page_content stringlengths 51 3.15k |
|---|
Vitamin K antagonist Coumarins (4-hydroxycoumarins) Vitamin_K_antagonist_rodenticide > Coumarins (4-hydroxycoumarins) Eventually some rodents developed resistance to it. The "second generation" VKAs for dedicated use as rodenticides are sometimes called superwarfarins. These VKAs are enhanced to kill warfarin-resistant... |
Sort algorithms Others Sorting_Algorithm > Comparison of algorithms > Others A randomized integer sorting algorithm taking O ( n log log n ) {\displaystyle O\left(n{\sqrt {\log \log n}}\right)} expected time and O(n) space. One of the authors of the previously mentioned algorithm also claims to have discovered an a... |
Resorcinarene Structure Resorcinarene > Structure (Isobutylpyrogallolarene)6 is held together by 48 intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The remaining 24 hydrogen bonds are intramolecular. The cavity is filled by solvent. |
247 (number) Summary 247_(number) palindromic in base 18 (DD18). a Harshad number in bases 10, 14, 19, 20, 27, 39, 40, 58, 77, 79, 115, 118, 229 and 235. the smallest number which can be expressed as the difference between two integers that contain together all the decimal digits 0–9. i.e. 247 = 50123 - 49876. == Refer... |
Einstein's thought experiments Falling painters and accelerating elevators Einstein's_thought_experiments > General relativity > Falling painters and accelerating elevators The chamber begins to move "upwards" with a uniformly accelerated motion. Within the chamber, all of the man's perceptions are consistent with his ... |
Crystal protein Temperature Protein_crystal > Factors influencing protein crystallization > Temperature Temperature is another interesting parameter to discuss since protein solubility is a function of temperature. In protein crystallization, manipulation of temperature to yield successful crystals is one common strate... |
Markov model Markov chain Markov_model > Markov chain The simplest Markov model is the Markov chain. It models the state of a system with a random variable that changes through time. In this context, the Markov property suggests that the distribution for this variable depends only on the distribution of a previous stat... |
Classifier constructions in sign languages Summary Classifier_constructions_in_sign_languages In sign languages, the term classifier construction (also known as classifier predicates) refers to a morphological system that can express events and states. They use handshape classifiers to represent movement, location, and... |
Undefined (mathematics) Values for which functions are undefined Undefined_(mathematics) > Values for which functions are undefined The set of numbers for which a function is defined is called the domain of the function. If a number is not in the domain of a function, the function is said to be "undefined" for that num... |
Personal Information Management Managing privacy and the flow of information Personal_Information_Management > Research > Managing privacy and the flow of information People face a continual evaluation of tradeoffs in deciding what information "flows" into and out of their PSI. Each interaction poses some degree of ris... |
Local variables, recursion and reentrancy Libraries Algorithm_function > Libraries Even with this cumbersome approach, subroutines proved very useful. They allowed the use of the same code in many different programs. Memory was a very scarce resource on early computers, and subroutines allowed significant savings in th... |
Kepler-40 Summary Kepler-40 Kepler-40, formerly known as KOI-428, is an F-type star in the constellation Cygnus. Kepler-40 is known to host at least one planet, Kepler-40b. The star is approximately 1.5 times more massive than the Sun, and is over two times its size; it was, at upon its discovery, the largest yet disco... |
Systemic corticosteroids Adverse effects Nasal_steroid > Adverse effects Therapeutically, the bulk of corticosteroid dose is given in the morning to mimic the body's diurnal rhythm; if given at night, the feeling of being energized will interfere with sleep. An extensive review is provided by Flores and Gumina. Cardiov... |
Discrete space Summary Discrete_uniform_space In topology, a discrete space is a particularly simple example of a topological space or similar structure, one in which the points form a discontinuous sequence, meaning they are isolated from each other in a certain sense. The discrete topology is the finest topology that... |
Continuous map Construction of continuous functions Continuous_(topology) > Real functions > Construction of continuous functions The same holds for the product of continuous functions, (defined by p ( x ) = f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) {\displaystyle p(x)=f(x)\cdot g(x)} for all x ∈ D {\displaystyle x\in D} ) is continuous in D ... |
Amitifadine Pharmacology Amitifadine > Pharmacology Ki values for SERT, NET, and DAT of amitifadine are 99 nM, 262 nM, and 213 nM. The IC50 values for serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine uptake are 12, 23 and 96 nM, respectively Amitifadine reduces the duration of immobility in the forced swim test in rats with an o... |
Kepler-14b Host star system Kepler-14b > Host star system Kepler-14 is a binary star system, which means that it is actually composed of two gravitationally bound stars that orbit a common point in space. The system is composed of a primary star, Kepler-14A, and a dimmer companion star, Kepler-14B. When the stars were ... |
Shading language Summary Shading_language A shading language is a graphics programming language adapted to programming shader effects. Shading languages usually consist of special data types like "vector", "matrix", "color" and "normal". |
Dielectric Capacitors Dipolar_polarization > Applications > Capacitors In this case the charge density is given by and the capacitance per unit area by From this, it can easily be seen that a larger ε leads to greater charge stored and thus greater capacitance. Dielectric materials used for capacitors are also chosen s... |
Embryoid body Differentiation within EBs Embryoid_body > Differentiation within EBs Additionally, the inductive effects resulting from signaling between cell populations in EBs results in spatially and temporally defined changes, which promote complex morphogenesis. Tissue-like structures are often exhibited within EBs... |
Cingulate cortex Anterior cingulate cortex Cingulate_gyrus > Structure > Anterior cingulate cortex The mamillary neurons receive axons from the subiculum. The whole forms a neural circuit in the limbic system known as the Papez circuit. The anterior cingulate cortex sends axons to the anterior nucleus and through the c... |
Viscous stress tensor Viscous versus elastic stress Viscous_stress_tensor > Definition > Viscous versus elastic stress Internal mechanical stresses in a continuous medium are generally related to deformation of the material from some "relaxed" (unstressed) state. These stresses generally include an elastic ("static") s... |
Franssen effect Franssen effect F1 Franssen_effect > Franssen effect F1 There are two loudspeakers to the left and right of the listener. Each is about 1 meter in distance from the listener, at approximately 45° angles. The left speaker suddenly begins to produce a sharp pure tone. |
Local case-control sampling Summary Local_case-control_sampling In practice, the pilot may come from prior knowledge or training using a subsample of the dataset. The algorithm is most effective when the underlying dataset is imbalanced. It exploits the structures of conditional imbalanced datasets more efficiently tha... |
Primary myelofibrosis Mechanism Primary_myelofibrosis > Mechanism Myelofibrosis is a clonal neoplastic disorder of hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cellular components. It is one of the myeloproliferative disorders, diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced at some stage. Production of cytokin... |
Chronic myeloid leukaemia Pathophysiology Chronic_Myelogenous_Leukemia > Pathophysiology CML was the first cancer to be linked to a clear genetic abnormality, the chromosomal translocation known as the Philadelphia chromosome. This chromosomal abnormality is so named because it was first discovered and described in 196... |
Dynamo-electric machine Summary Dynamo-electric_machine A dynamo is an electrical generator that creates direct current using a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, ... |
Multiple regression analysis Regression model Regression_equation > Regression model Using this estimate, the researcher can then use the fitted value Y i ^ = f ( X i , β ^ ) {\displaystyle {\hat {Y_{i}}}=f(X_{i},{\hat {\beta }})} for prediction or to assess the accuracy of the model in explaining the data. Whether the... |
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics Time as an operator Mathematical_formulations_of_quantum_mechanics > Mathematical structure of quantum mechanics > Time as an operator The framework presented so far singles out time as the parameter that everything depends on. It is possible to formulate mechanics in such ... |
Randomness Summary Randomness For example, with a bowl containing just 10 red marbles and 90 blue marbles, a random selection mechanism would choose a red marble with probability 1/10. A random selection mechanism that selected 10 marbles from this bowl would not necessarily result in 1 red and 9 blue. In situations wh... |
Unbiased estimation of standard deviation Estimating the standard deviation of the population Unbiased_estimation_of_standard_deviation > Effect of autocorrelation (serial correlation) > Estimating the standard deviation of the population As with c4, θ approaches unity as the sample size increases (as does γ1). It can ... |
Doubly linked list Deleting a node Doubly_linked_list > Basic algorithms > Circular doubly linked lists > Deleting a node As in doubly linked lists, "removeAfter" and "removeBefore" can be implemented with "remove(list, node.prev)" and "remove(list, node.next)". |
Designer babies CRISPR/Cas9 Designer_baby > Human germline engineering > CRISPR/Cas9 This means it is often used in knockout experiments to disrupt genes and introduce loss of function mutations. Homology Directed Repair (HDR) - a less efficient but high-fidelity process which is used to introduce precise modifications... |
Cache control instruction Vector fetch Cache_control_instruction > Alternatives > Vector fetch Vector processors (for example modern graphics processing unit (GPUs) and Xeon Phi) use massive parallelism to achieve high throughput whilst working around memory latency (reducing the need for prefetching). Many read operat... |
Ecological light pollution Natural light cycles Ecological_light_pollution > Natural light cycles The introduction of artificial light disrupts several natural light cycles that arise from the movements of the Earth, Moon, and Sun, as well as from meteorological factors. |
Richard Jenkins (engineer) World land speed record Richard_Jenkins_(engineer) > World land speed record "Top speed is actually quite scary. The structure and tyre grip is all at the limit, so keeping it in a straight line under full control takes full concentration," Jenkins told The Guardian.Greenbird is the fifth ite... |
Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry Fractionation factors Sulfur_isotope_biogeochemistry > Calculations > Fractionation factors While an isotope effect is the physical tendency for stable isotopes to distribute in a particular way, the isotopic fractionation is the measurable result of this tendency. The isotopic fractionat... |
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy Description of the surgery Pulmonary_thromboendarterectomy > Description of the surgery Circulatory arrest is limited to 20 minute intervals to protect brain function. Typically an experienced surgeon can perform an entire unilateral procedure in this time. |
First law of thermodynamics Original statements: the "thermodynamic approach" First_law_of_thermodynamics > History > Original statements: the "thermodynamic approach" It is defined only up to an arbitrary additive constant of integration, which can be adjusted to give arbitrary reference zero levels. This non-uniquene... |
Abscisic acid Signal cascade Abscissic_acid > In plants > Signal cascade When SnRK2s are released from inhibition, they activate several transcription factors from the ABA RESPONSIVE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR (ABF) family. ABFs then go on to cause changes in the expression of a large number of genes. Around 10% of plant g... |
Amphetamine Serotonin Amphetamine > Pharmacology > Pharmacodynamics > Serotonin Amphetamine exerts analogous, yet less pronounced, effects on serotonin as on dopamine and norepinephrine. Amphetamine affects serotonin via VMAT2 and, like norepinephrine, is thought to phosphorylate SERT via TAAR1. Like dopamine, amphetam... |
Biological psychiatry Scope of clinical biological psychiatric treatment Biological_psychiatry > Scope of clinical biological psychiatric treatment Since various biological factors can affect mood and behavior, psychiatrists often evaluate these before initiating further treatment. For example, dysfunction of the thyro... |
Pulse-Doppler radar Benefits Pulse-Doppler_radar > Principle > Benefits Surface reflections appear in almost all radar. Ground clutter generally appears in a circular region within a radius of about 25 miles (40 km) near ground-based radar. This distance extends much further in airborne and space radar. |
Circulatory shock Summary Shock_(circulatory) Efforts to maintain a normal body temperature are also important. Vasopressors may be useful in certain cases. Shock is both common and has a high risk of death. In the United States about 1.2 million people present to the emergency room each year with shock and their risk ... |
Statistical assumption Classes of assumptions Statistical_assumption > Classes of assumptions Cross-variation assumptions. These assumptions involve the joint probability distributions of either the observations themselves or the random errors in a model. Simple models may include the assumption that observations or er... |
Dielectric strength Electrical breakdown Dielectric_strength > Electrical breakdown Electric current is a flow of electrically charged particles in a material caused by an electric field. The mobile charged particles responsible for electric current are called charge carriers. In different substances different particle... |
Toll-like receptor 7 Clinical significance Toll-like_receptor_7 > Clinical significance This suggests that TLR7 plays a key role in triggering the immune response for patients of COVID-19. For more details on the biological mechanism and pathway, see "Type I Interferon Induction and Signaling During SARS-CoV-2 Infectio... |
Bode plotter Rules for handmade Bode plot Bode_Plot > Rules for handmade Bode plot For many practical problems, the detailed Bode plots can be approximated with straight-line segments that are asymptotes of the precise response. The effect of each of the terms of a multiple element transfer function can be approximated... |
Pythagoras Communal lifestyle Pythagoras > Pythagoreanism > Communal lifestyle Ancient sources record that the Pythagoreans ate meals in common after the manner of the Spartans. One Pythagorean maxim was "koinà tà phílōn" ("All things in common among friends"). Both Iamblichus and Porphyry provide detailed accounts of ... |
Transcription-translation coupling Summary Transcription-translation_coupling Transcription-translation coupling is a mechanism of gene expression regulation in which synthesis of an mRNA (transcription) is affected by its concurrent decoding (translation). In prokaryotes, mRNAs are translated while they are transcribe... |
Object Pascal Summary Object_Pascal Object Pascal is an extension to the programming language Pascal that provides object-oriented programming (OOP) features such as classes and methods. The language was originally developed by Apple Computer as Clascal for the Lisa Workshop development system. As Lisa gave way to Maci... |
Runtime verification Reducing runtime overhead Runtime_verification > Research challenges and applications > Reducing runtime overhead Observing an executing system typically incurs some runtime overhead (hardware monitors may make an exception). It is important to reduce the overhead of runtime verification tools as m... |
Blockchain-based remittances company United States Blockchain-based_remittances_company > By region > North America > United States construction industry, tighter border controls, and a crackdown in the U.S. on illegal immigration.Remittance culture in the United States has contributed to the formation of "micro-geogra... |
Matching transformer Other applications Telephone_balance_unit > Applications > Other applications In power line communications, baluns are used in coupling signals onto a power line. In electronic communications, baluns convert Twinax cables to Cat 5 cables, and back. |
Homotopy theory Cofibration and fibration Homotopy_theory > Concepts > Cofibration and fibration A map f: A → X {\displaystyle f:A\to X} is called a cofibration if given (1) a map h 0: X → Z {\displaystyle h_{0}:X\to Z} and (2) a homotopy g t: A → Z {\displaystyle g_{t}:A\to Z} , there exists a homotopy h t: X → Z {\di... |
Statistical inference Likelihood-based inference Inferential_statistics > Paradigms for inference > Likelihood-based inference Likelihood-based inference is a paradigm used to estimate the parameters of a statistical model based on observed data. Likelihoodism approaches statistics by using the likelihood function, den... |
Darwinian algorithm Summary Speciation_(genetic_algorithm) In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality... |
Mechanical amplifier Swing analogy Mechanical_amplifier > Resonating amplifiers > Parametric resonators > Swing analogy Direct resonance can be equated to someone pushing a child on a swing. If the frequency of the pushing (external forcing) matches the natural frequency of the child-swing system, direct resonance can ... |
Hermitian matrix Diagonalizable Hermitian_matrix > Properties > Diagonalizable The finite-dimensional spectral theorem says that any Hermitian matrix can be diagonalized by a unitary matrix, and that the resulting diagonal matrix has only real entries. This implies that all eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix A with dime... |
Complex contagion Summary Complex_contagion Complex contagion is the phenomenon in social networks in which multiple sources of exposure to an innovation are required before an individual adopts the change of behavior. It differs from simple contagion in that unlike a disease, it may not be possible for the innovation ... |
Native code Programs Machine_instruction > Programs As an example, the original Intel Pentium from 1993 can execute at most two instructions per clock cycle when its pipeline is full. Program flow may be influenced by special 'jump' instructions that transfer execution to an address (and hence instruction) other than t... |
Nervous system network models Summary Nervous_system_network_models Neural network), Computational neuroscience, as well as in several books by Ascoli, G. A. (2002), Sterratt, D., Graham, B., Gillies, A., & Willshaw, D. |
Shinumo Quartzite Sedimentary structures Shinumo_Quartzite > Sedimentary structures The beds that exhibit these soft-sediment deformation structures are meters- to tens-of-meters thick. They are cited as evidence for frequent earthquake activity and fluid migration during the deposition of the Shinumo Quartzite. These ... |
Boomerang attack The attack Boomerang_attack > The attack The boomerang attack is based on differential cryptanalysis. In differential cryptanalysis, an attacker exploits how differences in the input to a cipher (the plaintext) can affect the resultant difference at the output (the ciphertext). A high probability "diff... |
Photoelectric cells Summary Low_cost_solar_cell The separation of charge carriers of opposite types. The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generati... |
Rheumatic arthritis Mortality Rheumatic_arthritis > Prognosis > Mortality The mechanism by which RA causes this increased risk remains unknown; the presence of chronic inflammation has been proposed as a contributing factor. It is possible that the use of new biologic drug therapies extend the lifespan of people with R... |
Weird machine Theory Weird_machine > Theory From a theoretical perspective, the emergence of weird machines becomes clear when one considers software as a way to restrict the number of reachable states and state transitions of a computer: The general-purpose CPU is, through software, specialized to simulate a finite-st... |
Language transfer Negative transfer Language_transfer > Types of language transfer > Negative transfer Since the German noun "Information" can also be used in the plural – "Informationen" – German students will almost invariably use "informations" in English, too, which would break the rules of uncountable nouns. From ... |
The Magnetic Fields History The_Magnetic_Fields > History It was directed by Kerthy Fix and Gail O'Hara. Shot over a period of 10 years, it discusses the formation of the band, Stephin's friendship with Claudia Gonson, the production of various albums, and Stephin's move to California from New York. It won the Outfest ... |
Unit record equipment Sorting Unit_record_equipment > Sorting Sorting an input card deck into ascending sequence on a multiple column field, such as an employee number, was done by a radix sort, bucket sort, or a combination of the two methods. Sorters were also used to separate decks of interspersed master and detail ... |
Home composting Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Home_composting > Fundamentals > Aerobic vs. Anaerobic While aerobic composting does produce some carbon dioxide, anaerobic composting releases methane, which is a greenhouse gas significantly more harmful than carbon dioxide. Aerobic compost is a faster process due to availability... |
Animal nutrition Protein Animal_nutrition > Constituents of diet > Protein The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are disc... |
DNA digital data storage Encoding methods DNA_data_storage > Encoding methods Countless methods for encoding data in DNA are possible. The optimal methods are those that make economical use of DNA and protect against errors. If the message DNA is intended to be stored for a long period of time, for example, 1,000 years... |
Direct bonding Examples Direct_bonding > Examples This technique is usable for the fabrication of multi wafer micro structures, i.e. accelerometers, micro valves and micro pumps. |
Optimizing compiler Factors affecting optimization Compiler_analysis > Factors affecting optimization Embedded software can be tightly tuned to an exact CPU and memory size. Also, system cost or reliability may be more important than the code's speed. For example, compilers for embedded software usually offer options t... |
Nuclear lamina Summary Nuclear_lamina The nuclear lamina is a dense (~30 to 100 nm thick) fibrillar network inside the nucleus of eukaryote cells. It is composed of intermediate filaments and membrane associated proteins. Besides providing mechanical support, the nuclear lamina regulates important cellular events such ... |
Isotope ratio mass spectrometry Summary Isotope-ratio_mass_spectrometry Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample.This technique has two different applications in the earth... |
Network Security Services Interoperability and open standards Network_Security_Services > Architecture > Interoperability and open standards NSS supports a range of security standards, including the following: TLS 1.0 (RFC 2246), 1.1 (RFC 4346), 1.2 (RFC 5246), and 1.3 (RFC 8446). The Transport Layer Security (TLS) pro... |
Cognitive workload History Cognitive_load_theory > Theory > History The history of cognitive load theory can be traced to the beginning of cognitive science in the 1950s and the work of G.A. Miller. In his classic paper, Miller was perhaps the first to suggest our working memory capacity has inherent limits. |
Dopamine Parkinson's disease Dopaminergic_system > Disease, disorders, and pharmacology > Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease is an age-related disorder characterized by movement disorders such as stiffness of the body, slowing of movement, and trembling of limbs when they are not in use. In advanced stages it prog... |
Mortality (computability theory) Summary Mortality_(computability_theory) In computability theory, the mortality problem is a decision problem related to the halting problem. For Turing machines, the halting problem can be stated as follows: Given a Turing machine, and a word, decide whether the machine halts when run ... |
Pulmonary embolism Fluoroscopic pulmonary angiography Pulmonary_embolism > Diagnosis > Imaging > Fluoroscopic pulmonary angiography Historically, the gold standard for diagnosis was pulmonary angiography by fluoroscopy, but this has fallen into disuse with the increased availability of non-invasive techniques that offe... |
Circulant matrix Definition Circulant_matrices > Definition The last row of C {\displaystyle C} is the vector c {\displaystyle c} shifted by one in reverse. Different sources define the circulant matrix in different ways, for example as above, or with the vector c {\displaystyle c} corresponding to the first row rather... |
Control strategy Summary Closed-_loop Control theory was further advanced by Edward Routh in 1874, Charles Sturm and in 1895, Adolf Hurwitz, who all contributed to the establishment of control stability criteria; and from 1922 onwards, the development of PID control theory by Nicolas Minorsky. Although a major applicat... |
Drug Master File Types of DMFs Drug_Master_File > Types of DMFs Category: Administrative Subcategories under Administrative Category change in the holder name change in holder address change in ownership of the DMF (either internal name change, or change in ownership) change in the agent name or address. change in the ... |
Systems research Founding and early development System_theory > History > Founding and early development Subjects that were studied included those of complexity, self-organization, connectionism and adaptive systems. In fields like cybernetics, researchers such as Ashby, Norbert Wiener, John von Neumann, and Heinz von ... |
Turing Test Impracticality and irrelevance: the Turing test and AI research Imitation_game > Weaknesses > Impracticality and irrelevance: the Turing test and AI research "Aeronautical engineering texts," they write, "do not define the goal of their field as 'making machines that fly so exactly like pigeons that they ca... |
Epithelioid sarcoma Immunotherapies Epithelioid_sarcoma > Research > Immunotherapies T-cells can be harvested and then expanded and genetically manipulated to recognize certain tumor markers. In one case, a patient with advanced epithelioid sarcoma who had failed multiple therapies showed a strong response to expanded ... |
Metal carbonyl With electrophiles Infrared_spectroscopy_of_metal_carbonyls > Reactions > With electrophiles Despite being in low formal oxidation states, metal carbonyls are relatively unreactive toward many electrophiles. For example, they resist attack by alkylating agents, mild acids, and mild oxidizing agents. Most... |
Computational Anatomy Stationarity of the Hamiltonian and kinetic energy along Euler–Lagrange Computational_Anatomy > Hamiltonian formulation of computational anatomy > Stationarity of the Hamiltonian and kinetic energy along Euler–Lagrange Defining the geodesic velocity at the identity v 0 = arg max v H ( ϕ 0 , p 0 ... |
Turing Test Summary Turing_Test Turing's new question is: "Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the imitation game?" This question, Turing believed, was one that could actually be answered. In the remainder of the paper, he argued against all the major objections to the proposition that "machin... |
CruiseControl Build loop CruiseControl > Build loop The build loop is designed to run as a daemon process, which periodically checks the revision control system for changes to the codebase, builds if necessary, and publishes a notice regarding the status of the software build. |
Mathematical neuroscience Behaviors of networks Mathematical_neuroscience > Major topics > Behaviors of networks In some cases the complex interactions between inhibitory and excitatory neurons can be simplified using mean-field theory, which gives rise to the population model of neural networks. While many neurotheori... |
Reaction Progress Kinetic Analysis In situ FT-IR Reaction_Progress_Kinetic_Analysis > Monitoring reaction progress > In situ FT-IR In situ infrared spectroscopy may be used to monitor the course of a reaction, provided a reagent or product shows distinctive absorbance in the IR spectral region. The rate of reactant con... |
Cycles and fixed points Summary Cycles_and_fixed_points In mathematics, the cycles of a permutation π of a finite set S correspond bijectively to the orbits of the subgroup generated by π acting on S. These orbits are subsets of S that can be written as { c1, ..., cn }, such that π(ci) = ci + 1 for i = 1, ..., n − 1, a... |
Transcription inhibitor Summary Transcription_initiation This may include polyadenylation, capping, and splicing. The RNA may remain in the nucleus or exit the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex.If the stretch of DNA is transcribed into an RNA molecule that encodes a protein, the RNA is termed messenger RNA (mR... |
Linear congruential generator c ≠ 0 Linear_congruential_generator > Period length > c ≠ 0 The spectral test is one of the most important tests.Note that a power-of-2 modulus shares the problem as described above for c = 0: the low k bits form a generator with modulus 2k and thus repeat with a period of 2k; only the mos... |
Walsh diagram Reactivity Walsh_diagram > Reactivity Walsh diagrams in conjunction with molecular orbital theory can also be used as a tool to predict reactivity. By generating a Walsh Diagram and then determining the HOMO/LUMO of that molecule, it can be determined how the molecule is likely to react. In the following ... |
Linear grammar Expressive power Linear_grammar > Expressive power While regular languages are deterministic, there exist linear languages that are nondeterministic. For example, the language of even-length palindromes on the alphabet of 0 and 1 has the linear grammar S → 0S0 | 1S1 | ε. An arbitrary string of this langu... |
Mathematical Statistics Probability distributions Mathematical_Statistics > Topics > Probability distributions A probability distribution is a function that assigns a probability to each measurable subset of the possible outcomes of a random experiment, survey, or procedure of statistical inference. Examples are found ... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.