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Rigid-frame bridge Single span Rigid-frame_bridge > Types of rigid-frame bridge > Single span Single span rigid-frame bridges are typically made of reinforced concrete and are commonly used on parkways and other roadways. This design is an efficient use of material as the cross section at mid-span is relatively narrow and the amount of concrete needed at the abutments is reduced. The narrow section at mid-span gives the bridge profile a slight arch shape making this design particularly useful when large headroom is required. The profile also makes the bridge more architecturally pleasing than a beam bridge. Rigid-frame design may be the most efficient bridge type for spans between 35 and 80 feet (11 and 24 m). If steel is used, the economic advantage extends to spans of 120 feet (37 m). |
Electrochemical reactions Electrolysis of water Electrochemical_reduction > Electrolysis > Electrolysis of water The electrolysis starts with the application of an external voltage between the electrodes. This process will not occur except at extremely high voltages without an electrolyte such as sodium chloride or sulfuric acid (most used 0.1 M).Bubbles from the gases will be seen near both electrodes. The following half reactions describe the process mentioned above: Anode (oxidation): 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e− Cathode (reduction): 2 H2O(g) + 2 e− → H2(g) + 2 OH−(aq) Overall reaction: 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)Although strong acids may be used in the apparatus, the reaction will not net consume the acid. While this reaction will work at any conductive electrode at a sufficiently large potential, platinum catalyzes both hydrogen and oxygen formation, allowing for relatively low voltages (~2 V depending on the pH). |
Loop optimization Optimization via a sequence of loop transformations Loop_transformation > Optimization via a sequence of loop transformations This can help eliminate dependencies and thus enable other optimizations. Certain architectures utilize looping constructs at assembly level that count in a single direction only (e.g., decrement-jump-if-not-zero ). Scheduling – this divides a loop into multiple parts that may be run concurrently on multiple processors. |
Löb's Theorem Modal fixed points Löb's_Theorem > Modal proof of Löb's theorem > Modal fixed points If F ( X ) {\displaystyle F(X)} is a modal formula with only one propositional variable X {\displaystyle X} , then a modal fixed point of F ( X ) {\displaystyle F(X)} is a sentence Ψ {\displaystyle \Psi } such that ⊢ Ψ ↔ F ( ◻ Ψ ) {\displaystyle \vdash \Psi \leftrightarrow F(\Box \Psi )} We will assume the existence of such fixed points for every modal formula with one free variable. This is of course not an obvious thing to assume, but if we interpret ◻ {\displaystyle \Box } as provability in Peano Arithmetic, then the existence of modal fixed points follows from the diagonal lemma. |
Faraday paradox Faraday's law compared to the Maxwell–Faraday equation Faraday_paradox > Faraday's law compared to the Maxwell–Faraday equation Faraday's law (also known as the Faraday–Lenz law) states that the electromotive force (EMF) is given by the total derivative of the magnetic flux with respect to time t: E = − d Φ B d t , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}=-{\frac {d\Phi _{B}}{dt}},} where E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} is the EMF and ΦB is the magnetic flux through a loop of wire. The direction of the electromotive force is given by Lenz's law. An often overlooked fact is that Faraday's law is based on the total derivative, not the partial derivative, of the magnetic flux. |
Logical partition History Processor_Resource/System_Manager > History IBM developed the concept of hypervisors (virtual machines in CP-40 and CP-67) and in 1972 provided it for the S/370 as Virtual Machine Facility/370. IBM introduced the Start Interpretive Execution (SIE) instruction (designed specifically for the execution of virtual machines) as part of 370-XA architecture on the 3081, as well as VM/XA versions of VM to exploit it. PR/SM is a type-1 Hypervisor based on the CP component of VM/XA that runs directly on the machine level and allocates system resources across LPARs to share physical resources. It is a standard feature on IBM System z only. |
Asynchronous cellular automaton Update Schemes Asynchronous_cellular_automaton > Update Schemes Nodes within a block were updated synchronously, but blocks were updated asynchronously. They experimented with three schemes: (1) at each time step, a block is chosen at random with replacement; (2) at each time step, a block is chosen at random without replacement; (3) at each time step, a block is chosen according to a fixed update order. |
CUR matrix approximation Summary CUR_matrix_approximation The CUR is less accurate, but the columns of the matrix C are taken from A and the rows of R are taken from A. In PCA, each column of A contains a data sample; thus, the matrix C is made of a subset of data samples. This is much easier to interpret than the SVD's left singular vectors, which represent the data in a rotated space. Similarly, the matrix R is made of a subset of variables measured for each data sample. This is easier to comprehend than the SVD's right singular vectors, which are another rotations of the data in space. |
Vibration theory Isotope effects Vibration_theory > Support > Isotope effects A major prediction of Turin's theory is the isotope effect: that the normal and deuterated versions of a compound should smell different, although they have the same shape. A 2001 study by Haffenden et al. showed humans able to distinguish benzaldehyde from its deuterated version. However, this study has been criticized for lacking double-blind controls to eliminate bias and because it used an anomalous version of the duo-trio test. In another study, tests with animals have shown fish and insects able to distinguish isotopes by smell.Deuteration changes the heats of adsorption and the boiling and freezing points of molecules (boiling points: 100.0 °C for H2O vs. 101.42 °C for D2O; melting points: 0.0 °C for H2O, 3.82 °C for D2O), pKa (i.e., dissociation constant: 9.71×10−15 for H2O vs. 1.95×10−15 for D2O, cf. Heavy water) and the strength of hydrogen bonding. |
Jordan–Chevalley decomposition Decomposition of a linear operator Jordan_decomposition_in_a_Lie_algebra > Decomposition of a linear operator In particular, for any such decomposition over a perfect field, an operator that commutes with x also commutes with xs and xn. If x is an invertible operator, then a multiplicative Jordan–Chevalley decomposition expresses x as a product x = xs · xu,where xs is semisimple, xu is unipotent, and xs and xu commute. |
Aminodeoxychorismate synthase Reaction Aminodeoxychorismate_synthase > Reaction In certain microbial species such as Escherichia coli, aminodeoxychorismate synthase is a heterodimeric complex composed of two proteins, glutamine amidotransferase (PabA) and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase (PabB). In other species such as plants or lower eukaryotes an enzyme comprising a single polypeptide performs both reactions. In Escherichia coli, the reaction is a two step process. |
Brillouin theorem Summary Brillouin's_theorem In quantum chemistry, Brillouin's theorem, proposed by the French physicist Léon Brillouin in 1934, relates to Hartree–Fock wavefunctions. Hartree–Fock, or the self-consistent field method, is a non-relativistic method of generating approximate wavefunctions for a many-bodied quantum system, based on the assumption that each electron is exposed to an average of the positions of all other electrons, and that the solution is a linear combination of pre-specified basis functions. The theorem states that given a self-consistent optimized Hartree–Fock wavefunction | ψ 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi _{0}\rangle } , the matrix element of the Hamiltonian between the ground state and a single excited determinant (i.e. one where an occupied orbital a is replaced by a virtual orbital r) must be zero. |
Chemotherapeutic drugs Treatment strategies Cytotoxic_drug > Treatment strategies The biggest advantage is minimising the chances of resistance developing to any one agent. Also, the drugs can often be used at lower doses, reducing toxicity. : 55–59: 17–18 Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is given prior to a local treatment such as surgery, and is designed to shrink the primary tumor. |
Peek (data type operation) Abstract definition Peek_(data_type_operation) > Abstract definition Intuitively, peek returns the same value as pop, but does not change the data. Behavior when the collection is empty varies – most often this yields an underflow error, identically to a pop on an empty collection, but some implementations provide a function which instead simply returns (without error), essentially implementing if isempty then return, else peek. This behavior can be axiomatized in various ways. For example, a common VDM (Vienna Development Method) description of a stack defines top (peek) and remove as atomic, where top returns the top value (without modifying the stack), and remove modifies the stack (without returning a value). In this case pop is defined in terms of top and remove. Alternatively, given pop, the operation peek can be axiomatized as: peek(D) = pop(D) peek(D), D = Dmeaning "returns the same value as pop", and "does not change the underlying data" (value of data after peek same as before peek). |
Ecological equilibrium Overview Predictive_homeostasis > Overview However, the set point of the regulator is regularly reset. For instance, core body temperature in humans varies during the course of the day (i.e. has a circadian rhythm), with the lowest temperatures occurring at night, and the highest in the afternoons. Other normal temperature variations include those related to the menstrual cycle. |
Attenuator (genetics) Other operons controlled by attenuation Attenuator_(genetics) > Other operons controlled by attenuation The discovery of this type of mechanism to control the expression of genes in a biosynthetic operon lead to its identification in a wide variety of such operons for which repressors had never been discovered. For example: |
Kôdi Husimi Graph theory Kôdi_Husimi > Contributions > Graph theory In the mathematical area of graph theory, the name "Husimi tree" has come to refer to two different kinds of graphs: cactus graphs (the graphs in which each edge belongs to at most one cycle) and block graphs (the graphs in which, for every cycle, all diagonals of the cycle are edges). Husimi studied cactus graphs in a 1950 paper, and the name "Husimi trees" was given to these graphs in a later paper by Frank Harary and George Eugene Uhlenbeck. Due to an error by later researchers, the name came to be applied to block graphs as well, causing it to become ambiguous and fall into disuse. |
Slow strain rate testing Effect of strain rate Slow_strain_rate_testing > Effect of strain rate The important characteristic of these tests is that the strain rate is low, for example extension rates selected in the range from 10−8 to 10−3 s−1. The selection of the strain rate is very important because the susceptibility to cracking may not be evident from result of tests at too low or too high strain rate. For numerous material-environment systems, strain rates in range 10−5 - 10−6 s−1 are used; however, the observed absence of cracking at a given strain rate should not be taken as a proof of immunity to cracking. There are known cases wherein the susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking only became evident at strain rates as low as 10−8 or 10−9 s−1. Nevertheless, the method is very suitable for mechanistic studies, as well as for relative ranking of susceptibility to cracking of different alloys, or the aggressiveness of environments and the effect of temperature, pH, metallurgical condition etc. The fastest strain rate that will still promote SCC for a given environment-material system is sometimes called the "critical strain rate", some values are given in the table: |
Integrated Operations Contents of the term Integrated_Operations > Contents of the term It is also possible for a team at an office in a different time zone to be consulting the night-shift of the platform, so that no land-based workers need work at night. Splitting the team between land and sea demands new work processes, which together with ICT is the two main focus points for IO. Tools like videoconferencing and 3D-visualization also creates an opportunity for new, more cross-discipline cooperations. |
Rotation (geometry) In Euclidean geometry Rotation_(mathematics) > Definitions and representations > In Euclidean geometry In two dimensions, only a single angle is needed to specify a rotation about the origin – the angle of rotation that specifies an element of the circle group (also known as U(1)). The rotation is acting to rotate an object counterclockwise through an angle θ about the origin; see below for details. Composition of rotations sums their angles modulo 1 turn, which implies that all two-dimensional rotations about the same point commute. |
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Contents De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium > Contents Book IV is a similar description of the Moon and its orbital movements. Book V explains how to calculate the positions of the wandering stars based on the heliocentric model and gives tables for the five planets. Book VI deals with the digression in latitude from the ecliptic of the five planets.Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres. |
Stationary engine Electricity generation Stationary_engine > Applications > Electricity generation The pulley on the generator was much smaller than the flywheel, providing the required 'gearing up' effect. Later spark-ignition engines developed from the 1920s could be directly coupled. Up to the 1930s most rural houses in Europe and North America needed their own generating equipment if electric light was fitted. |
Warehouse execution system E-commerce Warehouse_execution_system > E-commerce One of the byproducts of the rise of e-commerce, is the need for software to support the complexities of omni-channel fulfillment. "The omni-channel environment places enormous pressure on DCs to keep up with higher order volumes including rapid processing of small e-commerce orders." The market for WES solutions continue to grow as DC operators seek productivity and support a high throughput. |
PC/104 History and standardization PC/104 > History and standardization The PC/104 bus and form factor was originally devised by Ampro in 1987 (led by CTO Rick Lehrbaum), and later standardized by the PC/104 Consortium in 1992. An IEEE standard corresponding to PC/104 was drafted as IEEE P996.1, but never ratified. In 1997, the PC/104 Consortium introduced a newer standard based on the PCI bus. |
Variety (linguistics) Standard varieties Variety_(linguistics) > Standard varieties Many languages have a standard variety, some lect that is selected and promoted prescriptively by either quasi-legal authorities or other social institutions, such as schools or media. Standard varieties are accorded more sociolinguistic prestige than other, nonstandard lects and are generally thought of as "correct" by speakers of the language. Since the selection is an arbitrary standard, standard forms are the "correct" varieties only in the sense that they are tacitly valued by higher socio-economic strata and promoted by public influencers on matters of language use, such as writers, publishers, critics, language teachers, and self-appointed language guardians. As Ralph Harold Fasold puts it, "The standard language may not even be the best possible constellation of linguistic features available. |
Universal enveloping algebra Casimir operators Universal_enveloping_algebra > Casimir operators Recall that the adjoint representation is given directly by the structure constants, and so an explicit indexed form of the above equations can be given, in terms of the Lie algebra basis; this is originally a theorem of Israel Gel'fand. That is, from = 0 {\displaystyle =0} , it follows that f i j k κ j l ⋯ m + f i j l κ k j ⋯ m + ⋯ + f i j m κ k l ⋯ j = 0 {\displaystyle f_{ij}^{\;\;k}\kappa ^{jl\cdots m}+f_{ij}^{\;\;l}\kappa ^{kj\cdots m}+\cdots +f_{ij}^{\;\;m}\kappa ^{kl\cdots j}=0} where the structure constants are = f i j k e k {\displaystyle =f_{ij}^{\;\;k}e_{k}} As an example, the quadratic Casimir operator is C ( 2 ) = κ i j e i ⊗ e j {\displaystyle C_{(2)}=\kappa ^{ij}e_{i}\otimes e_{j}} where κ i j {\displaystyle \kappa ^{ij}} is the inverse matrix of the Killing form κ i j . {\displaystyle \kappa _{ij}.} That the Casimir operator C ( 2 ) {\displaystyle C_{(2)}} belongs to the center Z ( U ( g ) ) {\displaystyle Z(U({\mathfrak {g}}))} follows from the fact that the Killing form is invariant under the adjoint action. The center of the universal enveloping algebra of a simple Lie algebra is given in detail by the Harish-Chandra isomorphism. |
Electrical generators Variable-speed constant-frequency generators Electrical_generators > Specialised types of generator > Alternating current (AC) > Variable-speed constant-frequency generators Grid-connected generators deliver power at a constant frequency. For generators of the synchronous or induction type, the primer mover speed turning the generator shaft must be at a particular speed (or narrow range of speed) to deliver power at the required utility frequency. Mechanical speed-regulating devices may waste a significant fraction of the input energy to maintain a required fixed frequency. Where it is impractical or undesired to tightly regulate the speed of the prime mover, doubly fed electric machines may be used as generators. |
Gigantic (video game) Gameplay Gigantic_(video_game) > Gameplay But if a creature gets killed, it also grants power. Killing a Hero or a baby creature grants 10 power, killing an adult creature or collecting power grants 20. If your Guardian has 100 power, you may attack. |
Ordinary differential equation Reduction to quadratures Inhomogeneous_ordinary_differential_equation > Theories > Reduction to quadratures The primitive attempt in dealing with differential equations had in view a reduction to quadratures. As it had been the hope of eighteenth-century algebraists to find a method for solving the general equation of the nth degree, so it was the hope of analysts to find a general method for integrating any differential equation. Gauss (1799) showed, however, that complex differential equations require complex numbers. Hence, analysts began to substitute the study of functions, thus opening a new and fertile field. Cauchy was the first to appreciate the importance of this view. Thereafter, the real question was no longer whether a solution is possible by means of known functions or their integrals, but whether a given differential equation suffices for the definition of a function of the independent variable or variables, and, if so, what are the characteristic properties. |
Special Relativity Einstein's 1905 demonstration of E = mc2 Special_Relativity > Dynamics > Einstein's 1905 demonstration of E = mc2 Because of conservation of momentum, the body remains stationary in S after emission of the two pulses. Let E 0 {\displaystyle E_{0}} be the energy of the body before emission of the two pulses and E 1 {\displaystyle E_{1}} after their emission. Next, consider the same system observed from frame S′ that is moving along the x-axis at speed v {\displaystyle v} relative to frame S. In this frame, light from the forwards and reverse pulses will be relativistically Doppler-shifted. |
Reinforcement Learning State-value function Inverse_reinforcement_learning > Algorithms for control learning > Criterion of optimality > State-value function A policy is stationary if the action-distribution returned by it depends only on the last state visited (from the observation agent's history). The search can be further restricted to deterministic stationary policies. A deterministic stationary policy deterministically selects actions based on the current state. Since any such policy can be identified with a mapping from the set of states to the set of actions, these policies can be identified with such mappings with no loss of generality. |
Algorithmic learning theory Learning in the limit Algorithmic_learning_theory > Learning in the limit The concept was introduced in E. Mark Gold's seminal paper "Language identification in the limit". The objective of language identification is for a machine running one program to be capable of developing another program by which any given sentence can be tested to determine whether it is "grammatical" or "ungrammatical". The language being learned need not be English or any other natural language - in fact the definition of "grammatical" can be absolutely anything known to the tester. In Gold's learning model, the tester gives the learner an example sentence at each step, and the learner responds with a hypothesis, which is a suggested program to determine grammatical correctness. |
Design of plastic components Simulation Design_of_plastic_components > Feature Based Rules > Simulation The design of injection moulded components can be further improved and optimised by using injection moulding simulation software such as Autodesk Moldflow and SolidWorks Plastics. This software works with components designed in CAD to simulate how a polymer behaves when it enters a injection mould cavity. It can predict how the molten material flows and freezes, any part geometry that is too thin or too thick and if there are any weaknesses created in the plastic from defects such as weld lines. |
System Archetypes Balancing process with delay System_Archetypes > Examples of system archetypes > Balancing process with delay This archetype explains the system in which the response to action is delayed. If the agents do not perceive the delayed feedback, they might overshoot or underestimate the requisite action in order to reach their goals. This could be avoided by being patient or by accelerating reactions of the system to realized measures. Example: supply chain (The Beer Game) |
Tumor metabolome Warburg effect and glycolysis Tumor_metabolome > Warburg effect and glycolysis In this regard, cancer cells and stromal cells can symbiotically recycle and maximize the use of nutrients. Hypoxic adaptation by cancer cells is essential for survival and progression of a tumor. In addition to cell-autonomous changes that drive a cancer cell to proliferate and contribute to tumorigenesis, it has also been observed that alterations in whole-organism metabolism such as obesity are associated with heightened risks for a variety of cancers. |
Memory encoding Cued Recall Memory_encoding > Computational Models of Memory Encoding > Cued Recall In cued recall, an individual is presented with a stimulus, such as a list of words and then asked to remember as many of those words as possible. They are then given cues, such as categories, to help them remember what the stimuli were. An example of this would be to give a subject words such as meteor, star, space ship, and alien to memorize. Then providing them with the cue of "outer space" to remind them of the list of words given. |
Bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide Summary Bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide Bis(trimethylsilyl) sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula ((CH3)3Si)2S. Often abbreviated (tms)2S, this colourless, vile-smelling liquid is a useful aprotic source of "S2−" in chemical synthesis. |
Tidal friction Angular momentum and energy Tidal_acceleration > Earth–Moon system > Angular momentum and energy The gravitational torque between the Moon and the tidal bulge of Earth causes the Moon to be constantly promoted to a slightly higher orbit and Earth to be decelerated in its rotation. As in any physical process within an isolated system, total energy and angular momentum are conserved. Effectively, energy and angular momentum are transferred from the rotation of Earth to the orbital motion of the Moon (however, most of the energy lost by Earth (−3.78 TW) is converted to heat by frictional losses in the oceans and their interaction with the solid Earth, and only about 1/30th (+0.121 TW) is transferred to the Moon). |
Trucker hat 21st century trend Trucker_hat > 21st century trend If I'm ever doing something that happens to be trendy, it's probably a coincidence and I don't even realize it's trendy. Just a note: I've been making and wearing trucker hats for years—since the '80s actually, when those were pretty much the only kind of hats you could get. I remember about 10 years ago, people used to make fun of me for wearing trucker style hats. |
Time derivative Notation Time_derivative > Notation As a generalization, the time derivative of a vector, say: v = {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =\left} is defined as the vector whose components are the derivatives of the components of the original vector. That is, d v d t = . {\displaystyle {\frac {d\mathbf {v} }{dt}}=\left.} |
Root kit User mode Root_kit > Types > User mode Exploitation of security vulnerabilities. Function hooking or patching of commonly used APIs, for example, to hide a running process or file that resides on a filesystem....since user mode applications all run in their own memory space, the rootkit needs to perform this patching in the memory space of every running application. In addition, the rootkit needs to monitor the system for any new applications that execute and patch those programs' memory space before they fully execute. |
Matrix diagonal Applications Diagonal_matrix > Applications Over the field of real or complex numbers, more is true. The spectral theorem says that every normal matrix is unitarily similar to a diagonal matrix (if AA∗ = A∗A then there exists a unitary matrix U such that UAU∗ is diagonal). Furthermore, the singular value decomposition implies that for any matrix A, there exist unitary matrices U and V such that U∗AV is diagonal with positive entries. |
Suprarenal gland Corticosteroids Adrenal_gland > Function > Corticosteroids The amount of sodium present in the body affects the extracellular volume, which in turn influences blood pressure. Therefore, the effects of aldosterone in sodium retention are important for the regulation of blood pressure. |
Regression to the mean Regression fallacies Regression_towards_the_mean > Importance > Regression fallacies Many phenomena tend to be attributed to the wrong causes when regression to the mean is not taken into account. An extreme example is Horace Secrist's 1933 book The Triumph of Mediocrity in Business, in which the statistics professor collected mountains of data to prove that the profit rates of competitive businesses tend toward the average over time. In fact, there is no such effect; the variability of profit rates is almost constant over time. Secrist had only described the common regression toward the mean. |
Physical organic Electronic excitation spectroscopy Physical_organic > Spectroscopy, spectrometry, and crystallography > Electronic excitation spectroscopy Electronic excitation spectroscopy, or ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, is performed in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and is useful for probing the difference in energy between the highest energy occupied (HOMO) and lowest energy unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbitals. This information is useful to physical organic chemists in the design of organic photochemical systems and dyes, as absorption of different wavelengths of visible light give organic molecules color. A detailed understanding of an electronic structure is therefore helpful in explaining electronic excitations, and through careful control of molecular structure it is possible to tune the HOMO-LUMO gap to give desired colors and excited state properties. |
Turing reducible Stronger reductions Turing_reduction > Stronger reductions The concept of log-space reduction is similar. These reductions are stronger in the sense that they provide a finer distinction into equivalence classes, and satisfy more restrictive requirements than Turing reductions. Consequently, such reductions are harder to find. There may be no way to build a many-one reduction from one set to another even when a Turing reduction for the same sets exists. |
Organosilver chemistry Carbene and CO complexes Organosilver_chemistry > Carbene and CO complexes Silver forms relatively fragile complexes with CO, including + (n = 1, 2, 3).Silver-NHC complexes are numerous. Some are commonly used to prepare other NHC complexes by displacing labile ligands. For example, the reaction of the bis(NHC)silver(I) complex with bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride or chlorido(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I): |
Attention schema theory Analogy to the body schema Attention_schema_theory > Analogy to the body schema That attention schema is a set of information that describes what attention is, what its most basic properties are, what its dynamics and consequences are, and what state it is in at any particular moment. Kevin's cognitive and linguistic machinery has some access to that internal model, and therefore Kevin can describe his mental relationship to the apple. However, just as in the case of the body schema, the attention schema lacks information about the mechanistic details. |
Genome evolution Prokaryotes Genome_evolution > Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes > Prokaryotes Prokaryotic genomes have two main mechanisms of evolution: mutation and horizontal gene transfer. A third mechanism, sexual reproduction, is prominent in eukaryotes and also occurs in bacteria. Prokaryotes can acquire novel genetic material through the process of bacterial conjugation in which both plasmids and whole chromosomes can be passed between organisms. An often cited example of this process is the transfer of antibiotic resistance utilizing plasmid DNA. |
Bohm quantum potential Interpretation and naming of the quantum potential Quantum_potential > Interpretation and naming of the quantum potential In his article of 1952, providing an alternative interpretation of quantum mechanics, Bohm already spoke of a "quantum-mechanical" potential.Bohm and Basil Hiley also called the quantum potential an information potential, given that it influences the form of processes and is itself shaped by the environment. Bohm indicated "The ship or aeroplane (with its automatic Pilot) is a self-active system, i.e. it has its own energy. But the form of its activity is determined by the information content concerning its environment that is carried by the radar waves. This is independent of the intensity of the waves. |
Weak supervision Assumptions Weak_supervision > Assumptions In order to make any use of unlabeled data, some relationship to the underlying distribution of data must exist. Semi-supervised learning algorithms make use of at least one of the following assumptions: |
Lois Graham Illinois Institute of Technology Lois_Graham > Early life and education > Illinois Institute of Technology And he said, "Well, you're too young." Too young? (Laughs) Well, I don't know whether that was the real reason or not, but in any case, I figured, all right, I'm going to go back to school and get older. |
Stochastic approximation Summary Robbins–Monro_algorithm Instead, stochastic approximation algorithms use random samples of F ( θ , ξ ) {\textstyle F(\theta ,\xi )} to efficiently approximate properties of f {\textstyle f} such as zeros or extrema. Recently, stochastic approximations have found extensive applications in the fields of statistics and machine learning, especially in settings with big data. These applications range from stochastic optimization methods and algorithms, to online forms of the EM algorithm, reinforcement learning via temporal differences, and deep learning, and others. Stochastic approximation algorithms have also been used in the social sciences to describe collective dynamics: fictitious play in learning theory and consensus algorithms can be studied using their theory.The earliest, and prototypical, algorithms of this kind are the Robbins–Monro and Kiefer–Wolfowitz algorithms introduced respectively in 1951 and 1952. |
Molecular Biology Reports Summary Molecular_Biology_Reports Molecular Biology Reports is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on normal and pathological molecular processes. |
Metal ligand multiple bond Further reading (specialized literature) Pi-donor_ligands > Further reading (specialized literature) ; Bukowski, M.R. ; Stubna, A.; Muonck, E.; Nam, W.; Que L. "Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Characterization of a Nonheme Fe(IV)O Complex" Science VOL 299 1037–1039. |
Kepler-445c Summary Kepler-445d Kepler-445 is a red dwarf star located 401 light-years (123 parsecs) away in the constellation Cygnus. It hosts three known exoplanets, discovered by the transit method using data from the Kepler space telescope and confirmed in 2015. None of the planets orbit within the habitable zone. |
Glossary of engineering: A–L D Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L > D The conversion of units from one dimensional unit to another is often somewhat complex. Dimensional analysis, or more specifically the factor-label method, also known as the unit-factor method, is a widely used technique for such conversions using the rules of algebra. Direct integration of a beamDirect integration is a structural analysis method for measuring internal shear, internal moment, rotation, and deflection of a beam. |
Off-target genome editing CRISPRi and CRISPRa Off-target_genome_editing > Improvements > Methods to increase specificity > CRISPRi and CRISPRa CRISPR-cas13b, using a type IV CRISPR-Cas system (as opposed to the commonly used type II) can target and edit specific RNA sequences. Such an RNA editing platform has the ability to specifically edit mRNA, and therefore protein translation, without altering the DNA. The represents a promising technology that if successful would reduce the burden of irreversible off-target mutations. |
Second order equation Applications Separable_ordinary_differential_equation > Applications However, diverse problems, sometimes originating in quite distinct scientific fields, may give rise to identical differential equations. Whenever this happens, mathematical theory behind the equations can be viewed as a unifying principle behind diverse phenomena. As an example, consider the propagation of light and sound in the atmosphere, and of waves on the surface of a pond. |
Blob detection The Laplacian of Gaussian Laplacian_of_the_Gaussian > The Laplacian of Gaussian This in practice highly useful property implies that besides the specific topic of Laplacian blob detection, local maxima/minima of the scale-normalized Laplacian are also used for scale selection in other contexts, such as in corner detection, scale-adaptive feature tracking (Bretzner and Lindeberg 1998), in the scale-invariant feature transform (Lowe 2004) as well as other image descriptors for image matching and object recognition. The scale selection properties of the Laplacian operator and other closely scale-space interest point detectors are analyzed in detail in (Lindeberg 2013a). In (Lindeberg 2013b, 2015) it is shown that there exist other scale-space interest point detectors, such as the determinant of the Hessian operator, that perform better than Laplacian operator or its difference-of-Gaussians approximation for image-based matching using local SIFT-like image descriptors. |
Domain theory A guide to the formal definitions Domain_theory > A guide to the formal definitions In this section, the central concepts and definitions of domain theory will be introduced. The above intuition of domains being information orderings will be emphasized to motivate the mathematical formalization of the theory. The precise formal definitions are to be found in the dedicated articles for each concept. A list of general order-theoretic definitions, which include domain theoretic notions as well can be found in the order theory glossary. The most important concepts of domain theory will nonetheless be introduced below. |
Bonding in solids Metallic to ionic Bonding_in_solids > Solids of intermediate kinds > Metallic to ionic The charged components that make up ionic solids cannot exist in the high-density sea of delocalized electrons characteristic of strong metallic bonding. Some molecular salts, however, feature both ionic bonding among molecules and substantial one-dimensional conductivity, indicating a degree of metallic bonding among structural components along the axis of conductivity. Examples include tetrathiafulvalene salts. |
Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Correlation spectroscopy (COSY) Two-dimensional_NMR > Homonuclear through-bond correlation methods > Correlation spectroscopy (COSY) Each coupling gives two symmetrical cross peaks above and below the diagonal. That is, a cross-peak occurs when there is a correlation between the signals of the spectrum along each of the two axes at these values. An easy visual way to determine which couplings a cross peak represents is to find the diagonal peak which is directly above or below the cross peak, and the other diagonal peak which is directly to the left or right of the cross peak. |
Chargino Summary Chargino In particle physics, the chargino is a hypothetical particle which refers to the mass eigenstates of a charged superpartner, i.e. any new electrically charged fermion (with spin 1/2) predicted by supersymmetry. They are linear combinations of the charged wino and charged higgsinos. There are two charginos that are fermions and are electrically charged, which are typically labeled C͂±1 (the lightest) and C͂±2 (the heaviest), although sometimes χ ~ 1 ± {\displaystyle {\tilde {\chi }}_{1}^{\pm }} and χ ~ 2 ± {\displaystyle {\tilde {\chi }}_{2}^{\pm }} are also used to refer to charginos, when χ ~ i 0 {\displaystyle {\tilde {\chi }}_{i}^{0}} is used to refer to neutralinos. The heavier chargino can decay through the neutral Z boson to the lighter chargino. Both can decay through a charged W boson to a neutralino: C͂±2 → C͂±1 + Z0 C͂±2 → N͂02 + W± C͂±1 → N͂01 + W± |
Retarded wave Conclusions Wheeler-Feynman_absorber_theory > Conclusions This universal absorber theory is mentioned in the chapter titled "Monster Minds" in Feynman's autobiographical work Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and in Vol. II of the Feynman Lectures on Physics. It led to the formulation of a framework of quantum mechanics using a Lagrangian and action as starting points, rather than a Hamiltonian, namely the formulation using Feynman path integrals, which proved useful in Feynman's earliest calculations in quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory in general. |
The Variable Production The_Variable > Production "The Variable" was written by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed by Paul Edwards. Like most season five episodes, it features elements of time travel. It serves as a companion piece to the season four episode "The Constant", another episode that heavily features the character Daniel, and the third Lost episode to deal directly with the concept of time travel after "Flashes Before Your Eyes" from the third season and "The Constant" from the fourth season. In "The Constant", Desmond and Sayid (Naveen Andrews) are on their way off the island when their helicopter hits turbulence, causing Desmond's 1996 consciousness to take over his 2004 body and switch uncontrollably between 1996 and 2004. |
Duncan Sommerville Textbooks Duncan_Sommerville > Textbooks G. Bell and Sons. 1934: Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions. Cambridge University Press. |
Chemistry education Importance Chemistry_education > Importance Chemistry has applications in food, medicine, industry, the environment, and other areas. Learning chemistry allows students to learn about the scientific method and gain skills in critical thinking, deductive reasoning, problem-solving, and communication. Teaching chemistry to students at a young age can increase student interest in STEM careers. Chemistry also provides students with many transferable skills that can be applied to any career. |
Schizotypy Quasi-dimensional approach Schizotypy > The relationship between schizotypy, mental health and mental illness > Quasi-dimensional approach The quasi-dimensional model may be traced back to Bleuler (the inventor of the term 'schizophrenia'), who commented on two types of continuity between normality and psychosis: that between the schizophrenic and his or her relatives, and that between the patient's premorbid and post-morbid personalities (i.e. their personality before and after the onset of overt psychosis). On the first score he commented: 'If one observes the relatives of our patients, one often finds in them peculiarities which are qualitatively identical with those of the patients themselves, so that the disease appears to be only a quantitative increase of the anomalies seen in the parents and siblings. 'On the second point, Bleuler discusses in a number of places whether peculiarities displayed by the patient before admission to hospital should be regarded as premonitory symptoms of the disease or merely indications of a predisposition to develop it. Despite these observations of continuity Bleuler himself remained an advocate of the disease model of schizophrenia. |
Basilar migraine Classification Migraine_headaches > Diagnosis > Classification Migraine with aura, or "classic migraine", usually involves migraine headaches accompanied by aura. Less commonly, aura can occur without a headache, or with a nonmigraine headache. Two other varieties are familial hemiplegic migraine and sporadic hemiplegic migraine, in which a person has migraine with aura and with accompanying motor weakness. |
Elastic Wave Cartesian coordinate form 3-D_elasticity > Mathematical formulation > Cartesian coordinate form These are 6 independent equations relating stresses and strains. The requirement of the symmetry of the stress and strain tensors lead to equality of many of the elastic constants, reducing the number of different elements to 21 C i j k l = C k l i j = C j i k l = C i j l k {\displaystyle C_{ijkl}=C_{klij}=C_{jikl}=C_{ijlk}} .An elastostatic boundary value problem for an isotropic-homogeneous media is a system of 15 independent equations and equal number of unknowns (3 equilibrium equations, 6 strain-displacement equations, and 6 constitutive equations). Specifying the boundary conditions, the boundary value problem is completely defined. To solve the system two approaches can be taken according to boundary conditions of the boundary value problem: a displacement formulation, and a stress formulation. |
Turing Machine Equivalent models Universal_computation > Equivalent models At the other extreme, some very simple models turn out to be Turing-equivalent, i.e. to have the same computational power as the Turing machine model. Common equivalent models are the multi-tape Turing machine, multi-track Turing machine, machines with input and output, and the non-deterministic Turing machine (NDTM) as opposed to the deterministic Turing machine (DTM) for which the action table has at most one entry for each combination of symbol and state. Read-only, right-moving Turing machines are equivalent to DFAs (as well as NFAs by conversion using the NDFA to DFA conversion algorithm). |
External cost Cap-and-trade systems Positive_externalities > Possible solutions > Solutions to greenhouse gas emission externalities > Cap-and-trade systems The cap-and-trade system enables the efficient level of pollution (determined by the government) to be achieved by setting a total quantity of emissions and issuing tradable permits to polluting firms, allowing them to pollute a certain share of the permissible level. Permits will be traded from firms that have low abatement costs to firms with higher abatement costs and therefore the system is both cost-effective and cost-efficient. The cap and trade system has some practical advantages over an emissions fee such as the fact that: 1. it reduces uncertainty about the ultimate pollution level. 2. |
Structural Dynamics Summary Structural_Dynamics Structural dynamics is a type of structural analysis which covers the behavior of a structure subjected to dynamic (actions having high acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be subjected to dynamic loading. |
Trapdoor permutation Summary Trapdoor_function In theoretical computer science and cryptography, a trapdoor function is a function that is easy to compute in one direction, yet difficult to compute in the opposite direction (finding its inverse) without special information, called the "trapdoor". Trapdoor functions are a special case of one-way functions and are widely used in public-key cryptography.In mathematical terms, if f is a trapdoor function, then there exists some secret information t, such that given f(x) and t, it is easy to compute x. Consider a padlock and its key. It is trivial to change the padlock from open to closed without using the key, by pushing the shackle into the lock mechanism. Opening the padlock easily, however, requires the key to be used. |
Proof of knowledge Summary Proof_of_knowledge Let x {\displaystyle x} be a statement of language L {\displaystyle L} in NP, and W ( x ) {\displaystyle W(x)} the set of witnesses for x that should be accepted in the proof. This allows us to define the following relation: R = { ( x , w ): x ∈ L , w ∈ W ( x ) } {\displaystyle R=\{(x,w):x\in L,w\in W(x)\}} . A proof of knowledge for relation R {\displaystyle R} with knowledge error κ {\displaystyle \kappa } is a two party protocol with a prover P {\displaystyle P} and a verifier V {\displaystyle V} with the following two properties: Completeness: If ( x , w ) ∈ R {\displaystyle (x,w)\in R} , then the prover P {\displaystyle P} who knows witness w {\displaystyle w} for x {\displaystyle x} succeeds in convincing the verifier V {\displaystyle V} of his knowledge. |
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 Functions Beta_adrenergic_receptor_kinase > Functions Thus the GRK/arrestin system serves as a complex signaling switch for G protein-coupled receptors.GRK2 and the closely related GRK3 phosphorylate receptors at sites that encourage arrestin-mediated receptor desensitization, internalization and trafficking rather than arrestin-mediated signaling (in contrast to GRK5 and GRK6, which have the opposite effect). This difference is one basis for pharmacological biased agonism (also called functional selectivity), where a drug binding to a receptor may bias that receptor’s signaling toward a particular subset of the actions stimulated by that receptor.GRK2 is expressed broadly in tissues, but generally at higher levels than the related GRK3. GRK2 was originally identified as a protein kinase that phosphorylated the β2-adrenergic receptor, and has been most extensively studied as a regulator of adrenergic receptors (and other GPCRs) in the heart, where it has been proposed as a drug target to treat heart failure. |
Algebra (ring theory) Summary Algebra_over_a_commutative_ring An algebra is unital or unitary if it has an identity element with respect to the multiplication. The ring of real square matrices of order n forms a unital algebra since the identity matrix of order n is the identity element with respect to matrix multiplication. It is an example of a unital associative algebra, a (unital) ring that is also a vector space. |
HPA-23 Summary HPA-23 Public Citizen, which was often critical of FDA decisions, also came out in support of the agency's timeline for certification.In August 1985, under increasing public pressure to fast track approval of the drug, the United States Food and Drug Administration permitted the use of HPA-23 in extremely limited human testing. In the ensuing clinical trials no improvement in the condition of the test subjects was observed, with some even showing increased levels of HIV replication and three patients suffering liver failure triggered by the drug. |
Differential stress Summary Differential_stress If the differential stress is more than four times the tensile strength of the rock, then shear failure will occur.Differential stress at any point in the Earth is limited by the strength of the rock itself - any attempt to increase the differential stress above the ultimate rock strength will lead to deformation. Tectonic stress adds to the total differential stress in a rock - when a rock deforms by brittle fracturing, its strength will change and differential stress is reduced. Therefore, both rock strength and overburden of crust are able to alter the differential stress. == References == |
Alcoholic strength Volume change Alcohol_content > Volume change Mixing two solutions of alcohol of different strengths usually causes a change in volume. Mixing pure water with a solution less than 24% by mass causes a slight increase in total volume, whereas the mixing of two solutions above 24% causes a decrease in volume. The phenomenon of volume changes due to mixing dissimilar solutions is called "partial molar volume". Water and ethanol are both polar solvents. |
Bicentric quadrilateral Summary Bicentric_quadrilateral Other names for these quadrilaterals are chord-tangent quadrilateral and inscribed and circumscribed quadrilateral. It has also rarely been called a double circle quadrilateral and double scribed quadrilateral.If two circles, one within the other, are the incircle and the circumcircle of a bicentric quadrilateral, then every point on the circumcircle is the vertex of a bicentric quadrilateral having the same incircle and circumcircle. This is a special case of Poncelet's porism, which was proved by the French mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788–1867). |
Adaptive Modeler Technology Adaptive_Modeler > Technology The virtual market then determines the clearing price and executes all matching orders. The clearing price is taken as the forecast for the next step real market price. (So the virtual market serves as a one-step-ahead prediction market for the real market). |
Catalytic domain Allosteric sites Catalytic_site > Allosteric sites An allosteric site is a site on an enzyme, unrelated to its active site, which can bind an effector molecule. This interaction is another mechanism of enzyme regulation. Allosteric modification usually happens in proteins with more than one subunit. Allosteric interactions are often present in metabolic pathways and are beneficial in that they allow one step of a reaction to regulate another step. They allow an enzyme to have a range of molecular interactions, other than the highly specific active site. |
Complex adaptive system Overview Complex_adaptive_system > Overview The term complex adaptive systems, or complexity science, is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems. Complexity science is not a single theory—it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about living, adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches. Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. |
Generative AI Cybercrime Generative_artificial_intelligence > Concerns > Cybercrime Generative AI's ability to create realistic fake content has been exploited in numerous types of cybercrime, including phishing scams. Deepfake video and audio have been used to create disinformation and fraud. Former Google fraud czar Shuman Ghosemajumder has predicted that while deepfake videos initially created a stir in the media, they would soon become commonplace, and as a result, more dangerous. Cybercriminals have created large language models focused on fraud, including WormGPT and FraudGPT. |
Tracing just-in-time compilation Summary Tracing_just-in-time_compilation Tracing just-in-time compilation is a technique used by virtual machines to optimize the execution of a program at runtime. This is done by recording a linear sequence of frequently executed operations, compiling them to native machine code and executing them. This is opposed to traditional just-in-time (JIT) compilers that work on a per-method basis. |
Thermoelectric power factor Aspects of materials choice Thermoelectric_figure_of_merit > Thermoelectric figure of merit > Aspects of materials choice For good efficiency, materials with high electrical conductivity, low thermal conductivity and high Seebeck coefficient are needed. |
Availability heuristic Alternative explanations Availability_heuristic > Critiques > Alternative explanations Much of the criticism against the availability heuristic has claimed that making use of the content that becomes available in our mind is not based on the ease of recall as suggested by Schwarz et al. For example, it could be argued that recalling more words that begin with K than words with the third letter being K could arise from how we categorize and process words into our memory. If we categorize words by the first letter and recall them through the same process, this would show more support for the representative heuristic than the availability heuristic. Based on the possibility of explanations such as these, some researchers have claimed that the classic studies on the availability heuristic are too vague in that they fail to account for people's underlying mental processes. Indeed, a study conducted by Wanke et al. demonstrated this scenario can occur in situations used to test the availability heuristic.A second line of study has shown that frequency estimation may not be the only strategy we use when making frequency judgments. A recent line of research has shown that our situational working memory can access long-term memories, and this memory retrieval process includes the ability to determine more accurate probabilities. |
Dental bridge Clinical stages of bridgework Dental_bridge > Clinical stages of bridgework A period of temporary cementation to assess clinical acceptability prior to definitive placement is sometimes used. Final placement: Once satisfied the prosthesis is clinically acceptable, cement and bond the bridgework definitively. Review: Assess the bridgework and manage any post-operative issues. |
Double harmonic scale Details Double_harmonic_scale > Details combining the lower half of the Phrygian dominant scale with the upper half of harmonic minor.It is referred to as the "double harmonic" scale because it contains two harmonic tetrads featuring augmented seconds. By contrast, both the harmonic major and harmonic minor scales contain only one augmented second, located between their sixth and seventh degrees. The scale contains a built-in tritone substitution, a dominant seventh chord a half step above the root, with strong harmonic movement towards the tonic chord. |
Organic waste Collection and processing Organic_waste > Collection and processing In many parts of the developed world, biodegradable waste is separated from the rest of the waste stream, either by separate curb-side collection or by waste sorting after collection. At the point of collection such waste is often referred to as green waste. Removing such waste from the rest of the waste stream substantially reduces waste volumes for disposal and also allows biodegradable waste to be composted. Biodegradable waste can be used for composting or a resource for heat, electricity and fuel by means of incineration or anaerobic digestion. |
ACIS ACIS Modeler Extensions ACIS > Functionality > ACIS Modeler Extensions Advanced Covering allows a surface to be fit onto circuits (collections of edges that form closed loops) in solid or wire bodies, which is useful in consumer product design. Among other uses, Advanced Covering can be used for end-capping, post-translation corrections, and surface definition from curve data.Defeaturing Defeaturing automatically identifies and removes small features that CAE analysts typically want to eliminate from the 3D model prior to meshing. Analysts frequently work from the same models that are used for design and manufacture, but these models often carry much more detail than is necessary for simulation or analysis purposes. |
Conditional probabilities Use in inference Conditional_Probability > Use in inference This results in P ( A ∣ B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) / P ( B ) {\textstyle P(A\mid B)=P(A\cap B)/P(B)} whenever P(B) > 0 and 0 otherwise.This approach results in a probability measure that is consistent with the original probability measure and satisfies all the Kolmogorov axioms. This conditional probability measure also could have resulted by assuming that the relative magnitude of the probability of A with respect to X will be preserved with respect to B (cf. a Formal Derivation below). The wording "evidence" or "information" is generally used in the Bayesian interpretation of probability. |
Stability AI End-user fine-tuning Stable_Diffusion > Technology > End-user fine-tuning To address the limitations of the model's initial training, end-users may opt to implement additional training to fine-tune generation outputs to match more specific use-cases. There are three methods in which user-accessible fine-tuning can be applied to a Stable Diffusion model checkpoint: An "embedding" can be trained from a collection of user-provided images, and allows the model to generate visually similar images whenever the name of the embedding is used within a generation prompt. Embeddings are based on the "textual inversion" concept developed by researchers from Tel Aviv University in 2022 with support from Nvidia, where vector representations for specific tokens used by the model's text encoder are linked to new pseudo-words. Embeddings can be used to reduce biases within the original model, or mimic visual styles. |
Bone marrow toxicity Chemotherapy induced myelosuppression Bone_marrow_suppression > Treatment > Chemotherapy induced myelosuppression Bone marrow suppression due to anti-cancer chemotherapy is much harder to treat and often involves hospital admission, strict infection control, and aggressive use of intravenous antibiotics at the first sign of infection.G-CSF is used clinically (see Neutropenia) but tests in mice suggest it may lead to bone loss.GM-CSF has been compared to G-CSF as a treatment of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression/Neutropenia.Trilaciclib (COSELA), a CDK4/6 inhibitor, is administered before chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer to control chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. |
Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system Radiologically atypical variants Multiple_sclerosis_with_cavitary_lesions > Variants still idiopathic > Radiologically atypical variants Inside well defined MS (Lesions disseminated in time and space with no other explanation) there are atypical cases based in radiological or metabolic criteria. A four-groups classification has been proposed: Tumefactive demyelinating lesion (TDL)-onset MS Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like MS Multiple sclerosis with cavitary lesions: Atypical multiple sclerosis cases similar to vanishing white matter disease but etiologically different from both. Lesions similar to vanishing white matter disease Leukodystrophy-like MS.Other radiological classification of atypical lesions proposes the following four subtypes: infiltrative megacystic Baló-like ring-like lesions |
Shear wave splitting A successfully stress-forecast earthquake in Iceland Shear_wave_splitting > Case examples > A successfully stress-forecast earthquake in Iceland 10 m s / k m {\displaystyle 10ms/km} was the inferred level of fracture for the previous earthquake.These features suggested that the crust was approaching fracture criticality and that an earthquake was likely to occur in the near future. Based on this information, an alert was sent to the Iceland Meteorological Office (IMO) on October 27 and 29, warning of an approaching earthquake. On November 10, they sent another email specifying that an earthquake was likely to occur within the next 5 months. |
Noise measurement Summary Noise_measurement Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines, altering flight paths and considering the time of day to benefit residents near airports. Industrial noise is addressed by redesign of industrial equipment, shock mounted assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace.Noise may be measured using a sound level meter at the source of the noise. Alternatively, an organization or company may measure a person's exposure to environmental noise in a workplace via a noise dosimeter. The measurements taken using either of these methods will be evaluated according to the standards below. |
Digital Signal Processing Summary Native_processing DSP can involve linear or nonlinear operations. Nonlinear signal processing is closely related to nonlinear system identification and can be implemented in the time, frequency, and spatio-temporal domains. |
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