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Underwater environment Artificial bodies of water Underwater_environment > Extent > Artificial bodies of water A reservoir is, most commonly, an enlarged natural or artificial lake, pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water. Reservoirs can be created in a number of ways, including controlling a wat... |
Isidor Isaac Rabi Education Isidor_Isaac_Rabi > Education Rabi found the answer in Ludwig Schlesinger's Einführung in die Theorie der Differentialgleichungen, which describes a method originally developed by Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. The equation had the form of a hypergeometric equation to which Jacobi had found a sol... |
Prepatellar bursitis Diagnosis Prepatellar_bursitis > Diagnosis 608 a threshold significantly lower than that of septic arthritis (50,000 cells per microliter). : p. 360 A tuberculosis infection can be confirmed using a radiograph of the knee and urinalysis. |
Orbital station-keeping Geostationary orbit Orbital_station_keeping > Geostationary orbit Perturbation of the orbital period results from the imperfect rotational symmetry of the Earth relative the North/South axis, sometimes called the ellipticity of the Earth equator. The eccentricity (i.e. the eccentricity vector) i... |
Adjugate matrix 1 × 1 generic matrix Adjugate_matrix > Examples > 1 × 1 generic matrix Since the determinant of a 0 × 0 matrix is 1, the adjugate of any 1 × 1 matrix (complex scalar) is I = {\displaystyle \mathbf {I} ={\begin{bmatrix}1\end{bmatrix}}} . Observe that A adj ( A ) = A I = ( det A ) I . {\displaystyle \m... |
Water management Industries Fresh_water_resources > Water uses > Industries Water is used in renewable power generation. Hydroelectric power derives energy from the force of water flowing downhill, driving a turbine connected to a generator. This hydroelectricity is a low-cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. |
Institute for Information Infrastructure Protection Information Sharing Institute_for_Information_Infrastructure_Protection > Research areas > 2011-2014 Research Projects > Information Sharing The preferred way to do this would be using a cloud, where numerous government agencies would all store information, and the in... |
History of electromagnetic theory Early 19th century History_of_electromagnetic_theory > 19th century > Early 19th century George Green wrote An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism in 1828. The essay introduced several important concepts, among them a theorem s... |
Equilibrium chemistry Complexes of metals Equilibrium_chemistry > Complexes of metals The relationship between the two types of constant is given in association and dissociation constants. In biochemistry, an oxygen molecule can bind to an iron(II) atom in a heme prosthetic group in hemoglobin. The equilibrium is usual... |
Mitochondrial trifunctional protein Hormonal influences Mitochondrial_trifunctional_protein > Hormonal influences Recent research has revealed that MTP can be affected by various hormones, via hormone receptors located in the mitochondria. Chochron et al. (2012) demonstrated that thyroid hormone stimulates mitochondria... |
Personalized Onco-genomics Rationale Personalized_Onco-genomics > Rationale Subsequently, the origin cell's fast-growing progeny invade surrounding tissues, migrate to other tissues.In a typical tumour, several dozens of somatic mutations may be disrupting the normal function of proteins. The majority of somatic mutati... |
Invariant basis number Summary Invariant_basis_number In mathematics, more specifically in the field of ring theory, a ring has the invariant basis number (IBN) property if all finitely generated free left modules over R have a well-defined rank. In the case of fields, the IBN property becomes the statement that finite... |
Cuckoo hashing Example Cuckoo_hashing > Example The following hash functions are given: h ( k ) = k mod 1 1 {\displaystyle h\left(k\right)=k{\bmod {1}}1} h ′ ( k ) = ⌊ k 11 ⌋ mod 1 1 {\displaystyle h'\left(k\right)=\left\lfloor {\frac {k}{11}}\right\rfloor {\bmod {1}}1} The following two tables show the insertion of so... |
Hybrid Transactional/Analytical Processing (HTAP) HTAP advantages and challenges Hybrid_transactional/analytical_processing > HTAP advantages and challenges HTAP allows advanced analytics to be run in real time on "in flight" transaction data, providing an architecture that empowers users to respond more effectively to... |
Endosymbiotic gene transfer Impact Endosymbiotic_gene_transfer > Ecology > Impact Ultimately, diatom cells in these resting populations re-enter the upper mixed layer when vertical mixing entrains them. In most circumstances, this mixing also replenishes nutrients in the upper mixed layer, setting the scene for the nex... |
Compiler analysis Other optimizations Optimizing_compilers > Specific techniques > Other optimizations A "fewer jumps" optimization. The statements of imperative programming languages are also an example of such an optimization. Although statements could be implemented with function calls they are almost always impleme... |
Leakage transformer Variometer and variocoupler Resonant_transformer > Other types > Variometer and variocoupler The pancake coil variometer was another common construction used in both 1920s receivers and transmitters. It consists of two flat spiral coils suspended vertically facing each other, hinged at one side so o... |
Information ethics Security and privacy Digital_ethics > Security and privacy Circumstances that contribute to procedural fairness are providing the customer with the ability to voice their concerns or input, and control over the outcome of the contract. Best practice for any company collecting information from custome... |
Archimedean Spiral Summary Arithmetic_spiral The Archimedean spiral (also known as the arithmetic spiral) is a spiral named after the 3rd-century BC Greek mathematician Archimedes. It is the locus corresponding to the locations over time of a point moving away from a fixed point with a constant speed along a line that ... |
Electromagnetic attack Signal processing Electromagnetic_attack > Background > Signal processing Sometimes, the attacker does not know which frequencies encryption is performed at. In this case, the trace can be represented as a spectrogram, which can help determine which frequencies are most prevalent at different poi... |
Hypotension Pathophysiology Low_blood_pressure > Pathophysiology Blood pressure is continuously regulated by the autonomic nervous system, using an elaborate network of receptors, nerves, and hormones to balance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which tends to raise blood pressure, and the parasympathetic ... |
Mean square error In regression Mean_squared_deviation > In regression This also is a known, computed quantity, and it varies by sample and by out-of-sample test space. In the context of gradient descent algorithms, it is common to introduce a factor of 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 1/2} to the MSE for ease of computation after... |
Explicit parallelism Summary Explicit_parallelism The advantage of explicit parallel programming is the absolute programmer control over the parallel execution. A skilled parallel programmer takes advantage of explicit parallelism to produce very efficient code. However, programming with explicit parallelism is often d... |
Inverted ligand field theory History Inverted_ligand_field_theory > History The first proposal of an inverted ligand field was done in a paper form 1995 by James Snyder. In this theoretical paper, Snyder proposed that the - complexes reported by Naumann et al. and assigned a formal oxidation state of 3+ at the copper w... |
Acute stress disorder Diagnostic criteria Acute_stress_disorder > Diagnostic criteria According to the DSM-V, acute stress disorder requires the exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation by either directly experiencing it, witnessing it in person, learning it occurred to a close family... |
Iron law of prohibition Derivation Iron_law_of_prohibition > Derivation As such, ϵ H L > 0 {\displaystyle \epsilon _{HL}>0} and ϵ L H > 0 {\displaystyle \epsilon _{LH}>0} , implying that But, this contradicts the assumption that p H > p L {\displaystyle p_{H}>p_{L}} . Thus, we conclude that ∂ ∂ τ ( x H x L ) > 0 {\disp... |
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons Bonding and aromaticity Polyaromatic_hydrocarbons > Bonding and aromaticity This difference in number of sextets is reflected in the differing ultraviolet–visible spectra of these two isomers, as higher Clar pi-sextets are associated with larger HOMO-LUMO gaps; the highest-wavelength absorbanc... |
Straight lines Projective geometry Equation_of_a_line > Generalizations of the Euclidean line > Projective geometry In many models of projective geometry, the representation of a line rarely conforms to the notion of the "straight curve" as it is visualised in Euclidean geometry. In elliptic geometry we see a typical e... |
Relational Model Application to databases Relational_data_model > Topics > Application to databases A data type as used in a typical relational database might be the set of integers, the set of character strings, the set of dates, or the two boolean values true and false, and so on. The corresponding type names for the... |
HIV/AIDS Prognosis HIV/AIDS > Prognosis The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person's susceptibility and immune function; their access to health care, the presence of co-infections; and the particular strain (or str... |
Protein evolution The driving forces of evolution Protein_evolution > The driving forces of evolution Depending on the relative importance assigned to the various forces of evolution, three perspectives provide evolutionary explanations for molecular evolution.Selectionist hypotheses argue that selection is the driving... |
Heterothallism Life cycle of Neurospora crassa Heterothallism > Life cycle of Neurospora crassa After fusion of the cells, the further fusion of their nuclei is delayed. Instead, a nucleus from the fertilizing cell and a nucleus from the ascogonium become associated and begin to divide synchronously. The products of th... |
Classical test theory Shortcomings Classical_test_theory > Shortcomings A third shortcoming involves the standard error of measurement. The problem here is that, according to classical test theory, the standard error of measurement is assumed to be the same for all examinees. However, as Hambleton explains in his book,... |
Root mean square AC voltage Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply AC_voltage > Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply Small power tools and lighting are supposed to be supplied by a local center-tapped transformer with a voltage of 55 V between each power conductor and earth. This signifi... |
Periodic Videos Content Periodic_Videos > Content Some of the most popular videos are those of sodium, potassium, and uranium. The Periodic Table of Videos team has also performed live. Their first performance was in May 2009 at the Broadway Media Centre in Nottingham; in July 2010 they performed at the EuroScience Ope... |
Formal manifold Summary Formal_manifold In geometry and topology, a formal manifold can mean one of a number of related concepts: In the sense of Dennis Sullivan, a formal manifold is one whose real homotopy type is a formal consequence of its real cohomology ring; algebro-topologically this means in particular that al... |
Beryl May Dent Reduced major axis regression Beryl_May_Dent > Legacy > Reduced major axis regression However, by treating the probability of the errors in terms of Gaussian error functions, she contended that this expression may be regarded as "a function of the unknown quantities", or the likelihood function of the da... |
Constant elasticity of substitution Summary Constant_elasticity_of_substitution The vital economic element of the measure is that it provided the producer a clear picture of how to move between different modes or types of production. Specifically, it arises in a particular type of aggregator function which combines two... |
Branched DNA Method Branched_DNA > Method A branched DNA assay begins with a dish or some other solid support (e.g., a plastic dipstick). The dish is peppered with small, single stranded DNA molecules (or chains) that stick out into the solution. These are known as capture probe DNA molecules. Next, an extender DNA mol... |
Stress analysis Differential formulation Stress_analysis > Mathematical methods > Differential formulation The external body forces will appear as the independent ("right-hand side") term in the differential equations, while the concentrated forces appear as boundary conditions. An external (applied) surface force, suc... |
Philopatry Speciation Philopatry > Natal philopatry > Consequences of philopatry > Speciation Small mutational changes in non-nuclear DNA that become fixed in small populations are likely to be the major driver of speciation. That there is minimal structural morphological difference between the genetically distinct pop... |
Air conditioner inverter Miscellaneous Air_conditioner_inverter > Applications > Miscellaneous Typical applications for power inverters include: Portable consumer devices that allow the user to connect a battery, or set of batteries, to the device to produce AC power to run various electrical items such as lights, tele... |
Hypovolemic shock Gastrointestinal Hypovolemic_shock > Cause > Fluid loss > Gastrointestinal Gastrointestinal (GI) losses can occur via many different etiologies. The gastrointestinal tract usually secretes between 3 and 6 liters of fluid per day. However, most of this fluid is reabsorbed as only 100 to 200 mL are lost... |
Computable analysis Analogy between general topology and computability theory Computable_analysis > Analogy between general topology and computability theory One of the basic results of computable analysis is that every computable function from R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } to R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } is continu... |
Directed complete partial order Continuous functions and fixed-points Directed_complete_partial_order > Continuous functions and fixed-points A function f between two dcpos P and Q is called (Scott) continuous if it maps directed sets to directed sets while preserving their suprema: f ( D ) ⊆ Q {\displaystyle f(D)\subs... |
Fatty liver Pathology Fatty_liver_disease > Pathology Progression to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) depends on the persistence or severity of the inciting cause. Pathological lesions in both conditions are similar. However, the extent of inflammatory response varies widely and d... |
Traian Lalescu Work Traian_Lalescu > Work T. Lalesco, Introduction à la théorie des équations intégrales. Avec une préface de É. Picard, Paris: A. Hermann et Fils, 1912. VII + 152 pp. JFM entry Traian Lalescu, Introducere la teoria ecuaţiilor integrale, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, 1956. |
Cloud computing security Integrity Cloud_Security > Data security > Integrity Further, when a portion of the outsourced data is corrupted or lost, it can still be retrieved by the data users. Effective integrity security controls go beyond protection from malicious actors and protect data from unintentional alterations... |
Consumer behaviour Perception Consumer_behaviour > Influences on purchase decision > Internal influences on purchase decision > Perception The way that consumers combine information inputs to arrive at a purchase decision is known as integration.Marketers are interested in consumer perceptions of brands, packaging, pro... |
Minimax strategy Example Game_value > Combinatorial game theory > Example Once again, the values are assigned to each parent node. The algorithm continues evaluating the maximum and minimum values of the child nodes alternately until it reaches the root node, where it chooses the move with the largest value (represente... |
Privacy and blockchain Summary Privacy_and_blockchain Blockchain technology secures and authenticates transactions and data through cryptography. With the rise and widespread adoption of technology, data breaches have become frequent. User information and data are often stored, mishandled, and misused, causing a threat... |
Calculus (medicine) Etymology Calculus_(medicine) > Etymology The word comes from Latin calculus "small stone", from calx "limestone, lime", probably related to Greek χάλιξ chalix "small stone, pebble, rubble", which many trace to a Proto-Indo-European root for "split, break up". Calculus was a term used for various ki... |
Informetrics Basic Laws Informetrics > Basic Laws In the field of informetrics research, there are many outstanding contributors in the discipline with a solid knowledge of quantitative research methods. In the early 20th century, several scientists contributed empirical applications that have become the three basic la... |
Insulin signal transduction pathway and regulation of blood glucose Regulation of the insulin receptor signal Insulin_signal_transduction_pathway_and_regulation_of_blood_glucose > Transduction pathway > Regulation of the insulin receptor signal In the PI-3K heterodimer (P85-p110), P85 is responsible for the PI-3K activ... |
Catalytic activity Reaction energetics Catalytic_reaction > General principles > Reaction energetics Then, removing the catalyst would also result in a reaction, producing energy; i.e. the addition and its reverse process, removal, would both produce energy. Thus, a catalyst that could change the equilibrium would be a... |
Hashcat Summary Hashcat Hashcat is a password recovery tool. It had a proprietary code base until 2015, but was then released as open source software. Versions are available for Linux, macOS, and Windows. Examples of hashcat-supported hashing algorithms are LM hashes, MD4, MD5, SHA-family and Unix Crypt formats as well... |
Tumor suppressor protein Functions Tumor_suppressor_genes > Functions Proteins that induce apoptosis. If damage cannot be repaired, the cell initiates programmed cell death to remove the threat it poses to the organism as a whole. (e.g., p53). |
Normalised data Objectives Normalised_data > Objectives Specifically, the relation provides conflicting answers to the question of what this particular employee's address is. Deletion anomaly. Under certain circumstances, the deletion of data representing certain facts necessitates the deletion of data representing com... |
Number Theory Computational number theory Number_Theory > Other subfields > Computational number theory We now know fast algorithms for testing primality, but, in spite of much work (both theoretical and practical), no truly fast algorithm for factoring. The difficulty of a computation can be useful: modern protocols f... |
Basement membrane Summary Basement_membrane The basement membrane, also known as base membrane is a thin, pliable sheet-like type of extracellular matrix that provides cell and tissue support and acts as a platform for complex signalling. The basement membrane sits between epithelial tissues including mesothelium and e... |
Greenhouse Heating Greenhouse > Theory of operation > Heating Most greenhouses, when supplemental heat is needed use natural gas or electric furnaces. Passive heating methods exist which seek heat using low energy input. Solar energy can be captured from periods of relative abundance (day time/summer), and released to ... |
Reward power Negative Legitimate_power > Bases of power > Referent power > Negative It depends on respecting, liking, and holding another individual in high esteem. It usually develops over a long period of time.The power of holding the ability to administer to another a sense of personal acceptance or personal approva... |
214 (number) In other fields 214_(number) > In other fields 214 is a song by Rivermaya. 214 Aschera is a Main belt asteroid. E214 is the E number of Ethylparaben. The Bell 214 is a helicopter. |
Power rail Model railways Third_rail > Model railways These are typically powered by direct current (DC) where the voltage and polarity of the current controls the speed and direction of the DC motor in the train. A growing exception is Digital Command Control (DCC), where bi-polar DC is delivered to the rails at a con... |
Scapegoat tree Lookup Scapegoat_tree > Operations > Lookup Lookup is not modified from a standard binary search tree, and has a worst-case time of O ( log n ) {\displaystyle O(\log n)} . This is in contrast to splay trees which have a worst-case time of O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} . The reduced node memory overhead ... |
Coefficient of restitution Equations Restitution_coefficient > Equations In the case of a one-dimensional collision involving two objects, object A and object B, the coefficient of restitution is given by: where: v a {\displaystyle v_{\text{a}}} is the final speed of object A after impact v b {\displaystyle v_{\text{b}... |
Photomagneton Summary Photomagneton The photomagneton is a theoretical treatment of the unitary group in quantum field theory and quantum chemistry that effectively describes the experimentally observed inverse Faraday effect. When circularly polarized light travels through a plasma, the angular momentum associated to ... |
Base-pair substitution Functional categorization Nucleotide_substitution > Categorization > Functional categorization Most proteins can withstand one or two point mutations before their function changes. Non-conservative mutations result in an amino acid change that has different properties than the wild type. The prot... |
Free fall Uniform gravitational field with air resistance Free_fall > Free fall in Newtonian mechanics > Uniform gravitational field with air resistance This case, which applies to skydivers, parachutists or any body of mass, m {\displaystyle m} , and cross-sectional area, A {\displaystyle A} , with Reynolds number wel... |
Renin/angiotensin system Cardiovascular effects Renin_angiotensin_system > Cardiovascular effects Angiotensin II decreases medullary blood flow through the vasa recta. This decreases the washout of NaCl and urea in the kidney medullary space. Thus, higher concentrations of NaCl and urea in the medulla facilitate increa... |
List of model organisms Prokaryotes List_of_model_organisms > Prokaryotes This order is known for its easy updake of genetic tools as well as resistance to culture contamination. Thermococcus kodakarensis, Pyrococcus abyssi, and Pyrococcus furiosus are the Thermococcales models. This order is known for its unique metab... |
Signal transduction pathway Cellular responses Signal_cascade > Cellular responses Gene activations and metabolism alterations are examples of cellular responses to extracellular stimulation that require signal transduction. Gene activation leads to further cellular effects, since the products of responding genes inclu... |
Singular chain complex Cohomology Singular_chain > Cohomology By dualizing the homology chain complex (i.e. applying the functor Hom(-, R), R being any ring) we obtain a cochain complex with coboundary map δ {\displaystyle \delta } . The cohomology groups of X are defined as the homology groups of this complex; in a qu... |
Strain rate Simple deformations Strain_rate > Definition > Simple deformations In simple contexts, a single number may suffice to describe the strain, and therefore the strain rate. For example, when a long and uniform rubber band is gradually stretched by pulling at the ends, the strain can be defined as the ratio ϵ {... |
Bayesian methods Elementary Bayesian_analysis > Further reading > Elementary The following books are listed in ascending order of probabilistic sophistication: Stone, JV (2013), "Bayes' Rule: A Tutorial Introduction to Bayesian Analysis", Download first chapter here, Sebtel Press, England. Dennis V. Lindley (2013). Und... |
Krippendorff's Alpha Coefficients incompatible with alpha and the reliability of coding Krippendorff's_Alpha > Coefficients incompatible with alpha and the reliability of coding The baseline of Bennett, Alpert, and Goldstein's S is defined in terms of the number of values available for coding, which has little to do wi... |
Cryptocat Encryption Cryptocat > Architecture > Encryption Cryptocat's goal is for its messages to obtain confidentiality, integrity, source authenticity, forward and future secrecy and indistinguishability even over a network controlled by an active attacker. The forward secrecy features of the protocol that Cryptocat... |
Two state system Significance and other examples Two-state_quantum_system > Significance and other examples Phenomena with tremendous industrial applications such as the maser and laser can be explained using the two-state formalism. The two-state formalism also forms the basis of quantum computing. Qubits, which are t... |
Universal computation Summary Turing_Machines Then, based on the symbol and the machine's own present state, the machine writes a symbol into the same cell, and moves the head one step to the left or the right, or halts the computation. The choice of which replacement symbol to write, which direction to move the head, ... |
Distance sampling Assumptions and sources of bias Distance_sampling > Assumptions and sources of bias Since distance sampling is a comparatively complex survey method, the reliability of model results depends on meeting a number of basic assumptions. The most fundamental ones are listed below. Data derived from surveys... |
Atrial septal defect Evaluation prior to correction Atrial_septal_defect > Treatment > Atrial septal defect > Evaluation prior to correction However, individuals with a PVR greater than 15 wood units have increased mortality associated with closure of the ASD.If the pulmonary arterial pressure is more than two-thirds o... |
Rate of response Summary Rate_of_response In behaviorism, rate of response is a ratio between two measurements with different units. Rate of responding is the number of responses per minute, or some other time unit. It is usually written as R. Its first major exponent was B.F. Skinner (1939). It is used in the Matching... |
Fusion reaction Thermonuclear fusion Fusion_reaction > Artificial fusion > Thermonuclear fusion The other effect is quantum tunnelling. The nuclei do not actually have to have enough energy to overcome the Coulomb barrier completely. |
The Zero Theorem Plot The_Zero_Theorem > Plot He requests permission to work from home, saying he would be more productive and mentioning his call, which he says he hopes will provide his life with a purpose. Management at first calls Qohen "insane" but later says he has a special project for Qohen that he thinks might... |
Sacred art Geometry Sacred_art > Islamic art > Geometry Geometric designs frequently coexist with calligraphic decoration. Circles and interlaced circles, squares or four-sided polygons are the typical star pattern resulting from squares and triangles inscribed in a circle. Multi-sided polygons are the four fundamenta... |
Contract Bridge Overview Contract_Bridge > Gameplay > Overview If a partnership takes at least that many tricks, they receive points for the round; otherwise, they lose penalty points. Bridge extends the concept of bidding into an auction, where partnerships compete to take a contract, specifying how many tricks they w... |
Avoided crossing Emergence Avoided_crossing > In two-state systems > Emergence Study of a two-level system is of vital importance in quantum mechanics because it embodies simplification of many of physically realizable systems. The effect of perturbation on a two-state system Hamiltonian is manifested through avoided c... |
Traffic Simulation Microsimulation Traffic_Simulation > Microsimulation Animation can allow the analyst to quickly assess the performance, however it is limited to qualitative comparisons. The main indication of a problem that can be seen in an animation is the forming of persistent queues. 'Measures of Effectiveness' ... |
Microfluidics Microfluidic-assisted magnetophoresis Microfluidic-based_tools > Various kinds of microfluidic flows > Microfluidic-assisted magnetophoresis First, a paramagnetic substance (usually micro/nanoparticles or a paramagnetic fluid) needs to be functionalized to target the cell type of interest. This can be acc... |
Spinal cord injury research Stem cells Spinal_cord_injury_research > Stem cells Stem cells are cells that can differentiate to become different types of cells. The hope is that stem cells transplanted into an injured area of the spinal cord will allow neuroregeneration. Types of cells being researched for use in SCI in... |
Stirling Engine Comparison with internal combustion engines Stirling_motor > Comparison with internal combustion engines Their lower maintenance requirements make the overall energy cost comparable. The thermal efficiency is also comparable (for small engines), ranging from 15% to 30%. For applications such as micro-CH... |
Kepler-16 Planetary system Kepler-16 > Planetary system Kepler-16b is a gas giant that orbits the two stars in the Kepler-16 system. The planet is a third of Jupiter's mass and slightly smaller than Saturn at 0.7538 Jupiter radii, but is more dense. Kepler-16b completes a nearly circular orbit every 228.776 days. == Re... |
Lebesgue measurable Examples Lebesgue_measure > Examples Their existence relies on the axiom of choice. Osgood curves are simple plane curves with positive Lebesgue measure (it can be obtained by small variation of the Peano curve construction). The dragon curve is another unusual example. Any line in R n {\displaystyl... |
Tribology The cohesion theory Tribology > Physics > Friction > The cohesion theory The adhesion theory states that in the case of spherical asperities in contact with each other, subjected to a W → {\displaystyle {\vec {W}}} load, a deformation is observed, which, as the load increases, passes from an elastic to a plas... |
Graph Modeling Language Applications supporting GML Graph_Modeling_Language > Applications supporting GML Cytoscape, an open source bioinformatics software platform for visualizing molecular interaction networks, loads and save previously-constructed interaction networks in GML. igraph, an open source network analysis ... |
Pathogen transmission Relationship with virulence and survival Pathogen_transmission > Relationship with virulence and survival Pathogens must have a way to be transmitted from one host to another to ensure their species' survival. Infectious agents are generally specialized for a particular method of transmission. Tak... |
Electric meter Operation Watt-hour_meters > Operation Electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous voltage (volts) and current (amperes) to give energy used (in joules, kilowatt-hours etc.). Meters for smaller services (such as small residential customers) can be connected directly in-line bet... |
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity NK cells Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity > NK cells Once the Fc receptor binds to the Fc region of the antibody, the NK cell releases cytotoxic factors that cause the death of the target cell. During replication of a virus, some of the viral proteins are expressed on th... |
Cellular waste product Secretion and effects of waste products Cellular_waste_product > Secretion and effects of waste products Cellular respiration takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria within cells. Depending on the pathways followed, the products are dealt with in different ways. CO2 is excreted from the ce... |
Ridit scoring Choosing a reference data set Ridit_scoring > Calculation of ridit scores > Choosing a reference data set Since ridit scoring is used to compare two or more sets of ordered qualitative data, one set is designated as a reference against which other sets can be compared. In econometric studies, for example,... |
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