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Greenhouse warming Measurement Greenhouse_Effect > Measurement Matter emits thermal radiation in an amount that is directly proportional to the fourth power of its temperature. Some of the radiation emitted by the Earth's surface is absorbed by greenhouse gases and clouds. Without this absorption, Earth's surface would... |
Memory Management Unit Segmented translation Memory_Management_Unit > Overview > Older concepts > Segmented translation Each program was allocated an amount of memory that was pre-selected in the Finder and translation from virtual to physical was accomplished within the programs using handles.A more common example is ... |
Breast cancer classification Histopathology HER2_negative_breast_cancer > Histopathology Histopathologic classification is based upon characteristics seen upon light microscopy of biopsy specimens. They can broadly be classified into: Carcinoma in situ . This group constitutes about 15-30% of breast biopsies, more so i... |
Eugene Wigner Summary Eugene_Wigner He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles".A graduate of the Technical University of Berlin, Wigner work... |
Bucket sorting Postman's sort Bucket_sorting > Variants > Postman's sort The Postman's sort is a variant of bucket sort that takes advantage of a hierarchical structure of elements, typically described by a set of attributes. This is the algorithm used by letter-sorting machines in post offices: mail is sorted first be... |
Symmetries in quantum mechanics Gauge theory Symmetries_in_quantum_mechanics > Symmetries in quantum field theory and particle physics > Gauge theory The electromagnetic tensor has an electromagnetic four-potential field possessing gauge symmetry. The strong (color) interaction is mediated by gluons, which can have eig... |
Lens cortex Internal forces Accommodation_of_the_eye > Focusing mechanisms > Land based animals and the shape changing lens > Internal forces Connexins which allow electrical coupling of cells are also prevalent. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescent microscopy show fiber cells to be highly variable in structure an... |
Java technology Principles Java_programming > History > Principles There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language: It must be simple, object-oriented, and familiar. It must be robust and secure. It must be architecture-neutral and portable. It must execute with high performance. It must be interpret... |
Partial regression plot Properties Partial_regression_plot > Properties Velleman and Welsch list the following useful properties for this plot: The least squares linear fit to this plot has the slope β i {\displaystyle \beta _{i}} and intercept zero. The residuals from the least squares linear fit to this plot are iden... |
Chemical fossil Summary Chemical_fossil A biosignature (sometimes called chemical fossil or molecular fossil) is any substance – such as an element, isotope, or molecule – or phenomenon that provides scientific evidence of past or present life. Measurable attributes of life include its complex physical or chemical stru... |
Flagellar motility Motor Flagellum > Types > Bacterial > Motor The bacterial flagellum is driven by a rotary engine (Mot complex) made up of protein, located at the flagellum's anchor point on the inner cell membrane. The engine is powered by proton-motive force, i.e., by the flow of protons (hydrogen ions) across the ... |
Finite sets Necessary and sufficient conditions for finiteness Finite_set > Necessary and sufficient conditions for finiteness (Equivalently, every non-empty family of subsets of S has a maximal element with respect to inclusion.) S can be well-ordered and any two well-orderings on it are order isomorphic. In other wor... |
Watcom C/C++ compiler Summary Watcom_C/C++_compiler Watcom C/C++ (currently Open Watcom C/C++) is an integrated development environment (IDE) product from Watcom International Corporation for the C, C++, and Fortran programming languages. Watcom C/C++ was a commercial product until it was discontinued, then released un... |
Power recovery Regenerative brakes Power_recovery > Thermodynamics > Regenerative brakes Regenerative braking has a similar energy equation to the equation for the mechanical flywheel. Regenerative braking is a two-step process involving the motor/generator and the battery. The initial kinetic energy is transformed int... |
Maxon excitation Comparison with helium-3 Maxon_excitation > Properties > Comparison with helium-3 Although the phenomenologies of the superfluid states of helium-4 and helium-3 are very similar, the microscopic details of the transitions are very different. Helium-4 atoms are bosons, and their superfluidity can be und... |
Number theorists Classical Greece and the early Hellenistic period Elementary_number_theory > History > Origins > Classical Greece and the early Hellenistic period Aristotle claimed that the philosophy of Plato closely followed the teachings of the Pythagoreans, and Cicero repeats this claim: Platonem ferunt didicisse ... |
Sum rule in integration Mechanical Integral_over_time > Computation > Mechanical The area of an arbitrary two-dimensional shape can be determined using a measuring instrument called planimeter. The volume of irregular objects can be measured with precision by the fluid displaced as the object is submerged. |
Genetic rescue History Genetic_rescue > History The conceptual foundation of genetic rescue can be traced back to the work of geneticist Sewall Wright, who studied the effect of immigration among populations linked by gene flow. More recently, genetic rescue has been defined by scientific reviews as: "when population f... |
Learning-by-doing Main Contributors Learning-by-doing > Main Contributors Much of what is known about the learning by doing theory was thanks to the contributions of historic minds that changed education today. The theory has been expounded and popularized by famous American philosopher and educational crusader John De... |
Thread management Processes Single_threading > Related concepts > Processes At the kernel level, a process contains one or more kernel threads, which share the process's resources, such as memory and file handles – a process is a unit of resources, while a thread is a unit of scheduling and execution. Kernel scheduling... |
Adaptive clothes Factors of design Adaptive_clothes > Types of adaptions > Factors of design Clothing is designed with human, environment, and, obviously, clothing in mind. This is called the “Human-Clothing-Enviornment.” These 3 factors contribute to the design of each piece of clothing. The human category is further ... |
Deflection (engineering) Structural deflection Deflection_(engineering) > Structural deflection Building codes determine the maximum deflection, usually as a fraction of the span e.g. 1/400 or 1/600. Either the strength limit state (allowable stress) or the serviceability limit state (deflection considerations among ot... |
Brier score Brier Skill Score (BSS) Brier_score > Brier Skill Score (BSS) A skill score for a given underlying score is an offset and (negatively-) scaled variant of the underlying score such that a skill score value of zero means that the score for the predictions is merely as good as that of a set of baseline or refe... |
Laplace distribution History Laplace_distribution > History This distribution is often referred to as "Laplace's first law of errors". He published it in 1774, modeling the frequency of an error as an exponential function of its magnitude once its sign was disregarded. Laplace would later replace this model with his "s... |
Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression Researchers Centre_for_Gene_Regulation_and_Expression > Researchers His work looks at specialised structures known as kinetochores and the mechanisms which monitor the correct attachment of microtubules to the chromosomes. Tomo Tanaka studies the processes by which eukaryotic c... |
Mathematical Analysis Modernization Mathematical_Analysis > History > Modern > Modernization Around the same time, Riemann introduced his theory of integration, and made significant advances in complex analysis. Towards the end of the 19th century, mathematicians started worrying that they were assuming the existence o... |
Adiabatic theorem Deriving conditions for diabatic vs adiabatic passage Adiabatic_theorem > Deriving conditions for diabatic vs adiabatic passage We will now pursue a more rigorous analysis. Making use of bra–ket notation, the state vector of the system at time t {\displaystyle t} can be written | ψ ( t ) ⟩ = ∑ n c n A... |
Introduction to general relativity Probing the gravitational field Introduction_to_general_relativity > Geometry and gravitation > Probing the gravitational field If, for example, two bodies are initially at rest relative to each other, but are then dropped in the Earth's gravitational field, they will move towards eac... |
Motion simulator Proprioceptors Motion_platform > How human physiology processes and responds to motion > Proprioceptors These sensory signals are processed by the brain in response to signals that travel along motor nerves. Motor neurons, with their special fibres, carry these signals to muscles, which are instructed ... |
Transfection Endogenous vs. exogenous long RNA Transfection > RNA transfection > Endogenous vs. exogenous long RNA Several reports suggest that phosphorylation of the 5'-end of a long RNA molecule can influence its immunogenicity, and specifically that 5'-triphosphate RNA, which can be produced during viral infection, ... |
Fission-fragment rocket Design considerations Fission-fragment_rocket > Design considerations The atoms undergoing fission are at a temperature of millions of degrees, which is then spread out into the surrounding fuel, resulting in an overall temperature of a few thousand. By physically arranging the fuel into very th... |
Angular momentum quantization Conservation of angular momentum Angular_momentum_(quantum_mechanics) > Conservation of angular momentum This is the basis for saying conservation of angular momentum is a general principle of physics. For a particle without spin, J = L, so orbital angular momentum is conserved in the same... |
Osteoclast Summary Osteoclast The osteoclasts secrete hydrogen ions, collagenase, cathepsin K and hydrolytic enzymes into this compartment. Resorption of bone matrix by the osteoclasts involves two steps: (1) dissolution of inorganic components (minerals), and (2) digestion of organic component of the bone matrix. The ... |
Watertable control Description and definitions Watertable_depth > Description and definitions Subsurface land drainage aims at controlling the water table of the groundwater in originally waterlogged land at a depth acceptable for the purpose for which the land is used. The depth of the water table with drainage is gre... |
Optic neuritis Cause Retrobulbar_neuritis > Cause The presence of demyelinating white matter lesions on brain MRI at the time of presentation of optic neuritis is the strongest predictor for developing clinically definite MS. Almost half of the patients with optic neuritis have white matter lesions consistent with mult... |
OptimJ Objectives OptimJ > OR-specific concepts > Objectives Optionally, when a model describes an optimization problem, an objective function to be minimized or maximized can be stated in the model. |
Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime Electromagnetic field Maxwell's_equations_in_curved_spacetime > Electromagnetic field Using the antisymmetry of the electromagnetic field, one can either reduce to an identity (0 = 0) or render redundant all the equations except for those with {λ, μ, ν} being either {1, 2, 3}, {2... |
Heat of combustion Relation between heating values Lower_Heating_Value > Relation between heating values In such applications, the lower heating value must be used to give a 'benchmark' for the process. However, for true energy calculations in some specific cases, the higher heating value is correct. This is particular... |
Ubiquitin-like protein Structure and classification Ubiquitin-like_protein > Structure and classification Members of the UBL family are small, non-enzymatic proteins that share a common structure exemplified by ubiquitin, which has 76 amino acid residues arranged into a "beta-grasp" protein fold consisting of a five-st... |
Rotary Cell Culture System Uses Rotary_Cell_Culture_System > Uses A closed tubular cylinder forms the system's cell culture chamber, which is filled with a liquid medium in which cells grow on micrometre-size beads. The chamber rotates around a horizontal axis, allowing the cells to develop in an environment similar to... |
Generative adversarial network Variants Generative_adversarial_network > Variants There is a veritable zoo of GAN variants. Some of the most prominent are as follows: |
Complex coordinate space Summary Complex_coordinate_space In mathematics, the n-dimensional complex coordinate space (or complex n-space) is the set of all ordered n-tuples of complex numbers. It is denoted C n {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}} , and is the n-fold Cartesian product of the complex plane C {\displaystyle ... |
Predictive coding General framework Predictive_coding > General framework Constrained by the statistical regularities of the outside world (and certain evolutionarily prepared predictions), the brain encodes top-down generative models at various temporal and spatial scales in order to predict and effectively suppress s... |
Parallel-plate capacitor Summary Parallel-plate_capacitor Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. |
Process analysis Summary Process_analysis Process analysis is a form of technical writing and expository writing "designed to convey to the reader how a change takes place through a series of stages".While the traditional process analysis and a set of instructions are both organized chronologically, the reader of a pro... |
History of loop quantum gravity Loop quantum gravity History_of_loop_quantum_gravity > History > Loop quantum gravity In this context, spin networks arose as a generalization of Wilson loops necessary to deal with mutually intersecting loops. Mathematically, spin networks are related to group representation theory and ... |
Levofloxacin Contraindications and interactions Levofloxacin > Contraindications and interactions This can result in more action of drugs like warfarin, leading to more potential side effects, such as bleeding.The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in combination with high dose fluoroquinolone therap... |
Zero-point energy Casimir effect Zero_point_energy > Experimental observations > Casimir effect A phenomenon that is commonly presented as evidence for the existence of zero-point energy in vacuum is the Casimir effect, proposed in 1948 by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir, who considered the quantized electromagnetic fi... |
Statistical assumption Classes of assumptions Statistical_assumption > Classes of assumptions Design-based assumptions. These relate to the way observations have been gathered, and often involve an assumption of randomization during sampling.The model-based approach is the most commonly used in statistical inference; t... |
Smart farming The Internet of things Smart_farming > Emerging technologies > The Internet of things The irrigation systems can be programmed to switch which side of tree trunk they water based on the plant's need and rainfall.Innovations are not just limited to plants—they can be used for the welfare of animals. Cattle... |
Polio virus Immune system avoidance Polio_virus > Immune system avoidance Poliovirus uses two key mechanisms to evade the immune system. First, it can survive the highly acidic conditions of the stomach, allowing the virus to infect the host and spread throughout the body via the lymphatic system. Second, because it ca... |
Invention of radio Maxwell and the theoretical prediction of electromagnetic waves Invention_of_radio > Development of electromagnetism > Maxwell and the theoretical prediction of electromagnetic waves Between 1861 and 1865, based on the earlier experimental work of Faraday and other scientists and on his own modificat... |
Progress in artificial intelligence Proposed tests of artificial intelligence Progress_in_artificial_intelligence > Proposed tests of artificial intelligence In his famous Turing test, Alan Turing picked language, the defining feature of human beings, for its basis. The Turing test is now considered too exploitable to ... |
Mohr circle Sign conventions Mohr's_circle > Mohr's circle for two-dimensional state of stress > Sign conventions A more detailed explanation of these sign conventions is presented below. The previous derivation for the equation of the Mohr Circle using Figure 4 follows the engineering mechanics sign convention. The en... |
Communications technologies Intrapersonal Social_communication > Human > Intrapersonal New knowledge can also be internalized this way, like when repeating new vocabulary to oneself. Because of these functions, intrapersonal communication can be understood as "an exceptionally powerful and pervasive tool for thinking. ... |
J. Robert Oppenheimer Legacy J._Robert_Oppenheimer > Legacy ... I had never said that I had regretted participating in a responsible way in the making of the bomb. I said that perhaps he had forgotten Guernica, Coventry, Hamburg, Dresden, Dachau, Warsaw, and Tokyo; but I had not, and that if he found it so difficult t... |
Convolutional neural networks Convolutional layers Convolutional_neural_networks > Architecture > Convolutional layers Convolution reduces the number of free parameters, allowing the network to be deeper. For example, using a 5 × 5 tiling region, each with the same shared weights, requires only 25 neurons. Using regula... |
Mineral resources Renewability/exhaustibility Extractive_industry > Classification > Renewability/exhaustibility They replenish easily compared to non-renewable resources.Non-renewable resources: These resources are formed over a long geological time period in the environment and cannot be renewed easily. Minerals are ... |
Glossary of experimental design Glossary Glossary_of_experimental_design > Glossary Control group: a set of experimental units to which incidental treatments are applied but not main treatments. For example, in applying a herbicide as one treatment, plots receiving that treatment might be driven over by a machine apply... |
Anyonic statistics Abelian anyons Anyonic_statistics > Abelian anyons Thus, elementary particles are either fermions, whose phase factor is − 1 {\displaystyle -1} , or bosons, whose phase factor is 1 {\displaystyle 1} . These two types have different statistical behaviour. Fermions obey Fermi–Dirac statistics, while bo... |
Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge History Bollman_truss > History The design employs wrought iron tension members and cast iron compression members. It was an improvement over wooden structures, as the independent structural units lessened the possibility of structural failure. |
Balloon pulmonary angioplasty Technique Balloon_pulmonary_angioplasty > Technique BPA is performed by specialists in a catheterization laboratory. Each procedure takes between two and four hours and most people undergo up to six treatments with the first two sessions being performed a fortnight apart and subsequent tre... |
Cellular life Prokaryotic cells Biological_cell > Cell types > Prokaryotic cells Some eukaryotic cells (plant cells and fungal cells) also have a cell wall. Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that contains the genome (DNA), ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions. The genetic material is freely found in the cy... |
Frobenius-Perron eigenvector Perron projection Primitive_matrix > Proof methods > Further proofs > Perron projection If v and w are the positive row and column vectors that it generates then the Perron projection is just wv/vw. The spectral projections aren't neatly blocked as in the Jordan form. Here they are overlaid... |
Polynomial system of equations General solving algorithms Systems_of_polynomial_equations > Solving numerically > General solving algorithms Therefore, it is a basic tool for the homotopy continuation method described below. Optimization is rarely used for solving polynomial systems, but it succeeded, circa 1970, in sh... |
Transport Dispatch Interface Summary Transport_Dispatch_Interface TDI clients are provided with the compiler. The user-mode binary uses the user-mode API of whatever network protocol is being used, which in turn causes the TDI client to emit TDI commands into the Transport Provider. Typical TDI commands are TDI_SEND, T... |
Law of total variance Summary Law_of_total_variance In probability theory, the law of total variance or variance decomposition formula or conditional variance formulas or law of iterated variances also known as Eve's law, states that if X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} are random variables on the same probab... |
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Treatment Obesity_hypoventilation_syndrome > Treatment PAP exists in various forms, and the ideal strategy is uncertain. Some medications have been tried to stimulate breathing or correct underlying abnormalities; their benefit is again uncertain.While many people with obesity hypoventi... |
Fault Tolerance Terminology Fault-tolerant_design > Terminology A highly fault-tolerant system might continue at the same level of performance even though one or more components have failed. For example, a building with a backup electrical generator will provide the same voltage to wall outlets even if the grid power f... |
SMILES arbitrary target specification Examples of SMARTS SMILES_arbitrary_target_specification > Examples of SMARTS When a carboxylic acid deprotonates the negative charge is delocalised over both oxygen atoms and it may be desirable to designate both as anionic. This can achieved using the following SMARTS. )C=O),$(O=... |
Oscillating circuit Simple harmonic oscillation Oscillating_system > Simple harmonic oscillation The simplest mechanical oscillating system is a weight attached to a linear spring subject to only weight and tension. Such a system may be approximated on an air table or ice surface. The system is in an equilibrium state ... |
Educational data mining Distillation of data for human judgment Educational_data_mining > Main approaches > Distillation of data for human judgment Humans can make inferences about data that may be beyond the scope in which an automated data mining method provides. For the use of education data mining, data is distille... |
Speed ratio Wide-ratio vs. close-ratio transmission Gear_ratio > Automotive applications > Wide-ratio vs. close-ratio transmission Progression is the reduction or decay in the percentage drop in engine speed in the next gear, for example after shifting from 1st to 2nd gear. Most transmissions have some degree of progre... |
Memory leak An example of memory leak Memory_leak > Consequences > An example of memory leak The following example, written in pseudocode, is intended to show how a memory leak can come about, and its effects, without needing any programming knowledge. The program in this case is part of some very simple software desig... |
Financial signal processing Summary Financial_signal_processing Financial signal processing is a branch of signal processing technologies which applies to signals within financial markets. They are often used by quantitative analysts to make best estimation of the movement of financial markets, such as stock prices, op... |
Medial forebrain bundle Potential role in diagnosis/treatment Medial_forebrain_bundle > Potential role in diagnosis/treatment The medial forebrain bundle may serve as a target in treating treatment-resistant depression. Since the MFB connects areas of the brain which are involved with motivated behavior, mood regulatio... |
Pointer arithmetic Formal description Dereference_operator > Formal description In computer science, a pointer is a kind of reference. A data primitive (or just primitive) is any datum that can be read from or written to computer memory using one memory access (for instance, both a byte and a word are primitives). A da... |
Canonical angular momentum Case of a fixed center of mass Introduction_to_angular_momentum > Solid bodies > Collection of particles > Case of a fixed center of mass For the case of the center of mass fixed in space with respect to the origin, and equations (2) and (3) for total angular momentum reduce to, |
Social affordance Summary Social_affordance Social affordance is a type of affordance. It refers to the properties of an object or environment that permit social actions. Social affordance is most often used in the context of a social technology such as Wiki, Chat and Facebook applications and refers to sociotechnical ... |
Measurement Representational theory Measurement > Definitions and theories > Representational theory Likewise, computing and assigning arbitrary values, like the "book value" of an asset in accounting, is not a measurement because it does not satisfy the necessary criteria. Three type of Representational theory 1) Empi... |
Passive Optical Network Network elements Passive_Optical_Network > Network elements An OLT provides the interface between a PON and a service provider's core network. These typically include: IP traffic over Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, or 10 Gigabit Ethernet; Standard TDM interfaces such as SDH/SONET; ATM UNI at 1... |
Dissonant counterpoint General principles Species_counterpoint > General principles In particular, Mazzola's model gives a structural (and not psychological) foundation of forbidden parallels of fifths and the dissonant fourth. Octavio Agustin has extended the model to microtonal contexts.In counterpoint, the functiona... |
Transketolase Mechanism Transketolase > Mechanism The donor substrate is then released, and the acceptor substrate enters the active site where the fragment, which is bound to the intermediate α-β-dihydroxyethyl thiamin diphosphate, is then transferred to the acceptor. Experiments have also been conducted that test the... |
Metropolis sampling Intuition Metropolis–Hastings_algorithm > Intuition This means that effective sample sizes can be significantly lower than the number of samples actually taken, leading to large errors. Although the Markov chain eventually converges to the desired distribution, the initial samples may follow a very ... |
Pulmonic stenosis Summary Pulmonary_stenosis Pulmonic stenosis, is a dynamic or fixed obstruction of flow from the right ventricle of the heart to the pulmonary artery. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood. |
SECD machine Registers and memory SECD_machine > Registers and memory The SECD machine is stack-based. Functions take their arguments from the stack. The arguments to built-in instructions are encoded immediately after them in the instruction stream. |
Slater determinant Two-particle case Slater_determinant > Definition > Two-particle case This wave function is now antisymmetric and no longer distinguishes between fermions (that is, one cannot indicate an ordinal number to a specific particle, and the indices given are interchangeable). Moreover, it also goes to zero... |
Ecogeographical rule List of biological rules Biological_rules > List of biological rules He proposed the rule for lice, but later authors have shown that it works equally well for many other groups of parasite including barnacles, nematodes, fleas, flies, mites, and ticks, and for the analogous case of small herbivore... |
Validation (drug manufacture) Summary Validation_(drug_manufacture) The process of establishing documentary evidence demonstrating that a procedure, process, or activity carried out in testing and then production maintains the desired level of compliance at all stages. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is very importa... |
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor Monoamine hypothesis Triple_reuptake_inhibitor > Role of monoamine neurotransmitters > Monoamine hypothesis However, elation may be associated with an excess of such amines." Shortly after Schildkraut's catecholamine hypothesis was published, Coppen proposed that 5-H... |
Lens Non spherical types Curved_lens > Non spherical types A gradient index lens has flat optical surfaces, but has a radial or axial variation in index of refraction that causes light passing through the lens to be focused. An axicon has a conical optical surface. It images a point source into a line along the optic a... |
Scientific proof Utility of scientific evidence Scientific_proof > Utility of scientific evidence Philosophers, such as Karl R. Popper, have provided influential theories of the scientific method within which scientific evidence plays a central role. In summary, Popper provides that a scientist creatively develops a th... |
Multiple sclerosis signs and symptoms Pain Multiple_sclerosis_signs_and_symptoms > Pain Pain is a common symptom in MS. A recent study systematically pooling results from 28 studies (7101 patients) estimates that pain affects 63% of people with MS. These 28 studies described pain in a large range of different people wi... |
Doppler imaging Summary Doppler_imaging Inhomogeneous structures on stellar surfaces, i.e. temperature differences, chemical composition or magnetic fields, create characteristic distortions in the spectral lines due to the Doppler effect. These distortions will move across spectral line profiles due to the stellar rot... |
Machine learning in bioinformatics Metagenomics Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics > Applications > Metagenomics The framework combines: identifying a few significant features by a massively parallel forward variable selection procedure mapping the selected species on a phylogenetic tree, and predicting functional prof... |
Molecular demon Energy and information Molecular_demon > Energy and information It is a quite elegant experiment that consists of a microscopic particle on a spiral-staircase-like potential. The step has a height corresponding to kBT, where kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. The particle jumps betwe... |
Socio-analysis Group relations theory and Tavistock conferences Socio-analysis > Brief history > Group relations theory and Tavistock conferences Bion's exploration of group dynamics at the Tavistock Clinic in London after the war culminated in a seminal publication "Experiences in Groups", which describes and analyses... |
Distributed parameter systems Observability Distributed_parameter_system > Linear time-invariant distributed-parameter systems > Observability As in the finite-dimensional case, observability is the dual notion of controllability. In the infinite-dimensional case there are several different notions of observability whi... |
Ambidirectional dominance Summary Ambidirectional_dominance Ambidirectional dominance occurs in a situation where multiple genes influence a phenotype and dominance is in different directions depending on the gene. For example, for gene A increased height is dominant, while for gene B decreased height is dominant. The ... |
Regularized meshless method History and recent development Regularized_meshless_method > History and recent development These days the finite element method (FEM), finite difference method (FDM), finite volume method (FVM), and boundary element method (BEM) are dominant numerical techniques in numerical modelings of ma... |
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