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Shear velocity Friction velocity in turbulence Shear_velocity > Friction velocity in turbulence The friction velocity is often used as a scaling parameter for the fluctuating component of velocity in turbulent flows. One method of obtaining the shear velocity is through non-dimensionalization of the turbulent equations... |
Active immunotherapy Vaccine Therapies Active_immunotherapy > Specific active immunotherapy > Vaccine Therapies Vaccine therapies are a type of specific active immunotherapy. Vaccine therapies deliver various agents that will lead to a specific immune response e.g. antibody development or CTL response. Tumor antigens h... |
Consensus decision-making Groupthink Consensus_decision_making > Criticism > Groupthink Some consider all unanimity a form of groupthink, and some experts propose "coding systems ... for detecting the illusion of unanimity symptom". In Consensus is not Unanimity, long-time progressive change activist Randy Schutt write... |
Outline of solar energy Conversion of solar energy Outline_of_solar_energy > Conversion of solar energy Role of copper in generating and transmitting energy with maximum efficiency in solar photovoltaic power generation, concentrating solar thermal power, and solar water heaters. Solar cell efficiency – Solar cell – ma... |
Lebesgue integral Non-negative functions Lebesgue_integrable > Definition > Via simple functions > Non-negative functions We have defined the integral of f for any non-negative extended real-valued measurable function on E. For some functions, this integral ∫ E f d μ {\textstyle \int _{E}f\,d\mu } is infinite. It is of... |
Draculin Structure Draculin > Structure Draculin is a single-chain protein composed of 708 amino acids, weighing about 83 kDa with a pI of 4.1-4.2. When reduced, the gel electrophoresis data indicates a slightly higher molecular mass suggesting intra-chain disulphide bonds.There are two different structural forms of dr... |
Decidability (logic) Relationship to computability Decidability_(computer_science) > Relationship to computability As with the concept of a decidable set, the definition of a decidable theory or logical system can be given either in terms of effective methods or in terms of computable functions. These are generally con... |
BeH2 Reaction with water and acids Beryllium_hydride > Chemical properties > Reaction with water and acids Beryllium hydride reacts slowly with water but is rapidly hydrolysed by acid such as hydrogen chloride to form beryllium chloride. BeH2 + 2 H2O → Be(OH)2 + 2 H2BeH2 + 2 HCl → BeCl2 + 2 H2 |
Taylor's Theorem Summary Quadratic_approximation Taylor's theorem is named after the mathematician Brook Taylor, who stated a version of it in 1715, although an earlier version of the result was already mentioned in 1671 by James Gregory.Taylor's theorem is taught in introductory-level calculus courses and is one of th... |
Surge impedance Lossless line Surge_impedance_loading > Lossless line The above expression is wholly real, since the imaginary term j has canceled out, implying that Z o {\displaystyle Z_{\text{o}}} is purely resistive. For a lossless line terminated in Z o {\displaystyle Z_{\text{o}}} , there is no loss of current acr... |
Probabilistic Roadmap Method Summary Probabilistic_roadmap The rate of convergence depends on certain visibility properties of the free space, where visibility is determined by the local planner. Roughly, if each point can "see" a large fraction of the space, and also if a large fraction of each subset of the space can... |
Conjugated double bond Summary Conjugation_(organic_chemistry) Molecules containing conjugated systems of orbitals and electrons are called conjugated molecules, which have overlapping p orbitals on three or more atoms. Some simple organic conjugated molecules are 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and allylic carbocations. The l... |
Glass-working lathe Components Reducing_lathe > Design > Components Some motors have electronic rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears. The counterpoint to the headstock is the tailstock, sometimes referred to as the loose head, as it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed by s... |
Complexification Formal definition Complexification > Formal definition {\displaystyle \alpha (v\otimes \beta )=v\otimes (\alpha \beta )\qquad {\mbox{ for all }}v\in V{\mbox{ and }}\alpha ,\beta \in \mathbb {C} .} More generally, complexification is an example of extension of scalars – here extending scalars from the r... |
Left-right model Example: u and d quarks in QCD Left-right_symmetry > Chiral symmetry > Example: u and d quarks in QCD The singlet vector symmetry, U(1)V, acts as q L → e i θ ( x ) q L q R → e i θ ( x ) q R , {\displaystyle q_{\rm {L}}\rightarrow e^{i\theta (x)}q_{\rm {L}}\qquad q_{\rm {R}}\rightarrow e^{i\theta (x)}q_... |
Genetic purging The mechanism Genetic_purging > The mechanism This causes some increase in the selective pressure against (partially) recessive deleterious alleles, which is known as purging. Of course, it also causes some reduction in fitness, which is known as inbreeding depression. Purging can reduce the average fre... |
Antineoplastic resistance Genome alterations Antineoplastic_resistance > Acquired resistance > Genetic causes > Genome alterations Chromosomal rearrangement due to genome instability can cause gene amplification and deletion. Gene amplification is the increase in copy number of a region of a chromosome. which occur fre... |
History of the Church–Turing thesis Church definition of "effectively calculable" History_of_the_Church–Turing_thesis > Church definition of "effectively calculable" "Footnote 9 is in section §4 Recursive functions: " 9This definition is closely related to, and was suggested by, a definition of recursive functions whi... |
Domain Model Summary Domain_Model In software engineering, a domain model is a conceptual model of the domain that incorporates both behavior and data. In ontology engineering, a domain model is a formal representation of a knowledge domain with concepts, roles, datatypes, individuals, and rules, typically grounded in ... |
Ayttm Aycryption Ayttm > Features > Aycryption Aycryption is a filter that facilitates encrypted chat using GPG keys. All outgoing text is encrypted using the remote contact's public key, and incoming encrypted text is decrypted using the local private key. |
Pareto chart Summary Pareto_chart A Pareto chart is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line. The chart is named for the Pareto principle, which, in turn, derives its name from Vilfr... |
Gauge field theories Quantization of gauge theories Gauge_Theory > Quantization of gauge theories Gauge theories may be quantized by specialization of methods which are applicable to any quantum field theory. However, because of the subtleties imposed by the gauge constraints (see section on Mathematical formalism, abo... |
Speed Networking For participants Speed_Networking > Advantages and disadvantages > For participants However, there are also risks for attendees, and these relate to an unfortunate perception that a business relationship can also be speed-tracked, as well as a misconception that quantity is of prime importance. Members... |
Database modelling Relational model Database_modelling > Relational model First, the ordering of columns is immaterial in a table. Second, there can not be identical tuples or rows in a table. And third, each tuple will contain a single value for each of its attributes. |
LH (complexity) Summary LH_(complexity) In computational complexity, the logarithmic time hierarchy (LH) is the complexity class of all computational problems solvable in a logarithmic amount of computation time on an alternating Turing machine with a bounded number of alternations. It is a particular case of a bounded... |
Polynomial algebra Factorization Multivariate_polynomial_ring > Univariate polynomials over a field > Factorization The existence of a factorization algorithm depends also on the ground field. In the case of the real or complex numbers, Abel–Ruffini theorem shows that the roots of some polynomials, and thus the irreduc... |
Integrate-and-fire model Relation between artificial and biological neuron models Integrate-and-fire_model > Relation between artificial and biological neuron models The most basic model of a neuron consists of an input with some synaptic weight vector and an activation function or transfer function inside the neuron d... |
Family roller coaster Mechanics Family_roller_coaster > Mechanics Roller coaster trains are not typically powered. Most are pulled up a lift hill by a chain or cable and released downhill. The potential energy accumulated by the rise in height is transferred to kinetic energy, which is then converted back into potentia... |
Format-preserving encryption Other FPE constructions Format-preserving_encryption > Algorithms > Other FPE constructions The paper "Format-Preserving Encryption" by Mihir Bellare and Thomas Ristenpart describes using "nearly balanced" Feistel networks to create secure FPE algorithms. The paper "Format Controlling Encry... |
Elliptic Curve DSA Signature generation algorithm Elliptic_Curve_DSA > Signature generation algorithm (Here HASH is a cryptographic hash function, such as SHA-2, with the output converted to an integer.) Let z {\displaystyle z} be the L n {\displaystyle L_{n}} leftmost bits of e {\displaystyle e} , where L n {\displays... |
Hubble radius Summary Hubble_radius In cosmology, a Hubble volume (named for the astronomer Edwin Hubble) or Hubble sphere, Hubble bubble, subluminal sphere, causal sphere and sphere of causality is a spherical region of the observable universe surrounding an observer beyond which objects recede from that observer at a... |
G actin Equivalents in prokaryotes F_actin > Evolution > Equivalents in prokaryotes The bacterial cytoskeleton contains proteins that are highly similar to actin monomers and polymers. The bacterial protein MreB polymerizes into thin non-helical filaments and occasionally into helical structures similar to F-actin. Fur... |
Organic photorefractive materials Theory Organic_photorefractive_materials > Theory Then, the density of free carriers in the conduction and/or the valence band will increase. To account for these changes, steady-state Fermi levels are defined for electrons to be EFn and, for holes – EFp. The densities n and h are, the... |
Interlingual machine translation Translation process Interlingual_machine_translation > Translation process A conceptual lexicon (specific to the domain), which is the knowledge base about events and entities known in the domain. A set of projection rules (specific to the domain and the languages). Grammars for the ana... |
Bipolar junction transistors Active-mode transistors in circuits Junction_transistor > Regions of operation > Active-mode transistors in circuits That is, when a small change in the currents occurs, and sufficient time has passed for the new condition to reach a steady state h fe {\displaystyle h_{\text{fe}}} is the ra... |
Human memory Long-term memory Human_memory > Long-term memory More recent examination of his brain, post-mortem, shows that the hippocampus was more intact than first thought, throwing theories drawn from the initial data into question. The hippocampus may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of thre... |
M/G/k queue Model definition M/G/k_queue > Model definition A queue represented by a M/G/k queue is a stochastic process whose state space is the set {0,1,2,3...}, where the value corresponds to the number of customers in the queue, including any being served. Transitions from state i to i + 1 represent the arrival of ... |
Carbon monoxide toxicity Central nervous system effects Carbon_monoxide_toxicity > Pathophysiology > Central nervous system effects The result of these effects is lipid peroxidation, which causes delayed reversible demyelination of white matter in the central nervous system known as Grinker myelinopathy, which can lead... |
Electron tunneling Cold emission Quantum_tunnelling > Applications > Solid-state physics > Cold emission Cold emission of electrons is relevant to semiconductors and superconductor physics. It is similar to thermionic emission, where electrons randomly jump from the surface of a metal to follow a voltage bias because t... |
Split-brain Hemispheric specialization Split-brain > Hemispheric specialization The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are linked by the corpus callosum, through which they communicate and coordinate actions and decisions. Communication and coordination between the two hemispheres is essential because each hemisphe... |
Population standard deviation Interpretation and application Sample_standard_deviation > Interpretation and application When deciding whether measurements agree with a theoretical prediction, the standard deviation of those measurements is of crucial importance: if the mean of the measurements is too far away from the ... |
Primosome Summary Primosome They are involved in primosome function both at arrested replication forks and at the chromosomal origin. Our biochemical analysis of the DnaB and DnaD proteins unravels their role in primosome assembly. They are both multimeric and bind individually to DNA. |
Strength of ships Loads on ship hulls Strength_of_ships > Loads on ship hulls The weight of the hull is similarly calculated for that length, and the weight of equipment and systems. Cargo weight is then added in to that section depending on the loading conditions being checked. The total still water bending moment is ... |
Second principle of thermodynamics Living organisms Second_law_of_thermodynamics > Living organisms There are two principal ways of formulating thermodynamics, (a) through passages from one state of thermodynamic equilibrium to another, and (b) through cyclic processes, by which the system is left unchanged, while the ... |
Buformin Mechanism of action Buformin > Mechanism of action Buformin delays absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract, increases insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake into cells, and inhibits synthesis of glucose by the liver. Buformin and the other biguanides are not hypoglycemic, but rather antihyperglyc... |
Prime harmonic series The harmonic series Prime_harmonic_series > The harmonic series First, we describe how Euler originally discovered the result. He was considering the harmonic series He had already used the following "product formula" to show the existence of infinitely many primes. Here the product is taken over ... |
Mineral structures Unit cell Crystal_symmetry > Unit cell Crystal structure is described in terms of the geometry of arrangement of particles in the unit cells. The unit cell is defined as the smallest repeating unit having the full symmetry of the crystal structure. The geometry of the unit cell is defined as a parall... |
GNU Units Usage GNU_Units > Usage Units will output the result of the conversion in two lines. Usually, the first line (multiplication) is the desired result; the second line is the same conversion expressed as a division. Units can also function as a general-purpose scientific calculator; it includes several built-in ... |
Deep Learning Definition Deep_neural_network > Definition Deep learning is a class of machine learning algorithms that: 199–200 uses multiple layers to progressively extract higher-level features from the raw input. For example, in image processing, lower layers may identify edges, while higher layers may identify the ... |
Intel Dynamic Acceleration Dual Dynamic Acceleration Intel_Dynamic_Acceleration > Dual Dynamic Acceleration With the introduction of quad core processors, Intel modified IDA and released Dual Dynamic Acceleration (DDA). |
5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide mutase Summary 5-(carboxyamino)imidazole_ribonucleotide_mutase In enzymology, a 5-(carboxyamino)imidazole ribonucleotide mutase (EC 5.4.99.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 5-carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ... |
Dirac particle Identification of observables Dirac_equation > Physical interpretation > Identification of observables The critical physical question in a quantum theory is this: what are the physically observable quantities defined by the theory? According to the postulates of quantum mechanics, such quantities are def... |
DNA damage checkpoint Mutation Double_strand_break > DNA damage > Mutation Thus, in a population of cells composing a tissue with replicating cells, mutant cells will tend to be lost. However, infrequent mutations that provide a survival advantage will tend to clonally expand at the expense of neighboring cells in the ... |
Glossary of biology C Glossary_of_biology > C colony comparative biology The use of comparative methods to study the similarities and differences between two or more biological organisms (e.g. two organisms from the same time period but different taxa, or two organisms from the same taxon but different times in evoluti... |
Friction drum Construction Friction_drum > Construction The membrane may be depressed with the thumb while playing to vary the pitch. When a cord is used the instrument may be referred to as a "string drum" or "lion's roar." In some friction drums, the friction is obtained by spinning the drum around a pivot. |
Thermometric titration Apparatus and setup for automated thermometric titrimetry Thermometric_titration > Apparatus and setup for automated thermometric titrimetry A suitable setup for automated thermometric titrimetry comprises the following: Precision fluid dispensing devices – "burettes" – for adding titrants and do... |
Waste management Recycling Waste_disposal > Recycling Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers. This process involves breaking down and reusing materials that would otherwise be gotten rid of as trash. There are numerous benef... |
Abdominal obesity Diet Central_obesity > Causes > Diet Quality protein uptake is defined as the ratio of essential amino acids to daily dietary protein.Visceral fat cells will release their metabolic by-products in the portal circulation, where the blood leads straight to the liver. Thus, the excess of triglycerides an... |
Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector History Quantum_Well_Infrared_Photodetector > History In 1985, Stephen Eglash and Lawrence West observed strong intersubband transition in multiple quantum wells (MQW) that prompted more serious consideration into using quantum wells for infrared detectors. Previously, attempts to us... |
Slow strain rate testing The evaluation of the results Slow_strain_rate_testing > The evaluation of the results The evaluated parameters are: time to specimen failure (e.g., breakage, or from other "failure" criteria) ductility (by elongation to fracture or the reduction of the area) ultimate tensile strength (from the... |
Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus Summary Tegmental_pontine_reticular_nucleus The reticulotegmental nucleus has been known to mediate eye movements, otherwise known as saccadic movement. This makes sense concerning their connections, as it would require a nucleus that receives and projects to the cerebellum to mediat... |
Nucleophilic catalysis Proton donors or acceptors Enzyme_catalysis > Mechanisms of an alternative reaction route > Proton donors or acceptors Many reaction mechanisms involving acid/base catalysis assume a substantially altered pKa. This alteration of pKa is possible through the local environment of the residue. pKa ca... |
Model of computation Sequential models Models_of_computation > Models > Sequential models Sequential models include: Finite state machines Post machines (Post–Turing machines and tag machines). Pushdown automata Register machines Random-access machines Turing machines Decision tree model |
Intramembrane protease Distribution Intramembrane_protease > Distribution Intramembrane proteases are found in all domains of life, and all four groups are widely distributed. In eukaryotes, all membrane-bound organelles except peroxisomes have at least one intramembrane protease. |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease Research Gastric_reflux > Research A number of endoscopic devices have been tested to treat chronic heartburn. Endocinch puts stitches in the lower esophogeal sphincter (LES) to create small pleats to help strengthen the muscle. However, long-term results were disappointing, and the devi... |
Masculine ordinal indicator Similar conventions Ordinal_dot > Similar conventions For example: Ex.mo for Excelentíssimo (an honorific), L.da for Limitada (Ltd. ), and Sr.ª for Senhora (Ms.). English has borrowed the No. abbreviation from the Romance-language word numero, which itself derives from the Latin word numero,... |
Mathematical biologist Evolutionary biology Theoretical_Biology > Areas of research > Evolutionary biology When infinitesimal effects at a large number of gene loci are considered, together with the assumption of linkage equilibrium or quasi-linkage equilibrium, one derives quantitative genetics. Ronald Fisher made fun... |
Ischemic cell death Comparison to Apoptosis Ischemic_cell_death > Comparison to Apoptosis Oligonuclosomal DNA fragmentation is initiated by caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease following caspase-3 mediated cleavage of the enzyme’s inhibitor, ICAD. In contrast, the oncotic pathway has been shown to be caspase-3 independe... |
Lift (soaring) Dynamic soaring Lift_(soaring) > Dynamic soaring In dynamic soaring energy is gained by repeatedly crossing the boundary between air masses of different horizontal velocity rather than by rising air. Such zones of high "wind gradient" are usually too close to the ground to be used safely by gliders, but ... |
Discrete fixed-point theorem Summary Discrete_fixed-point_theorem In discrete mathematics, a discrete fixed-point is a fixed-point for functions defined on finite sets, typically subsets of the integer grid Z n {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{n}} . Discrete fixed-point theorems were developed by Iimura, Murota and Tamura,... |
Geometric integrator Pendulum example Geometric_integrator > Pendulum example Define z ( t ) = ( q ( t ) , p ( t ) ) T {\displaystyle z(t)=(q(t),p(t))^{\mathrm {T} }} and f ( z ) = ( p , − sin q ) T {\displaystyle f(z)=(p,-\sin q)^{\mathrm {T} }} . Let us experiment by using some simple numerical methods to integrate... |
Bremsstrahlung Simplified quantum-mechanical description Bremsstrahlung_radiation > Simplified quantum-mechanical description We present some approximate results with the following additional assumptions: Vacuum interaction: we neglect any effects of the background medium, such as plasma screening effects. This is reas... |
Concentration cell Active-passive cells Concentration_cell > Active-passive cells If a metal is protected against corrosion by a tightly adhering passive film (usually an oxide) and salt deposits on the surface in the presence of water, the active metal beneath the film will be exposed to corrosive attack in areas wher... |
Passive sign convention Sign conventions Passive_sign_convention > Explanation > Sign conventions So power flowing into the component from the line is defined as positive; the power variable represents power dissipation in the component. Therefore Active components (power sources) will have negative resistance and nega... |
Minor spliceosome Early evidence Minor_spliceosome > Early evidence Hall and R.A. Padgett compared the primary sequence of all reports on the four genes mentioned above. The results suggested a new type of introns with ATATCCTT 5' splice sites and YCCAC 3' splice sites and an almost invariant TCCTTAAC sequence near the... |
Scheffé's lemma Summary Scheffé's_lemma In mathematics, Scheffé's lemma is a proposition in measure theory concerning the convergence of sequences of integrable functions. It states that, if f n {\displaystyle f_{n}} is a sequence of integrable functions on a measure space ( X , Σ , μ ) {\displaystyle (X,\Sigma ,\mu )}... |
Response priming Rapid-chase theory Response_priming > Theories > Rapid-chase theory The rapid-chase theory of response priming was proposed in 2006 by Thomas Schmidt, Silja Niehaus, and Annabel Nagel. It ties the direct parameter specification model to findings that newly occurring visual stimuli elicit a wave of neur... |
Lamb wave Lamb's characteristic equations Lamb_wave > Lamb's characteristic equations In general, elastic waves in solid materials are guided by the boundaries of the media in which they propagate. An approach to guided wave propagation, widely used in physical acoustics, is to seek sinusoidal solutions to the wave equ... |
Laplacian of the indicator Fluid dynamics Laplacian_of_the_indicator > Applications > Fluid dynamics The Laplacian of the indicator has been used in fluid dynamics, e.g. to model the interfaces between different media. |
Unmanned Ground Vehicle Guidance interface Unmanned_tank > Design > Guidance interface Depending on the type of control system, the interface between machine and human operator can include joystick, computer programs, or voice command. |
State machine replication Ordering Inputs State_machine_replication > The State Machine Approach > Ordering Inputs Consensus Order may be derived independently by each server. Inputs to the State Machine may be executed in Consensus Order, guaranteeing consistent State and Output for all non-faulty replicas. Optimizing... |
Contextual image classification Markov meshes Contextual_image_classification > Algorithms > Markov meshes The lower-order Markov chain and Hilbert space-filling curves mentioned above are treating the image as a line structure. The Markov meshes however will take the two dimensional information into account. |
Salting in Anionic interactions Salting_in > Anionic interactions The abundance of the salt ions decreases the solvating power of salt ions, resulting in the decrease in the solubility of the proteins and precipitation results.At high salt concentrations, the solubility is given by the following empirical expression. l... |
Enneagram of Personality Figure Enneagram_of_Personality > Figure The enneagram figure is composed of three parts; a circle, an inner triangle (connecting 3-6-9), and an irregular hexagonal "periodic figure" (connecting 1-4-2-8-5-7). According to esoteric spiritual traditions, the circle symbolizes unity, the inner tri... |
Mode of failure Failure by corrosion Failure_mechanism > Types of failure causes > Failure by corrosion Materials can be degraded by their environment by corrosion processes, such as rusting in the case of iron and steel. Such processes can also be affected by load in the mechanisms of stress corrosion cracking and env... |
Para-allopatric speciation Environmental gradients Para-allopatric_speciation > Models > Environmental gradients : 113 With this interpretation, his verbal, theoretical model can effectively produce a new species; of which was subsequently confirmed mathematically. : 113 Further mathematical models have been developed ... |
Hyperplane Applications Hyperplane > Applications In convex geometry, two disjoint convex sets in n-dimensional Euclidean space are separated by a hyperplane, a result called the hyperplane separation theorem. In machine learning, hyperplanes are a key tool to create support vector machines for such tasks as computer v... |
Asymptotic series Summary Asymptotic_expansions Repeated integration by parts will often lead to an asymptotic expansion. Since a convergent Taylor series fits the definition of asymptotic expansion as well, the phrase "asymptotic series" usually implies a non-convergent series. Despite non-convergence, the asymptotic ... |
Procedural knowledge Development Procedural_knowledge > Development The development of procedural knowledge is always entangled with the development of declarative knowledge. Researchers suggested that initial problem solving involves explicitly referring to examples, participants start with pure example-based processi... |
Antiarin Physiological systems affected/medical properties Antiarin > Physiological systems affected/medical properties However, the very effect that allows β-antiarin to be a poison also gives it medicinal properties. It limits the sodium ion (Na+) concentration by blocking the Na+ pump, which then promotes calcium io... |
Two-vector Summary Two-vector Notice that both indices of the components are contravariant. This is always the case for two-vectors, by definition. |
Reaction vessel Overview Chemical_reactors > Overview The reactants, in liquid or gas phase, are pumped through the catalyst bed. A chemical reactor may also be a fluidized bed; see Fluidized bed reactor. Chemical reactions occurring in a reactor may be exothermic, meaning giving off heat, or endothermic, meaning absor... |
Meta-learning (computer science) Summary Meta-learning_(computer_science) Meta learning is a subfield of machine learning where automatic learning algorithms are applied to metadata about machine learning experiments. As of 2017, the term had not found a standard interpretation, however the main goal is to use such met... |
List of uncertainty propagation software Software List_of_uncertainty_propagation_software > Software NIST Uncertainty Machine is an uncertainty calculator that uses Gauss' formula and Monte Carlo methods. Users access it through a web browser, but it runs in the R programming language on the server. Complete documenta... |
Intelligence quotient Reliability Intelligence_quotient > Reliability and validity > Reliability On aggregate, IQ tests exhibit high reliability, although test-takers may have varying scores when taking the same test on differing occasions, and may have varying scores when taking different IQ tests at the same age. Lik... |
PCI bus PCI command codes PCI_Local_Bus > PCI bus transactions > PCI command codes All 32 bits of the read address are provided, so that a device may (for compatibility reasons) implement less than 4 bytes worth of I/O registers. If the byte enables request data not within the address range supported by the PCI device ... |
Computer assisted proof Methods Computer-aided_proof > Methods More precisely, one reduces the computation to a sequence of elementary operations, say ( + , − , × , / ) {\displaystyle (+,-,\times ,/)} . In a computer, the result of each elementary operation is rounded off by the computer precision. However, one can con... |
Spontaneous emission Rate of spontaneous emission Spontaneous_emission > Rate of spontaneous emission The above equation clearly shows that the rate of spontaneous emission in free space increases proportionally to ω 3 {\displaystyle \omega ^{3}} . In contrast with atoms, which have a discrete emission spectrum, quantu... |
Geophysical MASINT Sea bottom measurement Geophysical_MASINT > Weather and sea intelligence MASINT > Hydrographic sensors > Sea bottom measurement A variety of sensors can be used to characterise the sea bottom into, for example, mud, sand, and gravel. Active acoustic sensors are the most obvious, but there is potentia... |
Collision attack Classical collision attack Chosen-prefix_attack > Classical collision attack However, workarounds are possible by abusing dynamic constructs present in many formats. In this way, two documents would be created which are as similar as possible in order to have the same hash value. One document would be ... |
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