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Appell series Related series Appell_series > Related series There are seven related series of two variables, Φ1, Φ2, Φ3, Ψ1, Ψ2, Ξ1, and Ξ2, which generalize Kummer's confluent hypergeometric function 1F1 of one variable and the confluent hypergeometric limit function 0F1 of one variable in a similar manner. The first ... |
Interpolating polynomial Convergence properties Polynomial_interpolation > Convergence properties Does there exist a single table of nodes for which the sequence of interpolating polynomials converge to any continuous function f(x)? The answer is unfortunately negative: The proof essentially uses the lower bound estima... |
Past hypothesis Summary Past_hypothesis In cosmology, the past hypothesis is a fundamental law of physics that postulates that the universe started in a low-entropy state, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. The second law states that any closed system follows the arrow of time, meaning its entropy nev... |
List of gene families Summary List_of_gene_families This is a list of gene families or gene complexes, i.e. sets of genes which are related ancestrally and often serve similar biological functions. These gene families typically encode functionally related proteins, and sometimes the term gene families is a shorthand fo... |
Cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease Carotid body Cell-based_therapies_for_Parkinson's_disease > List of cell-based sources > Carotid body The carotid body is a group of chemoreceptor cells located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. It includes two populations of cells; glomus (type I) cells and s... |
History of general relativity Early investigations History_of_general_relativity > Creation of general relativity > Early investigations The reason is that the radius of a circle would be measured with an uncontracted ruler, but, according to special relativity, the circumference would seem to be longer because the rul... |
CAD workstation Types 3D_Computer_Aided_Design > Types There are several different types of CAD, each requiring the operator to think differently about how to use them and design their virtual components in a different manner for each. Virtually all of CAD tools rely on constraint concept that are used to constarain ge... |
Upwelling current Other sources Upwelling_current > Types > Coastal > Other sources Local and intermittent upwellings may occur when offshore islands, ridges, or seamounts cause a deflection of deep currents, providing a nutrient rich area in otherwise low productivity ocean areas. Examples include upwellings around th... |
Supervised Machine Learning Noise in the output values Supervised_Machine_Learning > Algorithm choice > Noise in the output values You can overfit even when there are no measurement errors (stochastic noise) if the function you are trying to learn is too complex for your learning model. In such a situation, the part of... |
Finite state automaton Finite-state machines (automata theory) in theoretical computer science Finite_state_automata > Further reading > Finite-state machines (automata theory) in theoretical computer science Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation (2nd ed.). Reading Mass: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0... |
Natural resource economics Comprehensive natural resource models Resource_economics > Perpetual resources vs. exhaustibility > Comprehensive natural resource models New materials will appear (note: they have), the result of technological advances, some acting as substitutes and some with new properties. Recycling will ... |
Ophthalmic lens Abbe number Spectacle_lens > Optical quality > Abbe number See: Anatomy and Physiology of the Retina. )In contrast, the eye moves to look through various parts of a corrective lens as it shifts its gaze, some of which can be as much as several centimeters off of the optical center. |
IMD3 Measurement IMD3 > Measurement Intermodulation distortion in audio is usually specified as the root mean square (RMS) value of the various sum-and-difference signals as a percentage of the original signal's root mean square voltage, although it may be specified in terms of individual component strengths, in decibe... |
Support Vector Machine Support vector clustering (SVC) Support-vector_machine > Extensions > Support vector clustering (SVC) SVC is a similar method that also builds on kernel functions but is appropriate for unsupervised learning. |
Electronic density Overview Electronic_density > Overview Graphical models, including electron density are a commonly employed tool in chemistry education. Note in the left-most image of aniline, high electron densities are associated with the carbons and nitrogen, but the hydrogens with only one proton in their nuclei... |
Network neuroscience Attention Network_neuroscience > Large-scale brain networks > Attention It is composed primarily of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the frontal eye fields (FEF). Researchers have used tools such as fMRI and MRI to locate these regions by monitoring the brain while people perform various cognitiv... |
Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers Damping issues Electrical_characteristics_of_dynamic_loudspeakers > Load impedance and amplifiers > Damping issues In practice, this is important to prevent ringing or overhang which is, essentially, a free vibration of the moving structures in a driver when it is exci... |
History of tuberculosis Ancient China History_of_tuberculosis > The East > Ancient China They retrospectively identify feilao 肺癆 "lung exhaustion" and infectious feilao chuanshi 肺癆傳尸 "lung exhaustion by corpse transmission as "consumption/tuberculosis". Describing foreign loanwords in early medical terminology, Zhang ... |
Roberto Tempo Research Roberto_Tempo > Research The success of the distributed randomized methods proposed by Roberto Tempo is witnessed by the monograph “Randomized Algorithms for Analysis and Control of Uncertain Systems”, that was published by Springer-Verlag, and that represents a pioneering textbook, lying the fou... |
Evolution of social anxiety Disorder Evolution_of_social_anxiety > Disorder They affect 40 million adults, ages 18 and older. Anxiety can come in different forms and panic attacks can lead to panic disorders which is the fear of having a panic attack in public. Other related anxiety disorders include social anxiety dis... |
Constructive set theory Category theories Intuitionistic_set_theory > Sorted theories > Category theories Not all formal logic theories of sets need to axiomize the binary membership predicate " ∈ {\displaystyle \in } " directly. A theory like the Elementary Theory of the Categories Of Set ( E T C S {\displaystyle {\ma... |
Lsy-6 microRNA Summary Lsy-6_microRNA lsy-6 microRNA belongs to the class of miRNAs; these function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. lsy-6 is a short non-coding RNA molecule and the first miRNA identified as having a role in nervous system development. It regulates left-right neur... |
Multilink PPP Multiple network layer protocols Multilink_PPP > Description > Multiple network layer protocols PPP permits multiple network layer protocols to operate on the same communication link. For every network layer protocol used, a separate Network Control Protocol (NCP) is provided in order to encapsulate and n... |
Dominance hierarchy Hormonal control Dominance_hierarchy > Regulation mechanisms > Hormonal control The first suggests that higher ranking individuals exert more energy and thus need higher levels of glucocorticoids to mobilize glycogen for energy use. This is supported by the fact that when food availability is low, c... |
Rectangle method Higher dimensions Rectangle_method > Higher dimensions The basic idea behind a Riemann sum is to "break-up" the domain via a partition into pieces, multiply the "size" of each piece by some value the function takes on that piece, and sum all these products. This can be generalized to allow Riemann sums... |
Modifier genes Epistasis between genes Epistasis > Genetic and molecular causes > Epistasis between genes Epistasis within the genomes of organisms occurs due to interactions between the genes within the genome. This interaction may be direct if the genes encode proteins that, for example, are separate components of a ... |
Self-adjoint operator Self-adjoint extensions in quantum mechanics Self-adjoint_operator > Extensions of symmetric operators > Self-adjoint extensions in quantum mechanics The failure of essential self-adjointness for α > 2 {\displaystyle \alpha >2} has a counterpart in the classical dynamics of a particle with potenti... |
Technological Fix Algorithms Technological_Fix > Externalities > Algorithms Oftentimes, algorithms are implemented into systems without a clear understanding of whether or not it is an appropriate solution to a problem. In Understanding perception of algorithmic decisions: Fairness, trust, and emotion in response to al... |
Robotic kitchen Control Climbing_robots > Control The processing phase can range in complexity. At a reactive level, it may translate raw sensor information directly into actuator commands (e.g. firing motor power electronic gates based directly upon encoder feedback signals to achieve the required torque/velocity of t... |
Automated pipetting system Waste Automated_pipetting_system > Components > Waste The waste container is a special container which stores disposable tips used by the system. It may also be used to throw away excess of liquid or washing buffer. |
ThinBasic Functions and procedures ThinBasic > Main features > Functions and procedures To better structure the code, thinBASIC provides the functions and procedures functionality. There is one function with special treatment, called TBMAIN, which is guaranteed to be executed first. It represents the same function as m... |
Integrate by parts LIATE rule Integration_by_parts > Applications > Finding antiderivatives > LIATE rule A common alternative is to consider the rules in the "ILATE" order instead. Also, in some cases, polynomial terms need to be split in non-trivial ways. For example, to integrate one would set so that Then Finally, t... |
Electron Atoms and molecules Mass_of_electron > Characteristics > Atoms and molecules : 159–160 Other methods of orbital transfer include collisions with particles, such as electrons, and the Auger effect. To escape the atom, the energy of the electron must be increased above its binding energy to the atom. This occurs... |
Human nervous system Anatomy in vertebrates Nerve_system > Structure > Anatomy in vertebrates Gray matter is found in clusters of neurons in the brain and spinal cord, and in cortical layers that line their surfaces. There is an anatomical convention that a cluster of neurons in the brain or spinal cord is called a nuc... |
Linear partial differential equation Linear equations of second order Analytical_solutions_of_partial_differential_equations > Classification > Linear equations of second order For example, solutions of Laplace's equation are analytic within the domain where they are defined, but solutions may assume boundary values th... |
Introduction to the mathematics of general relativity Coordinate transformation Introduction_to_the_mathematics_of_general_relativity > Vectors and tensors > Coordinate transformation In physics, as well as mathematics, a vector is often identified with a tuple, or list of numbers, which depend on a coordinate system o... |
Neutralisation (immunology) Mechanism Sterilizing_immunity > Mechanism The pathogen-antibody complex is eventually taken up and degraded by macrophages.Neutralizing antibodies are also important in neutralizing the toxic effects of bacterial toxins. An example of a neutralizing antibody is diphtheria antitoxin, which c... |
Magnetic potential energy Computing potential energy Magnetic_potential_energy > Work and potential energy > Computing potential energy Given a force field F(x), evaluation of the work integral using the gradient theorem can be used to find the scalar function associated with potential energy. This is done by introduci... |
Representation of an algebra Summary Representation_of_an_associative_algebra In abstract algebra, a representation of an associative algebra is a module for that algebra. Here an associative algebra is a (not necessarily unital) ring. If the algebra is not unital, it may be made so in a standard way (see the adjoint f... |
Heterogeneous catalyst Physisorption Heterogeneous_catalysis > Adsorption > Types of adsorption > Physisorption Typical energies for physisorption are from 3 to 10 kcal/mol. In heterogeneous catalysis, when a reactant molecule physisorbs to a catalyst, it is commonly said to be in a precursor state, an intermediate ene... |
Gibbs rotational ensemble Difference between Grand canonical ensemble and Gibbs canonical ensemble Gibbs_rotational_ensemble > Difference between Grand canonical ensemble and Gibbs canonical ensemble In this ensemble, the energy of the system can fluctuate, but the number of particles remains fixed. The Gibbs canonical... |
Switching Kalman filter Model Switching_Kalman_filter > Model There are several variants of SKF discussed in. |
Adrenal insufficiency Diagnosis Primary_adrenocortical_insufficiency > Diagnosis If cortisol levels increase following ACTH stimulation, then the diagnosis is either secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency. The corticotropin-releasing hormone test can then differentiate between secondary and tertiary adrenal insuff... |
Model transformation Unidirectional versus bidirectional Model_transformation > Classification of model transformations > Unidirectional versus bidirectional Important special cases are: bijective transformations, in which there is exactly one model which is consistent with any given model; that is, the consistency rel... |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Mechanism of action Angiotensin_converting_enzyme_inhibitors > Mechanism of action ACE inhibitors reduce the activity of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) as the primary etiologic (causal) event in the development of hypertension in people with diabetes mellitus, a... |
Braille technology Summary Braille_technology Braille technology is assistive technology which allows blind or visually impaired people to read, write, or manipulate braille electronically. This technology allows users to do common tasks such as writing, browsing the Internet, typing in Braille and printing in text, en... |
Cluster headaches Epidemiology Cluster_headache > Epidemiology Cluster headache affects about 0.1% of the general population at some point in their life. Males are affected about four times more often than females. The condition usually starts between the ages of 20 and 50 years, although it can occur at any age. About... |
Array processing Subspace-based technique Array_processing > Estimation techniques > Spectral–based solutions > Subspace-based technique Approach overview 1. S u b s p a c e d e c o m p o s i t i o n b y p e r f o r m i n g e i g e n v a l u e d e c o m p o s i t i o n: {\displaystyle \textstyle 1.\ Subspace\ decomposi... |
Educational programming language Children Educational_programming_language > Children adds the ability to create new blocks and has first-class functions that enables the use of anonymous functions. It is actively maintained by UC Berkeley. The source is entirely hosted on GitHub. |
Constraint satisfaction Complexity Constraint_satisfaction > Constraint satisfaction problem > Complexity Solving a constraint satisfaction problem on a finite domain is an NP complete problem with respect to the domain size. Research has shown a number of tractable subcases, some limiting the allowed constraint relati... |
Table of integrals Derivations Integrals_and_Series > External links > Derivations Victor Hugo Moll, The Integrals in Gradshteyn and Ryzhik |
Torque multiplier Summary Torque_multiplier A torque multiplier is a tool used to provide a mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn bolts, nuts or other items designed to be actuated by application of torque, particularly where there are relatively high torque requirements. |
Secondary plastids DNA replication Chloroplast_ribosome > Chloroplast DNA > DNA replication When replication forks form, the strand not being copied is single stranded, and thus at risk for A → G deamination. Therefore, gradients in deamination indicate that replication forks were most likely present and the direction ... |
Space transportation Launch Uncrewed_spaceflight > Phases > Launch The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself. Once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit. A launch pad is a fixe... |
Hamilton-Jacobi equations Notation Hamilton–Jacobi_theory > Notation Boldface variables such as q {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} } represent a list of N {\displaystyle N} generalized coordinates, q = ( q 1 , q 2 , … , q N − 1 , q N ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {q} =(q_{1},q_{2},\ldots ,q_{N-1},q_{N})} A dot over a variable or ... |
Chromosome instability Summary Chromosome_instability Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a type of genomic instability in which chromosomes are unstable, such that either whole chromosomes or parts of chromosomes are duplicated or deleted. More specifically, CIN refers to the increase in rate of addition or loss of entir... |
Native Image Generator Summary Native_Image_Generator The Native Image Generator, or simply NGen, is the ahead-of-time compilation (AOT) service of the .NET Framework. It allows a CLI assembly to be pre-compiled instead of letting the Common Language Runtime (CLR) do a just-in-time compilation (JIT) at runtime. In some... |
Penalized least squares Feature maps and Mercer's theorem Regularized_least_squares > Feature maps and Mercer's theorem In this section it will be shown how to extend RLS to any kind of reproducing kernel K. Instead of linear kernel a feature map is considered Φ: X → F {\displaystyle \Phi :X\rightarrow F} for some Hilb... |
Two New Sciences Methodology Two_New_Sciences > Methodology These earlier papers are believed to have encouraged him to apply demonstrative proof in order to give validity to his discoveries on motion. Discovery of folio 116v gives evidence of experiments that had previously not been reported and therefore demonstrated... |
O ring Theory and design O_ring > Theory and design O-rings are available in various metric and inch standard sizes. Sizes are specified by the inside diameter and the cross section diameter (thickness). In the US the most common standard inch sizes are per SAE AS568C specification (e.g. AS568-214). |
Quantum noise Zero-point fluctuations Quantum_noise > Zero-point fluctuations This vacuum fluctuation or quantum noise will effect classical systems. This manifest as quantum decoherence in an entangled system, normally attributed to thermal differences in the conditions surrounding each entangled particle. Because ent... |
Stylistic device Imagery Stylistic_device > Figurative language > Imagery This is when the author invokes sensory details. Often, this is simply to draw a reader more deeply into a story by helping the reader visualize what is being described. However, imagery may also symbolize important ideas in a story. For example,... |
Weighted arithmetic mean Weighted sample covariance Weighted_variance > Related concepts > Weighted sample covariance And the weighted covariance matrix is given by: C = ∑ i = 1 N w i ( x i − μ ∗ ) T ( x i − μ ∗ ) V 1 . {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} ={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{N}w_{i}\left(\mathbf {x} _{i}-\mu ^{*}\right)^{T}\l... |
Brushed motor Basic properties Shunt_wound_motor > Torque and speed of a DC motor > Basic properties Define Eb, counter-electromotive force (V) Ia, armature current (A) kb, counter EMF equation constant kn, speed equation constant kT, torque equation constant n, armature frequency (rpm) Rm, motor resistance (Ω) T, moto... |
Photoelectric Effect Photomultipliers Photoelectric_Effect > Uses and effects > Photomultipliers These are extremely light-sensitive vacuum tubes with a coated photocathode inside the envelope. The photo cathode contains combinations of materials such as cesium, rubidium, and antimony specially selected to provide a lo... |
Progressive inflammatory neuropathy Diagnosis Progressive_inflammatory_neuropathy > Diagnosis Over 40 laboratory tests were initially conducted to rule out various pathogens and environmental toxins. These tests were used to try to identify potential viruses carried by humans, pigs, or both, including rotaviruses, aden... |
E-learning (theory) Multimedia instructional design principles E-learning_(theory) > Multimedia instructional design principles Germane cognitive load: the mental effort required to process the task's information, make sense of it, and access and/or store it in long-term memory (for example, seeing a math problem, iden... |
Axiomatics of thermodynamics History Heat_generation > History The fundamental concepts of heat capacity and latent heat, which were necessary for the development of thermodynamics, were developed by Professor Joseph Black at the University of Glasgow, where James Watt was employed as an instrument maker. Black and Wat... |
Landing footprint Summary Landing_ellipse A landing footprint, also called a landing ellipse, is the area of uncertainty of a spacecraft's landing zone on an astronomical body. After atmospheric entry, the landing point of a non-powered spacecraft will depend upon entry angle, entry mass, atmospheric conditions, and dr... |
Multiphase fluid Two-phase liquid-gas pipeline flow Multiphase_fluid > Types > Two-phase liquid-gas pipeline flow Flow patterns in pipes are governed by the diameter of the pipe, the physical properties of the fluids and their flow rates. As velocity and gas-liquid ratio is increased, "bubble flow" transitions into "mi... |
Residual stress Nonthermal methods Residual_stress > Relief of residual stress > Nonthermal methods Mechanical methods to relieve undesirable surface tensile stresses and replace them with beneficial compressive residual stresses include shot peening and laser peening. Each works the surface of the material with a medi... |
Surface gravity Non-spherically symmetric objects Surface_gravity > Non-spherically symmetric objects To the extent that an object's internal distribution of mass differs from a symmetric model, we may use the measured surface gravity to deduce things about the object's internal structure. This fact has been put to pra... |
Budan's Theorem Proof Fourier's_theorem_on_polynomial_real_roots > Proof . , f ( n − 1 ) . {\displaystyle f,f',...,f^{(n-1)}.} |
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis Chest Radiographs Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis > Diagnosis > Imaging > Chest Radiographs Acute presentation may reveal poorly defined a micro-nodular interstitial pattern and ground-glass opacities in the lower and mid lung zones. In addition to this, subacute presentations may show reticu... |
Maxwell stress tensor Motivation Maxwell_stress_tensor > Motivation As outlined below, the electromagnetic force is written in terms of E {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} } and B {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} } . Using vector calculus and Maxwell's equations, symmetry is sought for in the terms containing E {\displaystyle \math... |
Evolutionary Psychology (journal) Summary Evolutionary_Psychology_(journal) Evolutionary Psychology is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal published since 2003. It covers empirical, philosophical, historical, and socio-political aspects of evolutionary psychology. Its editors-in-chief are Todd K. Shackelford (... |
OS kernel Microkernels Operating_system_kernel > Kernel-wide design approaches > Microkernels The other functions such as running the hardware processes are not handled directly by microkernels. Proponents of micro kernels point out those monolithic kernels have the disadvantage that an error in the kernel can cause th... |
Nanogenerator Piezoelectric nanogenerator Nanogenerator > Piezoelectric nanogenerator A piezoelectric nanogenerator is an energy-harvesting device capable of converting external kinetic energy into electrical energy via action by a nano-structured piezoelectric material. It is generally used to indicate kinetic energy ... |
Cardiac pacemakers Generation of action potentials Pacemaker_cell > Generation of action potentials There are 3 main stages in the generation of an action potential in a pacemaker cell. Since the stages are analogous to contraction of cardiac muscle cells, they have the same naming system. This can lead to some confusi... |
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania Diagnosis Chronic_paroxysmal_hemicrania > Diagnosis CPH is a long-term disease with symptoms lasting for longer than a year, either without remission or with remissions that last less than a month. In order to be diagnosed with CPH, a patient needs to have had at least 20 attacks filling t... |
Hypothyroidism Pregnancy Secondary_hypothyroidism > Management > Pregnancy Supplementary levothyroxine may reduce the risk of preterm birth and possibly miscarriage. The recommendation is stronger in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (defined as TSH 2.5–10 mIU/L) who are anti-TPO positive, in view of the r... |
Kepler-68c Summary Kepler-68c Kepler-68c is an Earth-sized planet orbiting the star Kepler-68 in the constellation of Cygnus. It was discovered by planetary-transit methods by the Kepler space telescope in February 2013. It has a mass of 4.8+2.5−3.6 times that of Earth (0.015 MJ) and a radius of 0.953+0.037−0.042 Earth... |
Cayley–Menger determinant Example Cayley–Menger_determinant > Realization of a Euclidean distance matrix > Theorem (d is given) > Example . {\displaystyle p_{1}={0,0,...}} . Put p 2 {\displaystyle p_{2}} on the first axis, so p 2 = ( δ 12 ) 2 , 0 , . |
Single-layer materials Polymer Two_dimensional_(2D)_nanomaterials > Polymer Using melamine (carbon and nitrogen ring structure) as a monomer, researchers created 2DPA-1, a 2-dimensional polymer sheet held together by hydrogen bonds. The sheet forms spontaneously in solution, allowing thin films to be spin-coated. The p... |
Highpass filter Summary High-pass_filter High-pass filters have many uses, such as blocking DC from circuitry sensitive to non-zero average voltages or radio frequency devices. They can also be used in conjunction with a low-pass filter to produce a band-pass filter. In the optical domain filters are often characterise... |
Juan Pavón INGENIAS Juan_Pavón > Work > INGENIAS INGENIAS follows these principles specifying the MAS meta-models that define its modeling language and allow generating automatically its development tools distributed as the INGENIAS Development Kit (IDK). This approach supports research in different areas characterized... |
Deformation mechanism maps Construction Deformation_mechanism_maps > Deformation mechanism map > Construction Repeated experiments are performed to characterize the mechanism by which the material deforms. The dominant mechanism is the one which dominates the continuous deformation rate (strain rate), however at any gi... |
Matrix multiplication algorithm Iterative algorithm Matrix_multiplication_algorithm > Iterative algorithm The definition of matrix multiplication is that if C = AB for an n × m matrix A and an m × p matrix B, then C is an n × p matrix with entries c i j = ∑ k = 1 m a i k b k j . {\displaystyle c_{ij}=\sum _{k=1}^{m}a_{... |
Northwestern blot Advantages and disadvantages Northwestern_blot > Advantages and disadvantages Advantages of northwestern blotting include the expedited detection of specific proteins that bind RNA, as well as the assessment of the approximate molecular weights of those proteins. The northwestern blot allows for detec... |
Automatic and controlled processes Controlled processes Automatic_and_controlled_processes > Characteristics > Controlled processes Being tightly capacity-limited, controlled processing imposes considerable limitations on speed and the ability to have divided attention. Divided attention is the ability to switch betwee... |
Cirrhosis of the liver Pathology Hepatic_fibrosis > Diagnosis > Pathology Cirrhosis is defined by its features on microscopy: (1) the presence of regenerating nodules of hepatocytes and (2) the presence of fibrosis, or the deposition of connective tissue between these nodules. The pattern of fibrosis seen can depend on... |
Asymptotic cone On basepoints in the case of uniformly bounded spaces Asymptotic_cone > On basepoints in the case of uniformly bounded spaces Suppose that (Xn ,dn) is a sequence of metric spaces of uniformly bounded diameter, that is, there exists a real number C > 0 such that diam(Xn) ≤ C for every n ∈ N {\displaystyl... |
Quantum wires Quantum effects Quantum_wires > Quantum effects If the diameter of a wire is sufficiently small, electrons will experience quantum confinement in the transverse direction. As a result, their transverse energy will be limited to a series of discrete values. One consequence of this quantization is that the ... |
History of the periodic table Inert gases History_of_the_periodic_table > Inert gases and ether > Inert gases For a while, Ramsay believed argon could be a mixture of three gases of similar atomic weights; this triad would resemble the triad of iron, cobalt, and nickel, and be similarly placed in group VIII. Certain th... |
Forward secrecy Protocols Perfect_Forward_Secrecy > Protocols Forward secrecy is present in several major protocol implementations, such as SSH and as an optional feature in IPsec (RFC 2412). Off-the-Record Messaging, a cryptography protocol and library for many instant messaging clients, as well as OMEMO which provide... |
Work energy Internal energy Energy_(physics) > Thermodynamics > Internal energy Internal energy is the sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a system. It is the energy needed to create the system. It is related to the potential energy, e.g., molecular structure, crystal structure, and other geometric aspects, as we... |
Principle of transformation groups Discussion Principle_of_transformation_groups > Discussion Introducing a "nuisance parameter" and then making the answer invariant to this parameter is a very useful technique for solving supposedly "ill-posed" problems like Bertrand's Paradox. This has been called "the well-posing st... |
Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens Next-generation sequencing & hit analysis Genome-wide_CRISPR-Cas9_knockout_screens > Methods > Next-generation sequencing & hit analysis Several algorithms are currently available for this purpose, with the most popular being the Model-based Analysis of Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 K... |
History of the Church–Turing thesis Sieg and axiomatic definitions History_of_the_Church–Turing_thesis > Sieg and axiomatic definitions "Whether the above statement is true or not is left to the reader to ponder. Sieg goes on to describe Gandy's analysis (see above 1980). In doing so he attempts to formalize what he ca... |
Ingres (database) Isolation Levels Ingres_(database) > Architecture > Isolation Levels Ingres supports four isolation levels, from favoring consistency to maximizing concurrency: Serializable, Repeatable Read, Read Committed. and Read Uncommitted, Serializable is the default isolation level and it provides the stronges... |
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