basic_reproduction_number > Definitions in specific cases > Compartmental models in epidemiology > Next-generation matrix for compartmental models > The SEIR model with vital dynamics and constant population As in the previous example, we can use the transition rates between the compartments per capita such that β {\displaystyle \beta } be the infection rate, γ {\displaystyle \gamma } be the recovery rate, and κ {\displaystyle \kappa } be the rate at which a latent individual becomes infectious. Then, we can define the model dynamics using the following equations:Here we have 4 compartments and we can define vector x = ( S , E , I , R ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {x} =(S,E,I,R)} where x i {\displaystyle \mathrm {x} _{i}} denotes the number or proportion of individuals in the i {\displaystyle i} -th compartment. Let F i ( x ) {\displaystyle F_{i}(\mathrm {x} )} be the rate of appearance of new infections in compartment i {\displaystyle i} such that it includes only infections that are newly arising, but does not include terms which describe the transfer of infectious individuals from one infected compartment to another.
Ocean planet Oxygen Ocean_planet > Astrobiology > Oxygen Molecular oxygen (O2) can be produced by geophysical processes, as well as a byproduct of photosynthesis by life forms, so although encouraging, O2 is not a reliable biosignature. In fact, planets with high concentration of O2 in their atmosphere may be uninhabitable. Abiogenesis in the presence of massive amounts of atmospheric oxygen could be difficult because early organisms relied on the free energy available in redox reactions involving a variety of hydrogen compounds; on an O2-rich planet, organisms would have to compete with the oxygen for this free energy.
Energy distribution 100–120 volt systems Electric_distribution_network > Secondary distribution > Regional variations > 100–120 volt systems Most of the Americas use 60 Hz AC, the 120/240 volt split-phase system domestically and three phase for larger installations. North American transformers usually power homes at 240 volts, similar to Europe's 230 volts. It is the split-phase that allows use of 120 volts in the home.
Induction welding Summary Induction_welding In a ferromagnetic workpiece, the heating is caused mainly by hysteresis, as the electromagnetic field repeatedly distorts the magnetic domains of the ferromagnetic material. In practice, most materials undergo a combination of these two effects. Nonmagnetic materials and electrical insulators such as plastics can be induction-welded by implanting them with metallic or ferromagnetic compounds, called susceptors, that absorb the electromagnetic energy from the induction coil, become hot, and lose their heat to the surrounding material by thermal conduction.
Organoargon chemistry Summary Organoargon_chemistry Argon ionises at 15.76 eV, which is higher than hydrogen, but lower than helium, neon or fluorine. Molecules containing argon can be van der Waals molecules held together very weakly by London dispersion forces. Ionic molecules can be bound by charge induced dipole interactions.
EIA Class 2 dielectric HF use, inductance (ESL) and self-resonant frequency EIA_Class_1_dielectric > Electrical characteristics > HF use, inductance (ESL) and self-resonant frequency For any AC application the self-resonant frequency is the highest frequency at which a capacitor can be used as a capacitive component. At frequencies above the resonance, the impedance increases again due to ESL: the capacitor becomes an inductor with inductance equal to capacitor's ESL, and resistance equal to ESR at the given frequency. ESL in industrial capacitors is mainly caused by the leads and internal connections used to connect the plates to the outside world.
Genetic engineering in agriculture Research Genetic_engineering_in_agriculture > Applications > Research It is used especially frequently in developmental biology. When this is done by creating a library of genes with point mutations at every position in the area of interest, or even every position in the whole gene, this is called "scanning mutagenesis". The simplest method, and the first to be used, is "alanine scanning", where every position in turn is mutated to the unreactive amino acid alanine.
Glossary of virology C Glossary_of_virology > C cap cap snatching capsid The outer shell of protein that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. capsomere A subunit of the viral capsid which self-assembles with other capsomeres to form the capsid. co-option coinfection The simultaneous infection of a cell or host by more than one pathogen, i.e. by more than one species or strain of virus, or by a virus and another type of microorganism such as a bacterium. complex cytopathic effect (CPE) Also cytopathogenic effect.
Josephson frequency Applications Josephson_penetration_depth > Applications Josephson junctions are integral in superconducting quantum computing as qubits such as in a flux qubit or others schemes where the phase and charge act as the conjugate variables.Superconducting tunnel junction detectors (STJs) may become a viable replacement for CCDs (charge-coupled devices) for use in astronomy and astrophysics in a few years. These devices are effective across a wide spectrum from ultraviolet to infrared, and also in x-rays. The technology has been tried out on the William Herschel Telescope in the SCAM instrument. Quiterons and similar superconducting switching devices. Josephson effect has also been observed in superfluid helium quantum interference devices (SHeQUIDs), the superfluid helium analog of a dc-SQUID.
Acid egg Acid Egg Acid_egg > Acid Egg This was specifically devised to deal with the highly corrosive sulfuric acid, but was extended to other corrosive substances. It was traditionally made of ceramic (to be corrosion resistant) and spherical in shape (to withstand the pressure) thus giving its name. A cylindrical version (with hemispherical ends) was described by Swindin, being 3 feet in diameter and 6 feet long, holding 40 cubic feet of acid. In principle, the vessel is part filled with liquid, which is then expelled by pumping in compressed air.
Zero-error Probabilistic Polynomial time Summary Zero-error_Probabilistic_Polynomial_time It returns DO NOT KNOW with probability at most 1/2 for every input (and the correct answer otherwise).The two definitions are equivalent. The definition of ZPP is based on probabilistic Turing machines, but, for clarity, note that other complexity classes based on them include BPP and RP. The class BQP is based on another machine with randomness: the quantum computer.
MRN complex Role in human cancer MRN_complex > Role in human cancer The MRN complex's roles in cancer development are as varied as its biological functions. Double-strand DNA breaks, which it monitors and signals for repair, may themselves be the cause of carcinogenic genetic alteration, suggesting MRN provides a protective effect during normal cell homeostasis. However, upregulation of MRN complex sub-units has been documented in certain cancer cell lines when compared to non-malignant somatic cells, suggesting some cancer cells have developed a reliance on MRN overexpression. Since tumor cells have increased mitotic rates compared to non-malignant cells this is not entirely unexpected, as it is plausible that an increased rate of DNA replication necessitates higher nuclear levels of the MRN complex. However, there is mounting evidence that MRN is itself a component of carcinogenesis, metastasis and overall cancer aggression.
Tail recursive Example programs Tail_recursive > Example programs The following program is an example in Scheme: This is not written in a tail-recursive style, because the multiplication function ("*") is in the tail position. This can be compared to: This program assumes applicative-order evaluation. The inner procedure fact-iter calls itself last in the control flow.
Itch mite Clinical significance Itch_mite > Clinical significance In the hair follicles, the larvae show the first nymphal stages, with eight legs. In the nymphal stages, the creature feeds and moults, and if male, gives rise to the adult. In the case of females, another moult occurs before adulthood.
Period 7 element Elements Period_7_element > Elements (?) Prediction (*) Exception to the Madelung rule. In many periodic tables, the f-block is erroneously shifted one element to the right, so that lanthanum and actinium become d-block elements, and Ce–Lu and Th–Lr form the f-block tearing the d-block into two very uneven portions. This is a holdover from early erroneous measurements of electron configurations. Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz pointed out in 1948 that lutetium is not an f-block element, and since then physical, chemical, and electronic evidence has overwhelmingly supported that the f-block contains the elements La–Yb and Ac–No, as shown here and as supported by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry reports dating from 1988 and 2021.
Nucleosynthesis Minor mechanisms and processes Nucleosynthesis > Minor mechanisms and processes This process happens when an energetic particle from radioactive decay, often an alpha particle, reacts with a nucleus of another atom to change the nucleus into another nuclide. This process may also cause the production of further subatomic particles, such as neutrons. Neutrons can also be produced in spontaneous fission and by neutron emission.
Middle tumor antigen Structure and expression Middle_tumor_antigen > Structure and expression The result of this genetic encoding is three proteins that share a common N-terminal sequence, forming a protein domain called the J domain which has sequence homology to DnaJ molecular chaperone proteins. MTag and STag share an additional ~100 amino acid residues and have distinct C-termini. The full-length MTag protein is around 420 amino acids long.Like STag, MTag has no enzymatic activity of its own, but has a number of protein-protein interaction sites that mediate interactions with proteins in the host cell.
Aufbau Principle Exceptions in the d-block Atomic_build-up > Madelung energy ordering rule > Exceptions in the d-block The rule then predicts the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2, abbreviated 3d9 4s2 where denotes the configuration of argon, the preceding noble gas. However, the measured electron configuration of the copper atom is 4s1 3d10. By filling the 3d subshell, copper can be in a lower energy state.
Vaccine ingredients Immunogens Vaccine_ingredients > Immunogens Many vaccines developed in the 20th century contain whole bacteria or viruses, which are either inactivated (killed), attenuated (weakened) or a strain chosen to be harmless in humans. Since these are so small, even a tiny amount of them contains a huge number of individuals.With bacterial vaccines, we can enumerate this with an approximate number of bacteria cells. The live typhoid vaccine contains two billion viable cells of Salmonella enterica subsp.
Economic graph Summary Economic_graph The social science of economics makes extensive use of graphs to better illustrate the economic principles and trends it is attempting to explain. Those graphs have specific qualities that are not often found (or are not often found in such combinations) in other sciences. A common and specific example is the supply-and-demand graph shown on the right. This graph shows supply and demand as opposing curves, and the intersection between those curves determines the equilibrium price.
RNS formalism Overview RNS_formalism > Overview This overcounting is eliminated by dividing by the volume of the gauge group V G {\displaystyle V_{G}} . BRST quantization proceeds by gauge fixing the path integral via the Fadeev–Popov procedure, which gives rise to a ghost action in addition to the now gauge fixed action. The RNS model originates from using the ( 1 , 1 ) {\displaystyle (1,1)} supergravity action which upon gauge fixing gives the RNS action together with a ghost action describing holomorphic and antiholomorphic ghosts that are necessary to eliminate the unphysical temporal excitations of the fields.
C13H13NO4 Summary C13H13NO4 The molecular formula C13H13NO4 (molar mass: 247.25 g/mol, exact mass: 247.0845 u) may refer to: CPCCOEt CX614
Levels of organization Summary Levels_of_organization_(ecology) Biological organisation is the organisation of complex biological structures and systems that define life using a reductionistic approach. The traditional hierarchy, as detailed below, extends from atoms to biospheres. The higher levels of this scheme are often referred to as an ecological organisation concept, or as the field, hierarchical ecology. Each level in the hierarchy represents an increase in organisational complexity, with each "object" being primarily composed of the previous level's basic unit.
Route of administration Parenteral Oral_drug > Choice of routes > Parenteral The term parenteral is from para-1 'beside' + Greek enteron 'intestine' + -al. This name is due to the fact that it encompasses a route of administration that is not intestinal. However, in common English the term has mostly been used to describe the 4 most well-known routes of injection.The term injection encompasses intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) and intradermal (ID) administration.Parenteral administration generally acts more rapidly than topical or enteral administration, with onset of action often occurring in 15–30 seconds for IV, 10–20 minutes for IM and 15–30 minutes for SC. They also have essentially 100% bioavailability and can be used for drugs that are poorly absorbed or ineffective when they are given orally. Some medications, such as certain antipsychotics, can be administered as long-acting intramuscular injections.
Renal physiology Osmolality Renal_physiology > Other functions > Maintaining homeostasis > Osmolality However, when plasma blood volume is low and ADH is released the aquaporins that are opened are also permeable to urea. This allows urea to leave the collecting duct into the medulla, creating a hyperosmotic solution that "attracts" water. Urea can then re-enter the nephron and be excreted or recycled again depending on whether ADH is still present or not. The 'single effect' describes the fact that the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle is not permeable to water but is permeable to sodium chloride. This allows for a countercurrent exchange system whereby the medulla becomes increasingly concentrated, but at the same time setting up an osmotic gradient for water to follow should the aquaporins of the collecting duct be opened by ADH.
Vision Pro Hardware Apple_Vision_Pro > Specifications > Hardware The Vision Pro has an outward-facing display called EyeSight, which displays the eyes of the user's CGI persona. Its eyes appear dimmed when in AR and obscured when in full immersion to indicate the user's environmental awareness. When someone else approaches or speaks, even if the user is fully immersed, EyeSight shows their persona's virtual eyes normally and makes the other person visible.
Tertiary amine Solvation effects Tertiary_amine > Basicity > Solvation effects The order of pKb's (basicities in water) does not follow this order. Similarly aniline is more basic than ammonia in the gas phase, but ten thousand times less so in aqueous solution.In aprotic polar solvents such as DMSO, DMF, and acetonitrile the energy of solvation is not as high as in protic polar solvents like water and methanol. For this reason, the basicity of amines in these aprotic solvents is almost solely governed by the electronic effects.
Succinic acid Chemical reactions Succinic_acid > Chemical reactions Succinic acid can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2. This diethyl ester is a substrate in the Stobbe condensation. Dehydration of succinic acid gives succinic anhydride. Succinate can be used to derive 1,4-butanediol, maleic anhydride, succinimide, 2-pyrrolidinone and tetrahydrofuran.
Close-up lens Optical power Close-up_lens > Optical power It can be inferred as the reciprocal of the maximum specified working distance in meters (i.e., a lens with a maximum working distance of 25cm has a strength of +4 diopters). Several close-up lenses may be used in combination; the optical power of the combination is the sum of the optical powers of the component lenses. For example, a set of lenses of +1, +2, and +4 diopters can be combined to provide a range from +1 to +7 in steps of 1.
Metric System Summary Metric_unit A unit derived from the base units is used for expressing quantities of dimensions that can be derived from the base dimensions of the system—e.g., the square metre is the derived unit for area, which is derived from length. These derived units are coherent, which means that they involve only products of powers of the base units, without any further factors. For any given quantity whose unit has a name and symbol, an extended set of smaller and larger units is defined that are related by factors of powers of ten.
Electromagnetically induced acoustic noise General explanation Electromagnetically_induced_acoustic_noise_and_vibration > General explanation Lorentz or Laplace forces act on conductors plunged in an external magnetic field. Equivalent electromagnetic forces due to the presence of an electrical field can involve electrostatic, electrostrictive and reverse piezoelectric effects. These phenomena can potentially generate vibrations of the ferromagnetic, conductive parts, coils and permanent magnets of electrical, magnetic and electromechanical device, resulting in an audible sound if the frequency of vibrations lies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz, and if the sound level is high enough to be heard (e.g. large surface of radiation and large vibration levels). Vibration level is increased in case of a mechanical resonance, when electromagnetic forces match with a structural mode natural frequency of the active component (magnetic circuit, electromagnetic coil or electrical circuit) or of its enclosure. The frequency of the noise depends on the nature of electromagnetic forces (quadratic or linear function of electrical field or magnetic field) and on the frequency content of the electromagnetic field (in particular if a DC component is present or not).
Distributed operating system Connection Distributed_operating_system > Distributed computing models > Three basic distributions > Connection Centralized systems connect constituents directly to a central master entity in a hub and spoke fashion. A decentralized system (aka network system) incorporates direct and indirect paths between constituent elements and the central entity. Typically this is configured as a hierarchy with only one shortest path between any two elements. Finally, the distributed operating system requires no pattern; direct and indirect connections are possible between any two elements. Consider the 1970s phenomena of “string art” or a spirograph drawing as a fully connected system, and the spider's web or the Interstate Highway System between U.S. cities as examples of a partially connected system.
Thyroid storm Increases in free thyroid hormone Thyroid_storm > Pathophysiology > Increases in free thyroid hormone Individuals with thyroid storm tend to have increased levels of free thyroid hormone, although total thyroid hormone levels may not be much higher than in uncomplicated hyperthyroidism. The rise in the availability of free thyroid hormone may be the result of manipulating the thyroid gland. In the setting of an individual receiving radioactive iodine therapy, free thyroid hormone levels may acutely increase due to the release of hormone from ablated thyroid tissue.
Messenger line Applications Messenger_line > Applications A heaving line thrown from a ship to shore then used to pull the mooring warp from the ship to a bollard. A light line installed inside a mast during manufacture, which is later used to reeve a halyard or pull an electrical cable into place. A line used to lower a toolbag or equipment along a downline to a diver.
Pioneer 11 Pioneer anomaly Pioneer_11 > Pioneer anomaly Analysis of the radio tracking data from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft at distances between 20 and 70 AU from the Sun had consistently indicated the presence of a small but anomalous Doppler frequency drift. The drift can be interpreted as due to a constant acceleration of (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10−10 m/s2 directed towards the Sun. Although it was suspected that there was a systematic origin to the effect, none was found. As a result, there has been sustained interest in the nature of this so-called "Pioneer anomaly". Extended analysis of mission data by Slava Turyshev and colleagues determined the source of the anomaly to be asymmetric thermal radiation and the resulting thermal recoil force acting on the face of the Pioneers away from the Sun, and in July 2012 the group of researchers published their results in the Physical Review Letters scientific journal.
G2-M DNA damage checkpoint Maintaining the checkpoint G2-M_DNA_damage_checkpoint > Pathway response to DNA damage > Maintaining the checkpoint Its necessity is demonstrated by the fact that in the absence of rad18, DNA is unable to be repaired even when G2 arrest is prolonged by other means. The maintenance of such arrest in the G2 phase is further sustained by p53 and p21. In the absence of p53 or p21, it was demonstrated that radiated cells progressed into mitosis. The absence of p21 or 14-3-3 cannot sufficiently inhibit the CyclinB-Cdc2 complex, thus exhibiting the regulatory control of p53 and p21 in the G2 checkpoint in response to DNA damage. p53 mutations can result in a significant checkpoint deficit, which has important implications in the treatment of cancer.
Vector space Summary Linear_space A vector space is finite-dimensional if its dimension is a natural number. Otherwise, it is infinite-dimensional, and its dimension is an infinite cardinal. Finite-dimensional vector spaces occur naturally in geometry and related areas.
Desktop operating system Signal Desktop_operating_system > Components > Kernel > Interrupts > Signal The categories are: when a process finishes normally. when a process has an error exception. when a process runs out of a system resource.
List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics List_of_textbooks_on_classical_mechanics_and_quantum_mechanics > Advanced undergraduate and graduate > Quantum mechanics Sakurai, J. J.; Napolitano, Jim (2017). Modern Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Internet Protocol Version 4 Allocation Internet_Protocol_Version_4 > Addressing > Allocation CIDR was designed to permit repartitioning of any address space so that smaller or larger blocks of addresses could be allocated to users. The hierarchical structure created by CIDR is managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and the regional Internet registries (RIRs). Each RIR maintains a publicly searchable WHOIS database that provides information about IP address assignments.
Richard Feynman Textbooks and lecture notes Richard_Feynman > Bibliography > Textbooks and lecture notes ISBN 0-7382-0296-7. Computer science also differs from physics in that it is not actually a science. It does not study natural objects. Neither is it, as you might think, mathematics; although it does use mathematical reasoning pretty extensively. Rather, computer science is like engineering – it is all about getting something to do something, rather than just dealing with abstractions
Psychology of learning Neuroscience Psychology_of_learning > Psychology of learning theories > Neuroscience The neuroscience of learning focuses on the relationships among the central nervous system, learning, and behavior. This central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord which are responsible for controlling behavior. This differs from the autonomic nervous system which relates with more autonomous functions such as respiration and digestion. Within the CNS, there are neurons, which send messages within and from the brain to the rest of body through electrical and chemical signals.
Chlororespiration The relation between chlororespiration, photosynthesis and respiration Chlororespiration > The relation between chlororespiration, photosynthesis and respiration The mutant Chlamydomonas alga species, lacks photosystems one and two (PS I and PS II), so when the alga underwent flash-induced PS I activity, it resulted in no effect on mitochondrial pathways of respiration. Instead, this flash-induced PS I activity caused an exchange between photosynthetic and chlororespiratory ETCs, which was observed using polarography. This flash of PS I activity is triggered by an over-reduction of the PQ pool and/or lack of the pyridine nucleotide in the thylakoid membrane. A reduction in such molecules then stimulates NADPH and PTOX molecules to trigger chlororespiratory pathways.Furthermore, in the absence of light (and thus photosynthesis), chlororespiration plays an integral role in enabling metabolic pathways to compensate for chemical energy synthesis. This is achieved through the oxidation of stromal compounds, which increases the PQ pool and allows for the chlororespiratory ETC to take place.
Phi Josephson junction Applications Phi_Josephson_junction > Applications If the φ junctions switches to the voltage state, its state was −φ, otherwise, it was +φ. The use of φ junctions as a memory cell (1 bit) was already demonstrated. In quantum domain the φ junction can be used as a two-level system (qubit).
Anderson acceleration Definition Anderson_acceleration > Definition Given a function f: R n → R n {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , consider the problem of finding a fixed point of f {\displaystyle f} , which is a solution to the equation f ( x ) = x {\displaystyle f(x)=x} . A classical approach to the problem is to employ a fixed-point iteration scheme; that is, given an initial guess x 0 {\displaystyle x_{0}} for the solution, to compute the sequence x i + 1 = f ( x i ) {\displaystyle x_{i+1}=f(x_{i})} until some convergence criterion is met. However, the convergence of such a scheme is not guaranteed in general; moreover, the rate of convergence is usually linear, which can become too slow if the evaluation of the function f {\displaystyle f} is computationally expensive. Anderson acceleration is a method to accelerate the convergence of the fixed-point sequence.Define the residual g ( x ) = f ( x ) − x {\displaystyle g(x)=f(x)-x} , and denote f k = f ( x k ) {\displaystyle f_{k}=f(x_{k})} and g k = g ( x k ) {\displaystyle g_{k}=g(x_{k})} (where x k {\displaystyle x_{k}} corresponds to the sequence of iterates from the previous paragraph).
Quantum digital signature Quantum Digital Signature Quantum_digital_signature > Quantum Digital Signature Like classical digital signatures, quantum digital signatures make use of asymmetric keys. Thus, a person who wants to sign a message creates one or more pairs of sign and corresponding public keys. In general we can divide quantum digital signature schemes into two groups: A scheme that creates a public quantum-bit key out of a private classical bit string: k ↦ \| f k ⟩ {\displaystyle k\mapsto \|f_{k}\rangle } A scheme that creates a public quantum-bit key out of a private quantum bit string: \| k ⟩ ↦ \| f k ⟩ {\displaystyle \|k\rangle \mapsto \|f_{k}\rangle } In both cases f is a one-way quantum function that has the same properties as a classical one-way function. That is, the result is easy to compute, but, in contrast to the classical scheme, the function is impossible to invert, even if one uses powerful quantum cheating strategies. The most famous scheme for the first method above is provided by Gottesman and Chuang
Gas embolism Treatment of divers Gas_embolism > Treatment > Treatment of divers Oxygen first aid treatment is useful for suspected gas embolism casualties or divers who have made fast ascents or missed decompression stops. Most fully closed-circuit rebreathers can deliver sustained high concentrations of oxygen-rich breathing gas and could be used as an alternative to pure open-circuit oxygen resuscitators. However pure oxygen from an oxygen cylinder through a Non-rebreather mask is the optimal way to deliver oxygen to a decompression illness patient.
C14H19N3O Summary C14H19N3O The molecular formula C14H19N3O (molar mass: 245.320 g/mol, exact mass: 245.1528 u) may refer to: Methafurylene, an antihistamine Oxolamine, a cough suppressant
Fabric structure Vinyl-laminated polyesters Fabric_structure > Fabric structure basics > Vinyl-laminated polyesters The adhesive enables the seam to meet shear forces and load requirements for a structure at all temperatures. The adhesive prevents wicking of moisture into the scrim’s fibers, which also prevents fungal growth or freezing that could affect the exterior coating's adhesion to the scrim. Adhesives are water-based to comply with EPA regulations.
RF resonant cavity thruster Theoretical inconsistencies EmDrive > Theoretical inconsistencies Extraction of a net momentum "from nothing" has been postulated in an inhomogeneous vacuum, but this remains highly controversial as it will violate Lorentz invariance.Both Harold White's and Mike McCulloch's theories of how the EmDrive could work rely on these asymmetric or dynamical Casimir effects. However, if these vacuum forces are present, they are expected to be exceptionally tiny based on our current understanding, too small to explain the level of observed thrust. In the event that observed thrust is not due to experimental error, a positive result could indicate new physics.
Chemical warfare agent Summary Chemical_Weapon All may be used in warfare and are known by the military acronym NBC (for nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare). Weapons of mass destruction are distinct from conventional weapons, which are primarily effective due to their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary potential. Chemical weapons can be widely dispersed in gas, liquid and solid forms, and may easily afflict others than the intended targets.
Proper acceleration Acceleration in (1+1)D Proper_acceleration > Viewed from a flat spacetime slice > Acceleration in (1+1)D In the unidirectional case i.e. when the object's acceleration is parallel or antiparallel to its velocity in the spacetime slice of the observer, proper acceleration α and coordinate acceleration a are related through the Lorentz factor γ by α = γ3a. Hence the change in proper-velocity w=dx/dτ is the integral of proper acceleration over map-time t i.e. Δw = αΔt for constant α. At low speeds this reduces to the well-known relation between coordinate velocity and coordinate acceleration times map-time, i.e. Δv=aΔt. For constant unidirectional proper-acceleration, similar relationships exist between rapidity η and elapsed proper time Δτ, as well as between Lorentz factor γ and distance traveled Δx. To be specific: where the various velocity parameters are related by These equations describe some consequences of accelerated travel at high speed.
Left recursion Accommodating left recursion in top-down parsing Left_recursion > Accommodating left recursion in top-down parsing In 2006, Frost and Hafiz described an algorithm which accommodates ambiguous grammars with direct left-recursive production rules. That algorithm was extended to a complete parsing algorithm to accommodate indirect as well as direct left recursion in polynomial time, and to generate compact polynomial-size representations of the potentially exponential number of parse trees for highly ambiguous grammars by Frost, Hafiz and Callaghan in 2007. The authors then implemented the algorithm as a set of parser combinators written in the Haskell programming language.
Codomain Summary Codomain In mathematics, the codomain or set of destination of a function is the set into which all of the output of the function is constrained to fall. It is the set Y in the notation f: X → Y. The term range is sometimes ambiguously used to refer to either the codomain or image of a function. A codomain is part of a function f if f is defined as a triple (X, Y, G) where X is called the domain of f, Y its codomain, and G its graph. The set of all elements of the form f(x), where x ranges over the elements of the domain X, is called the image of f. The image of a function is a subset of its codomain so it might not coincide with it.
Immune surveillance Manipulation in medicine Immune_surveillance > Manipulation in medicine The immune response can be manipulated to suppress unwanted responses resulting from autoimmunity, allergy, and transplant rejection, and to stimulate protective responses against pathogens that largely elude the immune system (see immunization) or cancer.
Artificial general intelligence Benefits Artificial_general_intelligence > Benefits AGI could have a wide variety of applications. If oriented towards such goal, AGI could help mitigate various problems in the world such as hunger, poverty and health problems.AGI could improve the productivity and efficiency in most jobs. For example, in public health, AGI could accelerate medical research, notably against cancer. It could take care of the elderly, and democratize access to rapid, high-quality medical diagnostics.
Assistive Technology for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Video captioning Assistive_Technology_for_Deaf_and_Hard_of_Hearing > Communication Support Technology > Real time captioning > Video captioning Video captions make video content more accessible to all audiences. The 21st Century Communications & Video Accessibility Act (CVAA), passed in 2010, legally requires content delivered by broadband, digital and mobile technology to be accessible to those with disabilities. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) enforces compliance of the CVAA and clarifies the law when necessary. == References ==
Gametogenesis Summary Gametogenesis Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. Depending on the biological life cycle of the organism, gametogenesis occurs by meiotic division of diploid gametocytes into various gametes, or by mitosis. For example, plants produce gametes through mitosis in gametophytes. The gametophytes grow from haploid spores after sporic meiosis.
Fujifilm F-mount Optical design Fujifilm_F-mount > Nikkor > Designations > Optical design To counteract chromatic aberration. It replaces several lens elements, thus reducing the size and weight of a lens. Reflex — Designates a catadioptric (mirror) lens.
Distributed Hash Table Implementations Distributed_Hash_Table > Implementations Some DHTs may also publish objects of different types. For example, key k could be the node ID and associated data could describe how to contact this node. This allows publication-of-presence information and often used in IM applications, etc. In the simplest case, ID is just a random number that is directly used as key k (so in a 160-bit DHT ID will be a 160-bit number, usually randomly chosen).
Definition Recursive definitions Definition > In logic and mathematics > Recursive definitions All other things are excluded from the setFor instance, we could define a natural number as follows (after Peano): "0" is a natural number. Each natural number has a unique successor, such that: the successor of a natural number is also a natural number; distinct natural numbers have distinct successors; no natural number is succeeded by "0". Nothing else is a natural number.So "0" will have exactly one successor, which for convenience can be called "1".
Technological theory of social production Implementations Technological_theory_of_social_production > Implementations The written above relations present a framework of description of economic development, which can be applied in case, if availability of production factors, determined by their rates of potential growth ν ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {\nu }}} for labour and η ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {\eta }}} for substitutive work, are given. The first quantity is connected with number of population, in fact, one can count that labour force is about half of the total number of population. The availability of substitutive work is a more uncertain quantity. It is determined by fundamental results of science, by research, by project works, and by materialisation of all human imagination about how to use energy instead of labour for production. The availability of production factors ought to be endogenous in a problem of evolution of human population, when dynamics of population and stock of knowledge are included into consideration.
Finite element History Finite_element_solver > History Courant's contribution was evolutionary, drawing on a large body of earlier results for PDEs developed by Rayleigh, Ritz, and Galerkin. The finite element method obtained its real impetus in the 1960s and 1970s by the developments of J. H. Argyris with co-workers at the University of Stuttgart, R. W. Clough with co-workers at UC Berkeley, O. C. Zienkiewicz with co-workers Ernest Hinton, Bruce Irons and others at Swansea University, Philippe G. Ciarlet at the University of Paris 6 and Richard Gallagher with co-workers at Cornell University. Further impetus was provided in these years by available open-source finite element programs.
System virtual machine Summary System_virtual_machine In computing, a system virtual machine is a virtual machine (VM) that provides a complete system platform and supports the execution of a complete operating system (OS). These usually emulate an existing architecture, and are built with the purpose of either providing a platform to run programs where the real hardware is not available for use (for example, executing on otherwise obsolete platforms), or of having multiple instances of virtual machines leading to more efficient use of computing resources, both in terms of energy consumption and cost effectiveness (known as hardware virtualization, the key to a cloud computing environment), or both. A VM was originally defined by Popek and Goldberg as "an efficient, isolated duplicate of a real machine".
Maxwell's demon Original thought experiment Maxwell's_demon > Original thought experiment The second law of thermodynamics ensures (through statistical probability) that two bodies of different temperature, when brought into contact with each other and isolated from the rest of the Universe, will evolve to a thermodynamic equilibrium in which both bodies have approximately the same temperature. The second law is also expressed as the assertion that in an isolated system, entropy never decreases.Maxwell conceived a thought experiment as a way of furthering the understanding of the second law. His description of the experiment is as follows: ... if we conceive of a being whose faculties are so sharpened that he can follow every molecule in its course, such a being, whose attributes are as essentially finite as our own, would be able to do what is impossible to us. For we have seen that molecules in a vessel full of air at uniform temperature are moving with velocities by no means uniform, though the mean velocity of any great number of them, arbitrarily selected, is almost exactly uniform.
Aging clock Definition and characteristics Immune_system_theory_of_aging > Definition and characteristics Aging has been defined as "a progressive deterioration of physiological function, an intrinsic age-related process of loss of viability and increase in vulnerability. "In 2013, a group of scientists defined nine hallmarks of aging that are common between organisms with emphasis on mammals: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communicationIn a decadal update, three hallmarks have been added, totaling 12 proposed hallmarks: disabled macroautophagy chronic inflammation dysbiosisThe environment induces damage at various levels, e.g. damage to DNA, and damage to tissues and cells by oxygen radicals (widely known as free radicals), and some of this damage is not repaired and thus accumulates with time. Cloning from somatic cells rather than germ cells may begin life with a higher initial load of damage. Dolly the sheep died young from a contagious lung disease, but data on an entire population of cloned individuals would be necessary to measure mortality rates and quantify aging.The evolutionary theorist George Williams wrote, "It is remarkable that after a seemingly miraculous feat of morphogenesis, a complex metazoan should be unable to perform the much simpler task of merely maintaining what is already formed."
State diagram State diagrams versus flowcharts State_diagram > State diagrams versus flowcharts Newcomers to the state machine formalism often confuse state diagrams with flowcharts. The figure below shows a comparison of a state diagram with a flowchart. A state machine (panel (a)) performs actions in response to explicit events. In contrast, the flowchart (panel (b)) does not need explicit events but rather transitions from node to node in its graph automatically upon completion of activities.
Angiotensin II Summary Angiotensin_I An oligopeptide, angiotensin is a hormone and a dipsogen. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the liver. Angiotensin was isolated in the late 1930s (first named 'angiotonin' or 'hypertensin') and subsequently characterized and synthesized by groups at the Cleveland Clinic and Ciba laboratories.
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis Adverse effects Primary_progressive_multiple_sclerosis > Management > Chronic management > Adverse effects The disease-modifying treatments have several adverse effects. One of the most common is irritation at the injection site for glatiramer acetate and the interferons (up to 90% with subcutaneous injections and 33% with intramuscular injections). Over time, a visible dent at the injection site, due to the local destruction of fat tissue, known as lipoatrophy, may develop. Interferons may produce flu-like symptoms; some people taking glatiramer experience a post-injection reaction with flushing, chest tightness, heart palpitations, and anxiety, which usually lasts less than thirty minutes.
Procedural knowledge Activation Procedural_knowledge > Activation There are evidences found that motor planning occurs by changing features of successively needed motor plans. Also, Rosenhaum et al. (2007) found that even single movements appear to be controlled with hierarchically organized plans. With starting and goal postures at the top level and intermediate states comprising the transition from the starting to the goal at the lower level.
Internet Governance Background Internet_Governance > Background There has been a long-held dispute over the management of the DNS root zone, whose final control fell under the supervision of the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Considering that the U.S.
Topological group Homotopy theory of topological groups Topological_groups > Homotopy theory of topological groups Finally, compact connected Lie groups have been classified by Wilhelm Killing, Élie Cartan, and Hermann Weyl. As a result, there is an essentially complete description of the possible homotopy types of Lie groups. For example, a compact connected Lie group of dimension at most 3 is either a torus, the group SU(2) (diffeomorphic to the 3-sphere S3), or its quotient group SU(2)/{±1} ≅ SO(3) (diffeomorphic to RP3).
Algebraic number Properties Algebraic_number > Properties The set of algebraic numbers is countable (enumerable), and therefore its Lebesgue measure as a subset of the complex numbers is 0 (essentially, the algebraic numbers take up no space in the complex numbers). That is to say, "almost all" real and complex numbers are transcendental. All algebraic numbers are computable and therefore definable and arithmetical. For real numbers a and b, the complex number a + bi is algebraic if and only if both a and b are algebraic.
Two-dimensional manifold Charts Real_manifold > Charts, atlases, and transition maps > Charts A coordinate map, a coordinate chart, or simply a chart, of a manifold is an invertible map between a subset of the manifold and a simple space such that both the map and its inverse preserve the desired structure. For a topological manifold, the simple space is a subset of some Euclidean space R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} and interest focuses on the topological structure. This structure is preserved by homeomorphisms, invertible maps that are continuous in both directions.
Cambrian radiation Ozone formation Cambrian_radiation > Possible causes > Changes in the environment > Ozone formation The amount of ozone (O3) required to shield Earth from biologically lethal UV radiation, wavelengths from 200 to 300 nanometers (nm), is believed to have been in existence around the Cambrian explosion. The presence of the ozone layer may have enabled the development of complex life and life on land, as opposed to life being restricted to the water.
Mesoscale eddy Mesoscale ocean eddies Mesoscale_eddies > Mesoscale ocean eddies Eddies are common in the ocean, and range in diameter from centimeters to hundreds of kilometers. The smallest scale eddies may last for a matter of seconds, while the larger features may persist for months to years. Eddies that are between about 10 and 500 km (6 and 300 miles) in diameter and persist for periods of days to months are known in oceanography as mesoscale eddies.Mesoscale eddies can be split into two categories: static eddies, caused by flow around an obstacle (see animation), and transient eddies, caused by baroclinic instability. When the ocean contains a sea surface height gradient this creates a jet or current, such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
Jacobi equation Examples Jacobi_field > Examples For Riemannian manifolds of constant negative sectional curvature − k 2 {\displaystyle -k^{2}} , any Jacobi field is a linear combination of γ ˙ ( t ) {\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}(t)} , t γ ˙ ( t ) {\displaystyle t{\dot {\gamma }}(t)} and exp ⁡ ( ± k t ) e i ( t ) {\displaystyle \exp(\pm kt)e_{i}(t)} , where i > 1 {\displaystyle i>1} . For Riemannian manifolds of constant positive sectional curvature k 2 {\displaystyle k^{2}} , any Jacobi field is a linear combination of γ ˙ ( t ) {\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}(t)} , t γ ˙ ( t ) {\displaystyle t{\dot {\gamma }}(t)} , sin ⁡ ( k t ) e i ( t ) {\displaystyle \sin(kt)e_{i}(t)} and cos ⁡ ( k t ) e i ( t ) {\displaystyle \cos(kt)e_{i}(t)} , where i > 1 {\displaystyle i>1} . The restriction of a Killing vector field to a geodesic is a Jacobi field in any Riemannian manifold.
Vector network analyzer Calibration and error correction Vector_network_analyzer > Calibration and error correction From these three measurements the network analyzer can account for the three errors above.A more complex calibration is a full 2-port reflectivity and transmission calibration. For two ports there are 12 possible systematic errors analogous to the three above. The most common method for correcting for these involves measuring a short, load and open standard on each of the two ports, as well as transmission between the two ports.
Autonomous racing Future Autonomous_racing > Future Porsche is developing autonomous car technology to enable a driver to experience hands free how a professional motor racing champion would tackle a racetrack. They are aiming to use software that will capture data from professional drivers as they rip around a racecourse. It will then upload the data so a self driving Porsche can replicate the entire driving experience on the track.Roborace has ambitions to be the new global motorsport series, the longterm plan is to pit teams autonomous vehicles paired with human drivers against others on the track.
Shannon's entropy Relationship to thermodynamic entropy Shannon's_entropy > Aspects > Relationship to thermodynamic entropy As the minuteness of the Boltzmann constant kB indicates, the changes in S / kB for even tiny amounts of substances in chemical and physical processes represent amounts of entropy that are extremely large compared to anything in data compression or signal processing. In classical thermodynamics, entropy is defined in terms of macroscopic measurements and makes no reference to any probability distribution, which is central to the definition of information entropy. The connection between thermodynamics and what is now known as information theory was first made by Ludwig Boltzmann and expressed by his famous equation: S = k B ln ⁡ W {\displaystyle S=k_{\text{B}}\ln W} where S {\displaystyle S} is the thermodynamic entropy of a particular macrostate (defined by thermodynamic parameters such as temperature, volume, energy, etc.), W is the number of microstates (various combinations of particles in various energy states) that can yield the given macrostate, and kB is the Boltzmann constant.
Symmetric group Definition and first properties Symmetric_group > Definition and first properties {\displaystyle X!} , and Sym ⁡ ( X ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Sym} (X)} . If X {\displaystyle X} is the set { 1 , 2 , … , n } {\displaystyle \{1,2,\ldots ,n\}} then the name may be abbreviated to S n {\displaystyle \mathrm {S} _{n}} , S n {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{n}} , Σ n {\displaystyle \Sigma _{n}} , or Sym ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {Sym} (n)} .Symmetric groups on infinite sets behave quite differently from symmetric groups on finite sets, and are discussed in (Scott 1987, Ch.
Quaternions and spatial rotation Visualizing the space of rotations Quaternions_and_spatial_rotation > Quaternion rotation operations > The hypersphere of rotations > Visualizing the space of rotations The magnitude of the unit quaternion will be unity, corresponding to a hypersphere of unit radius. The vector part of a unit quaternion represents the radius of the 2-sphere corresponding to the axis of rotation, and its magnitude is the cosine of half the angle of rotation. Each rotation is represented by two unit quaternions of opposite sign, and, as in the space of rotations in three dimensions, the quaternion product of two unit quaternions will yield a unit quaternion. Also, the space of unit quaternions is "flat" in any infinitesimal neighborhood of a given unit quaternion.
Bloch spectrum Summary Bloch_spectrum The Bloch spectrum is a concept in quantum mechanics in the field of theoretical physics; this concept addresses certain energy spectrum considerations. Let H be the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation operator H = − d 2 d x 2 + U α , {\displaystyle H=-{\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}+U_{\alpha },} where Uα is a periodic function of period α. The Bloch spectrum of H is defined as the set of values E for which all the solutions of (H − E)φ = 0 are bounded on the whole real axis. The Bloch spectrum consists of the half-line E0 < E from which certain closed intervals (j = 1, 2, ...) are omitted. These are forbidden bands (or gaps) so the (E2j−2, E2j−1) are allowed bands. == References ==
Functionalism (philosophy of mind) Machine-state functionalism Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind) > Types > Machine-state functionalism The machine has a read-write head that scans cells and moves in left and right directions. The action of the machine is determined by the symbol in the cell being scanned and a table of transition rules that serve as the machine's programming. Because of the infinite tape, a traditional Turing Machine has an infinite amount of time to compute any particular function or any number of functions.
Emergent curriculum Learning plans Emergent_curriculum > Planning an emergent curriculum > Learning plans In emergent curriculum settings, learning plans are often more of a loose outline. This because success in the program often generates spontaneous deterrence by students to plans to support engagement (MachLachlan et al., 2013; Stacey, 2009). Webbing is often used for planning because of its flexible nature. A web doesn't show everything that will be learned, it shows many things that could be learned as well as connections to curriculum expectations (MachLachlan et al., 2013).
Diagonalization argument Ordering of cardinals Cantor's_diagonalization_method > Consequences > Ordering of cardinals With equality defined as the existence of a bijection between their underlying sets, Cantor also defines binary predicate of cardinalities \| S \| {\displaystyle \|S\|} and \| T \| {\displaystyle \|T\|} in terms of the existence of injections between S {\displaystyle S} and T {\displaystyle T} . It has the properties of a preorder and is here written " ≤ {\displaystyle \leq } ". One can embed the naturals into the binary sequences, thus proving various injection existence statements explicitly, so that in this sense \| N \| ≤ \| 2 N \| {\displaystyle \|{\mathbb {N} }\|\leq \|2^{\mathbb {N} }\|} , where 2 N {\displaystyle 2^{\mathbb {N} }} denotes the function space N → { 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle {\mathbb {N} }\to \{0,1\}} . But following from the argument in the previous sections, there is no surjection and so also no bijection, i.e. the set is uncountable.
Obstructive pulmonary disease Exacerbations Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disorder > Exacerbations Bushfires in Australia add to the high risk factors for COPD and its worsening for farmers.The number of exacerbations is not seen to relate to any stage of the disease; those with two or more a year are classed as frequent exacerbators and these lead to a worsening in the disease progression. Frailty in ageing increases exacerbations and hospitalization.Acute exacerbations in COPD are often unexplained and thought to have many causes other than infections.
D* Summary D*_search_algorithm It makes assumptions about the unknown part of the terrain (for example: that it contains no obstacles) and finds a shortest path from its current coordinates to the goal coordinates under these assumptions. The robot then follows the path. When it observes new map information (such as previously unknown obstacles), it adds the information to its map and, if necessary, replans a new shortest path from its current coordinates to the given goal coordinates.
General adversarial network Mechanisms General_adversarial_network > Defenses > Mechanisms A number of defense mechanisms against evasion, poisoning, and privacy attacks have been proposed, including: Secure learning algorithms Byzantine-resilient algorithms Multiple classifier systems AI-written algorithms. AIs that explore the training environment; for example, in image recognition, actively navigating a 3D environment rather than passively scanning a fixed set of 2D images. Privacy-preserving learning Ladder algorithm for Kaggle-style competitions Game theoretic models Sanitizing training data Adversarial training Backdoor detection algorithms Gradient masking/obfuscation techniques: to prevent the adversary exploiting the gradient in white-box attacks. This family of defenses is deemed unreliable as these models are still vulnerable to black-box attacks or can be circumvented in other ways. Ensembles of models have been proposed in the literature but caution should be applied when relying on them: usually ensembling weak classifiers results in a more accurate model but it does not seem to apply in the adversarial context.
Heisenberg's inequality Signal processing Heisenberg_limit > Harmonic analysis > Signal processing In the context of signal processing, and in particular time–frequency analysis, uncertainty principles are referred to as the Gabor limit, after Dennis Gabor, or sometimes the Heisenberg–Gabor limit. The basic result, which follows from "Benedicks's theorem", below, is that a function cannot be both time limited and band limited (a function and its Fourier transform cannot both have bounded domain)—see bandlimited versus timelimited. More accurately, the time-bandwidth or duration-bandwidth product satisfies where σ energy , t {\displaystyle \sigma _{{\text{energy}},t}} and σ energy , f {\displaystyle \sigma _{{\text{energy}},f}} are the standard deviations of the time and frequency energy or power (i.e. squared) representations respectively. The minimum is attained for a Gaussian-shaped pulse (Gabor wavelet) Another common measure is the product of the time and frequency full width at half maximum (of the power/energy), which for the Gaussian equals 2 ln ⁡ 2 / π ≈ 0.44 {\displaystyle 2\ln 2/\pi \approx 0.44} (see bandwidth-limited pulse).
Carcinogenesis Genome instability Carcinogenesis > Causes > Genome instability When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damage accumulates in cells at a higher than normal rate, and this excess damage causes an increased frequency of mutation and/or epimutation. Mutation rates strongly increase in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in homologous recombinational repair (HRR). A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damage to accumulate, and error-prone translesion synthesis of some of the damaged areas may give rise to mutations.
Electron diffraction Geometrical considerations Electron_diffraction > Basics > Geometrical considerations One can also have intensities further out from reciprocal lattice points which are in a higher layer. The first of these is called the first order Laue zone (FOLZ); the series is called by the generic name higher order Laue zone (HOLZ). The end result is that the electron wave after it has been diffracted can be written as a integral over different plane waves: that is a sum of plane waves going in different directions, each with a complex amplitude ϕ ( k ) {\displaystyle \phi (\mathbf {k} )} .
Attentional shift Overt vs. covert attention Attentional_shift > Overt vs. covert attention Changes in spatial attention can occur with the eyes moving, overtly, or with the eyes remaining fixated, covertly. Within the human eye only a small part, the fovea, is able to bring objects into sharp focus. However, it is this high visual acuity that is needed to perform actions such as reading words or recognizing facial features, for example. Therefore, the eyes must continually move in order to direct the fovea to the desired goal.
Fosinopril Medical uses Fosinopril > Medical uses Renin converts the inactive angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II (AII) by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). AII can have negative effects on the cardiovascular system after events such as heart failure and myocardial infarction. AII causes arterial vasoconstriction and hypertension, resulting in an increase in afterload, increasing the resistance against which the heart works. Additionally, chronic increase in production of AII is associated with structural changes to the myocardium which reduces the functionality of the heart.In heart failure patients, fosinopril increases exercise tolerance and lowers the frequency of events associated with worsening heart failure, such as dyspnea, the need for supplemental diuretics, fatigue, and hospitalizations.
Discrete transistor Classification Silicon_transistor > Types > Classification Physical packaging: through-hole metal, through-hole plastic, surface mount, ball grid array, power modules (see Packaging). Amplification factor hFE, βF (transistor beta) or gm (transconductance). Working temperature: Extreme temperature transistors and traditional temperature transistors (−55 to 150 °C (−67 to 302 °F)). Extreme temperature transistors include high-temperature transistors (above 150 °C (302 °F)) and low-temperature transistors (below −55 °C (−67 °F)). The high-temperature transistors that operate thermally stable up to 250 °C (482 °F) can be developed by a general strategy of blending interpenetrating semi-crystalline conjugated polymers and high glass-transition temperature insulating polymers.Hence, a particular transistor may be described as silicon, surface-mount, BJT, NPN, low-power, high-frequency switch.
Particle-laden flow Modeling Particle-laden_flow > Modeling Like all fluid dynamics-related disciplines, the modelling of particle-laden flows is an enormous challenge for researchers - this is because most flows of practical interest are turbulent. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) for single-phase flow, let alone two-phase flow, are computationally very expensive; the computing power required for models of practical engineering interest are far out of reach. Since one is often interested in modeling only large scale qualitative behavior of the flow, a possible approach is to decompose the flow velocity into mean and fluctuating components, by the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. A compromise between DNS and RANS is large eddy simulation (LES), in which the small scales of fluid motion are modeled and the larger, resolved scales are simulated directly.
Weng Cho Chew Recent publications Weng_Cho_Chew > Recent publications (open access) "Casimir Force: Vacuum Fluctuation, Zero-Point Energy, and Computational Electromagnetics," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. doi:10.1109/MAP.2021.3073118. Chew, W. C., Na, D.-Y., Roth, T. E., Ryu, C. J., & Kudeki, E.
Generic-case complexity NP complete problems Generic-case_complexity > Theory and applications > NP complete problems As it is well known that NP-complete problems can be easy on average, it is not a surprise that several of them are generically easy too. The three satisfiability problem is in ExpGenP. The subset sum problem is in GenP.
McShane integral Example 2 McShane_integral > Examples > Example 2 . , r n , . .

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