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Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein Selective permeability Biological_membranes > Function > Selective permeability Generally, small hydrophobic molecules can readily cross phospholipid bilayers by simple diffusion.Particles that are required for cellular function but are unable to diffuse freely across a membrane... |
Gluon Properties Gluon > Properties The gluon is a vector boson, which means it has a spin of 1. While massive spin-1 particles have three polarization states, massless gauge bosons like the gluon have only two polarization states because gauge invariance requires the polarization to be transverse to the direction that... |
Unequal variance Consequences Unequal_variance > Consequences One of the assumptions of the classical linear regression model is that there is no heteroscedasticity. Breaking this assumption means that the Gauss–Markov theorem does not apply, meaning that OLS estimators are not the Best Linear Unbiased Estimators (BLUE... |
Many worlds interpretation Probability and the Born rule Everett_interpretation > Probability and the Born rule Since the many-worlds interpretation's inception, physicists have been puzzled about the role of probability in it. As put by Wallace, there are two facets to the question: the incoherence problem, which asks... |
Copper cathode Charge flow Cathode > Charge flow A battery or galvanic cell in use has a cathode that is the positive terminal since that is where conventional current flows out of the device. This outward current is carried internally by positive ions moving from the electrolyte to the positive cathode (chemical energ... |
Internet Of Things Transportation The_Internet_of_Things > Applications > Organizations > Transportation The IoT can assist in the integration of communications, control, and information processing across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of transportation systems (i.e., the ... |
Hydrogen Peroxide Sewage treatment Hydrogen_Peroxide > Uses > Sewage treatment Hydrogen peroxide is used in certain waste-water treatment processes to remove organic impurities. In advanced oxidation processing, the Fenton reaction gives the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (•OH). This degrades organic compounds, inclu... |
Ru360 Summary Ru360 Ru360 is an oxo-bridged dinuclear ruthenium ammine complex with an absorption spectrum maximum at 360 nm. It is an analog of ruthenium red, a well-known effective inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter.Ru360 was discovered after scientists found that commercial preparations of ruthenium re... |
Quantum Machine Learning Quantum learning theory Quantum_artificial_intelligence > Quantum learning theory The learner may be actively interacting with the target concept, or passively receiving samples from it. In active learning, a learner can make membership queries to the target concept c, asking for its value c(x)... |
Model Transformation Language Overview Model_Transformation_Language > Overview The notion of model transformation is central to model-driven development. A model transformation, which is essentially a program which operates on models, can be written in a general-purpose programming language, such as Java. However, spe... |
Quantum system Free particle Quantum_mechanical_properties > Examples > Free particle This illustrates the uncertainty principle. As we let the Gaussian wave packet evolve in time, we see that its center moves through space at a constant velocity (like a classical particle with no forces acting on it). However, the wav... |
Acoustic Doppler velocimetry Probe specs and features Acoustic_Doppler_velocimetry > Probe specs and features Lemmin and Lhermitte, Chanson et al., and Blanckaert and Lemmin discussed the inherent Doppler noise of an ADV system. Spikes may be caused by aliasing of the Doppler signal. McLelland and Nicholas explained th... |
Fairness (machine learning) Postprocessing Fairness_(machine_learning) > Bias Mitigation strategies > Postprocessing If the score function is fair in the sense that it is independent of the protected attribute, then any choice of the threshold will also be fair, but classifiers of this type tend to be biased, so a diff... |
Prion protein Gene Prion_protein > Gene The human PRNP gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 20 between the end (terminus) of the arm and position 13, from base pair 4,615,068 to base pair 4,630,233. |
Segment Tree Summary Segment_Tree In computer science, a segment tree, also known as a statistic tree, is a tree data structure used for storing information about intervals, or segments. It allows querying which of the stored segments contain a given point. It is, in principle, a static structure and cannot be modified... |
Chemical reactor materials selection High Temperature Operation Chemical_reactor_materials_selection > High Temperature Operation High temperature reactor operation includes a host of problems such as distortion and cracking due to thermal expansion and contraction, and high temperature corrosion. Some indications that... |
Turing Test Cultural background Imitation_game > History > Cultural background Tests where a human judges whether a computer or an alien is intelligent were an established convention in science fiction by the 1940s, and it is likely that Turing would have been aware of these. Stanley G. Weinbaum's "A Martian Odyssey" (... |
Steel casting Impact and wear resistance Steel_casting > Impact and wear resistance Most steels offer a good balance of strength and ductility, which makes them extremely tough. This allows them to withstand significant stress and strain without fracturing. Steel can also be fairly wear-resistant. Alloy additions can i... |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Purity determination (w/w NMR) Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance > Applications > Purity determination (w/w NMR) While NMR is primarily used for structural determination, it can also be used for purity determination, provided that the structure and molecular weight of the compound is known. This tec... |
Nonspecific immune cell The innate immune system Innate_immune_cell > The innate immune system There are two categories to which parts of the immune system are assigned: the non-specific, or innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. The non-specific response is a generalized response to pathogen infections i... |
AI ethics Artificial suffering Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence > Ethical challenges > Artificial suffering The moratorium was to run to 2050 and could be either extended or repealed early, depending on progress in better understanding the risks and how to mitigate them. Metzinger repeated this argument in 2021, highl... |
Enteric coating Description Enteric_coating > Description Likewise, certain groups of proton pump inhibitors (esomeprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole and all grouped azoles) are acid-activated. For such drugs, enteric coating added to the formulation tends to avoid activation in the mouth and esophagus. Materials used f... |
Warehouse control system Control hierarchy Warehouse_control_system > Control hierarchy The typical warehouse/distribution center consists of a multi-tier control architecture in which each level in the control hierarchy has a defined role. The upper most level of the control hierarchy is the warehouse management syste... |
MTOR inhibitor Temsirolimus MTOR_inhibitors > Development of mTOR inhibitors > Rapamycin and rapalogs > Temsirolimus Temsirolimus has higher water solubility than rapamycin and is therefore administered by intravenous injection. It was approved on May 30, 2007, by FDA for the treatment of advanced RCC.Temsirolimus has ... |
Ansoff Matrix Logical consistency challenges Ansoff_Matrix > Criticisms > Logical consistency challenges The logic of the Ansoff matrix has been questioned. The logical issues pertain to interpretations about newness. If one assumes a new product really is new to the firm, in many cases a new product will simultaneousl... |
Rapid Prototyping History 3D_fabrication > History A dramatic development which RP shares with related CNC areas is the freeware open-sourcing of high level applications which constitute an entire CAD-CAM toolchain. This has created a community of low res device manufacturers. |
Sheet moulding compound Advantages Sheet_Moulding_Composite > Advantages Compared to similar methods, SMC benefits from a very high volume production ability, excellent part reproducibility, it is cost effective as low labor requirements per production level is very good and industry scrap is reduced substantially. Wei... |
Inhabited set Example relating to choice Inhabited_set > Discussion > Examples > Example relating to choice The full axiom of choice is independent of Z F {\displaystyle {\mathsf {ZF}}} and provenly not constructively compatible with other common set theory axioms. So a theory including these axioms that does not permi... |
Autogyro Principle of operation Autogyro > Principle of operation Pitch control is achieved by tilting the rotor fore and aft, and roll control is by tilting the rotor laterally. The tilt of the rotor can be effected by utilizing a tilting hub (Cierva), a swashplate (Air & Space 18A), or servo-flaps. A rudder provides ... |
Selfish genetic elements CRISPR gene drive and homing endonuclease systems Selfish_genetic_element > Applications in agriculture and biotechnology > CRISPR gene drive and homing endonuclease systems CRISPR allows the construction of artificial homing endonucleases, where the construct produces guide RNAs that cut the t... |
Sparse vector Banded Dense_matrix > Special structure > Banded Notice that zeros are represented with dots for clarity. Matrices with reasonably small upper and lower bandwidth are known as band matrices and often lend themselves to simpler algorithms than general sparse matrices; or one can sometimes apply dense matri... |
List of uncertainty propagation software Software List_of_uncertainty_propagation_software > Software An implementation exists in R and add-ons for Excel (real and complex numbers). GUM Tree Calculator is a programmable Windows command-line tool with full support for uncertainty calculations involving real and complex ... |
Increasing returns to scale Summary Increasing_returns_to_scale There are three possible types of returns to scale: If output increases by the same proportional change as all inputs change then there are constant returns to scale (CRS). For example, when inputs (labor and capital) increase by 100%, output increases by ... |
Strategic deterrence Concept Deterrence_theory > Concept As outlined by Huth, a policy of deterrence can fit into two broad categories: preventing an armed attack against a state's own territory (known as direct deterrence) or preventing an armed attack against another state (known as extended deterrence). Situations o... |
Control-flow graph Summary Control-flow_graph In computer science, a control-flow graph (CFG) is a representation, using graph notation, of all paths that might be traversed through a program during its execution. The control-flow graph was discovered by Frances E. Allen, who noted that Reese T. Prosser used boolean co... |
Air purification Other methods Air_purifier > Purifying techniques > Other methods Titanium dioxide (TiO2) technology - nanoparticles of TiO2, together with calcium carbonate to neutralize any acidic gasses that may be adsorbed, is mixed into slightly porous paint. Photocatalysis initiates the decomposition of airborne... |
Brouwer fixed-point theorem The function f as an endomorphism Brouwer_fixed-point > Importance of the pre-conditions > The function f as an endomorphism Consider the function f ( x ) = x + 1 {\displaystyle f(x)=x+1} with domain . The range of the function is . Thus, f is not an endomorphism. |
Electromagnetic attraction Fundamental forces Electromagnetism > Fundamental forces The electromagnetic force is also involved in all forms of chemical phenomena. A necessary part of understanding the intra-atomic and intermolecular forces is the effective force generated by the momentum of the electrons' movement, suc... |
Phosphorus oxoacid Oxidation state +5 Phosphorus_oxoacid > Classification > Oxidation state +5 The most important members of this group are the phosphoric acids, where each phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, one of them through a double bond, arranged as the corners of a tetrahedron. Two or more of these PO4 ... |
Visual attention Modelling Visual_attention > Other descriptors for types of attention > Modelling In the domain of computer vision, efforts have been made to model the mechanism of human attention, especially the bottom-up intentional mechanism and its semantic significance in classification of video contents. Both sp... |
Lie group isomorphism Summary Group_automorphism In abstract algebra, a group isomorphism is a function between two groups that sets up a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations. If there exists an isomorphism between two groups, then the groups are... |
Mind Evolution Mind > Evolution The Group selection theory contends that organism characteristics that provide benefits to a group (clan, tribe, or larger population) can evolve despite individual disadvantages such as those cited above. The idea that intelligence is connected with nutrition, and thereby with status. A... |
Interface conditions for electromagnetic fields Boundary conditions Interface_conditions_for_electromagnetic_fields > Boundary conditions In some cases, the boundary conditions resume to a simple interface condition. The most usual and simple example is a fully reflecting (electric wall) boundary - the outer medium is ... |
Sedimentary Rock Sedimentary basins Sedimentary_rocks > Sedimentary basins Where the lithosphere moves downward (tectonic subsidence), a basin forms and sediments are deposited. A type of basin formed by the moving apart of two pieces of a continent is called a rift basin. Rift basins are elongated, narrow and deep bas... |
Anaerobic microbe Energy metabolism Anaerobic_organisms > Energy metabolism Some obligate anaerobes use fermentation, while others use anaerobic respiration. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration. In the absence of oxygen, some faculta... |
Acquired immunity Lymphocytes Active_immunity > Lymphocytes In humans, approximately 1–2% of the lymphocyte pool recirculates each hour to increase the opportunity for the cells to encounter the specific pathogen and antigen that they react to.B cells and T cells are derived from the same multipotent hematopoietic stem... |
Circulating Fluidized Bed Introduction Circulating_Fluidized_Bed > Introduction Fluidization is the phenomenon by which solid particles are transported into a fluid-like state through suspension in a gas or liquid. The resultant mixing of gas and solids promotes rapid heat transfer and chemical reactions within the bed... |
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies Genetics Transmissible_spongiform_encephalopathies > Cause > Genetics It may also be involved in protecting brain cells and helping them communicate. 24 Point-Mutations in this gene cause cells to produce an abnormal form of the prion protein, known as PrPSc. This abnormal prot... |
Greedy heuristic Examples Greedy_search > Examples A* search is conditionally optimal, requiring an "admissible heuristic" that will not overestimate path costs. Kruskal's algorithm and Prim's algorithm are greedy algorithms for constructing minimum spanning trees of a given connected graph. They always find an optimal... |
Permeation membrane Membrane configurations Permeation_membrane > Membrane configurations In the membrane field, the term module is used to describe a complete unit composed of the membranes, the pressure support structure, the feed inlet, the outlet permeate and retentate streams, and an overall support structure. The... |
Penning Trap Geonium atom Penning_Trap > Geonium atom A geonium atom is a pseudo-atomic system that consists of a single electron or ion stored in a Penning trap which is 'bound' to the remaining Earth, hence the term 'geonium'. The name was coined by H.G. Dehmelt.In the typical case, the trapped system consists of onl... |
Linear differential equations System of linear differential equations Constant_coefficients > System of linear differential equations Let be the homogeneous equation associated to the above matrix equation. Its solutions form a vector space of dimension n, and are therefore the columns of a square matrix of functions U... |
100% renewable energy Recent developments 100%_renewable_energy > Recent developments No oil spills, dead coal miners, dirty air, devastated lands, lost wildlife. No energy poverty. No oil-fed wars, tyrannies, or terrorists. |
History of scientific method Francis Bacon's eliminative induction History_of_scientific_method > Emergence of inductive experimental method > Francis Bacon's eliminative induction In the other table, labelled "Table of Deviation, or of Absence in Proximity", he lists circumstances which bear resemblance to those of th... |
Cations and anions Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions Ion > Chemistry > Formation > Formation of polyatomic and molecular ions However, this ion is unstable, because it has an incomplete valence shell around the nitrogen atom, making it a very reactive radical ion. Due to the instability of radical ions, polyat... |
Screw extruder Summary Extrusion_molding It limits the amount of change that can be performed in one step, so it is limited to simpler shapes, and multiple stages are usually needed. Drawing is the main way to produce wire. Metal bars and tubes are also often drawn. |
Tree structure Nested sets Tree_structure > Representing trees > Nested sets Nested sets that use enclosure or containment to show parenthood; examples include TreeMaps, fractal maps, and Euler diagrams: |
Holomorphic embedding load flow method Background Holomorphic_Embedding_Load-flow_method > Background The key differential advantage of the HELM is that it is fully deterministic and unambiguous: it guarantees that the solution always corresponds to the correct operative solution, when it exists; and it signals the non... |
Thermal system Selective transfer of matter Thermodynamic_systems > Selective transfer of matter The corresponding extensive variable can be the number of moles Ni of the component substance in the system. For a contact equilibrium across a wall permeable to a substance, the chemical potentials of the substance must be... |
Nucl. Fusion Summary Nucl._Fusion Nuclear Fusion is a peer reviewed international scientific journal that publishes articles, letters and review articles, special issue articles, conferences summaries and book reviews on the theoretical and practical research based on controlled thermonuclear fusion. The journal was fi... |
Anelasticity Boltzmann superposition principle Anelasticity > Boltzmann superposition principle Each response function constitutes a complete representation of the anelastic properties of the solid. Therefore, any one of the response functions can be used to completely describe the anelastic behaviour of the solid, and... |
Enzyme substrate Biochemistry Enzyme_substrate > Biochemistry In biochemistry, the substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). In the case of a single substrate, the substrate bonds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is for... |
Matrix grammar Properties Matrix_grammar > Properties All languages in MAT can be produced by a context-sensitive grammar. There exists a context-sensitive language which does not belong to MAT λ {\displaystyle {\ce {MAT^{\lambda }}}} . Each language produced by a matrix grammar with only one terminal symbol is regular... |
Artificial intelligence and moral enhancement Ideal observer theory Artificial_intelligence_and_moral_enhancement > Ideal observer theory Users can provide varying configurations and settings to instruct these systems, and this allows these systems to be relativist. Relativist artificial moral advisors would equip huma... |
Entropy and life Counteracting the second law tendency Entropy_and_life > Counteracting the second law tendency As a result, the temperature and entropy of the water decreases, and the system moves further away from uniformity with its warm surroundings. The important point is that refrigeration not only requires a sou... |
Chinese ritual bronzes Water vessels Chinese_ritual_bronze > Classification of pieces in the Imperial collection > Water vessels Yú (盂): Basin for water. May have up to four decorative handles around the edge; no brim. Zhì (觶): Broad-mouthed vase, similar in shape to a hú (壺), but with no handles. Zhōng (盅): Small cup ... |
Bilateral Laplace transform Summary Bilateral_Laplace_transform {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}\{f\}(s)=s{\mathcal {B}}\{f\}(s)=sF(s)=s\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-st}f(t)\,dt.} In pure mathematics the argument t can be any variable, and Laplace transforms are used to study how differential operators transform the funct... |
Universal causation Criticism Universal_causation > Criticism Pluralized causal principle - there are pluralized versions of universal causation, that allow exceptions to the principle. Robert K. Meyer's causal chain principle, uses set theory axioms, assumes that something must cause itself in set of causes and so uni... |
Quantum magnetism Introduction Quantum_magnetism > Introduction In ordinary materials, the magnetic dipole moments of individual atoms produce magnetic fields that cancel one another, because each dipole points in a random direction. Ferromagnetic materials below their Curie temperature, however, exhibit magnetic domai... |
Latimer diagram Construction Latimer_diagram > Construction In a Latimer diagram, the most highly oxidized form of the element is on the left, with successively lower oxidation states to the right. The species are connected by arrows, and the numerical value of the standard potential (in volts) for the reduction is wri... |
Biotic component Decomposition Biotic_component > Processes > Decomposition Freshly shed leaf litter may be inaccessible due to an outer layer of cuticle or bark, and cell contents are protected by a cell wall. Newly dead animals may be covered by an exoskeleton. Fragmentation processes, which break through these prote... |
Conversion factor Factor-label method Factor-label_method > Factor-label method The factor-label method, also known as the unit-factor method or the unity bracket method, is a widely used technique for unit conversions using the rules of algebra.The factor-label method is the sequential application of conversion factor... |
Kelvin–Planck statement Thermodynamic temperature Kelvin–Planck_statement > Corollaries > Thermodynamic temperature This is because, if a part of the two cycle engine is hidden such that it is recognized as an engine between the reservoirs at the temperatures T1 and T3, then the efficiency of this engine must be same t... |
Associative learning Operant conditioning Incidental_learning > Types > Associative learning > Operant conditioning Operant conditioning is a way in which behavior can be shaped or modified according to the desires of the trainer or head individual. Operant conditioning uses the thought that living things seek pleasure... |
Negative feedback loop History Negative_feedback_loop > History Negative feedback as a control technique may be seen in the refinements of the water clock introduced by Ktesibios of Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE. Self-regulating mechanisms have existed since antiquity, and were used to maintain a constant level in ... |
Supervised Machine Learning Structural risk minimization Supervised_classification > How supervised learning algorithms work > Structural risk minimization Structural risk minimization seeks to prevent overfitting by incorporating a regularization penalty into the optimization. The regularization penalty can be viewed ... |
Gram atomic mass Boiling-point elevation Formula_weight > Measurement > Boiling-point elevation The boiling point of a solution of an involatile solute is higher than that of the pure solvent, and the boiling-point elevation (ΔT) is directly proportional to the amount concentration for dilute solutions. When the compos... |
Safe prime Cryptography Safe_and_Sophie_Germain_primes > Applications > Cryptography Safe primes are also important in cryptography because of their use in discrete logarithm-based techniques like Diffie–Hellman key exchange. If 2p + 1 is a safe prime, the multiplicative group of integers modulo 2p + 1 has a subgroup o... |
Pattern analysis Overview Pattern_detection > Overview These feature vectors can be seen as defining points in an appropriate multidimensional space, and methods for manipulating vectors in vector spaces can be correspondingly applied to them, such as computing the dot product or the angle between two vectors. Features... |
Figure and ground (media) Overview Figure_and_ground_(media) > Overview If either the frame or the painting itself were to change, the interpretation of the work might shift. Pertaining to media, we must look at both the figure and the ground to "understand effects." The ground which media creates gives a context for ... |
Energy efficiency in computing FLOPS per watt FLOPS_per_watt > FLOPS per watt FLOPS per watt is a common measure. Like the FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per Second) metric it is based on, the metric is usually applied to scientific computing and simulations involving many floating point calculations. |
Population structure (genetics) Dimensionality reduction Population_structure_(genetics) > Measures > Dimensionality reduction For each individual i {\displaystyle i} , the value at locus l {\displaystyle l} is g i , l {\displaystyle g_{i,l}} is the number of non-reference alleles (one of 0 , 1 , 2 {\displaystyle 0,1,2... |
Wallis' integrals Deducing the Double Factorial Ratio Wallis'_integrals > Deducing the Double Factorial Ratio ! ( 2 p ) ! ! |
Hamilton equation Optical wave fronts and trajectories Hamilton-Jacobi_theory > Waves and particles > Optical wave fronts and trajectories The above duality is very general and applies to all systems that derive from a variational principle: either compute the trajectories using Euler–Lagrange equations or the wave fro... |
Jay Last Fairchild Semiconductor Jay_Last > Semiconductors > Fairchild Semiconductor : 16–17 IBM was interested in obtaining transistors for a navigation computer for the B-70 bomber. Fairchild contracted to provide transistors to meet the specifications for IBM's core-memory driver. They developed complementary NPN an... |
Baker clamp Origin Baker_clamp > Origin In that scheme, there is a saturation clamp supply at about 2 volts connected to the collector with a saturation clamp diode. When the transistor nears saturation, the clamp diode turns on and supplies the extra collector current to keep the transistor from saturating. The satura... |
Instruction level parallelism Discussion Instruction-level_parallelism > Discussion Micro-architectural techniques that are used to exploit ILP include: Instruction pipelining where the execution of multiple instructions can be partially overlapped. Superscalar execution, VLIW, and the closely related explicitly parall... |
Taylor polynomials History Maclaurin_series > History Though no record of his work survives, writings of his followers in the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics suggest that he found the Taylor series for the trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, and arctangent (see Madhava series). During the following two ... |
MO diagram Dihelium and diberyllium MO_diagram > Diatomic MO diagrams > Dihelium and diberyllium This mixing makes the antibonding 1σu orbital slightly less antibonding than the bonding 1σg orbital is bonding, with a net effect that the whole configuration has a slight bonding nature. This explains the fact that the di... |
Antigen-presenting cell Types and functions Antigen-presenting_cell > Types and functions Antigen-presenting cells fall into two categories: professional and non-professional. Those that express MHC class II molecules along with co-stimulatory molecules and pattern recognition receptors are often called professional an... |
Higgs Field Nickname Higgs_Field > Public discussion > Naming > Nickname Higgs, an atheist, was reported to be displeased and stated in a 2008 interview that he found it "embarrassing" because it was "the kind of misuse ... which I think might offend some people". The nickname has been satirised in mainstream media as ... |
Henoch–Schönlein purpura Kidney involvement Henoch–Schönlein_purpura > Prognosis > Kidney involvement In adults, kidney involvement progresses to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) more often than in children. In a UK series of 37 patients, 10 (27%) developed advanced kidney disease. Proteinuria, hypertension at presentat... |
Modal verbs Summary Modal_auxiliary A modal verb is a type of verb that contextually indicates a modality such as a likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestion, order, obligation, necessity, possibility or advice. Modal verbs generally accompany the base (infinitive) form of another verb having seman... |
Digital audio processing Audio broadcasting Digital_audio_processing > Applications > Audio broadcasting Audio signal processing is used when broadcasting audio signals in order to enhance their fidelity or optimize for bandwidth or latency. In this domain, the most important audio processing takes place just before th... |
Convection cells Summary Convection_cell In the field of fluid dynamics, a convection cell is the phenomenon that occurs when density differences exist within a body of liquid or gas. These density differences result in rising and/or falling currents, which are the key characteristics of a convection cell. When a volum... |
Heating element Ceramic and semiconductor Heating_element > Heating elements types > Ceramic and semiconductor While most ceramics have a negative coefficient, these materials (often barium titanate and lead titanate composites) have a highly nonlinear thermal response, so that above a composition-dependent threshold t... |
Basal electrical rhythm Summary Basal_electrical_rhythm The cells can be located in either the circular or longitudinal layer of the smooth muscle in the GI tract; circular for the small and large intestine, longitudinal for the stomach. The frequency of contraction differs at each location in the GI tract beginning wi... |
Outline of category theory Category theory scholars Outline_of_category_theory > Persons influential in the field of category theory > Category theory scholars Saunders Mac Lane Samuel Eilenberg Max Kelly William Lawvere André Joyal |
Algorithmic topology Summary Computational_topology Algorithmic topology, or computational topology, is a subfield of topology with an overlap with areas of computer science, in particular, computational geometry and computational complexity theory. A primary concern of algorithmic topology, as its name suggests, is to... |
Material failure theory Isotropic yield criteria Material_failure > Ductile material failure (yield) criteria > Isotropic yield criteria This theory gives good predictions for brittle materials. Maximum principal strain theory – by St.Venant. Yield occurs when the maximum principal strain reaches the strain correspondi... |
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