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Significance level Summary Significance_level But if the p-value of an observed effect is less than (or equal to) the significance level, an investigator may conclude that the effect reflects the characteristics of the whole population, thereby rejecting the null hypothesis.This technique for testing the statistical significance of results was developed in the early 20th century. The term significance does not imply importance here, and the term statistical significance is not the same as research significance, theoretical significance, or practical significance. For example, the term clinical significance refers to the practical importance of a treatment effect.
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy Summary Hereditary_motor_and_sensory_neuropathy Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN) is a name sometimes given to a group of different neuropathies which are all characterized by their impact upon both afferent and efferent neural communication. HMSN are characterised by atypical neural development and degradation of neural tissue. The two common forms of HMSN are either hypertrophic demyelinated nerves or complete atrophy of neural tissue. Hypertrophic condition causes neural stiffness and a demyelination of nerves in the peripheral nervous system, and atrophy causes the breakdown of axons and neural cell bodies. In these disorders, a patient experiences progressive muscle atrophy and sensory neuropathy of the extremities.The term "hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy" was used mostly historically to denote the more common forms Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT). With the identification of a wide number of genetically and phenotypically distinct forms of CMT, the term HMSN is now used less frequently.
Non-equilibrium systems Difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics Non-equilibrium_systems > Scope > Difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics A profound difference separates equilibrium from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts to describe their time-courses in continuous detail. Equilibrium thermodynamics restricts its considerations to processes that have initial and final states of thermodynamic equilibrium; the time-courses of processes are deliberately ignored.
Ratel IFV Description Ratel_IFV > Description This is housed in an engine compartment at the rear left of the hull and coupled to a fully automatic RENK HSU 106 automatic gearbox with six forward and two reverse gear ratios. The gearbox can be operated manually and has a mechanical emergency gearshift.
Wind stress Dynamics Wind_stress > Dynamics The different processes described here are depicted in the sketches shown in figures 1.1 till 1.4. Interactions between wind, wind waves and currents are an essential part of the world ocean dynamics. Eventually, the wind waves also influence the wind field leading to a complex interaction between wind and water whereof the research for a correct theoretical description is ongoing.
Zero-one law (logic) Zero-one laws Finite_model_theory > Zero-one laws {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\operatorname {Pr} \in \{0,1\}.} The problem of determining whether a given sentence has probability tending to zero or to one is PSPACE-complete.A similar analysis has been performed for more expressive logics than first-order logic.
Historical geographic information system Notable historical GIS projects Historical_geographic_information_system > Notable historical GIS projects Great Britain Historical GIS is a GIS-enabled database holding diverse geo-referenced maps, statistics, gazetteers and travel writing, especially for the period 1801–2001 covered by British censuses. Created and maintained by Portsmouth University. HistoAtlas is an open historical geographical information system that tries to build a free historical atlas of the world. National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) is a system for displaying and analyzing Census tracts and tract changes in the United States.
Developmental geneticist Cell differentiation Biological_development > Developmental processes > Cell differentiation A single tissue, formed from a single type of progenitor cell or stem cell, often consists of several differentiated cell types. Control of their formation involves a process of lateral inhibition, based on the properties of the Notch signaling pathway. For example, in the neural plate of the embryo this system operates to generate a population of neuronal precursor cells in which NeuroD is highly expressed.
Performance Monitor Counters Performance_Monitor > Counters Because applications typically use the cache, the cache is monitored as an indicator of application I/O operations. When memory is plentiful, the cache can grow, but when memory is scarce, the cache can become too small to be effective.
Embryoid body Background Embryoid_body > Background The pluripotent cell types that comprise embryoid bodies include embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from the blastocyst stage of embryos from mouse (mESC), primate, and human (hESC) sources. Additionally, EBs can be formed from embryonic stem cells derived through alternative techniques, including somatic cell nuclear transfer or the reprogramming of somatic cells to yield induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). Similar to ESCs cultured in monolayer formats, ESCs within embryoid bodies undergo differentiation and cell specification along the three germ lineages – endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm – which comprise all somatic cell types.In contrast to monolayer cultures, however, the spheroid structures that are formed when ESCs aggregate enables the non-adherent culture of EBs in suspension, making EB cultures inherently scalable, which is useful for bioprocessing approaches, whereby large yields of cells can be produced for potential clinical applications.
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase Diabetes Fructose_1,6-bisphosphatase > Diabetes Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase is also a key player in treating type 2 diabetes. In this disease, hyperglycemia causes many serious problems, and treatments often focus on lowering blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis in the liver is a major cause of glucose overproduction in these patients, and so inhibition of gluconeogenesis is a reasonable way to treat type 2 diabetes. FBPase is a good enzyme to target in the gluconeogenesis pathway because it is rate-limiting and controls the incorporation of all three-carbon substrates into glucose but is not involved in glycogen breakdown and is removed from mitochondrial steps in the pathway.
Population economics Journals Demographic_economics > Journals Population Bulletin – Each issue on a current population topic. Population Studies —Aims and scope. Review of Economics of the Household
632 symmetry The discreteness condition Wallpaper_group > Formal definition and discussion > The discreteness condition The discreteness condition means that there is some positive real number ε, such that for every translation Tv in the group, the vector v has length at least ε (except of course in the case that v is the zero vector, but the independent translations condition prevents this, since any set that contains the zero vector is linearly dependent by definition and thus disallowed). The purpose of this condition is to ensure that the group has a compact fundamental domain, or in other words, a "cell" of nonzero, finite area, which is repeated through the plane. Without this condition, one might have for example a group containing the translation Tx for every rational number x, which would not correspond to any reasonable wallpaper pattern. One important and nontrivial consequence of the discreteness condition in combination with the independent translations condition is that the group can only contain rotations of order 2, 3, 4, or 6; that is, every rotation in the group must be a rotation by 180°, 120°, 90°, or 60°. This fact is known as the crystallographic restriction theorem, and can be generalised to higher-dimensional cases.
Coprime number Coprimality in sets Coprime_integer > Coprimality in sets For example, the integers 4, 5, 6 are (setwise) coprime (because the only positive integer dividing all of them is 1), but they are not pairwise coprime (because gcd(4, 6) = 2). The concept of pairwise coprimality is important as a hypothesis in many results in number theory, such as the Chinese remainder theorem. It is possible for an infinite set of integers to be pairwise coprime. Notable examples include the set of all prime numbers, the set of elements in Sylvester's sequence, and the set of all Fermat numbers.
Solar declination Analemma Solar_declination > Analemma An analemma can also be considered as a graph of the Sun's declination, usually plotted vertically, against the equation of time, plotted horizontally. Usually, the scales are chosen so that equal distances on the diagram represent equal angles in both directions on the celestial sphere.
Reservoir-induced seismicity Recurrence pattern Induced_seismicity > Risk analysis > Calculating Seismic Risk > Recurrence pattern The magnitudes of earthquakes occurring at a source generally follow the Gutenberg-Richter relation that states that the number of earthquakes decrease exponentially with increase in magnitude, as shown below, log ⁡ N ( ≥ M ) = a − b M {\displaystyle \log N(\geq M)=a-bM} where M {\displaystyle M} is the magnitude of seismic events, N {\displaystyle N} is the number of events with magnitudes bigger than M {\displaystyle M} , a {\displaystyle a} is the rate parameter and b {\displaystyle b} is the slope. a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} vary for different sources. In the case of natural earthquakes, historical seismicity is used to determine thse parameters.
Electron diffraction Geometrical considerations Electron_diffraction > Basics > Geometrical considerations What is seen in an electron diffraction pattern depends upon the sample and also the energy of the electrons. The electrons need to be considered as waves, which involves describing the electron via a wavefunction, written in crystallographic notation (see notes and) as: for a position r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } . This is a quantum mechanics description; one cannot use a classical approach. The vector k {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} } is called the wavevector, has units of inverse nanometers, and the form above is called a plane wave as the term inside the exponential is constant on the surface of a plane.
Free electron model Inaccuracies and extensions Free_electron_model > Inaccuracies and extensions An immediate continuation to the free electron model can be obtained by assuming the empty lattice approximation, which forms the basis of the band structure model known as the nearly free electron model. Adding repulsive interactions between electrons does not change very much the picture presented here. Lev Landau showed that a Fermi gas under repulsive interactions, can be seen as a gas of equivalent quasiparticles that slightly modify the properties of the metal. Landau's model is now known as the Fermi liquid theory. More exotic phenomena like superconductivity, where interactions can be attractive, require a more refined theory.
Pathwidth Compiler design Path_decomposition > Applications > Compiler design In the compilation of high-level programming languages, pathwidth arises in the problem of reordering sequences of straight-line code (that is, code with no control flow branches or loops) in such a way that all the values computed in the code can be placed in machine registers instead of having to be spilled into main memory. In this application, one represents the code to be compiled as a directed acyclic graph in which the nodes represent the input values to the code and the values computed by the operations within the code. An edge from node x to node y in this DAG represents the fact that value x is one of the inputs to operation y. A topological ordering of the vertices of this DAG represents a valid reordering of the code, and the number of registers needed to evaluate the code in a given ordering is given by the vertex separation number of the ordering.For any fixed number w of machine registers, it is possible to determine in linear time whether a piece of straight-line code can be reordered in such a way that it can be evaluated with at most w registers. For, if the vertex separation number of a topological ordering is at most w, the minimum vertex separation among all orderings can be no larger, so the undirected graph formed by ignoring the orientations of the DAG described above must have pathwidth at most w. It is possible to test whether this is the case, using the known fixed-parameter-tractable algorithms for pathwidth, and if so to find a path-decomposition for the undirected graph, in linear time given the assumption that w is a constant. Once a path decomposition has been found, a topological ordering of width w (if one exists) can be found using dynamic programming, again in linear time.
Network eavesdropping Internet of Things framework (IoT) Network_eavesdropping > Models against the attacks > Internet of Things framework (IoT) The Internet of Things framework involved four layers of security measures that are management layer, cloud layer, gateway layer, and IoT device layer. The management layer handles web and mobile applications. The cloud layer looks over the service and resource management.
Nucleic acid sequence Sequence determination Nucleotide_sequences > Sequence determination DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a given DNA fragment. The sequence of the DNA of a living thing encodes the necessary information for that living thing to survive and reproduce. Therefore, determining the sequence is useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the importance of DNA to living things, knowledge of a DNA sequence may be useful in practically any biological research.
Transmeta Native compilation Transmeta > Technology > Native compilation In principle, it should be possible to optimize x86 code to favor Code Morphing Software, or even for compilers to target the native VLIW architecture directly. However, writing in 2003, Linus Torvalds apparently dismissed these approaches as unrealistic: The native crusoe code – even if it was documented and available – is not very conducive to general-purpose OS stuff. It has no notion of memory protection, and there's no MMU for code accesses, so things like kernel modules simply wouldn't work. The translations are usually better than statically compiled native code (because the whole CPU is designed for speculation, and the static compilers don't know how to do that), and thus going to native mode is not necessarily a performance improvement.
Reaction rates Formal definition Rate_of_reactions > Formal definition A negative sign is present to indicate that the reactant concentration is decreasing. The IUPAC recommends that the unit of time should always be the second. The rate of reaction differs from the rate of increase of concentration of a product P by a constant factor (the reciprocal of its stoichiometric number) and for a reactant A by minus the reciprocal of the stoichiometric number.
Principle of Optimality Analytical concepts in dynamic programming Principle_of_Optimality > Analytical concepts in dynamic programming The relationship between these two value functions is called the "Bellman equation". In this approach, the optimal policy in the last time period is specified in advance as a function of the state variable's value at that time, and the resulting optimal value of the objective function is thus expressed in terms of that value of the state variable. Next, the next-to-last period's optimization involves maximizing the sum of that period's period-specific objective function and the optimal value of the future objective function, giving that period's optimal policy contingent upon the value of the state variable as of the next-to-last period decision. This logic continues recursively back in time, until the first period decision rule is derived, as a function of the initial state variable value, by optimizing the sum of the first-period-specific objective function and the value of the second period's value function, which gives the value for all the future periods. Thus, each period's decision is made by explicitly acknowledging that all future decisions will be optimally made.
Unit-point atomism Unit-point atomism Atomism > History > Antiquity > Greek atomism > Unit-point atomism According to some twentieth-century philosophers, unit-point atomism was the philosophy of the Pythagoreans, a conscious repudiation of Parmenides and the Eleatics. It stated that atoms were infinitesimally small ("point") yet possessed corporeality. It was a predecessor of Democritean atomism. Most recent students of presocratic philosophy, such as Kurt von Fritz, Walter Burkert, Gregory Vlastos, Jonathan Barnes, and Daniel W. Graham have rejected that any form of atomism can be applied to the early Pythagoreans (before Ecphantus of Syracuse).Unit-point atomism was invoked in order to make sense of a statement ascribed to Zeno of Elea in Plato's Parmenides: "these writings of mine were meant to protect the arguments of Parmenides against those who make fun of him.
Individual Biology Individual > Biology In biology, the question of the individual is related to the definition of an organism, which is an important question in biology and philosophy of biology, despite there having been little work devoted explicitly to this question. An individual organism is not the only kind of individual that is considered as a "unit of selection". Genes, genomes, or groups may function as individual units.Asexual reproduction occurs in some colonial organisms so that the individuals are genetically identical. Such a colony is called a genet, and an individual in such a population is referred to as a ramet.
Magnitude (mathematics) Euclidean vector space Magnitude_(mathematics) > Vector spaces > Euclidean vector space A Euclidean vector represents the position of a point P in a Euclidean space. Geometrically, it can be described as an arrow from the origin of the space (vector tail) to that point (vector tip). Mathematically, a vector x in an n-dimensional Euclidean space can be defined as an ordered list of n real numbers (the Cartesian coordinates of P): x = .
Grote–Hynes theory Summary Grote–Hynes_theory Grote–Hynes theory is a theory of reaction rate in a solution phase. This rate theory was developed by James T. Hynes with his graduate student Richard F. Grote in 1980.The theory is based on the generalized Langevin equation (GLE). This theory introduced the concept of frequency dependent friction for chemical rate processes in solution phase.
Machine learning Federated learning Machine_learning > Approaches > Training models > Federated learning Federated learning is an adapted form of distributed artificial intelligence to training machine learning models that decentralizes the training process, allowing for users' privacy to be maintained by not needing to send their data to a centralized server. This also increases efficiency by decentralizing the training process to many devices. For example, Gboard uses federated machine learning to train search query prediction models on users' mobile phones without having to send individual searches back to Google.
Min System History Min_System > History The initial discovery of this family of proteins is attributed to Adler et al. (1967). First identified as E. coli mutants that could not produce a properly localized septum, resulting in the generation of minicells due to mislocalized cell division occurring near the bacterial poles. This caused miniature vesicles to pinch off, void of essential molecular constituents permitting it to exist as a viable bacterial cell. Minicells are achromosomal cells that are products of aberrant cell division, and contain RNA and protein, but little or no chromosomal DNA. This finding led to the identification of three interacting proteins involved in a dynamic system of localizing the mid-zone of the cell for properly controlled cell division.
Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Green Paper Carbon_Pollution_Reduction_Scheme > Green Paper The cap is the limit on greenhouse gas emissions imposed by the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme. The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12). Setting a limit means that the right to emit greenhouse gases becomes scarce, and scarcity entails a price.
InterWorking Labs Products InterWorking_Labs > Products It supports a set of protocol impairments for TCP/IP, DHCP, ICMP, TLS, and SIP testing.The Maxwell products are named after Maxwell's Demon, a thought experiment by 19th-century physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell’s Demon demonstrated that the Second Law of Thermodynamics—which says that entropy increases—is true only on average. In his thought experiment, Maxwell imagined a double chamber with a uniform mixture of hot and cold gas molecules.
Specific heat capacity Specific heat capacity Specific_heat_capacity > Derivations of heat capacity > Specific heat capacity In engineering practice, c V {\displaystyle c_{V}} for solids or liquids often signifies a volumetric heat capacity, rather than a constant-volume one. In such cases, the specific heat capacity is often explicitly written with the subscript m {\displaystyle m} , as c m {\displaystyle c_{m}} . Of course, from the above relationships, for solids one writes For pure homogeneous chemical compounds with established molecular or molar mass, or a molar quantity, heat capacity as an intensive property can be expressed on a per-mole basis instead of a per-mass basis by the following equations analogous to the per mass equations: where n is the number of moles in the body or thermodynamic system. One may refer to such a per-mole quantity as molar heat capacity to distinguish it from specific heat capacity on a per-mass basis.
Acoustic lubrication Summary Acoustic_lubrication Acoustic or sonic lubrication occurs when sound (measurable in a vacuum by placing a microphone on one element of the sliding system) permits vibration to introduce separation between the sliding faces. This could happen between two plates or between a series of particles. The frequency of sound required to induce optimal vibration, and thus cause sonic lubrication, varies with the size of the particles (high frequencies will have the desired, or undesired, effect on sand and lower frequencies will have this effect on boulders).
Immersed boundary method Summary Immersed_boundary_method Mittal and Iaccarino refer to all these (and other related) methods as Immersed Boundary Methods and provide various categorizations of these methods. From the point of view of implementation, they categorize immersed boundary methods into continuous forcing and discrete forcing methods. In the former, a force term is added to the continuous Navier-Stokes equations before discretization, whereas in the latter, the forcing is applied (explicitly or implicitly) to the discretized equations. Under this taxonomy, Peskin's original method is a continuous forcing method whereas Cartesian grid, cut-cell and the ghost-fluid methods are discrete forcing methods.
Linezolid Comparable antibiotics Linezolid > Medical uses > Spectrum of activity > Comparable antibiotics Linezolid's spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria is similar to that of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin, which has long been the standard for treatment of MRSA infections, and the two drugs are often compared. Other comparable antibiotics include glycopeptide antibiotics such as teicoplanin (trade name Targocid), dalbavancin (Dalvance), and telavancin (Vibativ); quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid, a combination of two streptogramins, not active against E. faecalis); daptomycin (Cubicin, a lipopeptide); and ceftobiprole (Zevtera, a 5th-generation cephalosporin). Linezolid is the only one that can be taken by mouth for the treatment of systemic infections. In the future, oritavancin and iclaprim may be useful oral alternatives to linezolid—both are in the early stages of clinical development.
Credit history Calculating a credit score Credit_history > Calculating a credit score The most important measurement from this category is called "Revolving Utilization", which is the relationship between the consumer's aggregate credit card balances and the available credit card limits, also called "open to buy". This is expressed as a percentage and is calculated by dividing the aggregate credit card balances by the aggregate credit limits and multiplying the result by 100, thus yielding the utilization percentage. The higher that percentage, the lower the cardholder's score will likely be.
Sulfoacetaldehyde acetyltransferase Summary Sulfoacetaldehyde_acetyltransferase In enzymology, a sulfoacetaldehyde acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.3.15) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetyl phosphate + sulfite ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 2-sulfoacetaldehyde + phosphateThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl phosphate and sulfite, whereas its two products are 2-sulfoacetaldehyde and phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert acyl groups into alkyl groups on transfer. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-phosphate:sulfite S-acetyltransferase (acyl-phosphate hydrolysing, 2-oxoethyl-forming). This enzyme is also called Xsc. This enzyme participates in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.
MiR-122 Regulation of HCV MiR-122 > Regulation of HCV The extent to which the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) is involved in this regulation has not been fully determined. The Argonaute proteins (Ago1–4), which are essential for miRNA-directed repression, appear to be necessary for miR-122 to regulate HCV, although miR-122 overexpression may overcome this requirement. The crystal structure of Ago2:miR-122 bound to the miR-122 binding site at the 5'-end of the HCV genome, in combination with functional experiments, suggests that the viral RNA has evolved to maximize protection from cytoplasmic exoribonucleases by altering the molecular behavior of Ago2.
Thermodynamic equations Second order equations Thermodynamic_equations > Second order equations There are many relationships that follow mathematically from the above basic equations. See Exact differential for a list of mathematical relationships. Many equations are expressed as second derivatives of the thermodynamic potentials (see Bridgman equations).
Structured data Data model theory Data_models > Topics > Data model theory A data model instance is created by applying a data model theory. This is typically done to solve some business enterprise requirement. Business requirements are normally captured by a semantic logical data model.
Complex Network Small-world networks Complex_Network > Small-world networks Scientists point to this difference as suggesting that edges are correlated in real world networks. Approaches have been developed to generate network models that exhibit high correlations, while preserving the desired degree distribution and small-world properties. These approaches can be used to generate analytically solvable toy models for research into these systems.
Form of energy Conservation of energy Energy_transfer > Conservation of energy This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle – it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval (though this is practically significant only for very short time intervals). The uncertainty principle should not be confused with energy conservation – rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured. Each of the basic forces of nature is associated with a different type of potential energy, and all types of potential energy (like all other types of energy) appear as system mass, whenever present.
300 (number) 337 300_(number) > Integers from 301 to 399 > 330s > 337 337, prime number, emirp, permutable prime with 373 and 733, Chen prime, star number
Chemoreceptor Sensory organs Chemoreceptor > Sensory organs There is a collection of dendrites located near the pores of the receptors, yet the distribution of these dendrites changes depending on the organism being examined. The method of transduction of the signal from the dendrites differs depending on the organism and the chemical it is responding to.When inputs from the environment are significant to the survival of the organism, the input must be detected. As all life processes are ultimately based on chemistry it is natural that detection and passing on of the external input will involve chemical events.
Vibrational Spectroscopy Abstracting and indexing Vibrational_Spectroscopy > Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 1.861.
Decision making process Neuroscience Decision-making_process > Neuroscience Patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex have difficulty making advantageous decisions.A common laboratory paradigm for studying neural decision-making is the two-alternative forced choice task (2AFC), in which a subject has to choose between two alternatives within a certain time. A study of a two-alternative forced choice task involving rhesus monkeys found that neurons in the parietal cortex not only represent the formation of a decision but also signal the degree of certainty (or "confidence") associated with the decision. A 2012 study found that rats and humans can optimally accumulate incoming sensory evidence, to make statistically optimal decisions. Another study found that lesions to the ACC in the macaque resulted in impaired decision-making in the long run of reinforcement guided tasks suggesting that the ACC may be involved in evaluating past reinforcement information and guiding future action. It has recently been argued that the development of formal frameworks will allow neuroscientists to study richer and more naturalistic paradigms than simple 2AFC decision tasks; in particular, such decisions may involve planning and information search across temporally extended environments.
Monte Carlo sampling Applications Monte_Carlo_sampling > Applications Monte Carlo methods are especially useful for simulating phenomena with significant uncertainty in inputs and systems with many coupled degrees of freedom. Areas of application include:
Point-to-Point Protocol As a layer 2 protocol between both ends of a tunnel Multilink_PPP > Tunnels > As a layer 2 protocol between both ends of a tunnel Many protocols can be used to tunnel data over IP networks. Some of them, like SSL, SSH, or L2TP create virtual network interfaces and give the impression of direct physical connections between the tunnel endpoints. On a Linux host for example, these interfaces would be called tun0 or ppp0. As there are only two endpoints on a tunnel, the tunnel is a point-to-point connection and PPP is a natural choice as a data link layer protocol between the virtual network interfaces.
Complex societies Alternative theories Complex_society > Alternative theories D.S. Wilson and E.O. Wilson state that selfishness beats altruism within a group but groups that are altruistic beat out groups that are selfish as there is a higher level of cooperation and coordination within an altruistic group. Whether or not a group will be altruistic and cohesive is dependent on both individual efforts as well as exterior forces. The success of a group in competition with other groups is dependent upon cooperation within.
Protein–ligand complex Interactions Protein–ligand_complex > Interactions The protein-ligand complex is a reversible non-covalent interaction between two biological (macro)molecules. In non-covalent interactions there is no sharing of electrons like in covalent interactions or bonds. Non-covalent binding may depend on hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, π-π interactions, electrostatic interactions in which no electrons are shared between the two or more involved molecules. The molecules (protein and ligand) recognize each other also by stereospecificity i.e. by the form of the two molecules.
Vitamin B12 Summary Vitamin_B-12 Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism. It is one of eight B vitamins. It is required by animals, which use it as a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. It is important in the normal functioning of the nervous system via its role in the synthesis of myelin, and in the circulatory system in the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1) Vitamin K metabolism NAD(P)H_dehydrogenase_(quinone_1) > Function > Vitamin K metabolism The enzyme is also involved in biosynthetic processes such as the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues in prothrombin synthesis. NQO1 catalyzes the reduction of vitamin K1, K2 and K3 into their hydroquinone form, but it only has a high affinity for Vitamin K3. Vitamin K hydroquinone serves as a cofactor for vitamin K γ‐carboxylase that catalyzes γ‐carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues in Gla‐factors/proteins (Gla domain) leading to their activation and participation in blood clotting and bone metabolism.
Armored fighting vehicles Armoured vehicle-launched bridge Armored_fighting_vehicles > Modern classification by type and role > Armoured engineering vehicle > Armoured vehicle-launched bridge Once the span has been put in place, the AVLB vehicle detaches from the bridge, and moves aside to allow traffic to pass. Once all of the vehicles have crossed, it crosses the bridge itself and reattaches to the bridge on the other side. It then retracts the span ready to move off again.
That Hideous Strength Plot That_Hideous_Strength > Plot were experimenting. The bigger animals kill most of the N.I.C.E.
Mixolydian mode Modern Mixolydian Mixolydian_mode > Modern Mixolydian The modern Mixolydian scale is the fifth mode of the major scale (Ionian mode). That is, it can be constructed by starting on the fifth scale degree (the dominant) of the major scale. Because of this, the Mixolydian mode is sometimes called the dominant scale. This scale has the same series of tones and semitones as the major scale, but with a minor seventh.
Toffoli gate Relation to quantum computing Toffoli_gate > Relation to quantum computing It has been suggested that trapped Ion Quantum computers may be able to implement an n-qubit Toffoli gate directly. The application of many-body interaction could be used for direct operation of the gate in trapped ions, Rydberg atoms and superconducting circuit implementations. Following the dark-state manifold, Khazali-Mølmer Cn-NOT gate operates with only three pulses, departing from the circuit model paradigm.
Computer Software Summary Computer_Software For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations, for example, displaying some text on a computer screen, causing state changes that should be visible to the user. The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to a different instruction or is interrupted by the operating system.
Online communication between school and home Overview Online_communication_between_school_and_home > Overview Online communication emphasizes 21st century skills, self-directed learning, self-advocacy, global awareness, and thinking skills for learners. Utilizing online communication methods, schools help students develop Netiquette, and technical and computer skills. In addition, teachers can provide parents with frequent information about school programs and their children's progress through automated e-mails, official websites and learning management systems. This communication can be achieved either synchronously or asynchronously, providing greater time flexibility.With online communication, learning may occur outside traditional school hours as students participate in collaborative activities, like reading and responding to peer posts in online forums, experiments, group projects, research papers, and current events assignments.
Functional (mathematics) Definite integral Functional_(mathematics) > Details > Definite integral Integrals such as form a special class of functionals. They map a function f {\displaystyle f} into a real number, provided that H {\displaystyle H} is real-valued. Examples include the area underneath the graph of a positive function f {\displaystyle f} L p {\displaystyle L^{p}} norm of a function on a set E {\displaystyle E} the arclength of a curve in 2-dimensional Euclidean space
Refractometer Refractometry Refractometer > Refractometry Standard refractometers measure the extent of light refraction (as part of a refractive index) of transparent substances in either a liquid or solid-state; this is then used in order to identify a liquid sample, analyze the sample's purity, and determine the amount or concentration of dissolved substances within the sample. As light passes through the liquid from the air it will slow down and create a ‘bending’ illusion, the severity of the ‘bend’ will depend on the amount of substance dissolved in the liquid. For example, the amount of sugar in a glass of water.
Screened subnet Relationship to DMZ Screened_subnet > Relationship to DMZ The term demilitarized zone in military context refers to an area in which treaties or agreements between contending groups forbid military installations and activities, often along an established frontier or boundary between two or more military powers or alliances. The similarity to network security is that the screened network (DMZ) has reduced fortifications because it has intended points of ingress from the external network which is presumed to be hostile. It appears that the term demilitarized zone (DMZ) was popularized as a sales and marketing term sometime after the development of screened routers and firewalls. It is often used as a synonym but may have once had a different meaning.
Amortization calculator Other uses Amortization_calculator > Other uses While often used for mortgage-related purposes, an amortization calculator can also be used to analyze other debt, including short-term loans, student loans and credit cards.
Novel virus Host defence mechanisms Virus_structure > Role in human disease > Host defence mechanisms Their genomic dsRNA remains protected inside the core of the virion.When the adaptive immune system of a vertebrate encounters a virus, it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and often render it non-infectious. This is called humoral immunity. Two types of antibodies are important.
Algebra of random variables Variance algebra for random variables Algebra_of_random_variables > Variance algebra for random variables The variance V a r {\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} } of the random variable Z {\displaystyle Z} resulting from an algebraic operation between random variables can be calculated using the following set of rules: Addition: V a r = V a r = V a r + 2 C o v + V a r {\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} =\mathrm {Var} =\mathrm {Var} +2\mathrm {Cov} +\mathrm {Var} } . Particularly, if X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} are independent from each other, then: V a r = V a r + V a r {\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} =\mathrm {Var} +\mathrm {Var} } . Subtraction: V a r = V a r = V a r − 2 C o v + V a r {\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} =\mathrm {Var} =\mathrm {Var} -2\mathrm {Cov} +\mathrm {Var} } . Particularly, if X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} are independent from each other, then: V a r = V a r + V a r {\displaystyle \mathrm {Var} =\mathrm {Var} +\mathrm {Var} } .
Multiplicative number theory Summary Multiplicative_number_theory Multiplicative number theory is a subfield of analytic number theory that deals with prime numbers and with factorization and divisors. The focus is usually on developing approximate formulas for counting these objects in various contexts. The prime number theorem is a key result in this subject. The Mathematics Subject Classification for multiplicative number theory is 11Nxx.
Statistical power Example Statistical_power > Example The test statistic under the null hypothesis follows a Student t-distribution with the additional assumption that the data is identically distributed N ( μ D , σ D 2 ) {\displaystyle N(\mu _{D},\sigma _{D}^{2})} . Furthermore, assume that the null hypothesis will be rejected at the significance level of α = 0.05 . {\displaystyle \alpha =0.05\,.}
Vibration isolation How passive isolation works Vibration_isolation > Passive isolation > How passive isolation works A passive isolation system, such as a shock mount, in general contains mass, spring, and damping elements and moves as a harmonic oscillator. The mass and spring stiffness dictate a natural frequency of the system. Damping causes energy dissipation and has a secondary effect on natural frequency. Every object on a flexible support has a fundamental natural frequency.
Cell cycle checkpoint G2 checkpoint Cell_cycle_checkpoint > G2 checkpoint The mechanisms by which mitotic entry is prevented in response to DNA damage are similar to those in the G1/S checkpoint. DNA damage triggers the activation of the aforementioned ATM/ATR pathway, in which ATM/ATR phosphorylate and activate the Chk1/Chk2 checkpoint kinases. Chk1/2 phosphorylate cdc25 which, in addition to being inhibited, is also sequestered in the cytoplasm by the 14-3-3 proteins.
Granzyme Other functions Granzyme > Other functions The interaction between the granzymes and somatic cells are still unexplainable but advances in understanding the process are being made constantly. Other granzymes like granzyme K have been found in high levels of patients who have gone septic. Granzyme H has been found to have a direct correlation with patients who have a viral infection.
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing Summary CRISPR_gene_editing It also has possibilities in the treatment of inherited genetic diseases as well as diseases arising from somatic mutations such as cancer. However, its use in human germline genetic modification is highly controversial.
Quantum image processing Background Quantum_image_processing > Background A. Y. Vlasov's work in 1997 focused on the use of a quantum system to recognize orthogonal images. This was followed by efforts using quantum algorithms to search specific patterns in binary images and detect the posture of certain targets. Notably, more optics-based interpretation for quantum imaging were initially experimentally demonstrated in and formalized in after seven years. In 2003, Salvador Venegas-Andraca and S. Bose presented Qubit Lattice, the first published general model for storing, processing and retrieving images using quantum systems.
Cosmological Constant Quantum field theory Cosmological_term > Predictions > Quantum field theory A major outstanding problem is that most quantum field theories predict a huge value for the quantum vacuum. A common assumption is that the quantum vacuum is equivalent to the cosmological constant. Although no theory exists that supports this assumption, arguments can be made in its favor.Such arguments are usually based on dimensional analysis and effective field theory.
Applied genetics Research Applied_genetics > Applications > Research Gain of function experiments, the logical counterpart of knockouts. These are sometimes performed in conjunction with knockout experiments to more finely establish the function of the desired gene. The process is much the same as that in knockout engineering, except that the construct is designed to increase the function of the gene, usually by providing extra copies of the gene or inducing synthesis of the protein more frequently.
Game complexity State-space complexity State_space_complexity > Measures of game complexity > State-space complexity The state-space complexity of a game is the number of legal game positions reachable from the initial position of the game.When this is too hard to calculate, an upper bound can often be computed by also counting (some) illegal positions, meaning positions that can never arise in the course of a game.
TCP Wrappers Summary TCP_Wrappers TCP Wrappers (also known as tcp_wrappers) is a host-based networking ACL system, used to filter network access to Internet Protocol servers on (Unix-like) operating systems such as Linux or BSD. It allows host or subnetwork IP addresses, names and/or ident query replies, to be used as tokens on which to filter for access control purposes. The original code was written by Wietse Venema in 1990 to monitor a cracker's activities on the Unix workstations at the Department of Math and Computer Science at the Eindhoven University of Technology. He maintained it until 1995, and on June 1, 2001, released it under its own BSD-style license.
Regularization perspectives on support vector machines Special properties of the hinge loss Regularization_perspectives_on_support_vector_machines > Special properties of the hinge loss The simplest and most intuitive loss function for categorization is the misclassification loss, or 0–1 loss, which is 0 if f ( x i ) = y i {\displaystyle f(x_{i})=y_{i}} and 1 if f ( x i ) ≠ y i {\displaystyle f(x_{i})\neq y_{i}} , i.e. the Heaviside step function on − y i f ( x i ) {\displaystyle -y_{i}f(x_{i})} . However, this loss function is not convex, which makes the regularization problem very difficult to minimize computationally. Therefore, we look for convex substitutes for the 0–1 loss.
Sue Leurgans Summary Sue_Leurgans She was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Washington. and is currently working on biostatistics.Leurgans is one of the authors of the 2007 revision of the Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale.
Industrial Ecology Overview Industrial_Ecology > Overview Industrial ecology is concerned with the shifting of industrial process from linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes can become inputs for new processes. Much of the research focuses on the following areas: material and energy flow studies ("industrial metabolism") dematerialization and decarbonization technological change and the environment life-cycle planning, design and assessment design for the environment ("eco-design") extended producer responsibility ("product stewardship") eco-industrial parks ("industrial symbiosis") product-oriented environmental policy eco-efficiencyIndustrial ecology seeks to understand the way in which industrial systems (for example a factory, an ecoregion, or national or global economy) interact with the biosphere. Natural ecosystems provide a metaphor for understanding how different parts of industrial systems interact with one another, in an "ecosystem" based on resources and infrastructural capital rather than on natural capital. It seeks to exploit the idea that natural systems do not have waste in them to inspire sustainable design. Along with more general energy conservation and material conservation goals, and redefining related international trade markets and product stewardship relations strictly as a service economy, industrial ecology is one of the four objectives of Natural Capitalism. This strategy discourages forms of amoral purchasing arising from ignorance of what goes on at a distance and implies a political economy that values natural capital highly and relies on more instructional capital to design and maintain each unique industrial ecology.
Homogeneous transformation matrix Uses Matrix_transformations > Uses With respect to an n-dimensional matrix, an n+1-dimensional matrix can be described as an augmented matrix. In the physical sciences, an active transformation is one which actually changes the physical position of a system, and makes sense even in the absence of a coordinate system whereas a passive transformation is a change in the coordinate description of the physical system (change of basis). The distinction between active and passive transformations is important. By default, by transformation, mathematicians usually mean active transformations, while physicists could mean either. Put differently, a passive transformation refers to description of the same object as viewed from two different coordinate frames.
Bomb sag Soft sediment deformation structures Sedimentary_structure > Soft sediment deformation structures pseudonodules or ball-and-pillow structures, are pinched-off load structures; these may also be formed by earthquake energy and referred to as seismites. flame structures, "fingers" of mud that protrude into overlying sediments. clastic dikes are seams of sedimentary material that cut across sedimentary strata.
Multiple regression analysis Regression model Regression_equation > Regression model Sometimes the form of this function is based on knowledge about the relationship between Y i {\displaystyle Y_{i}} and X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} that does not rely on the data. If no such knowledge is available, a flexible or convenient form for f {\displaystyle f} is chosen. For example, a simple univariate regression may propose f ( X i , β ) = β 0 + β 1 X i {\displaystyle f(X_{i},\beta )=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}X_{i}} , suggesting that the researcher believes Y i = β 0 + β 1 X i + e i {\displaystyle Y_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}X_{i}+e_{i}} to be a reasonable approximation for the statistical process generating the data.
Silicon transistor Packaging Discrete_transistor > Construction > Packaging Discrete transistors can be individually packaged transistors or unpackaged transistor chips. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD).
Gibbs isotherm Conceptual explanation of equation Gibbs_isotherm > Conceptual explanation of equation The general principle is: When the surface excess of a component is positive, increasing the chemical potential of that component reduces the surface tension.Next consider the example of water with salt. The water surface is less salty than bulk, so whenever the water's surface area is increased, it is necessary to remove salt molecules from the new surface and push them into bulk. If the concentration of salt is increased a bit (raising the salt's chemical potential), it becomes harder to push away the salt molecules. Since it is now harder to create the new surface, the surface tension is higher. The general principle is: When the surface excess of a component is negative, increasing the chemical potential of that component increases the surface tension.The Gibbs isotherm equation gives the exact quantitative relationship for these trends.
Q-analog Summary Q-analog In mathematics, a q-analog of a theorem, identity or expression is a generalization involving a new parameter q that returns the original theorem, identity or expression in the limit as q → 1. Typically, mathematicians are interested in q-analogs that arise naturally, rather than in arbitrarily contriving q-analogs of known results. The earliest q-analog studied in detail is the basic hypergeometric series, which was introduced in the 19th century.q-analogs are most frequently studied in the mathematical fields of combinatorics and special functions. In these settings, the limit q → 1 is often formal, as q is often discrete-valued (for example, it may represent a prime power).
Tremp Formation Regional geology Tremp_Formation > Notes and references > Bibliography > Regional geology Accessed 2018-05-24. Ford, Mary; Louis Hemmer; Arnaud Vacherat; Kerry Gallagher, and Frédéric Christophoul. 2016.
Distributed operating system The DYSEAC Distributed_operating_system > History > The DYSEAC The specification discussed the architecture of multi-computer systems, preferring peer-to-peer rather than master-slave. Each member of such an interconnected group of separate computers is free at any time to initiate and dispatch special control orders to any of its partners in the system. As a consequence, the supervisory control over the common task may initially be loosely distributed throughout the system and then temporarily concentrated in one computer, or even passed rapidly from one machine to the other as the need arises.
Mir-19 microRNA precursor family Keratinocytes Mir-19_microRNA_precursor_family > miR-19a/b roles > Keratinocytes In the cell response to stress, the most important is the post-transcriptional control of the important gene expression to cell survival and apoptosis. MiR-19 regulates the Ras homolog B (RhoB) expression in keratinocytes after ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposition. This phenomenon needs the binding of human antigen R (HuR) to the rhoB mRNA 3'-untranslated region. In this case, HuR acts positively on miRNA action.
Tetrasulfur tetranitride Acid-base reactions Tetrasulfur_tetranitride > Acid-base reactions S4N4 serves as a Lewis base by binding through nitrogen to strongly Lewis acidic compounds such as SbCl5 and SO3. The cage is distorted in these adducts. S4N4 + SbCl5 → S4N4·SbCl5 S4N4 + SO3 → S4N4·SO3The reaction of with S4N4 is reported to form a complex where a sulfur forms a dative bond to the metal. This compound upon standing is isomerised to a complex in which a nitrogen atom forms the additional bond to the metal centre. It is protonated by H to form a tetrafluoroborate salt: S4N4 + H → +−The soft Lewis acid CuCl forms a coordination polymer: n S4N4 + n CuCl → (S4N4)n-μ-(−Cu−Cl−)nDilute NaOH hydrolyzes S4N4 as follows, yielding thiosulfate and trithionate: 2 S4N4 + 6 OH− + 9 H2O → S2O2−3 + 2 S3O2−6 + 8 NH3More concentrated base yields sulfite: S4N4 + 6 OH− + 3 H2O → S2O2−3 + 2 SO2−3 + 4 NH3
Louis de Broglie Summary Louis_de_Broglie Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (, also US: , French: or ; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French physicist and aristocrat who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave properties. This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of wave–particle duality, and forms a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics. De Broglie won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929, after the wave-like behaviour of matter was first experimentally demonstrated in 1927.
Fundamental forces Electromagnetism Fundamental_force > The interactions > Electroweak interaction > Electromagnetism Electromagnetism is the force that acts between electrically charged particles. This phenomenon includes the electrostatic force acting between charged particles at rest, and the combined effect of electric and magnetic forces acting between charged particles moving relative to each other. Electromagnetism has an infinite range like gravity, but is vastly stronger than it, and therefore describes several macroscopic phenomena of everyday experience such as friction, rainbows, lightning, and all human-made devices using electric current, such as television, lasers, and computers. Electromagnetism fundamentally determines all macroscopic, and many atomic-level, properties of the chemical elements, including all chemical bonding.
Elasticity (data store) Data-modelling elasticity Elasticity_(data_store) > Types > Data-modelling elasticity Relational databases are most often very inelastic, as they have a predefined data model that can only be adapted through redesign. Most NoSQL data stores, however, do not have a fixed schema. Each row can have a different number and even different type of columns. Concerning the data store, modifications in the schema are no problem. This makes this kind of data stores more elastic concerning the data model. The drawback is that the programmer has to take into account that the data model may change over time.
Deviance (sociology) Control theory Deviance_(sociology) > Theories of deviance > Symbolic interaction > Control theory These observations brought Reckless to ask questions such as, "Why do some persons break through the tottering (social) controls and others do not? Why do rare cases in well-integrated society break through the lines of strong controls?" Reckless asserted that the intercommunication between self-control and social controls are partly responsible for the development of delinquent thoughts.
Pugilistic dementia Signs and symptoms Pugilistic_dementia > Signs and symptoms Symptoms of CTE, which occur in four stages, generally appear eight to ten years after an individual experiences repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries.First-stage symptoms are confusion, disorientation, dizziness, and headaches. Second-stage symptoms include memory loss, social instability, impulsive behavior, and poor judgment. Third and fourth stages include progressive dementia, movement disorders, hypomimia, speech impediments, sensory processing disorder, tremors, vertigo, deafness, depression and suicidality.Additional symptoms include dysarthria, dysphagia, cognitive disorders such as amnesia, and ocular abnormalities, such as ptosis. The condition manifests as dementia, or declining mental ability, problems with memory, dizzy spells or lack of balance to the point of not being able to walk under one's own power for a short time and/or Parkinsonism, or tremors and lack of coordination. It can also cause speech problems and an unsteady gait. Patients with CTE may be prone to inappropriate or explosive behavior and may display pathological jealousy or paranoia.
Deleterious mutation Inherited disorders Mutant_allele > Disease causation > Inherited disorders An example of one is albinism, a mutation that occurs in the OCA1 or OCA2 gene. Individuals with this disorder are more prone to many types of cancers, other disorders and have impaired vision.
P value Misuse P_value > Usage > Misuse ", citing p-value as one of these measures. They also stress that p-values can provide valuable information when considering the specific value as well as when compared to some threshold. In general, it stresses that "p-values and significance tests, when properly applied and interpreted, increase the rigor of the conclusions drawn from data."
Fish anatomy Central nervous system Fish_anatomy > Nervous system > Central nervous system Hagfish and lampreys have relatively small cerebella, while the mormyrid cerebellum is massive and apparently involved in their electrical sense.The brain stem or myelencephalon is the brain's posterior. As well as controlling some muscles and body organs, in bony fish at least, the brain stem governs respiration and osmoregulation.Vertebrates are the only chordate group to exhibit a proper brain. A slight swelling of the anterior end of the dorsal nerve cord is found in the lancelet, though it lacks the eyes and other complex sense organs comparable to those of vertebrates.
Homology group Generalization Homology_theory > Background > Generalization Homology groups are finitely generated abelian groups, and homology classes are elements of these groups. The Betti numbers of the manifold are the rank of the free part of the homology group, and the non-orientable cycles are described by the torsion part. The subsequent spread of homology groups brought a change of terminology and viewpoint from "combinatorial topology" to "algebraic topology". Algebraic homology remains the primary method of classifying manifolds.
Metal manufacturing Periodic table distribution Metal_ion > Periodic table distribution The elements that form metallic structures under ordinary conditions are shown in yellow on the periodic table below. The remaining elements either form giant covalent structures (light blue), molecular covalent structures (dark blue), or remain as single atoms (violet). Astatine (At), francium (Fr), and the elements from fermium (Fm) onwards are shown in gray because they are extremely radioactive and have never been produced in bulk.
Loop-based music software Origins Drum_loop > Origins When Jeff Porcaro of the band TOTO came to work with Galuten and Gibb on a Bee Gees record, he was shown the technique of creating drum loops with analog tape. Porcaro subsequently went back to California where he used the method he had learned to create the drum loop that was used by Toto as the foundation of the song Africa. The use of pre-recorded, digitally-sampled loops in popular music dates back to Japanese electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra, who released one of the first albums to feature mostly samples and loops, 1981's Technodelic. Their approach to sampling was a precursor to the contemporary approach of constructing music by cutting fragments of sounds and looping them using computer technology. The album was produced using Toshiba-EMI's LMD-649 digital PCM sampler, which engineer Kenji Murata custom-built for YMO.

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