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Effective results in number theory Littlewood's result Effective_results_in_number_theory > Littlewood's result A special case is to find the first sign change. The interest of the question was that the numerical evidence known showed no change of sign: Littlewood's result guaranteed that this evidence was just a small... |
Horizontal stabiliser Control Horizontal_stabilizer > Control A tailplane usually has some means allowing the pilot to control the amount of lift produced by the tailplane. This in turn causes a nose-up or nose-down pitching moment on the aircraft, which is used to control the aircraft in pitch. Elevator: A conventiona... |
Ordered partition of a set Representation by functions Transitivity_of_incomparability > Axiomatizations > Representation by functions It is not assumed here that f {\displaystyle f} is an injective function, so a class of two equivalent elements on Y {\displaystyle Y} may induce a larger class of equivalent elements o... |
Inductive coupling Summary Inductive_coupling Coupling may be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional inductive coupling can cause signals from one circuit to be induced into a nearby circuit, this is called cross-talk, and is a form of electromagnetic interference. |
Electrical generators Power station Electric_generators > Common use cases > Power station The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity. Cleaner sources include nuclear power, and increasing... |
Freiling's axiom of symmetry Objections to Freiling's argument Freiling's_axiom_of_symmetry > Objections to Freiling's argument Freiling's argument is not widely accepted because of the following two problems with it (which Freiling was well aware of and discussed in his paper). The naive probabilistic intuition used b... |
Tolman electronic parameter Other ligand electronic parameters Tolman_electronic_parameter > Other ligand electronic parameters Several other scales have been proposed for the ranking of the donor properties of ligands. The HEP scale ranks ligands on the basis of the 13C NMR shift of a reference ligand. Lever's electro... |
Earthquake prediction Changes in Vp/Vs Earthquake_prediction > Prediction methods > Precursors > Changes in Vp/Vs Vp is the symbol for the velocity of a seismic "P" (primary or pressure) wave passing through rock, while Vs is the symbol for the velocity of the "S" (secondary or shear) wave. Small-scale laboratory exper... |
Generalized Stokes theorem In electromagnetism Stokes'_Theorem > Special cases > Green's theorem > In electromagnetism Two of the four Maxwell equations involve curls of 3-D vector fields, and their differential and integral forms are related by the special 3-dimensional (vector calculus) case of Stokes' theorem. Cauti... |
Electroplasticity Summary Electroplasticity Electroplasticity, describes the enhanced plastic behavior of a solid material under the application of an electric field. This electric field could be internal, resulting in current flow in conducting materials, or external. The effect of electric field on mechanical propert... |
166 (number) In other fields 166_(number) > In other fields 166 is also: The year AD 166 or 166 BC The atomic number of an element temporarily called Unhexhexium |
Vibration fatigue Summary Vibration_fatigue Vibration fatigue is a mechanical engineering term describing material fatigue, caused by forced vibration of random nature. An excited structure responds according to its natural-dynamics modes, which results in a dynamic stress load in the material points. The process of ma... |
Pie graph Square chart / Waffle chart Sunburst_diagram > Variants and similar charts > Square chart / Waffle chart Square charts, also called waffle charts, are a form of pie charts that use squares instead of circles to represent percentages. Similar to basic circular pie charts, square pie charts take each percentage... |
Nuclear fission products Yield Fission_products > Yield For instance, the curve of yield against mass for 239Pu has a more shallow valley than that observed for 235U when the neutrons are thermal neutrons. The curves for the fission of the later actinides tend to make even more shallow valleys. In extreme cases such as... |
Behavioural game theory Learning Behavioral_game_theory > Factors that affect rationality in games > Learning Reinforcement learning suggests that if a player received a high reward from choosing a certain behavior or strategy, then that player would be more inclined to use the same strategy again. If a particular stra... |
Image sensor format Shot noise Sensor_size > Sensor size, noise and dynamic range > Shot noise In the above equation, the shot noise SNR is given by P Q e t P Q e t = P Q e t {\displaystyle {\frac {PQ_{e}t}{\sqrt {PQ_{e}t}}}={\sqrt {PQ_{e}t}}} .Apart from the quantum efficiency it depends on the incident photon flux an... |
Neural net Use Criticism_of_artificial_neural_networks > Use Classification, including pattern and sequence recognition, novelty detection and sequential decision making. Data processing, including filtering, clustering, blind source separation and compression. Robotics, including directing manipulators and prostheses. |
Telomere resolvase Summary Telomere_resolvase Telomere resolvase, also known as protelomerase, is an enzyme found in bacteria which contain linear plasmids. |
Segmental bridge Construction Segmental_bridge > Construction In cast-in-place bridges, the falsework is connected to the previously installed concrete and allowed to cantilever freely. Next, the permanent reinforcing steel and supports are installed. Finally, the concrete is placed and cured, freeing the falsework to ... |
Glossary of genetics (0–L) D Glossary_of_genetics_(0–L) > D DNA polymerase Any of a class of enzymes that synthesizes DNA molecules from individual deoxyribonucleotides. DNA polymerases are essential for DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create identical copies of the two strands of an original double-strand... |
Endocrinology Diseases Endocrinology > Diseases and medicine > Diseases See main article at Endocrine diseasesEndocrinology also involves the study of the diseases of the endocrine system. These diseases may relate to too little or too much secretion of a hormone, too little or too much action of a hormone, or problems... |
Techniques of genetic engineering Choosing target genes Techniques_of_genetic_engineering > Choosing target genes Due to these insecticidal properties, the bacteria was used as a biological insecticide, developed commercially in 1938. The cry proteins were discovered to provide the insecticidal activity in 1956, and by... |
Double-ended queue Real-time deques via lazy rebuilding and scheduling Double-ended_queue > Implementations > Purely functional implementation > Real-time deques via lazy rebuilding and scheduling However, they use the invariant, in that if the front is empty then the rear has at most one element. The operations affect... |
Variance Moment of inertia Variance_generalizations > Moment of inertia The variance of a probability distribution is analogous to the moment of inertia in classical mechanics of a corresponding mass distribution along a line, with respect to rotation about its center of mass. It is because of this analogy that such th... |
On the Origin of Species Variation and heredity On_the_Origin_of_Species > Content > Variation and heredity Breeding of animals and plants showed related varieties varying in similar ways, or tending to revert to an ancestral form, and similar patterns of variation in distinct species were explained by Darwin as demons... |
Fish reproduction Parthenogenesis Fish_reproduction > Reproductive strategies > Parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell. The first al... |
Format-preserving encryption Algorithms Format-preserving_encryption > Algorithms In most of the approaches listed here, a well-understood block cipher (such as AES) is used as a primitive to take the place of an ideal random function. This has the advantage that incorporation of a secret key into the algorithm is easy... |
Standard logistic function In medicine: modeling of growth of tumors Verhulst_equation > Applications > In medicine: modeling of growth of tumors Another application of logistic curve is in medicine, where the logistic differential equation is used to model the growth of tumors. This application can be considered an ex... |
Preorder Other Preorder > Examples > Other Further examples: Every finite topological space gives rise to a preorder on its points by defining x ≤ y {\displaystyle x\leq y} if and only if x belongs to every neighborhood of y. Every finite preorder can be formed as the specialization preorder of a topological space in t... |
Time-temperature superposition Time-temperature superposition Time–temperature_superposition > Time-temperature superposition Consider the relaxation modulus E at two temperatures T and T0 such that T > T0. At constant strain, the stress relaxes faster at the higher temperature. The principle of time-temperature superp... |
Allostasis Nature of concept Allostasis > Nature of concept Homeostasis is formed from the Greek adjective homoios, meaning "similar," and the noun stasis, meaning "standing;" thus, "standing at about the same level." Wingfield states:The concept of allostasis, maintaining stability through change, is a fundamental pro... |
Scalp psoriasis Pathogenetic Plaque_psoriasis > Diagnosis > Classification > Pathogenetic Another classification scheme considers genetic and demographic factors. Type 1 has a positive family history, starts before the age of 40, and is associated with the human leukocyte antigen, HLA-Cw6. Conversely, type 2 does not s... |
Molecular chemistry Bonding Modern_chemistry > Modern principles > Bonding An ionic bond is formed when a metal loses one or more of its electrons, becoming a positively charged cation, and the electrons are then gained by the non-metal atom, becoming a negatively charged anion. The two oppositely charged ions attract ... |
Psychopharmacology Antidepressants Psychopharmacology > Psychopharmacological substances > Antidepressants They inhibit monoamine oxidase, the enzyme that metabolizes the monoamine neurotransmitters in the presynaptic terminals that are not contained in protective synaptic vesicles. The inhibition of the enzyme increas... |
Cache coherent system Coherence protocols Cache_coherent_system > Coherence protocols All processors snoop the request and respond appropriately. Write propagation in snoopy protocols can be implemented by either of the following methods: Write-invalidate When a write operation is observed to a location that a cache ha... |
Connecting tubule Principal cells Collecting_duct_system > Structure > Cells > Principal cells Aldosterone also increases the number of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps: 949 that allow increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. : 336 Vasopressin determines the expression of aquaporin channels that provide a physical pat... |
Boundary layer thickness Moment method Boundary_layer_thickness > The bounded boundary layer description > Moment method This parameter was shown to track the boundary layer shape changes that accompany the laminar to turbulent boundary layer transition.Numerical errors encountered in calculating the moments, especiall... |
Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection Group_1_CD1-restricted_T_cells > Function > Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection Studies using CD1b tetramers presenting the mycobacterial product glucose monomycolate identified two CD4+ TCRαβ+ T cell populations which differ from the otherwise variab... |
Resection margin Associated errors and recurrence rate Resection_margin > Associated errors and recurrence rate This determination is made with the full understanding of "false negative error" intrinsic in the bread loafing technique of histology (also known as POMA - a term used by the NCCN). The higher the false nega... |
Complex adaptive system Characteristics Complex_adaptive_system > Overview > Characteristics There has to be a constant flow of energy to maintain the organization of the system Complex systems have a history. They evolve and their past is co-responsible for their present behaviour Elements in the system may be ignoran... |
Nassi–Shneiderman diagram Diagrams Program_structure_diagram > Diagrams The only difference between the two is the order in which the steps involved are completed. In the test first situation, when the program encounters the block it tests to see if the condition is fulfilled, then, if it is not completes the process b... |
Insulin-degrading enzyme Mechanism Insulin-degrading_enzyme > Mechanism As a consequence of transfer of the proton of Glu111 onto the amide nitrogen of substrate that occurred in TS3, the peptide N—C bond is broken. A look at the whole reaction path indicates that the rate-determining step in this process is the nucleo... |
Metabolic trapping Summary Metabolic_trapping This trapping occurred because once the glucose was pulled into the cells, the glucose was phosphorylated to cause the concentration of glucose in the cell to appear lower than it is, which then promotes the transport of more glucose. This phosphorylation of the radioactive... |
Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals Metalloids Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals > Anomalous properties > Metalloids Both are about a thousand times more acidic than pure sulfuric acid. In 2004, a boron compound broke this record by a thousand fold with the synthesis of carborane acid H(CHB11Cl1... |
Noise factor Optical noise figure Noise_figure > Optical noise figure We may replace the photodiode by a thermal power meter, and measured photocurrent I by measured temperature change Δ θ {\displaystyle \mathrm {\Delta \theta } } . "Power", being proportional to I2 or P2, is also proportional to ( Δ θ ) {\displaystyle... |
Function object Summary Function_object In computer programming, a function object is a construct allowing an object to be invoked or called as if it were an ordinary function, usually with the same syntax (a function parameter that can also be a function). In some languages, particularly C++, function objects are ofte... |
Measure theoretic Definition Measurable_set > Definition Most measures met in practice in analysis (and in many cases also in probability theory) are Radon measures. Radon measures have an alternative definition in terms of linear functionals on the locally convex topological vector space of continuous functions with c... |
Level ancestor problem Stage 3: combining the two approaches Level_ancestor_problem > Ladder algorithm > Stage 3: combining the two approaches A single jump pointer takes any query at least halfway up the tree after which climbing up only one ladder will answer the query. This results in O(n log n) pre-processing time ... |
Four-force In general relativity Four-force > In general relativity In special relativity the transformation will be a Lorentz transformation between coordinate systems moving with a relative constant velocity whereas in general relativity it will be a general coordinate transformation. Consider the four-force F μ = ( ... |
Salted bomb Design Salted_bomb > Design Salted versions of both fission and fusion weapons can be made by surrounding the core of the explosive device with a material containing an element that can be converted to a highly radioactive isotope by neutron bombardment. When the bomb explodes, the element absorbs neutrons ... |
Antioxidative stress Role in disease Antioxidative_stress > Health effects > Role in disease Antioxidants attenuate the Th-1 immune response, responsible for eliminating bacterial and fungal threats, while the Th-2 immune response compensates for a weak Th-1 response by increasing its own responders, which may be not o... |
Rust programming language Performance Rust_programming_language > Performance It has been empirically demonstrated that unsafe Rust does not always perform faster than safe Rust, and can even be slower in some cases.Many of Rust's features are so-called zero-cost abstractions, meaning they are optimized away at compile... |
Structural Analysis Loads Structural_Analysis > Structures and loads > Loads Once the dimensional requirement for a structure have been defined, it becomes necessary to determine the loads the structure must support. Structural design, therefore begins with specifying loads that act on the structure. The design loading... |
Periodic Table Future extension beyond the seventh period Periodic_tables > Future extension beyond the seventh period As such, it may be that the periodic table practically ends around element 120, as elements become too short-lived to observe; the era of discovering new elements would thus be close to its end.Alterna... |
Loop Guru Summary Loop_Guru Loop Guru's main exuberant oeuvre of lively rhythms and effusive sounds is occasionally punctuated by more contemplative albums (e.g., The Third Chamber) that are reminiscent and influenced by ambient music and similar to musical artists such as Brian Eno and Jon Hassell. Past and present gu... |
Higher-order abstract syntax Relation to first-order abstract syntax Higher-order_abstract_syntax > Relation to first-order abstract syntax An abstract syntax is abstract because it is represented by mathematical objects that have certain structure by their very nature. For instance, in first-order abstract syntax (FOA... |
Natural immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity Natural_immunity > Passive immunity > Artificially acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization induced by the transfer of antibodies, which can be administered in several forms; as human or animal blood plasma, as ... |
Automatic variable Summary Automatic_variable In computer programming, an automatic variable is a local variable which is allocated and deallocated automatically when program flow enters and leaves the variable's scope. The scope is the lexical context, particularly the function or block in which a variable is defined.... |
Actian Zen (PSQL) Relational Database Engine Actian_Zen_(PSQL) > DBMS architecture > Relational Database Engine The second database engine, the SQL Relational Database Engine or SRDE, operates in a manner similar to other relational database engines, that is, through the support of Structured Query Language queries. SR... |
MO theory Overview MO_theory > Overview Assignments can be made to these signals indicated by the transition of electrons moving from one orbital at a lower energy to a higher energy orbital. The molecular orbital diagram for the final state describes the electronic nature of the molecule in an excited state. Although ... |
Log management software Summary Log_management_software Log management (LM) comprises an approach to dealing with large volumes of computer-generated log messages (also known as audit records, audit trails, event-logs, etc.). Log management generally covers: Log collection Centralized log aggregation Long-term log stor... |
Data model diagram Data architecture Data_models > Topics > Data architecture Data architecture is the design of data for use in defining the target state and the subsequent planning needed to hit the target state. It is usually one of several architecture domains that form the pillars of an enterprise architecture or ... |
Epidemiology of tuberculosis History Giant_multinucleated_cell > History (Villemin's findings were confirmed in 1867 and 1868 by John Burdon-Sanderson.) Robert Koch identified and described the bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, on 24 March 1882. In 1905, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Med... |
Perfect hash function Pseudocode Perfect_hash_function > Construction > Pseudocode algorithm hash, displace, and compress is (1) Split S into buckets Bi := g−1({i})∩S,0 ≤ i < r (2) Sort buckets Bi in falling order according to size |Bi| (3) Initialize array T with 0's (4) for all i ∈, in the order from (2), do (5) for ... |
Anaerobic exercise Metabolism Anaerobic_exercise > Metabolism Fatigue, which is muscle failure, is a complex subject that depends on more than just changes to lactate concentration. Energy availability, oxygen delivery, perception to pain, and other psychological factors all contribute to muscular fatigue. Elevated mus... |
Database index Support for fast lookup Clustered_index > Usage > Support for fast lookup Most database software includes indexing technology that enables sub-linear time lookup to improve performance, as linear search is inefficient for large databases. Suppose a database contains N data items and one must be retrieved... |
RNA timestamp Background RNA_timestamp > Background RNA-seq requires the destruction of the cell, thus only revealing the transcriptome at a single moment. Understanding expression times and patterns of genes transcription would create a deeper understanding of the roles of genes and how regulation of expression timing... |
Signal spectrum Related concepts Power_spectral_density > Related concepts A "spectrum" generally means the power spectral density, as discussed above, which depicts the distribution of signal content over frequency. For transfer functions (e.g., Bode plot, chirp) the complete frequency response may be graphed in two p... |
Finite-element analysis Application Finite-element_analysis > Application Similarly, the desired level of accuracy required and associated computational time requirements can be managed simultaneously to address most engineering applications. FEM allows entire designs to be constructed, refined, and optimized before th... |
Total Dissolved Solids Summary Total_Dissolved_Solids The principal application of TDS is in the study of water quality for streams, rivers, and lakes. Although TDS is not generally considered a primary pollutant (e.g. it is not deemed to be associated with health effects), it is used as an indication of aesthetic char... |
Glossary of cell biology I Glossary_of_cell_biology > I DNA replication does not occur during interkinesis, unlike during the normal interphase that precedes meiosis I and mitosis. interphase All stages of the cell cycle excluding cell division. |
Malignant cancer Screening Cancer_medication > Screening Unlike diagnostic efforts prompted by symptoms and medical signs, cancer screening involves efforts to detect cancer after it has formed, but before any noticeable symptoms appear. This may involve physical examination, blood or urine tests or medical imaging.Can... |
UV-Vis spectroscopy Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer UV_spectroscopy > Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer A complete spectrum of the absorption at all wavelengths of interest can often be produced directly by a more sophisticated spectrophotometer. In simpler instruments the absorption is determined one wavelen... |
Signal strength meter Accuracy S_meter > Accuracy Most S meters on traditional analog receivers are not calibrated and in practice can only provide a relative measure of signal strength based on the receiver's AGC voltage. Some S meters on traditional analog receivers are calibrated to read S9 for an input of -73 dBm b... |
Matrix (blinkenlights) Summary Matrix_(blinkenlights) Both installations feature higher resolutions and eight shades of grey. On August 2023 a new Installation was shown on the CCCamp in Mildenberg. |
Insulin signal transduction pathway Action on the cell Insulin_signal_transduction_pathway > Transduction pathway > Action on the cell It also leads to cell survival and cell proliferation. Most importantly, the PI-3K pathway is responsible for the distribution of glucose for important cell functions. For example, the ... |
Sexagenary cycle Sexagenary months Sexagesimal_cycle > Sexagenary months The branches are used marginally to indicate months. Despite there being twelve branches and twelve months in a year, the earliest use of branches to indicate a twelve-fold division of a year was in the 2nd century BC. They were coordinated with t... |
Thermal flywheel effect Use of thermal mass in different climates Thermal_mass > Thermal mass in buildings > Use of thermal mass in different climates The correct use and application of thermal mass is dependent on the prevailing climate in a district. |
Sum over histories The propagator Functional_integral_(QFT) > Quantum field theory > The propagator There, the path integral in the usual variables, with fixed boundary conditions, gives the probability amplitude for a particle to go from point x to point y in time T: K ( x , y ; T ) = ⟨ y ; T ∣ x ; 0 ⟩ = ∫ x ( 0 ) = x... |
Alpha cells Non-neuronal Control Alpha_cell > Regulation of glucagon secretion > Non-neuronal Control Non-neuronal control has been found to be indirect paracrine regulation through ions, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Zinc, insulin, serotonin, γ-aminobutyric acid, and γ-hydroxybutyrate, all of which are released by ... |
Computational Chemistry Summary Computational_Chemistry In all cases, the computer time and other resources (such as memory and disk space) increase quickly with the size of the system being studied. That system can be a molecule, a group of molecules, or a solid. |
Forensic geology Ph Forensic_geology > Chemical description > Ph In recent years that has been much improvement to portable pH meters that are used in the field. Decades ago the portable devices has numerous malfunctions regarding the electrodes. Nowadays pH meters due to microcircuitry and plastic not only reduces the... |
Glossary of engineering: A–L C Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L > C In its scalar form, the law is: F = k e q 1 q 2 r 2 {\displaystyle F=k_{e}{\frac {q_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}}}} , where ke is the Coulomb constant (ke ≈ 9×109 N⋅m2⋅C−2), q1 and q2 are the signed magnitudes of the charges, and the scalar r is the distance between th... |
Event correlation Action triggering Event_correlation > Event correlation in integrated management > Step-by-step decomposition > Action triggering At this stage, the event correlator is left with at most a handful of events that need to be acted upon. Strictly speaking, event correlation ends here. However, by languag... |
Uranium-236 Creation and yield Uranium-236 > Creation and yield The second-most used fissile isotope plutonium-239 can also fission or not fission on absorbing a thermal neutron. The product plutonium-240 makes up a large proportion of reactor-grade plutonium (plutonium recycled from spent fuel that was originally made... |
Genera (operating system) Features Genera_(operating_system) > Features Genera also has support for various network protocols and applications using those. It has extensive support for TCP/IP. Genera supports one-processor machines with several threads (called processes). Genera supports several different types of garb... |
Chronic viral hepatitis Diagnosis Chronic_viral_hepatitis > Diagnosis The degree of elevation (i.e. levels in the hundreds vs. in the thousands), the predominance for AST vs. ALT elevation, and the ratio between AST and ALT are informative of the diagnosis.Ultrasound, CT, and MRI can all identify steatosis (fatty chang... |
Polynomial-time approximation scheme As a complexity class Efficient_polynomial-time_approximation_scheme > As a complexity class The term PTAS may also be used to refer to the class of optimization problems that have a PTAS. PTAS is a subset of APX, and unless P = NP, it is a strict subset. Membership in PTAS can be s... |
Pinocchio paradox The paradox Pinocchio_paradox > The paradox In his next article, "Pinocchio against the dialetheists", Eldridge-Smith states: "If it is a true contradiction that Pinocchio's nose grows and does not grow, then such a world is metaphysically impossible, not merely semantically impossible." He then remin... |
Stack machines Commercial stack machines Stack_machines > History and implementations > Commercial stack machines The accumulator register buffered the memory stack's top data value. Variants of load and store opcodes controlled when that register was spilled to the memory stack or reloaded from there. HP 3000 (Classic... |
Memory dependency speculation Memory disambiguation mechanisms Memory_disambiguation > Memory disambiguation mechanisms Modern microprocessors use the following mechanisms, implemented in hardware, to resolve ambiguous dependences and recover when a dependence was violated. |
Casimir vacuum Papers, books and lectures Dynamical_Casimir_Effect > Further reading > Papers, books and lectures S2CID 25323874. Bordag, M.; Mohideen, U.; Mostepanenko, V. M. (October 2001). |
Stochastic complexity History and context Algorithmic_complexity_theory > History and context The general consensus in the scientific community, however, was to associate this type of complexity with Kolmogorov, who was concerned with randomness of a sequence, while Algorithmic Probability became associated with Solomo... |
Constructive quantum field theory Summary Constructive_quantum_field_theory Along with work of their students, coworkers, and others, constructive field theory resulted in a mathematical foundation and exact interpretation to what previously was only a set of recipes, also in the case d < 4. Theoretical physicists had ... |
Dynamic speckle Information content Dynamic_speckle > Information content The dynamic pattern shows then the changes that, if they are analyzed along time, represent the activity of the illuminated material. The visual effect is that of a boiling liquid or the image in a TV set far from tuning. It can be analyzed by me... |
Meshless method Recent development Meshfree_method > Recent development Moreover, W2 formulations allow the use of polynomial and radial basis functions in the creation of shape functions (it accommodates the discontinuous displacement functions, as long as it is in G1 space), which opens further rooms for future devel... |
Dual diagnosis Summary Dual_diagnosis Dual diagnosis (also called co-occurring disorders (COD) or dual pathology) is the condition of having a mental illness and a comorbid substance use disorder. There is considerable debate surrounding the appropriateness of using a single category for a heterogeneous group of indivi... |
Hypercycle (chemistry) Evolutionary dynamics: a mathematical model Hypercycle_(chemistry) > Evolution > Evolutionary dynamics: a mathematical model According to the definition of a hypercycle, it is a nonlinear, dynamic system, and, in the simplest case, it can be assumed that it grows at a rate determined by a system ... |
Central Limit Theorem Lyapunov CLT Central_Limit_Theorem > Independent sequences > Lyapunov CLT The theorem is named after Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov. In this variant of the central limit theorem the random variables X i {\textstyle X_{i}} have to be independent, but not necessarily identically distribute... |
Anaerobic respiration Ecological importance Anaerobic_respiration > Ecological importance Another example is methanogenesis, a form of carbon-dioxide respiration, that is used to produce methane gas by anaerobic digestion. Biogenic methane is used as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. On the negative side, unco... |
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