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Denoising autoencoder Variational autoencoder (VAE) Autoencoder > Variations > Variational autoencoder (VAE) Variational autoencoders (VAEs) belong to the families of variational Bayesian methods. Despite the architectural similarities with basic autoencoders, VAEs are architecture with different goals and with a compl... |
Fuel Fission Chemical_fuel > Nuclear > Fission The most common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear fission reactor; nuclear fuel can refer to the material or to physical objects (for example fuel bundles composed of fuel ... |
Andrzej Grzegorczyk Other papers Andrzej_Grzegorczyk > Selected publications > Other papers 199–208 Grzegorczyk, Andrzej (1974): Axiomatic theory of enumeration. In Fenstad, Jens Erik; Hinman, Peter Greayer (editors) (1974): Generalized Recursion Theory: Proceedings of the 1972 Oslo Symposium. North Holland, Amsterdam,... |
Quantum energy level Explanation Quantum_energy > Explanation Elementary examples that show mathematically how energy levels come about are the particle in a box and the quantum harmonic oscillator. Any superposition (linear combination) of energy states is also a quantum state, but such states change with time and do ... |
H-alpha Filter H_alpha > Filter For observing the sun, a much narrower band filter can be made from three parts: an "energy rejection filter" which is usually a piece of red glass that absorbs most of the unwanted wavelengths, a Fabry–Pérot etalon which transmits several wavelengths including one centred on the H-alpha... |
Feasible computability Problems in NP not known to be in P or NP-complete Intractable_problem > Important open problems > Problems in NP not known to be in P or NP-complete If the problem is NP-complete, the polynomial time hierarchy will collapse to its first level (i.e., NP will equal co-NP). The best known algorithm... |
Dioxygen in biological reactions Photosynthesis Dioxygen_in_biological_reactions > Photosynthesis In nature, free oxygen is produced by the light-driven splitting of water during oxygenic photosynthesis. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on earth. The rem... |
Undefined (mathematics) Summary Undefined_(mathematics) As these terms are not defined in terms of other concepts, they may be referred to as "undefined terms". A function is said to be "undefined" at points outside of its domain – for example, the real-valued function f ( x ) = x {\displaystyle f(x)={\sqrt {x}}} is un... |
Search Engine Approach Web_search_engines > Approach A query from a user can be a single word, multiple words or a sentence. The index helps find information relating to the query as quickly as possible. Some of the techniques for indexing, and caching are trade secrets, whereas web crawling is a straightforward proces... |
Placoid scales Drag reduction Fish_scales > Placoid scales > Shark skin > Drag reduction Frictional drag is a result of the interaction between the fluid against the shark's skin and can vary depending on how the boundary layer changes against the surface of the fish.The riblets impede the cross-stream translation of t... |
Moon landing Scientific background Moon_landing > Scientific background To get to the Moon, a spacecraft must first leave Earth's gravity well; currently, the only practical means is a rocket. Unlike airborne vehicles such as balloons and jets, a rocket can continue accelerating in the vacuum outside the atmosphere. Up... |
Fieldata References and further reading Fieldata > References and further reading (September 1960b). "Data Processing as a Tool for Generalizing Communications Systems". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics. |
Waardenburg syndrome Cause Waardenburg's_syndrome > Cause Waardenburg syndrome is caused by mutations in any of several genes that affect the operation of neural crest cells in embryonic development. Most types of Waardenburg syndrome are caused by autosomal dominant mutations. The few that are autosomal recessive are ... |
Toll-like receptors Summary Toll-like_receptor Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-pass membrane-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecule... |
S matrix From vacua Scattering_matrix > Definition in quantum field theory > In and out states > From vacua See the next section for a detailed account on how a general n-particle state is normalized. The initial and final spaces are defined by The asymptotic states are assumed to have well defined Poincaré transformat... |
Bernard H. Lavenda Camerino years Bernard_H._Lavenda > Biography > Career > Camerino years His work, summarized in Statistical Physics: A Probabilistic Approach, published by Wiley-Interscience in 1991, completes Boltzmann's principle, which expresses the entropy as the logarithm of a combinatorial factor, by showing t... |
Prostate cancer staging Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG) Prostate_cancer_staging > Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG) In the United Kingdom the NICE guidelines recommend using the Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG) for categorising prostate cancer into 5 risk groups (CPG1 to CPG5). This replaces an older system which used ... |
Mobile cloud computing Summary Mobile_cloud_computing Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is the combination of cloud computing and mobile computing to bring rich computational resources to mobile users, network operators, as well as cloud computing providers. The ultimate goal of MCC is to enable execution of rich mobile app... |
Crossed quadrilateral Area of a convex quadrilateral Crossed_quadrilateral > Area of a convex quadrilateral There are various general formulas for the area K of a convex quadrilateral ABCD with sides a = AB, b = BC, c = CD and d = DA. |
Neoclassical growth model Graphical analysis in phase space Ramsey_growth_model > Mathematical description > Graphical analysis in phase space By default, the first solution is meant, although the other two solutions are important to keep track of. Any optimal trajectory must follow the dynamical system. However, since... |
Norm of a quaternion Quaternions as pairs of complex numbers Hamilton_quaternions > Quaternions as pairs of complex numbers Quaternions can be represented as pairs of complex numbers. From this perspective, quaternions are the result of applying the Cayley–Dickson construction to the complex numbers. This is a generali... |
Analytica (software) Summary Analytica_(software) Analytica is a visual software developed by Lumina Decision Systems for creating, analyzing and communicating quantitative decision models. It combines hierarchical influence diagrams for visual creation and view of models, intelligent arrays for working with multidimen... |
S matrix From vacua Scattering_matrix > Definition in quantum field theory > In and out states > From vacua If a†(k) is a creation operator, its hermitian adjoint is an annihilation operator and destroys the vacuum, In Dirac notation, define as a vacuum quantum state, i.e. a state without real particles. The asterisk s... |
Comparison of Java and C++ Resource management Comparison_of_Java_and_C++ > Language features > Resource management In Java, object deallocation is implicitly handled by the garbage collector. A Java object's finalizer is invoked asynchronously some time after it has been accessed for the last time and before it is dea... |
Super capacitor Materials Electric_double-layer_capacitor > Materials The properties of supercapacitors come from the interaction of their internal materials. Especially, the combination of electrode material and type of electrolyte determine the functionality and thermal and electrical characteristics of the capacitor... |
Central dogma of molecular biology Summary Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology There are 3 major classes of such biopolymers: DNA and RNA (both nucleic acids), and protein. There are 3 × 3 = 9 conceivable direct transfers of information that can occur between these. The dogma classes these into 3 groups of 3: three gene... |
MinHash Time analysis MinHash > Algorithm > Time analysis The estimator |Y|/k can be computed in time O(k) from the two signatures of the given sets, in either variant of the scheme. Therefore, when ε and k are constants, the time to compute the estimated similarity from the signatures is also constant. The signature o... |
A New Kind of Science Simple programs A_New_Kind_of_Science > Contents > Simple programs In a sense, there is not enough room in the program's definition to directly encode all the things the program can do. Therefore, simple programs can be seen as a minimal example of emergence. A logical deduction from this phenomen... |
Bubble Sort Use Bubble_Sort > Use Experiments by Astrachan sorting strings in Java show bubble sort to be roughly one-fifth as fast as an insertion sort and 70% as fast as a selection sort.In computer graphics bubble sort is popular for its capability to detect a very small error (like swap of just two elements) in alm... |
Tachyonic field Condensation Tachyonic_field > Condensation In quantum field theory, a tachyon is a quantum of a field—usually a scalar field—whose squared mass is negative, and is used to describe spontaneous symmetry breaking: The existence of such a field implies the instability of the field vacuum; the field is at ... |
Locally constant Examples Locally_constant_function > Examples The converse is true for locally connected spaces, which are spaces whose connected components are open subsets. Further examples include the following: Given a covering map p: C → X , {\displaystyle p:C\to X,} then to each point x ∈ X {\displaystyle x\in X... |
Indeterminate (variable) Summary Indeterminate_(variable) It is not an unknown that could be solved for. It is not a variable designating a function argument, or a variable being summed or integrated over. It is not any type of bound variable. It is just a symbol used in an entirely formal way.When used as placeholders... |
Computer modeling In practical contexts Computational_modeling > In practical contexts Furthermore, simulation results are often aggregated into static images using various ways of scientific visualization. In debugging, simulating a program execution under test (rather than executing natively) can detect far more erro... |
Renewable-energy economy Rationale for renewables Renewable_energy_policy > Background > Rationale for renewables Climate change, pollution, and energy insecurity are significant problems, and addressing them requires major changes to energy infrastructures. Renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to t... |
Dynamic recompilation Summary Dynamic_recompiler In computer science, dynamic recompilation is a feature of some emulators and virtual machines, where the system may recompile some part of a program during execution. By compiling during execution, the system can tailor the generated code to reflect the program's run-ti... |
Visual Turing Test Example Visual_Turing_Test > Example Detailed example sequences can be found here. |
Cross-training In mixed martial arts Cross-training > In general sports > In mixed martial arts In mixed martial arts and self-defense, cross-training refers to training in multiple martial arts or fighting systems to become proficient in all the phases of unarmed combat. This training is meant to overcome the shortcom... |
CRISPR gene editing CRISPR-directed integrases CRISPR_gene_editing > Applications > By technique > CRISPR-directed integrases Combination of CRISPR-Cas9 with integrases enabled a technique for large edits without problematic double-stranded breaks, as demonstrated with PASTE in 2022. The researchers reported it could b... |
Monte Carlo localization Sensor update Monte_Carlo_localization > Sensor update When the robot senses its environment, it updates its particles to more accurately reflect where it is. For each particle, the robot computes the probability that, had it been at the state of the particle, it would perceive what its sensors... |
GeneRIF Summary GeneRIF A GeneRIF or Gene Reference Into Function is a short (255 characters or fewer) statement about the function of a gene. GeneRIFs provide a simple mechanism for allowing scientists to add to the functional annotation of genes described in the Entrez Gene database. In practice, function is construc... |
Aerobiology Experimental methods Aerobiology > Experimental methods There have been many studies performed to understand real-life dispersal patterns of pollen and spores. To collect samples, studies often use a volumetric spore trap such as a Hirst-type sampler. Particles stick to a sampling strip and then can be insp... |
Species flock Speciation process Cryptic_species > Evolution and ecology > Speciation process For example, yellow-spotted "fire salamanders" in the genus Salamandra, formerly all classified as one species S. salamandra, are not monophyletic: the Corsican fire salamander's closest relative has been shown to be the entir... |
Scientific theories Example: Relativity Scientific_theories > Modification and improvement > Example: Relativity Yet unless the energy is vast, its relativistic effects of contracting space and slowing time are negligible when merely predicting motion. Although general relativity is embraced as the more explanatory the... |
ZETA (fusion reactor) Conceptual development ZETA_(fusion_reactor) > Conceptual development The basic understanding of nuclear fusion was developed during the 1920s as physicists explored the new science of quantum mechanics. George Gamow's 1928 exploration of quantum tunnelling demonstrated that nuclear reactions coul... |
Bode's sensitivity integral Summary Bode's_sensitivity_integral The controller attempts to cause the process output, y, to track the reference input, r. Disturbances, d, and measurement noise, n, may cause undesired deviations of the output. Loop gain is defined by L(s) = P(s)C(s). |
Coupled mode theory Formulation Coupled_mode_theory > Formulation The formulation of the coupled mode theory is based on the development of the solution to an electromagnetic problem into modes. Most of the time it is eigenmodes which are taken in order to form a complete base. The choice of the basis and the adoption ... |
Peak signal-to-noise ratio Quality estimation with PSNR Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio > Quality estimation with PSNR Typical values for the PSNR in lossy image and video compression are between 30 and 50 dB, provided the bit depth is 8 bits, where higher is better. The processing quality of 12-bit images is considered hig... |
Health information management Methods to ensure Data Quality Health_information_management > Elements > Practices > Methods to ensure Data Quality Consistency: The value of the data should be reliable and the same across applications. Currency: The data should be up to date. A datum value is up to date if it is current... |
Pythagoras In mathematics Pythagoras > Attributed discoveries > In mathematics Cicero rejected this story as spurious because of the much more widely held belief that Pythagoras forbade blood sacrifices. Porphyry attempted to explain the story by asserting that the ox was actually made of dough.The Pythagorean theorem ... |
Computer architectures Performance Computer_design > Design goals > Performance Although benchmarking shows strengths, it shouldn't be how you choose a computer. Often the measured machines split on different measures. For example, one system might handle scientific applications quickly, while another might render vide... |
Micro RNA Human homolog microRNA-205 Micro_RNA > Disease > Heart disease > Human homolog microRNA-205 The human homolog of miR-712 was found on the RN45s homolog gene, which maintains similar miRNAs to mice. MiR-205 of humans share similar sequences with miR-712 of mice and is conserved across most vertebrates. MiR-205... |
Optimal Control General method Optimal_Control > General method The question is, how should the driver press the accelerator pedal in order to minimize the total traveling time? In this example, the term control law refers specifically to the way in which the driver presses the accelerator and shifts the gears. The sys... |
SciGraph Technology SciGraph > Technology SciGraph constitutes 1.5 to 2 billion triples where a triple is formatted as "subject-predicate-object" and could link any subject or concept through a predicate (verb) to another object, demonstrating the type of relationship that exists between them. Its graph structure is us... |
Primary energy resource Usable energy Primary_energy > Usable energy Primary energy sources are transformed in energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy that can directly be used by society, such as electrical energy, refined fuels, or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel. In the field of energeti... |
Chronic pyelonephritis Summary Kidney_infections Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney, typically due to a bacterial infection. Symptoms most often include fever and flank tenderness. Other symptoms may include nausea, burning with urination, and frequent urination. Complications may include pus around the kidne... |
Quantitative social research Justice Quantitative_social_research > Ethics > Justice The principle of justice states the benefits of research should be distributed fairly. The definition of fairness used is case-dependent, varying between "(1) to each person an equal share, (2) to each person according to individual ne... |
Proximate cause But-for test Proximate_cause > But-for test The injury or illness is due to a design hazard, with each having been found to have sold the same type of product in a manner that made it unreasonably dangerous, there is inability to identify the specific manufacturer of the product or products that brought... |
Artificial intelligence of things Artificial Intelligence Through Medical Devices Artificial_intelligence_of_things > Artificial Intelligence Through Medical Devices As defined by the 21st Century Cures Act in 2016, a medical device is a device that performs a function in healthcare with the intention of using it "in t... |
Query Rewriting Summary Query_Rewriting For example, filtering on fields A and B, or cross joining R and S can be done in any order, but there can be a performance difference. Multiple operations may be combined, and operation orders may be altered. The result of query rewriting may not be at the same abstraction level... |
Integration by reduction formulae Examples Integration_by_reduction_formulae > How to compute the integral > Examples Below are examples of the procedure. |
Rangekeeper Servo speed stabilization Rangekeeper > Mechanisms > Servo speed stabilization 1A computer integrator discs required a particularly elaborate system to provide constant and precise drive speeds. They used a motor with its speed regulated by a clock escapement, cam-operated contacts, and a jeweled-bearing sp... |
Kinematic theory of diffraction Approximations Diffraction_formalism > Approximations At some point on the screen the path length to one side of the object is given by the Pythagorean theorem S = L 2 + ( x + a / 2 ) 2 {\displaystyle S={\sqrt {L^{2}+(x+a/2)^{2}}}} If we now consider the situation where L ≫ ( x + a / 2 )... |
Virginia Satir Process of Change Model Virginia_Satir > Process of Change Model The third stage of change is practice and integration. In this stage new ideas are being implemented and individuals are figuring out what works best. Like any other skill, it requires patience and practice. |
Orders of magnitude (numbers) 100 Order_of_magnitude_(numbers) > 100 Mathematics: the number system understood by ternary computers, the ternary system, uses 3 digits: 0, 1, and 2. Religion: three manifestations of God in the Christian Trinity. Mathematics: π ≈ 3.141592653589793238, the ratio of a circle's circumferenc... |
Shortest-distance problems Shortest path in stochastic time-dependent networks All-pairs_shortest_path_problem > Shortest path in stochastic time-dependent networks One possible and common answer to this question is to find a path with the minimum expected travel time. The main advantage of using this approach is that ... |
Constructive set theory Regularity implies PEM Constructive_set_theory > Subtheories of ZF > Choice functions > Regularity implies PEM The axiom of regularity states that for every inhabited set s {\displaystyle s} , there exists an element t {\displaystyle t} in s {\displaystyle s} , which shares no elements with s {\... |
Soybean cyst nematode Disease cycle Soybean_cyst_nematode > Disease cycle Soybean cyst nematodes are so devastating due to their life cycle being so efficient for multiplication. They have six life stages, which is the norm for all nematodes. These stages include: egg, juvenile (J1-J4), and adult and can complete multi... |
Kermeta Philosophy Kermeta > Philosophy a concrete syntax that fits well to model and metamodel writing. two paradigms: the object, and the model. a bridge towards the Eclipse ECore formalism |
Amphetamine Physical Amphetamine > Adverse effects > Physical Cardiovascular side effects can include hypertension or hypotension from a vasovagal response, Raynaud's phenomenon (reduced blood flow to the hands and feet), and tachycardia (increased heart rate). Sexual side effects in males may include erectile dysfunct... |
Scale (geography) Scale effect Scale_(geography) > Scale effect The concept of scale is central to geography. To study any geographical phenomenon, one must first determine the scale or resolution, because different scales or resolutions may result in different observations and hence different conclusions. This problem... |
Lava filter Constantly submerged lavafilters Lava_filter > Types of systems > Constantly submerged lavafilters In addition to water-purifying (de-nutrifying) plants, plants that supply oxygen, and shade are also added in ecologic water catchments, ponds, ... This to allow a complete ecosystem to form. Finally, in addit... |
Cel animation Animation loops Classical_animation > Techniques > Animation loops Creating animation loops or animation cycles is a labor-saving technique for animating repetitive motions, such as a character walking or a breeze blowing through the trees. In the case of walking, the character is animated taking a step w... |
DISC1 Schizophrenia DISC1 > Clinical implications > Schizophrenia Schizophrenia affects 1% of the general population and is highly heritable, providing an indication of a genetic basis. DISC1 has been associated with neurological abnormalities such as delusions, deficits in long term and working memory, diminution of g... |
Air-core transformer Cooling Power_transformer > Construction > Cooling The tank of liquid-filled transformers often has radiators through which the liquid coolant circulates by natural convection or fins. Some large transformers employ electric fans for forced-air cooling, pumps for forced-liquid cooling, or have heat... |
Lorentz forces Lorentz force and Faraday's law of induction Lorentz_equation > Lorentz force and Faraday's law of induction However, there are cases where Faraday's law is either inadequate or difficult to use, and application of the underlying Lorentz force law is necessary. See inapplicability of Faraday's law. |
NMR crystallography Dipolar couplings-based approach Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_crystallography > Dipolar couplings-based approach In NMR crystallography the observed spins in case of organic molecules would often be spin-1/2 nuclei of moderate frequency (13C, 15N, 31P, etc.). I.e. 1H is excluded due to its large magne... |
C symmetry In classical fields C_symmetry > Informal overview > In classical fields Gauge symmetry, in this geometric setting, is a statement that, as one moves around on the circle, the coupled object must also transform in a "circular way", tracking in a corresponding fashion. More formally, one says that the equatio... |
Attention Restoration Theory Summary Attention_Restoration_Theory The theory was developed by Rachel and Stephen Kaplan in the 1980s in their book The experience of nature: A psychological perspective, and has since been found by others to hold true in medical outcomes as well as intellectual task attention, as describ... |
Logology (science) Artificial intelligence Logology_(science) > Science > Artificial intelligence It has been quipped that "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet. "Since 1950, when Alan Turing proposed what has come to be called the "Turing test," there has been speculation whether machines such as computers can possess ... |
Molecular diffusion Summary Molecular_diffusion Consider two systems; S1 and S2 at the same temperature and capable of exchanging particles. If there is a change in the potential energy of a system; for example μ1>μ2 (μ is Chemical potential) an energy flow will occur from S1 to S2, because nature always prefers low en... |
Nephrotic syndrome Differential diagnosis Nephrotic_syndrome > Diagnosis > Differential diagnosis Some symptoms that are present in nephrotic syndrome, such as edema and proteinuria, also appear in other illnesses. Therefore, other pathologies need to be excluded in order to arrive at a definitive diagnosis. Edema: in ... |
Bogosort Related algorithms Bogosort > Related algorithms Miracle sort A sorting algorithm that checks if the array is sorted until a miracle occurs. It continually checks the array until it is sorted, never changing the order of the array. Because the order is never altered, the algorithm has a hypothetical time compl... |
Protein-RNA interaction Alternative splicing Protein-RNA_interaction > Function > RNA processing and modification > Alternative splicing These proteins then recruit splicesomal proteins to this target site. SR proteins are also well known for their role in alternative splicing through the recruitment of snRNPs that for... |
Complex Adaptive System Overview Complex_Adaptive_System > Overview Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and Viability Theory, and a c... |
Alan Jeffrey Giacomin Research Alan_Jeffrey_Giacomin > Research Professor Giacomin and his group have published on the rheology of polymeric liquids, and especially on their behaviours in large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow (LAOS) (see Self-assembly of nanoparticles). Specifically, Giacomin has explored the role of ... |
Nervous system network models Brain connectivity model Nervous_system_network_models > Nervous system models > Brain connectivity model In the structural brain connectivity type, the connectivity is a sparse and directed graph. The functional brain connectivity has bidirectional graphs. The effective brain connectivity... |
Commercial eye tracking Practice Eye_Tracking > Practice A great deal of research has gone into studies of the mechanisms and dynamics of eye rotation, but the goal of eye tracking is most often to estimate gaze direction. Users may be interested in what features of an image draw the eye, for example. It is important t... |
Capsule neural network Summary Capsule_neural_network This vector is similar to what is done for example when doing classification with localization in CNNs. Among other benefits, capsnets address the "Picasso problem" in image recognition: images that have all the right parts but that are not in the correct spatial re... |
Transmetalation Summary Transmetalation Transmetalation (alt. spelling: transmetallation) is a type of organometallic reaction that involves the transfer of ligands from one metal to another. It has the general form: M1–R + M2–R′ → M1–R′ + M2–Rwhere R and R′ can be, but are not limited to, an alkyl, aryl, alkynyl, ally... |
Concurrent Pascal Language description Concurrent_Pascal > Language description A built in data type, the queue, together with operations delay and continue, are used for scheduling within monitors. Each variable of type queue can hold one process. If many processes are to be delayed in a monitor, multiple queue variab... |
Anomeric effect Overcoming the anomeric effect Anomeric_effect > Influences > Overcoming the anomeric effect When a large substituent is added to the spiroketal backbone, as seen in the lower left, the strain from having this large substituent, R, in the axial position is greatly destabilizing to the molecule. In the m... |
Resultant Number theory Resultant > Other applications > Number theory Every element of β ∈ K ( α ) {\displaystyle \beta \in K(\alpha )} may be written as β = Q ( α ) , {\displaystyle \beta =Q(\alpha ),} where Q {\displaystyle Q} is a polynomial. Then β {\displaystyle \beta } is a root of res x ( P ( x ) , z − Q ( x ... |
Super refraction Radar Super_refraction > Radar Anomalous Propagation is different from ground clutter, ocean reflections (sea clutter), biological returns from birds and insects, debris, chaff, sand storms, volcanic eruption plumes, and other non-precipitation meteorological phenomena. Ground and sea clutters are perm... |
Formal Lie group The formal group ring of a formal group law Formal_Lie_group > The formal group ring of a formal group law The formal group ring of a formal group law is a cocommutative Hopf algebra analogous to the group ring of a group and to the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra, both of which are also ... |
Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm Even's speedup Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter_algorithm > Algorithm > Even's speedup A subsequent improvement by Shimon Even provides an improvement to the running time of the algorithm by storing additional information for each element in the permutation: its position, and a direction (p... |
Lithium atom Summary Lithium_atom A lithium atom is an atom of the chemical element lithium. Stable lithium is composed of three electrons bound by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus containing three protons along with either three or four neutrons, depending on the isotope, held together by the strong force. Simil... |
List of character tables for chemically important 3D point groups Notation Point_group_character_tables > Notation The symbol i used in the body of the table denotes the imaginary unit: i 2 = −1. Used in a column heading, it denotes the operation of inversion. A superscripted uppercase "C" denotes complex conjugation. ... |
Metrication opposition Tradition Metrication_opposition > Political arguments > Tradition Traditionalists consider the retention of traditional non-metric units as a form of traditionalism, valuing historic usage spanning centuries. Non-metric units often have had different values in different times and places, and som... |
Multiaxial diagnosis DSM-II (1968) Multiaxial_diagnosis > Early versions (20th century) > DSM-II (1968) The idea that personality disorders did not involve emotional distress was discarded.An influential 1974 paper by Robert Spitzer and Joseph L. Fleiss demonstrated that the second edition of the DSM (DSM-II) was an un... |
Push-down automaton Formal definition Push-down_automaton > Formal definition In general pushdown automata are nondeterministic meaning that in a given instantaneous description ( p , w , β ) {\displaystyle (p,w,\beta )} there may be several possible steps. Any of these steps can be chosen in a computation. With the ab... |
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