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Sparse distributed memory The Best Match Search Sparse_distributed_memory > Applications > The Best Match Search With d = 0 {\displaystyle d=0} we have a conventional random-access memory. Assume further that each location has a special location-occupied bit that can be accessed in the same way as the regular datum bits. Writing a word to a location sets this location-occupied bit.
Theoretical motivation for general relativity Relativistic generalization of the energy density Theoretical_motivation_for_general_relativity > Stress–energy tensor > Relativistic generalization of the energy density There are two simple relativistic entities that reduce to the 00 component of the stress–energy tensor in the nonrelativistic limit u α T α β u β → T 00 {\displaystyle u^{\alpha }T_{\alpha \beta }u^{\beta }\rightarrow T_{00}} and the trace T ≡ T α α = − u α u α T = − u α T η α β u β → − T 00 {\displaystyle T\equiv {T^{\alpha }}_{\alpha }=-u_{\alpha }u^{\alpha }T=-u^{\alpha }T\eta _{\alpha \beta }u^{\beta }\rightarrow -T_{00}} where u α {\displaystyle u^{\alpha }} is the 4-velocity. The 00 component of the stress–energy tensor can be generalized to the relativistic case as a linear combination of the two terms T 00 → u α ( A T α β + B T η α β ) u β {\displaystyle T_{00}\rightarrow u^{\alpha }\left(AT_{\alpha \beta }+BT\eta _{\alpha \beta }\right)u^{\beta }} where A + B = 1 {\displaystyle A+B=1}
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn Summary Persistent_fetal_circulation Persistent fetal circulation is a condition caused by a failure in the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation to convert from the antenatal circulation pattern to the "normal" pattern. Infants experience a high mean arterial pulmonary artery pressure and a high afterload at the right ventricle. This means that the heart is working against higher pressures, which makes it more difficult for the heart to pump blood.In a fetus, there is high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and low pulmonary blood flow as the fetus does not use the lungs for oxygen transfer, but instead relies on the placenta for oxygen. When the baby is born, the lungs are needed for oxygen transfer and need high blood flow which is encouraged by low PVR.
Pruned tree Trees Tree_(descriptive_set_theory) > Definitions > Trees The collection of all finite sequences of elements of a set X {\displaystyle X} is denoted X < ω {\displaystyle X^{<\omega }} . With this notation, a tree is a nonempty subset T {\displaystyle T} of X < ω {\displaystyle X^{<\omega }} , such that if ⟨ x 0 , x 1 , … , x n − 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle x_{0},x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-1}\rangle } is a sequence of length n {\displaystyle n} in T {\displaystyle T} , and if 0 ≤ m < n {\displaystyle 0\leq m
Procedural knowledge Development Procedural_knowledge > Development It is believed that when people acquiring cognitive skills, firstly an example is encoded as a declarative structure. When participants are tested on their first problems, they have two possible ways to respond.
Discrete logarithms Powers of 10 Discrete_Logarithm > Examples > Powers of 10 These are instances of the discrete logarithm problem. Other base-10 logarithms in the real numbers are not instances of the discrete logarithm problem, because they involve non-integer exponents. For example, the equation log10 53 = 1.724276… means that 101.724276… = 53.
Youth Without Youth (film) Plot Youth_Without_Youth_(film) > Plot They hope that Veronica's past self will guide them. The venture proves a success when a local Boddhisatva recognises "Rupini" and directs her to the place of meditation. Following this discovery, Veronica becomes herself again and falls for Dominic.
Pulmonary embolism Diagnosis Pulmonary_embolus > Diagnosis To diagnose a pulmonary embolism, a review of clinical criteria to determine the need for testing is recommended. In those who have low risk, age less than 50, heart rate less than 100 beats per minute, oxygen level more than 94% on room air, and no leg swelling, coughing up of blood, surgery or trauma in the last four weeks, previous blood clots, or estrogen use, further testing is not typically needed.In situations with more high risk individuals, further testing is needed. A CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) is the preferred method for diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism due to its easy administration and accuracy.
SKA2 Function SKA2 > Function The SKA2 is a part of the larger spindle and kinetochore complex which is a sub-complex of the outer kinetochore and binds to the microtubules. This complex is essential for the correctly timed onset of anaphase during mitosis by helping in the chromosomal segregation and aids in the movement of microspheres along a microtubule in a depolymerisation-coupled manner, since it is a direct component in the kinetochore-microtubule interface along with directly associating with the microtubules as assemblies.A reduced expression of SKA2 results in the loss of the complex from the kinetochore, however this loss of SKA-complex does not affect the overall structure of the Kinetochore yet the fibres show increased cold-sensitivity due to the loss. The cell goes through a prolonged delay in a metaphase-like state. It has been concluded that SKA2 regulates the maintenance of the metaphase plate and silencing of the spindle checkpoint leading to the onset of anaphase during mitosis. SKA2 also interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor aiding in the chaperoning of the receptor in the nucleus.
Lattice gas automaton Basic principles Lattice_Gas_Automata > Basic principles The state at each site is purely boolean. At a given site, there either is or is not a particle moving in each direction. At each time step, two processes are carried out, propagation and collision.In the propagation step, each particle will move to a neighboring site determined by the velocity that particle had.
Yeoman plotter Advantages Yeoman_plotter > Advantages The way in which the Yeoman plotter combines speedy GPS position fixing with a paper chart is cited as a benefit for two principal reasons. The first is one of safety and reliability - even the best marine electronics fail from time to time, and if the boat's electronic instruments should cease to work then a recent pencil plot on a paper chart becomes extremely valuable. Because such a fix can be made on a Yeoman in around two seconds, it is likely to be updated far more frequently. The fact that the correct chart is guaranteed to be on board, up to date, and open on the chart table ready for reversion to traditional navigation is also an aspect to consider as video chart plotters become more widely used.
Superposition principle Wave diffraction vs. wave interference Superposition_principle > Wave superposition > Wave diffraction vs. wave interference Yet another source concurs: In as much as the interference fringes observed by Young were the diffraction pattern of the double slit, this chapter is, therefore, a continuation of Chapter 8 . On the other hand, few opticians would regard the Michelson interferometer as an example of diffraction. Some of the important categories of diffraction relate to the interference that accompanies division of the wavefront, so Feynman's observation to some extent reflects the difficulty that we may have in distinguishing division of amplitude and division of wavefront.
Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light 1910s Timeline_of_special_relativity_and_the_speed_of_light > 20th century > 1910s 1910 – Vladimir Ignatowski makes the first derivations of Lorentz transformations that rely mostly – and almost entirely – on the relativity principle, without appealing to Maxwell’s equations; such derivations are sometimes called single-postulate. 1910 – Edmund Taylor Whittaker and Vladimir Varićak introduce the idea of rapidity, but without using this name. 1911 – Alfred Robb coins the term rapidity. 1911 – Paul Langevin presents the twin paradox implied by time dilation.
Privacy settings Software Privacy_settings > Enhancements > Software However, more research needs to be conducted to make sure this software can accurately apply privacy preferences to privacy settings. Personal data managers have the potential to help users become more involved in their privacy and lessen the effort for setting privacy controls. Another software, AID-S (Adaptive Inference Discovery Service) personalizes each user's privacy preferences since what is considered private information varies from each individual.
Thomson model Related scientific problems Plum_pudding_model > Related scientific problems As an important example of a scientific model, the plum pudding model has motivated and guided several related scientific problems.
Kepler-11d Host star Kepler-11d > Host star Kepler-11 is a G-type star in the Cygnus constellation. With a mass of .95 Msun, a radius of 1.1 Rsun, a measured metallicity of 0, and an effective temperature of 5680 K, Kepler-11 is near in mass (95% of Sun), radius (110% of Sun), and iron content as the Sun. Metallicity has been observed to play a major role determining the type of planet a star forms. As metal-rich gas clouds tend to cause planetary cores to aggregate to a gravitationally prominent size while primordial gases still exist in the system, gas giants tend to form under such conditions.
Doppler beam sharpening FFT Doppler_beam_sharpening > Existing spectral estimation approaches > Non-parametric methods > FFT Each multidimensional DFT computation is expressed in matrix form. The multidimensional DFT matrix, in turn, is disintegrated into a set of factors, called functional primitives, which are individually identified with an underlying software/hardware computational design.The FFT implementation is essentially a realization of the mapping of the mathematical framework through generation of the variants and executing matrix operations. The performance of this implementation may vary from machine to machine, and the objective is to identify on which machine it performs best.
Essentially unique Category theory Essentially_unique > Examples > Category theory An object that is the limit or colimit over a given diagram is essentially unique, as there is a unique isomorphism to any other limiting/colimiting object.
Acoustic location Time difference of arrival Acoustic_source_localization > Methods > Time difference of arrival The cross-correlation function between two microphones is defined as R x 1 , x 2 ( τ ) = ∑ n = − ∞ ∞ x 1 ( n ) x 2 ( n + τ ) {\displaystyle R_{x_{1},x_{2}}(\tau )=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }x_{1}(n)x_{2}(n+\tau )} which defines the level of correlation between the outputs of two sensors x 1 {\displaystyle x_{1}} and x 2 {\displaystyle x_{2}} . In general, a higher level of correlation means that the argument τ {\displaystyle \tau } is relatively close to the actual time-difference-of-arrival. For two sensors next to each other the TDOA is given by τ true = d spacing c {\displaystyle \tau _{\text{true}}={\frac {d_{\text{spacing}}}{c}}} where c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of sound in the medium surrounding the sensors and the source.
Alkaline metal Hydroxides Alkali_metal_compound > Compounds > Hydroxides The attraction between the charged metal and water ions will rapidly increase the surface area, causing an exponential increase of ionisation. When the repulsive forces within the liquid metal surface exceeds the forces of the surface tension, it vigorously explodes.The hydroxides themselves are the most basic hydroxides known, reacting with acids to give salts and with alcohols to give oligomeric alkoxides. They easily react with carbon dioxide to form carbonates or bicarbonates, or with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfides or bisulfides, and may be used to separate thiols from petroleum.
Economies of scale Economies deriving from the balancing of production capacity Industrial_scale > Determinants of economies of scale > Economies deriving from the balancing of production capacity Economies of productive capacity balancing derives from the possibility that a larger scale of production involves a more efficient use of the production capacities of the individual phases of the production process. If the inputs are indivisible and complementary, a small scale may be subject to idle times or to the underutilization of the productive capacity of some sub-processes. A higher production scale can make the different production capacities compatible. The reduction in machinery idle times is crucial in the case of a high cost of machinery.
Transamination Mechanism of action Transamination > Mechanism of action For the reaction to complete, aminotransferases require participation of aldehyde containing coenzyme, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), a derivative of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6). The amino group is accommodated by conversion of this coenzyme to pyridoxamine-5'-phosphate (PMP). PLP is covalently attached to the enzyme via a Schiff Base linkage formed by the condensation of its aldehyde group with the ε-amino group of an enzymatic Lys residue.
Morpholino Modifying pre-mRNA splicing Morpholino > Function > Modifying pre-mRNA splicing Morpholinos can interfere with pre-mRNA processing steps either by preventing splice-directing small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP) complexes from binding to their targets at the borders of introns on a strand of pre-mRNA, or by blocking the nucleophilic adenine base and preventing it from forming the splice lariat structure, or by interfering with the binding of splice regulatory proteins such as splice silencers and splice enhancers. Preventing the binding of snRNP U1 (at the donor site) or U2/U5 (at the polypyrimidine moiety and acceptor site) can cause modified splicing, commonly excluding exons from the mature mRNA. Targeting some splice targets results in intron inclusions, while activation of cryptic splice sites can lead to partial inclusions or exclusions. Targets of U11/U12 snRNPs can also be blocked. Splice modification can be conveniently assayed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and is seen as a band shift after gel electrophoresis of RT-PCR products.
Number of the beast Identification by gematria Number_of_the_beast > Interpretations > Identification by gematria In Greek isopsephy and Hebrew gematria, every letter has a corresponding numeric value. Summing these numbers gives a numeric value to a word or name. The use of isopsephy to calculate "the number of the beast" is used in many of the below interpretations.
Record locking Summary Record_locking Record locking is the technique of preventing simultaneous access to data in a database, to prevent inconsistent results. The classic example is demonstrated by two bank clerks attempting to update the same bank account for two different transactions. Clerks 1 and 2 both retrieve (i.e., copy) the account's record. Clerk 1 applies and saves a transaction.
Drug therapy Summary Drug_therapy The therapy is administered and adjusted by healthcare professionals according to the evidence-based guidelines and the patient's health condition. Personalized medicine also plays a crucial role in pharmacological therapy. Personalized medicine, or precision medicine, takes account of the patient's genetic variation, liver function, kidney function, etc, to provide a tailor-made treatment for a patient. In pharmacological therapy, pharmacists will also consider medication compliance. Medication compliance, or medication adherence, is defined as the degree to which the patient follows the therapy that is recommended by the healthcare professionals.
Health survival paradox Physiological factors Health_survival_paradox > Influential factors > Biological factors > Physiological factors For instance, although lower levels of LDL may prevent atherosclerotic buildup which can lead to chronic heart disease, estrogen may overall elevate chronic heart disease in older women with advanced plaque buildup by causing thrombosis.Women can store excess high-density lipoproteins, which most likely slows the progression of plaque growth. Interestingly, calcium metabolism may contribute to the female mortality advantage.
Run-time complexity Polylogarithmic time Polynomial_complexity > Polylogarithmic time An algorithm is said to run in polylogarithmic time if its time T ( n ) {\displaystyle T(n)} is O ( ( log ⁡ n ) k ) {\displaystyle O{\bigl (}(\log n)^{k}{\bigr )}} for some constant k. Another way to write this is O ( log k ⁡ n ) {\displaystyle O(\log ^{k}n)} . For example, matrix chain ordering can be solved in polylogarithmic time on a parallel random-access machine, and a graph can be determined to be planar in a fully dynamic way in O ( log 3 ⁡ n ) {\displaystyle O(\log ^{3}n)} time per insert/delete operation.
Generalized pencil-of-function method Noise-free analysis Generalized_pencil-of-function_method > Method > Noise-free analysis . , M {\displaystyle i=1,...,M} where the + {\displaystyle ^{+}} denotes the Moore–Penrose inverse, also known as the pseudo-inverse. Singular value decomposition can be employed to compute the pseudo-inverse.
Centrifugal switch Electric motors Centrifugal_switch > Applications > Electric motors These motors are called two-value or capacitor start capacitor run motors. Centrifugal switches are found in many clothes dryers, supplying power to the motor in parallel with the start switch.
Mechanical properties of biomaterials Elastic modulus Mechanical_properties_of_biomaterials > Elastic modulus As the elastic modulus of material increases, fracture resistance decreases. It is desirable that the biomaterial elastic modulus is similar to that of bone. This is because if it is more than bone's elastic modulus then the load is borne by the material only; while the load is borne by bone only if it is less than bone material.
Precursor mRNA Experiments Precursor_RNA > Experiments These data suggest that the size of hnRNA increases with increasing genome size, which is obviously shown by Aedes.Ivo Melcak, Stepanka Melcakova, Vojtech Kopsky, Jaromıra Vecerova and Ivan Raska from the department of Cell Biology at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, at the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic in Prague studied the influences of nuclear speckles on pre-mRNA. Nuclear speckles (speckles) are a part of the nuclei of cells and are enriched with splicing factors known for involvement in mRNA processing. Nuclear speckles have shown to serve neighboring active genes as storage places of these splicing factors.
Character class Summary Character_classes In tabletop games and video games, a character class is an occupation, profession, or role assigned to a game character to highlight and differentiate their abilities and specializations.In role-playing games (RPGs), character classes aggregate several abilities and aptitudes, and may also detail aspects of background and social standing, or impose behavior restrictions. Classes may be considered to represent archetypes, or specific careers. RPG systems that employ character classes often subdivide them into levels of accomplishment, to be attained by players during the course of the game.
Oxy-fuel welding and cutting The role of oxygen Oxy-acetylene_welding > The role of oxygen Oxygen is not the fuel. It is the oxidizing agent, which chemically combines with the fuel to produce the heat for welding. This is called 'oxidation', but the more specific and more commonly used term in this context is 'combustion'. In the case of hydrogen, the product of combustion is simply water.
Spliceosome Composition Spliceosome > Composition Each spliceosome is composed of five small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and a range of associated protein factors. When these small RNAs are combined with the protein factors, they make RNA-protein complexes called snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, pronounced "snurps"). The snRNAs that make up the major spliceosome are named U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6, so-called because they are rich in uridine, and participate in several RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions.The assembly of the spliceosome occurs on each pre-mRNA (also known as heterogeneous nuclear RNA, hn-RNA) at each exon:intron junction. The pre-mRNA introns contains specific sequence elements that are recognized and utilized during spliceosome assembly.
Categories (Aristotle) Commentary Categories_(Aristotle) > External links > Commentary Aristotle's Theory of Categories with an extensive bibliography Studtmann, Paul. "Aristotle's Categories". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Histone modification DNA damage repair Core_histones > Modification > Other functions > DNA damage repair Gamma H2AX acts as a binding site for the protein MDC1, which in turn recruits key DNA repair proteins (this complex topic is well reviewed in) and as such, gamma H2AX forms a vital part of the machinery that ensures genome stability. Acetylation of H3 lysine 56 (H3K56Ac) H3K56Acx is required for genome stability. H3K56 is acetylated by the p300/Rtt109 complex, but is rapidly deacetylated around sites of DNA damage.
Thyrotoxic myopathy Pathophysiology Thyrotoxic_myopathy > Pathophysiology Excess thyroxine is believed to bring about the onset of thyrotoxic myopathy and eventually cause the degradation of muscle tissue. Thyroxine is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland that regulates the growth metabolism of the nervous system and regulates basal metabolic rate of many cell types. Scientists agree thyroxine brings about the degradation of muscle fibers specifically at the motor end plates of neuromuscular junctions.
Lung collapse Epidemiology Lung_collapse > Epidemiology Individuals who smoke at higher intensity are at higher risk, with a "greater-than-linear" effect; men who smoke 10 cigarettes per day have an approximate 20-fold increased risk over comparable non-smokers, while smokers consuming 20 cigarettes per day show an estimated 100-fold increase in risk.In secondary spontaneous pneumothorax, the estimated annual AAIR is 6.3 and 2.0 cases per 100,000 person-years for males and females, respectively, with the risk of recurrence depending on the presence and severity of any underlying lung disease. Once a second episode has occurred, there is a high likelihood of subsequent further episodes.
Solid-state transformer Summary Solid-state_transformer This transformer is smaller due to smaller DC-DC inverting stages between transformer coils, which consequently mean smaller transformer coils required to step up or step down voltages. A solid-state transformer can actively regulate voltage and current. Some can convert single-phase power to three-phase power and vice versa.
International prototype meter Speed of light standard Meridional_definition > Speed of light standard That same year, the 17th CGPM adopted a definition of the metre, in terms of the 1975 conventional value for the speed of light: The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1⁄299,792,458 of a second.This definition was reworded in 2019: The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299792458 when expressed in the unit m⋅s−1, where the second is defined in terms of the caesium frequency ΔνCs.The concept of defining a unit of length in terms of a time received some comment. In both cases, the practical issue is that time can be measured more accurately than length (one part in 1013 for a second using a caesium clock as opposed to four parts in 109 for the metre in 1983). The definition in terms of the speed of light also means that the metre can be realised using any light source of known frequency, rather than defining a "preferred" source in advance. Given that there are more than 22,000 lines in the visible spectrum of iodine, any of which could be potentially used to stabilise a laser source, the advantages of flexibility are obvious.
Maxwell-Faraday equation Mathematical statement Faraday's_induction_law > Faraday's law > Mathematical statement Faraday's law states that the emf is also given by the rate of change of the magnetic flux: where E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} is the electromotive force (emf) and ΦB is the magnetic flux. The direction of the electromotive force is given by Lenz's law. The laws of induction of electric currents in mathematical form was established by Franz Ernst Neumann in 1845.Faraday's law contains the information about the relationships between both the magnitudes and the directions of its variables.
Pseudo-ring Summary Pseudo-ring In mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a pseudo-ring is one of the following variants of a ring: A rng, i.e., a structure satisfying all the axioms of a ring except for the existence of a multiplicative identity. A set R with two binary operations + and ⋅ such that (R, +) is an abelian group with identity 0, and a(b + c) + a0 = ab + ac and (b + c)a + 0a = ba + ca for all a, b, c in R. An abelian group (A, +) equipped with a subgroup B and a multiplication B × A → A making B a ring and A a B-module.None of these definitions are equivalent, so it is best to avoid the term "pseudo-ring" or to clarify which meaning is intended.
Adiabatic electron transfer History Adiabatic_electron_transfer > History In this way, solar energy is captured and converted to electrical energy. This process is typical of natural photosynthesis as well as modern organic photovoltaic and artificial photosynthesis solar-energy capture devices. The inverse of this process is also used to make organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Deaf culture Importance of technology Deaf_culture > Characteristics > Importance of technology Networking sites allow deaf people to find each other and to remain in contact. Many deaf people have deaf friends throughout the entire country that they met or maintain contact with through online communities. Because of the relatively small size of the deaf community, compared to other communities, the stigma of meeting others online does not exist.
241 (number) Summary 241_(number) 241 (two hundred forty-one) is the natural number between 240 and 242. It is also a prime number. 241 is the larger of the twin primes (239, 241). Twin primes are pairs of primes separated by 2.
Kidney disorder Diagnosis Kidney_diseases > Diagnosis The standard diagnostic workup of suspected kidney disease includes a medical history, physical examination, a urine test, and an ultrasound of the kidneys (renal ultrasonography). An ultrasound is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney disease.
Combination machine The Shopsmith Combination_machine > The Shopsmith (Standard on the Mark V, this system was optionally available on the early 10ER machines.) Not only does this give theoretically infinite speed variation between the maximum and minimum speeds, it is also simple enough to be serviced fairly easily by a hobbyist. The new (as of 2010) Shopsmith Mark 7 uses a computer-controlled motor that offers more power, greater speed range, reversibility and easy conversion to 220 V. An injury suffered by the user of a Shopsmith gave the Supreme Court of California the opportunity to create the modern rule of strict liability for defective products in 1963.
Sliding (motion) Motion of sliding friction Sliding_(motion) > Motion of sliding friction The motion of sliding friction can be modelled (in simple systems of motion) by Newton's Second Law ∑ F = m a {\displaystyle \sum F=ma} F E − F k = m a {\displaystyle F_{E}-F_{k}=ma} Where F E {\displaystyle F_{E}} is the external force. Acceleration occurs when the external force is greater than the force of kinetic friction. Slowing Down (or Stopping) occurs when the force of kinetic friction is greater than that of the external force. This also follows Newton's first law of motion as there exists a net force on the object. Constant Velocity occurs when there is no net force on the object, that is the external force is equal to force of kinetic friction.
Neo (The Matrix) The Matrix Neo_(The_Matrix) > Fictional character biography > The Matrix Neo skillfully engages Smith in hand-to-hand combat, almost seeming to be Smith's equal. In the end, Neo is briefly incapacitated and held by Smith as a subway train approaches, but at the last minute, he is able to get free and backflip up onto the platform, leaving Smith to be run over. However, the agent possesses the body of the conductor and emerges from the train.
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Rules of Reason Philosophiæ_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica > Rules of Reason The qualities of bodies, which admit neither intensification nor remission of degrees, and which are found to belong to all bodies within the reach of our experiments, are to be esteemed the universal qualities of all bodies whatsoever. In experimental philosophy we are to look upon propositions inferred by general induction from phenomena as accurately or very nearly true, not withstanding any contrary hypothesis that may be imagined, till such time as other phenomena occur, by which they may either be made more accurate, or liable to exceptions.This section of Rules for philosophy is followed by a listing of "Phenomena", in which are listed a number of mainly astronomical observations, that Newton used as the basis for inferences later on, as if adopting a consensus set of facts from the astronomers of his time. Both the "Rules" and the "Phenomena" evolved from one edition of the Principia to the next.
Suicide gene Summary Suicide_gene In the field of genetics, a suicide gene is a gene that will cause a cell to kill itself through the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death). Activation of a suicide gene can cause death through a variety of pathways, but one important cellular "switch" to induce apoptosis is the p53 protein. Stimulation or introduction (through gene therapy) of suicide genes is a potential way of treating cancer or other proliferative diseases. Suicide genes form the basis of a strategy for making cancer cells more vulnerable or sensitive to chemotherapy.
XML tree XPath Data Model terminology XML_tree > XPath Data Model > XPath Data Model terminology Item A node or an atomic value. Value space The part of an item that contains data rather than additional elements. Atomic type A primitive simple type or a type derived by restriction from another atomic type.
James Kay Graham Watson Honors and awards James_Kay_Graham_Watson > Honors and awards He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, the Royal Society of Canada and the American Physical Society. He received the 1986 Earle K. Plyer Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics from the American Physical Society. The citation reads: "For his numerous fundamental contributions to the theory of rovibronic interactions in molecules, especially the development of the universally used Watson Hamiltonian for vibration-rotation energy levels, the unified treatment of centrifugal distortion in molecules, the elucidation of forbidden rotational transitions in spherical tops, the application of advanced symmetry arguments to perturbations in external fields, and investigations of the Jahn-Teller effect in H 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {H_3}}} and NH 4 {\displaystyle {\ce {NH_4}}} ."
Autogamy Clonal aging and rejuvenation Autogamy > Occurrence > Protists > Clonal aging and rejuvenation In Paramecium tetraurelia, vitality declines over the course of successive asexual cell divisions by binary fission. Clonal aging is associated with a dramatic increase in DNA damage. When paramecia that have experienced clonal aging undergo meiosis, either during conjugation or automixis, the old macronucleus disintegrates and a new macronucleus is formed by replication of the micronuclear DNA that had just experienced meiosis followed by syngamy. These paramecia are rejuvenated in the sense of having a restored clonal lifespan. Thus it appears that clonal aging is due in large part to the progressive accumulation of DNA damage, and that rejuvenation is due to repair of DNA damage during meiosis that occurs in the micronucleus during conjugation or automixis and reestablishment of the macronucleus by replication of the newly repaired micronuclear DNA.
Broadbent's filter model of attention Memory selection model of attention Broadbent's_filter_model_of_attention > Attention > Memory selection model of attention Deutsch and Norman were not fully convinced by Broadbent's selection criteria based solely on physical features of a stimulus. For example, the cocktail party effect influenced researchers to look further than physical selection features, to semantic selecting features. The cocktail party effect is an example of how unattended information can gain one's attention. Suppose you were at a social gathering having a conversation with some friends, when you hear someone in a different conversation mention your name and it grasps your attention.
Exercise-induced euphoria Parkinson's disease Exercise-induced_euphoria > Effects on central nervous system disorders > Neurodegenerative disorders > Parkinson's disease Research also suggests that physical exercise is beneficial for those with Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative condition characterised by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in an area of the brain known as the substantia nigra. A growing body of evidence suggests that physical exercise may be protective against Parkinson's, reducing the risk by around 29%. These findings are supported by animal studies, which indicate that physical exercise may protect against the loss of dopaminergic neurons by increasing the number of neurotrophic factors in the brain, proteins known to protect against degeneration.
Anelasticity Summary Anelasticity Anelasticity is a property of materials that describes their behaviour when undergoing deformation. Its formal definition does not include the physical or atomistic mechanisms but still interprets the anelastic behaviour as a manifestation of internal relaxation processes. It is a special case of elastic behaviour.
Nasal infection By location Chronic_sinusitis > Signs and symptoms > By location The four paired paranasal sinuses are the frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses. The ethmoidal sinuses are further subdivided into anterior and posterior ethmoid sinuses, the division of which is defined as the basal lamella of the middle nasal concha. In addition to the severity of disease, discussed below, sinusitis can be classified by the sinus cavity it affects: Maxillary – can cause pain or pressure in the maxillary (cheek) area (e.g., toothache, or headache) (J01.0/J32.0) Frontal – can cause pain or pressure in the frontal sinus cavity (located above the eyes), headache, particularly in the forehead (J01.1/J32.1) Ethmoidal – can cause pain or pressure pain between/behind the eyes, the sides of the upper part of the nose (the medial canthi), and headaches (J01.2/J32.2) Sphenoidal – can cause pain or pressure behind the eyes, but is often felt in the top of the head, over the mastoid processes, or the back of the head.
Scenario planning Process Scenario_analysis > Process The part of the overall process which is radically different from most other forms of long-range planning is the central section, the actual production of the scenarios. Even this, though, is relatively simple, at its most basic level. As derived from the approach most commonly used by Shell, it follows six steps: Decide drivers for change/assumptions Bring drivers together into a viable framework Produce 7–9 initial mini-scenarios Reduce to 2–3 scenarios Draft the scenarios Identify the issues arising
Chemical energetics System constraints Chemical_energetics > Non-equilibrium > System constraints In this regard, it is crucial to understand the role of walls and other constraints, and the distinction between independent processes and coupling. Contrary to the clear implications of many reference sources, the previous analysis is not restricted to homogeneous, isotropic bulk systems which can deliver only PdV work to the outside world, but applies even to the most structured systems. There are complex systems with many chemical "reactions" going on at the same time, some of which are really only parts of the same, overall process. An independent process is one that could proceed even if all others were unaccountably stopped in their tracks.
Secure Erase Privacy preserving data mining Secure_Erase > Applications of data sanitization > Privacy preserving data mining The aim of privacy preserving data mining is to ensure that private information cannot be leaked or accessed by attackers and sensitive data is not traceable to individuals that have submitted the data. Privacy preserving data mining aims to maintain this level of privacy for individuals while also maintaining the integrity and functionality of the original dataset. In order for the dataset to be used, necessary aspects of the original data need to be protected during the process of data sanitization.
Density function (measure theory) Summary Radon–Nikodym_derivative In mathematics, the Radon–Nikodym theorem is a result in measure theory that expresses the relationship between two measures defined on the same measurable space. A measure is a set function that assigns a consistent magnitude to the measurable subsets of a measurable space. Examples of a measure include area and volume, where the subsets are sets of points; or the probability of an event, which is a subset of possible outcomes within a wider probability space. One way to derive a new measure from one already given is to assign a density to each point of the space, then integrate over the measurable subset of interest.
Biological plausibility Disease and adverse event causality Biological_plausibility > Applications > Disease and adverse event causality It is generally agreed that to be considered "causal", the association between a biological factor and a disease (or other bad outcome) should be biologically coherent. That is to say, it should be plausible and explicable biologically according to the known facts of the natural history and biology of the disease in question. Other important criteria in evaluations of disease and adverse event causality include consistency, strength of association, specificity and a meaningful temporal relationship. These are known collectively as the Bradford-Hill criteria, after the great English epidemiologist who proposed them in 1965.
ScGET-seq History ScGET-seq > History Transcriptional regulation is tightly linked to chromatin states. Chromatin that is open, or permissive to transcription, make up only 2-3% of the genome, but encompass 94.4% of transcription factor binding sites. Conversely, more tightly packed DNA, or heterochromatin, is responsible for genome organization and stability.
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica Summary Philosophiæ_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (English: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) often referred to as simply the Principia (), is a book by Isaac Newton that expounds Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation. The Principia is written in Latin and comprises three volumes, and was first published on 5 July 1687.The Principia is considered one of the most important works in the history of science. The French mathematical physicist Alexis Clairaut assessed it in 1747: "The famous book of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy marked the epoch of a great revolution in physics. The method followed by its illustrious author Sir Newton ... spread the light of mathematics on a science which up to then had remained in the darkness of conjectures and hypotheses.
Angiotensin Renal Angiotensin_I > Effects > Renal A number of other mechanisms can affect renal blood flow and GFR. High concentrations of Angiotensin II can constrict the glomerular mesangium, reducing the area for glomerular filtration. Angiotensin II is a sensitizer to tubuloglomerular feedback, preventing an excessive rise in GFR. Angiotensin II causes the local release of prostaglandins, which, in turn, antagonize renal vasoconstriction. The net effect of these competing mechanisms on glomerular filtration will vary with the physiological and pharmacological environment.
Anaerobic digestate Methanogenic digestate Anaerobic_digestate > Methanogenic digestate This is why in some biodigesters the chambers for the different anaerobic digestions stages will be separated for optimal biogas production. By this point most of the organic matter has broken down leaving behind the Methanogenic digestate known as a sludge (sometimes called a liquor or liquid digestate). The sludge is high in nutrients such as ammoniums and potassium. The other byproduct of this step is methane, which is often collected and used as a fuel source.
Glutamate—tRNA ligase Summary Glutamate—tRNA_ligase In enzymology, a glutamate—tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + L-glutamate + tRNAGlu ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } AMP + diphosphate + L-glutamyl-tRNAGluThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, L-glutamate, and tRNA(Glu), whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu). This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-glutamate:tRNAGlu ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, glutamyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase, glutamyl-transfer RNA synthetase, glutamyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase, glutamate-tRNA synthetase, and glutamic acid translase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: glutamate metabolism, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, and aminoacyl-trna biosynthesis.
Center of rotation Further notes Center_of_rotation > Definitions and representations > Linear and multilinear algebra formalism > Further notes They can be extended to represent rotations and transformations at the same time using homogeneous coordinates. Projective transformations are represented by 4×4 matrices. They are not rotation matrices, but a transformation that represents a Euclidean rotation has a 3×3 rotation matrix in the upper left corner. The main disadvantage of matrices is that they are more expensive to calculate and do calculations with. Also in calculations where numerical instability is a concern matrices can be more prone to it, so calculations to restore orthonormality, which are expensive to do for matrices, need to be done more often.
Methanol carbonylation Acidity Methanol_carbonylation > Properties > Acidity The hydrogen centre in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can separate from the molecule by ionization: CH3COOH ⇌ CH3CO−2 + H+Because of this release of the proton (H+), acetic acid has acidic character. Acetic acid is a weak monoprotic acid. In aqueous solution, it has a pKa value of 4.76.
Recursive language Summary Recursive_language In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language (a set of finite sequences of symbols taken from a fixed alphabet) is called recursive if it is a recursive subset of the set of all possible finite sequences over the alphabet of the language. Equivalently, a formal language is recursive if there exists a Turing machine that, when given a finite sequence of symbols as input, always halts and accepts it if it belongs to the language and halts and rejects it otherwise. In Theoretical computer science, such always-halting Turing machines are called total Turing machines or algorithms (Sipser 1997).
Generalized singular value decomposition Summary Generalized_singular-value_decomposition In linear algebra, the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) is the name of two different techniques based on the singular value decomposition (SVD). The two versions differ because one version decomposes two matrices (somewhat like the higher-order or tensor SVD) and the other version uses a set of constraints imposed on the left and right singular vectors of a single-matrix SVD.
Forward-backward algorithm Summary Forward-backward_algorithm The forward–backward algorithm is an inference algorithm for hidden Markov models which computes the posterior marginals of all hidden state variables given a sequence of observations/emissions o 1: T := o 1 , … , o T {\displaystyle o_{1:T}:=o_{1},\dots ,o_{T}} , i.e. it computes, for all hidden state variables X t ∈ { X 1 , … , X T } {\displaystyle X_{t}\in \{X_{1},\dots ,X_{T}\}} , the distribution P ( X t \| o 1: T ) {\displaystyle P(X_{t}\ \|\ o_{1:T})} . This inference task is usually called smoothing. The algorithm makes use of the principle of dynamic programming to efficiently compute the values that are required to obtain the posterior marginal distributions in two passes. The first pass goes forward in time while the second goes backward in time; hence the name forward–backward algorithm. The term forward–backward algorithm is also used to refer to any algorithm belonging to the general class of algorithms that operate on sequence models in a forward–backward manner. In this sense, the descriptions in the remainder of this article refer only to one specific instance of this class.
Deontological ethics Principle of permissible harm Deontological_ethics > Deontological philosophies > Deontology and consequentialism > Principle of permissible harm Frances Kamm's "Principle of Permissible Harm" (1996) is an effort to derive a deontological constraint that coheres with our considered case judgments while also relying heavily on Kant's categorical imperative. The principle states that one may harm in order to save more if and only if the harm is an effect or an aspect of the greater good itself. This principle is meant to address what Kamm feels are most people's considered case judgments, many of which involve deontological intuitions. For instance, Kamm argues that we believe it would be impermissible to kill one person to harvest his organs in order to save the lives of five others.
Looping (education) Outcomes Looping_(education) > Outcomes Looping also facilitates better social interaction and could enhance a sense of family and community within the classroom.There are also studies that show students who loop tend to have better attendance. It is also associated with improved reading and math performance as well as improved conflict resolution and teamwork capabilities. == References ==
Poisson probability distribution Probability mass function Poisson_distribution > Definitions > Probability mass function λ = E ⁡ ( X ) = Var ⁡ ( X ) . {\displaystyle \lambda =\operatorname {E} (X)=\operatorname {Var} (X).} The Poisson distribution can be applied to systems with a large number of possible events, each of which is rare.
Apollonius's theorem Summary Apollonius's_theorem For an isosceles triangle with \| A B \| = \| A C \| , {\displaystyle \|AB\|=\|AC\|,} the median A D {\displaystyle AD} is perpendicular to B C {\displaystyle BC} and the theorem reduces to the Pythagorean theorem for triangle A D B {\displaystyle ADB} (or triangle A D C {\displaystyle ADC} ). From the fact that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, the theorem is equivalent to the parallelogram law. The theorem is named for the ancient Greek mathematician Apollonius of Perga.
Complexity Behaviour Complexity > Topics > Behaviour The behavior of a complex system is often said to be due to emergence and self-organization. Chaos theory has investigated the sensitivity of systems to variations in initial conditions as one cause of complex behaviour.
Cardinal arithmetic History Cardinal_numbers > History Cantor applied his concept of bijection to infinite sets (for example the set of natural numbers N = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}). Thus, he called all sets having a bijection with N denumerable (countably infinite) sets, which all share the same cardinal number. This cardinal number is called ℵ 0 {\displaystyle \aleph _{0}} , aleph-null.
Common Vulnerability Scoring System Environmental metrics Common_Vulnerability_Scoring_System > Version 3 > Changes from Version 2 > Environmental metrics The Environmental metrics of CVSSv2 were completely removed and replaced with essentially a second Base score, known as the Modified vector. The Modified Base is intended to reflect differences within an organization or company compared to the world as a whole. New metrics to capture the importance of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability to a specific environment were added.
Short-lived climate pollutant Short-lived climate pollutants Short-lived_climate_pollutant > Short-lived climate pollutants It is responsible for a large part of the human enhancement of the global greenhouse effect and has a lifetime of a few days to a few weeks. It is not directly emitted but formed by sunlight-driven oxidation of other agents, called ozone precursors, in particular methane (CH4) but also carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Tropospheric ozone is a harmful pollutant that has detrimental impacts on human health and plants and is responsible for important reductions in crop yields.
Momentum Conservation in a continuum Conservation_of_Momentum > In deformable bodies and fluids > Conservation in a continuum On any given drop of water, two forces are balanced. The first is gravity, which acts directly on each atom and molecule inside.
Chronometry Mental chronometry Chronometry > Fields of chronometry > Mental chronometry Mental chronometry (also called cognitive chronometry) studies human information processing mechanisms, namely reaction time and perception. As well as a field of chronometry, it also forms a part of cognitive psychology and its contemporary human information processing approach. Research comprises applications of the chronometric paradigms – many of which are related to classical reaction time paradigms from psychophysiology – through measuring reaction times of subjects with varied methods, and contribute to studies in cognition and action.
Winkler titration Summary Winkler_test_for_dissolved_oxygen The brown precipitate then converts the iodide ion (I−) to iodine. The amount of dissolved oxygen is directly proportional to the titration of iodine with a thiosulfate solution. Today, the method is effectively used as its colorimetric modification, where the trivalent manganese produced on acidifying the brown suspension is directly reacted with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to give a pink color. As manganese is the only common metal giving a color reaction with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, it has the added effect of masking other metals as colorless complexes.
Noise factor Optical noise figure Noise_figure > Optical noise figure For an optical amplifier it holds Fo,IQ = nsp(1-1/G)+1/G ≥ 1. Quantity nsp(1-1/G) is the input-referred number of added noise photons per mode. Fo,IQ and Fpnf can easily be converted into each other.
Regression validation Out-of-sample evaluation Regression_validation > Out-of-sample evaluation Cross-validation is the process of assessing how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set. If the model has been estimated over some, but not all, of the available data, then the model using the estimated parameters can be used to predict the held-back data. If, for example, the out-of-sample mean squared error, also known as the mean squared prediction error, is substantially higher than the in-sample mean square error, this is a sign of deficiency in the model.
Infinitary logics Completeness, compactness, and strong completeness Infinitary_language > Completeness, compactness, and strong completeness A theory is any set of sentences. The truth of statements in models are defined by recursion and will agree with the definition for finitary logic where both are defined. Given a theory T a sentence is said to be valid for the theory T if it is true in all models of T. A logic in the language L α , β {\displaystyle L_{\alpha ,\beta }} is complete if for every sentence S valid in every model there exists a proof of S. It is strongly complete if for any theory T for every sentence S valid in T there is a proof of S from T. An infinitary logic can be complete without being strongly complete. A cardinal κ ≠ ω {\displaystyle \kappa \neq \omega } is weakly compact when for every theory T in L κ , κ {\displaystyle L_{\kappa ,\kappa }} containing at most κ {\displaystyle \kappa } many formulas, if every S ⊆ {\displaystyle \subseteq } T of cardinality less than κ {\displaystyle \kappa } has a model, then T has a model. A cardinal κ ≠ ω {\displaystyle \kappa \neq \omega } is strongly compact when for every theory T in L κ , κ {\displaystyle L_{\kappa ,\kappa }} , without restriction on size, if every S ⊆ {\displaystyle \subseteq } T of cardinality less than κ {\displaystyle \kappa } has a model, then T has a model.
Friction blister Summary Friction_blister Friction blisters are a skin condition that may occur at sites of combined pressure and friction (such as the hands or feet), and may be enhanced by heat, moisture, or cotton socks. Friction blisters are characterized by vesicles or bullae. : 43
Anonymous functions Summary Function_constant In computer programming, an anonymous function (function literal, lambda abstraction, lambda function, lambda expression or block) is a function definition that is not bound to an identifier. Anonymous functions are often arguments being passed to higher-order functions or used for constructing the result of a higher-order function that needs to return a function. If the function is only used once, or a limited number of times, an anonymous function may be syntactically lighter than using a named function. Anonymous functions are ubiquitous in functional programming languages and other languages with first-class functions, where they fulfil the same role for the function type as literals do for other data types.
The fundamental theorem of algebra Historic sources Fundamental_Theorem_of_Algebra > References > Historic sources New proof of the theorem that every integral rational algebraic function of one variable can be resolved into real factors of the first or second degree). Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1866), Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke, vol.
Experimenter's regress Summary Experimenter's_regress The outcome of a phenomenon that is studied for the first time is always uncertain and judgment in these situations, about what matters, requires considerable experience, tacit and practical knowledge. When a scientist runs an experiment, and a result comes out of this, he can never be sure whether this is the result he'd expected. The result looks good because he knows the experiment he conducted was right or that the results are wrong.
Decomposition of spectrum (functional analysis) Physics Decomposition_of_spectrum_(functional_analysis) > Self-adjoint operators on Hilbert space > Physics Alternatively, if it is insisted that the notion of eigenvectors and eigenvalues survive the passage to the rigorous, one can consider operators on rigged Hilbert spaces. It was believed for some time that singular spectrum is something artificial. However, examples as the almost Mathieu operator and random Schrödinger operators have shown, that all types of spectra arise naturally in physics.
Host tropism Host cell defense mechanisms Host_tropism > Mechanisms > Host cell defense mechanisms Host organisms are equipped with a variety of different defense mechanisms used to protect the host from pathogenic infection. Humans in particular possess multiple lines of defense that affect pathogenesis from beginning to end. For a virus or bacterium to display tropism for a specific host, it must first have the means to break through the host organism's line of defense. The first line of defense, known as the innate immune system, is meant to prevent initial pathogenic entry and establishment.
Solar vehicle Electric vehicle with solar assist Solar-charged_vehicle > Electric vehicle with solar assist According to initiator and tour director Louis Palmer, the car in mass production could be produced for 16000 Euros. Solartaxi toured the World from July 2007 till December 2008 to show that solutions to stop global warming are available and to encourage people in pursuing alternatives to fossil fuel. Palmer suggests the most economical location for solar panels for an electric car is on building rooftops though, likening it to putting money into a bank in one location and withdrawing it in another.Solar Electrical Vehicles is adding convex solar cells to the roof of hybrid electric vehicles.
Web Ontology Language Classes Web_Ontology_Language > Terminology > Classes A class may be a subclass of another, inheriting characteristics from its parent superclass. This corresponds to logical subsumption and DL concept inclusion notated ⊑ {\displaystyle \sqsubseteq } . All classes are subclasses of owl:Thing (DL top notated ⊤ {\displaystyle \top } ), the root class.
Japanese units of measurement History Japanese_units_of_measurement > History Since the original fines for noncompliance were around $140 and governmental agencies mostly preferred to wait for voluntary conversion, metric use by December 1959 was estimated at only 85%. Since research showed that individual Japanese did not intend to actually use the metric units when given other options, however, sale and verification of devices marked with non-metric units (such as rulers and tape measures noting shaku and sun) were criminalised after 1961.Some use of the traditional units continues.
Normalizable wavefunction Non-relativistic examples Normalisable_wave_function > Non-relativistic examples The following are solutions to the Schrödinger equation for one non-relativistic spinless particle.
5-HT6 receptor As a drug target for agonists 5-HT6_receptor > Function > As a drug target for agonists Recently, the 5HT6 agonists WAY-181,187 and WAY-208,466 have been demonstrated to be active in rodent models of depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and such agents may be useful treatments for these conditions. Additionally, indirect 5HT6 activation may play a role in the therapeutic benefits of serotonergic antidepressants like the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).
Microsoft SQL Server Service Broker Microsoft_SQL > Services > Service Broker The contract defines which messages are used in an conversation between services and who can put messages in the queue. The queue acts as storage provider for the messages. They are internally implemented as tables by SQL Server, but don't support insert, update, or delete functionality.

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