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Theories about religion Methodologies Theories_about_religions > Methodologies When explaining religion they reject divine or supernatural explanations for the status or origins of religions because they are not scientifically testable. In fact, theorists such as Marett (an Anglican) excluded scientific results altoget... |
Hybrid capacitor Measurement Supercapacitor > Electrical parameters > Capacitance > Measurement The IEC standard defines four classes: Memory backup, discharge current in mA = 1 • C (F) Energy storage, discharge current in mA = 0,4 • C (F) • V (V) Power, discharge current in mA = 4 • C (F) • V (V) Instantaneous power, ... |
Vectorizing compiler Techniques Automatic_vectorization > Techniques An example would be a program to multiply two vectors of numeric data. A scalar approach would be something like: This could be vectorized to look something like: Here, c represents the four array elements from c to c and the vector processor can perf... |
Thermionic emission Photon-enhanced thermionic emission Richardson–Dushman_effect > Photon-enhanced thermionic emission Photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) is a process developed by scientists at Stanford University that harnesses both the light and heat of the sun to generate electricity and increases the effic... |
Transactional memory Summary Transactional_memory In computer science and engineering, transactional memory attempts to simplify concurrent programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. It is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling... |
Newton's laws of motion Prerequisites Newton's_laws_of_motion > Prerequisites Position, when thought of as a displacement from an origin point, is a vector: a quantity with both magnitude and direction. : 1 Velocity and acceleration are vector quantities as well. The mathematical tools of vector algebra provide the mea... |
Smooth surface Riemannian connection and parallel transport Differential_geometry_of_surfaces > Riemannian connection and parallel transport The classical approach of Gauss to the differential geometry of surfaces was the standard elementary approach which predated the emergence of the concepts of Riemannian manifold i... |
Branch-and-bound algorithm Overview Branch-and-bound_algorithm > Overview However, an optimal solution among SI must be contained in at least one of the subsets.) bound(I) computes a lower bound on the value of any candidate solution in the space represented by I, that is, bound(I) ≤ f(x) for all x in SI. solution(I) d... |
Medical simulation Environment Medical_simulation > Debriefing & Education in Medical Simulation > Environment The debriefing environment consists of two main features: the physical setting, as well as the psychological environment. |
Clastic rocks Shallow burial (eogenesis) Clastic_rock > Sedimentary clastic rocks > Diagenesis of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks > Shallow burial (eogenesis) Due to the shallow depths, sediments undergo only minor compaction and grain rearrangement during this stage. Organisms rework sediment near the depositional int... |
Quantum carpet Quantum revivals Quantum_carpet > Quantum carpets that demonstrate theoretical principles > Quantum revivals This continues to occur with periodic regularity. Quantum revivals, the periodic expansion and contraction of wave packets, are responsible for the restoration of the pattern. Although quantum rev... |
Homological algebra Abelian categories Homological_algebra > Standard tools > Abelian categories The class of Abelian categories is closed under several categorical constructions, for example, the category of chain complexes of an Abelian category, or the category of functors from a small category to an Abelian categor... |
Comparative Advantage Empirical approach to comparative advantage Comparative_Advantage > Empirical approach to comparative advantage For example, the Ricardian model predicts that technological differences in countries result in differences in labor productivity. The differences in labor productivity in turn determine... |
Poly(methyl acrylate) Uses Poly(methyl_acrylate) > Uses Also used in leather finishing and textiles.Derivatives of this polymer are commonly used in orally administerd pharmaceutical formulations to target specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract. == References == |
Psychiatry Subspecialties Psychiatry > Theory and focus > Subspecialties The field of psychiatry has many subspecialties that require additional training and certification by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN). Such subspecialties include: Addiction psychiatry, addiction medicine Brain injury medicin... |
Random error Drift Observational_error > Sources > Sources of systematic error > Drift If the zero reading is consistently above or below zero, a systematic error is present. If this cannot be eliminated, potentially by resetting the instrument immediately before the experiment then it needs to be allowed by subtractin... |
Observational study Motivation Observational_study > Motivation Membership in this "treated" group is not controlled by the investigator: the group is formed after the "treatment" has been assigned. The investigator may simply lack the requisite influence. Suppose a scientist wants to study the public health effects of... |
Technologies in Minority Report Autonomous cars Technologies_in_Minority_Report > Technologies in development > Autonomous cars As Artificial Intelligence and ground-sensing technologies like LIDAR began to improve in the 2000s, major automotive manufacturers such as Ford, Nissan and General Motors began developing sel... |
Continuous passive motion Summary Continuous_passive_motion Continuous passive motion (CPM) devices are used during the first phase of rehabilitation following a soft tissue surgical procedure or trauma. The goals of phase 1 rehabilitation are: control post-operative pain, reduce inflammation, provide passive motion in... |
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction Applications of NLDR Manifold_learning > Applications of NLDR The intrinsic dimensionality is two, because two variables (rotation and scale) were varied in order to produce the data. Information about the shape or look of a letter 'A' is not part of the intrinsic variables because it... |
Aleph nought Fixed points of omega Aleph_nought > Fixed points of omega The first such is the limit of the sequence ω , ω ω , ω ω ω , … . {\displaystyle \omega ,\,\omega _{\omega },\,\omega _{\omega _{\omega }},\,\ldots ~.} |
Economic models Comparison with models in other sciences Economic_models > Tests of macroeconomic predictions > Comparison with models in other sciences Complex systems specialist and mathematician David Orrell wrote on this issue in his book Apollo's Arrow and explained that the weather, human health and economics use... |
Static forces and virtual-particle exchange The interaction energy Static_forces_and_virtual-particle_exchange > Selected examples > Magnetostatics > Magnetic interaction between current loops in a simple plasma or electron gas > The interaction energy : 110–112 This wave generates Hall currents that interact and modif... |
Gravity anomalies Definition Gravity_anomalies > Definition Correcting for these effects removed most of this anomaly.To understand the nature of the gravity anomaly due to the subsurface, a number of corrections must be made to the measured gravity value. Different theoretical models will include different corrections... |
Yang-Mills field Quantization Yang–Mills_field > Quantization Most of the difficulties that research meets is just managing the theory at low energies. That is the interesting case, being inherent to the description of hadronic matter and, more generally, to all the observed bound states of gluons and quarks and their ... |
Matrix scheme Operation Matrix_scheme > Operation When a pre-defined number of people have purchased the token product, the person currently at the top of the list receives their reward item, and the next person in the list moves to the top. The rewards for those at the top of the matrix list are usually high-demand co... |
Membrane curvature Summary Membrane_curvature The lipids will then "aggregate" and form various phases and structures. According to the conditions (concentration, temperature, ionic strength of solution, etc.) and the chemical structures of the lipid, different phases will be observed. For instance, the lipid POPC (pal... |
Lorentz interval Gravitation Spacetime_geometry > Spacetime in special relativity > Gravitation In general relativity, spacetime is no longer a static background, but actively interacts with the physical systems that it contains. Spacetime curves in the presence of matter, can propagate waves, bends light, and exhibits... |
Posner cueing task Method Posner_cueing_task > Method To measure reaction time (RT), a response mechanism is placed in front of the observer, usually a computer keyboard which is pressed upon detection of a target. Following a set inter-trial interval, usually between 2500 and 5000 ms, the entire paradigm is repeated f... |
Moyamoya disease Summary Moyamoya_disease Moyamoya disease is a disease in which certain arteries in the brain are constricted. Blood flow is blocked by constriction and blood clots (thrombosis). A collateral circulation develops around the blocked vessels to compensate for the blockage, but the collateral vessels are ... |
Forbidden input Examples Forbidden_input > Examples Examples of don't-care terms are the binary values 1010 through 1111 (10 through 15 in decimal) for a function that takes a binary-coded decimal (BCD) value, because a BCD value never takes on such values (so called pseudo-tetrades); in the pictures, the circuit compu... |
Wrought Iron Bridge Company Products Wrought_Iron_Bridge_Company > Products The Wrought Iron Bridge Company specialized in relatively short-span iron truss bridges. Most were built for highway use, as the railroads were all privately owned at the time and employed their own engineers. The company supplied a catalog of ... |
Shock (circulatory) Epidemiology Circulatory_shock > Epidemiology Septic shock (a form of distributive shock), is the most common form of shock. Shock from blood loss occurs in about 1–2% of trauma cases. Overall, up to one-third of people admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are in circulatory shock. Of these, ca... |
Photo-electric effect Summary Photo-electric_effect The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation, such as light, hits a material. Electrons emitted in this manner are called photoelectrons. The phenomenon is studied in condensed matter physics, solid state, and quantum chemistry ... |
Exchange forces Exchange of force carriers in particle physics Exchange_force > Exchange of force carriers in particle physics These particles can be thought of somewhat analogously to basketballs tossed between matter particles (which are like the basketball players). What we normally think of as "forces" are actually... |
Lebesgue constant Definition Lebesgue_constant > Definition , x n {\displaystyle x_{0},...,x_{n}} and an interval {\displaystyle } containing all the interpolation nodes. The process of interpolation maps the function f {\displaystyle f} to a polynomial p {\displaystyle p} . This defines a mapping X {\displaystyle X} ... |
Signaling cascade Neurons Signalling_cascade > Cell-specific biochemical cascades > Neurons The LKB1/NUAK1 signalling pathway regulates terminal axon branching at cortical neurons, via local immobilized mitochondria capture. Besides NUAK1, LKB1 kinase acts under other effectors enzymes as SAD-A/B and MARK, therefore re... |
Quantum measurement Quantum systems as measuring devices Measurement_in_quantum_theory > History of the measurement concept > Quantum systems as measuring devices : 24 But the devices used to build the experimental apparatus are themselves physical systems, and so quantum mechanics should be applicable to them as well.... |
Paul Flory Research Paul_Flory > Research Some work completed by Paul Flory during his time includes the development in the quantitative correlations between the chain molecules and chemical structure of properties. This has to do with the way polymers are composed and what are composed of polymers. One piece of materi... |
Discrete-time Fourier transform Definition Discrete-time_Fourier_transform > Definition The discrete-time Fourier transform of a discrete sequence of real or complex numbers x, for all integers n, is a Trigonometric series, which produces a periodic function of a frequency variable. When the frequency variable, ω, has ... |
Skin effect Mitigation Skin_effect > Mitigation This results in superior performance (i.e. higher current with lower temperature rise) from wide thin conductors (for example, "ribbon" conductors) in which the effects from corners are effectively eliminated. It follows that a transformer with a round core will be more e... |
Virtual team Technology Agility Virtual_team > Management > Technology Agility Therefore, team members must choose technology carefully, in order to offer the affordances needed at a given point in time, as each technology brings with it a number of affordances as well as constraints for interaction. An affordance is a... |
General adversarial network Fast gradient sign method General_adversarial_network > Specific attack types > Adversarial examples > White box attacks > Fast gradient sign method One of the very first proposed attacks for generating adversarial examples was proposed by Google researchers Ian J. Goodfellow, Jonathon Shlen... |
Differential calculus Taylor polynomials and Taylor series Differential_calculus > Applications of derivatives > Taylor polynomials and Taylor series The Taylor series is frequently a very good approximation to the original function. Functions which are equal to their Taylor series are called analytic functions. It is ... |
Abel map Construction of the map Abel_map > Construction of the map In complex algebraic geometry, the Jacobian of a curve C is constructed using path integration. Namely, suppose C has genus g, which means topologically that H 1 ( C , Z ) ≅ Z 2 g . {\displaystyle H_{1}(C,\mathbb {Z} )\cong \mathbb {Z} ^{2g}.} Geometri... |
Peer-to-peer network Intellectual property law and illegal sharing Peer-to-peer_networking > Political implications > Intellectual property law and illegal sharing Fair use exceptions allow limited use of copyrighted material to be downloaded without acquiring permission from the rights holders. These documents are usu... |
Animal disease model Disease models Animal_disease_model > Disease models Animal models serving in research may have an existing, inbred or induced disease or injury that is similar to a human condition. These test conditions are often termed as animal models of disease. The use of animal models allows researchers to i... |
Sympto-thermal method Development of calendar-based methods Fertility_awareness > History > Development of calendar-based methods One book states that periodic abstinence was recommended "by a few secular thinkers since the mid-nineteenth century," but the dominant force in the twentieth century popularization of ferti... |
Scale (music) Pitch Scale_(music) > Background > Pitch A single scale can be manifested at many different pitch levels. For example, a C major scale can be started at C4 (middle C; see scientific pitch notation) and ascending an octave to C5; or it could be started at C6, ascending an octave to C7. |
Phenol coefficient Summary Phenol_coefficient The Phenol coefficient, is now largely of historical interest, although the principles upon which it is based are still used. It is a measure of the bactericidal activity of a chemical compound in relation to phenol. When listed numerically, the figure expressing the disinf... |
Theories of everything Summary Theory_of_Everything Since the usual domains of applicability of general relativity and quantum mechanics are so different, most situations require that only one of the two theories be used. : 842–844 The two theories are considered incompatible in regions of extremely small scale – the P... |
Glossary of set theory C Glossary_of_set_theory > C The cofinality cof(I) of an ideal I of subsets of a set X is the smallest cardinality of a subset B of I such that every element of I is a subset of something in B. Cohen 1. Paul Cohen 2. Cohen forcing is a method for constructing models of ZFC 3. |
Chen's theorem Summary Chen's_theorem In number theory, Chen's theorem states that every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of either two primes, or a prime and a semiprime (the product of two primes). It is a weakened form of Goldbach's conjecture, which states that every even number is the sum o... |
Common integrals in quantum field theory Integration over a magnetic wave function Common_integrals_in_quantum_field_theory > Bessel functions > Integration over a magnetic wave function The two-dimensional integral over a magnetic wave function is Here, M is a confluent hypergeometric function. For an application of t... |
Copernican Revolution Johannes Kepler Copernican_Revolution > Reception > Johannes Kepler Kepler found employment as an assistant to Tycho Brahe and, upon Brahe's unexpected death, replaced him as imperial mathematician of Emperor Rudolph II. He was then able to use Brahe's extensive observations to make remarkable bre... |
Logistic map Summary Feigenbaum_fractal The logistic map is a polynomial mapping (equivalently, recurrence relation) of degree 2, often referred to as an archetypal example of how complex, chaotic behaviour can arise from very simple nonlinear dynamical equations. The map was popularized in a 1976 paper by the biologis... |
List of prime numbers Proth primes List_of_prime_numbers > Lists of primes by type > Proth primes Of the form k×2n + 1, with odd k and k < 2n. 3, 5, 13, 17, 41, 97, 113, 193, 241, 257, 353, 449, 577, 641, 673, 769, 929, 1153, 1217, 1409, 1601, 2113, 2689, 2753, 3137, 3329, 3457, 4481, 4993, 6529, 7297, 7681, 7937, 9473... |
System programming language Summary System_programming_language Some languages straddle the system and application domains, bridging the gap between these uses. The canonical example is C, which is used widely for both system and application programming. Some modern languages also do this such as Rust and Swift. |
Chemotherapy drug Infertility Antineoplastic_agents > Adverse effects > Infertility This loss is not necessarily a direct effect of the chemotherapeutic agents, but could be due to an increased rate of growth initiation to replace damaged developing follicles.People may choose between several methods of fertility prese... |
Phenol Acidity C6H5OH > Properties > Acidity Phenol is a weak acid. (pH 6.6). In aqueous solution in the pH range ca. 8 - 12 it is in equilibrium with the phenolate anion C6H5O− (also called phenoxide or carbolate): C 6 H 5 OH ↽ − − ⇀ C 6 H 5 O − + H + {\displaystyle {\ce {C6H5OH <=> C6H5O- + H+}}} Phenol is more acidi... |
Photographic lens design Aperture control Photographic_lens_design > Design > Aperture control Either a manual ring, or an electronic motor controls the angle of the diaphragm leaves and thus the size of the opening. The placement of the diaphragm within the lens structure is constrained by the need to achieve even ill... |
Seiberg–Witten gauge theory Summary Seiberg–Witten_gauge_theory In theoretical physics, Seiberg–Witten theory is an N = 2 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {N}}=2} supersymmetric gauge theory with an exact low-energy effective action (for massless degrees of freedom), of which the kinetic part coincides with the Kähler potentia... |
Germ line Epigenetic alterations Germline > Epigenetic alterations Epigenetic alterations of DNA include modifications that affect gene expression, but are not caused by changes in the sequence of bases in DNA. A well-studied example of such an alteration is the methylation of DNA cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine. Thi... |
Seismometer Teleseismometers Seismic_station > Modern instruments > Teleseismometers The modern broadband seismograph can record a very broad range of frequencies. It consists of a small "proof mass", confined by electrical forces, driven by sophisticated electronics. As the earth moves, the electronics attempt to hold... |
Materials Technology Composites Material_Sciences > Industry > Composites Another application of materials science in industry is making composite materials. These are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases. Applications range from structural elements such as steel-reinforced concrete, to the t... |
Outliers ratio Summary Outliers_ratio In objective video quality assessment, the outliers ratio (OR) is a measure of the performance of an objective video quality metric. It is the ratio of "false" scores given by the objective metric to the total number of scores. The "false" scores are the scores that lie outside the... |
Area formula Non-metric units Area > Units > Conversions > Non-metric units In non-metric units, the conversion between two square units is the square of the conversion between the corresponding length units. 1 foot = 12 inches,the relationship between square feet and square inches is 1 square foot = 144 square inches,... |
Electrostatic induction Charging an object by induction Electrostatic_induction > Charging an object by induction But when the inducing charge is moved away, the charge is released and spreads throughout the electroscope terminal to the leaves, so the gold leaves move apart again. The sign of the charge left on the ele... |
Mathematical equations Summary Mathematical_equations In mathematics, an equation is a mathematical formula that expresses the equality of two expressions, by connecting them with the equals sign =. The word equation and its cognates in other languages may have subtly different meanings; for example, in French an équat... |
Mixed state (physics) Schrödinger picture vs. Heisenberg picture Mixed_state_(physics) > Wave function representations > Schrödinger picture vs. Heisenberg picture (This approach was taken in the earlier part of the discussion above, with a time-varying state | Ψ ( t ) ⟩ = ∑ n C n ( t ) | Φ n ⟩ {\textstyle |\Psi (t)\ra... |
Epidemiology of schizophrenia Summary Epidemiology_of_schizophrenia Schizophrenia affects around 0.3–0.7% of people at some point in their life, or 21 million people worldwide as of 2020 (about one of every 285). By using precise methods in its diagnosis and a large, representative population, schizophrenia seems to oc... |
Plain language Accessibility Plain_language > Purposes > Accessibility Some scholars promote plain language use as a means of making documents accessible, especially for disabled readers or those who lack the expertise and education to understand overly technical documents. Simpler language can decrease a reader's cogn... |
Kinetic diagram What is included Free-body_diagram > Features > What is included The external forces: These are indicated by labelled arrows. In a fully solved problem, a force arrow is capable of indicating the direction and the line of action the magnitude the point of application a reaction, as opposed to an applied... |
Dulong–Petit law History Dulong–Petit_law > History The value of 3R is about 25 joules per kelvin, and Dulong and Petit essentially found that this was the heat capacity of certain solid elements per mole of atoms they contained. The Kopp's law developed in 1865 by Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp extended the Dulong–Petit la... |
Angular acceleration Particle in two dimensions Angular_acceleration > Orbital angular acceleration of a point particle > Particle in two dimensions {\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {a_{\perp }}{r}}.} In two dimensions, angular acceleration is a number with plus or minus sign indicating orientation, but not pointing in a ... |
Axiom of Choice Statements consistent with the negation of AC Axiom_of_Choice > Statements consistent with the negation of AC There exists a model of ZF¬C in which every set in Rn is measurable. Thus it is possible to exclude counterintuitive results like the Banach–Tarski paradox which are provable in ZFC. Furthermore... |
Eads Bridge History Eads_Bridge > History It was determined that Eads' original estimation of an allowable load of 3,000 pounds per foot (4,500 kg/m) could be raised to 5,000 pounds per foot (7,400 kg/m). The Eads Bridge is still considered one of the greatest bridges ever built.The Eads Bridge had long hosted only pas... |
Campylobacter pylori Adaptation to the stomach Campylobacter_pylori > Pathophysiology > Adaptation to the stomach It has been proposed that BabA's acid responsiveness enables adherence while also allowing an effective escape from unfavorable environment at pH that is harmful to the organism. Another such adhesin, SabA,... |
Hierarchy Nomenclature Hierarchy > Nomenclature The root of an inverted-tree structure Member, a (member or node) in any level of a hierarchy in a dimension to which (superior and subordinate) members are attached Orphan, a member in any level of a dimension without a parent member. Often the apex of a disconnected bra... |
Cohesive end Single-stranded DNA molecules Sticky_and_blunt_ends > Single-stranded DNA molecules A single-stranded non-circular DNA molecule has two non-identical ends, the 3' end and the 5' end (usually pronounced "three prime end" and "five prime end"). The numbers refer to the numbering of carbon atoms in the deoxyr... |
Differential and integral calculus Modern Differential_and_integral_calculus > History > Modern Newton called his calculus "the science of fluxions", a term that endured in English schools into the 19th century. : 100 The first complete treatise on calculus to be written in English and use the Leibniz notation was not ... |
Mainstreaming (education) Summary Mainstreaming_(education) In comparison, inclusion students are regular education classroom students who receive special education services. Usually whether is not a student's education is mainstreamed or inclusion is based on which is the least restrictive environment, which can be de... |
Genomic control Summary Genomic_control Devlin and Roeder (1999) mostly considered the situation where α = 0.05 {\displaystyle \alpha =0.05} gives a 95% confidence level and not smaller p-values. Marchini et al. (2004) demonstrates by simulation that genomic control can lead to an anti-conservative p-value if this valu... |
Eisenstein criterion Indirect (after transformation) Eisenstein_criterion > Examples > Indirect (after transformation) Since the substitution is an automorphism of the ring Q, the fact that we obtain an irreducible polynomial after substitution implies that we had an irreducible polynomial originally. In this particula... |
Evolutionary approaches to schizophrenia Sexual selection and sex differences in schizophrenia Evolutionary_approaches_to_schizophrenia > Sexual selection and sex differences in schizophrenia This theory hypothesizes that there is a difference in the onset of psychosis between the male and female genders, and this onse... |
Duality (mathematics) Summary Duality_(mathematics) It has been described as "a very pervasive and important concept in (modern) mathematics" and "an important general theme that has manifestations in almost every area of mathematics".Many mathematical dualities between objects of two types correspond to pairings, bili... |
Lin–Kernighan heuristic Limitations Lin–Kernighan_heuristic > Derivation > Limitations The closed alternating trails found by the above method are all connected, but the symmetric difference T △ T ′ {\displaystyle T\mathbin {\triangle } T'} of two tours need not be, so in general this method of alternating trails canno... |
Three-way handshake Summary TCP_port Applications that do not require reliable data stream service may use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) instead, which provides a connectionless datagram service that prioritizes time over reliability. TCP employs network congestion avoidance. However, there are vulnerabilities in TC... |
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis Prognosis Multiple_Sclerosis > Prognosis The availability of treatments that modify the course of multiple sclerosis beginning in the 1990s, known as disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), has improved prognosis. These treatments can reduce relapses and slow progression, but as of 20... |
Magnetic Anomaly Ground-based Magnetic_anomalies > Data acquisition > Ground-based In ground-based surveys, measurements are made at a series of stations, typically 15 to 60 m apart. Usually a proton precession magnetometer is used and it is often mounted on a pole. Raising the magnetometer reduces the influence of sma... |
Blood poisoning Epidemiology Blood_poisoning > Epidemiology Sepsis causes millions of deaths globally each year and is the most common cause of death in people who have been hospitalized. The number of new cases worldwide of sepsis is estimated to be 18 million cases per year. In the United States sepsis affects approx... |
Nephritic syndrome Laboratory testing Nephritic_syndrome > Diagnosis > Laboratory testing Some findings on urinalysis that are consistent with nephritic syndrome include red blood cells (hematuria), red blood cell casts, proteinuria, and possibly white blood cells (pyuria).If nephritic syndrome is identified and diagno... |
Island biogeography Species-area relationships Island_biogeography > Species-area relationships In this equation, S {\displaystyle S} represents the measure of diversity of a species (for example, the number of species) and c {\displaystyle c} is a constant representing the y-intercept. A {\displaystyle A} represents t... |
Glossary of artificial intelligence F Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence > F frame problem The problem of finding adequate collections of axioms for a viable description of a robot environment. friendly artificial intelligence Also friendly AI or FAI. A hypothetical artificial general intelligence (AGI) that would hav... |
Static equilibrium Stability Mechanical_equilibrium > Stability An important property of systems at mechanical equilibrium is their stability. |
Strain crystallization Summary Strain_crystallization Strain crystallization is a phenomenon in which an initially amorphous solid material undergoes a phase transformation due to the application of strain. Strain crystallization occurs in natural rubber, as well as other elastomers and polymers. The phenomenon has imp... |
Baker's map Summary Baker's_map In physics, a chain of coupled baker's maps can be used to model deterministic diffusion. As with many deterministic dynamical systems, the baker's map is studied by its action on the space of functions defined on the unit square. The baker's map defines an operator on the space of funct... |
Artificial induction of immunity Adjuvants Artificial_induction_of_immunity > Adjuvants Adjuvants are also used in other ways in researching the immune system.A more contemporary approach for "boosting" the immune response to simpler immunogenic molecules (known as antigens) is to conjugate the antigens. Conjugation is... |
Characteristic number (physics) Other quantities produced by nondimensionalization Dimensionless_quantities > Other quantities produced by nondimensionalization Physics often uses dimensionless quantities to simplify the characterization of systems with multiple interacting physical phenomena. These may be found by app... |
Absorption maximum Summary Absorption_curve Absorption spectroscopy is employed as an analytical chemistry tool to determine the presence of a particular substance in a sample and, in many cases, to quantify the amount of the substance present. Infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy are particularly common in an... |
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