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Swamp wallaby Reproduction Swamp_wallaby > Reproduction This timing makes it possible for swamp wallaby females to overlap two pregnancies, gestating both an embryo and a fetus at the same time. The swamp wallaby ovulates, mates, conceives and forms a new embryo one to two days before the birth of their full-term fetus... |
Second Industrial Revolution Modern business management Second_Industrial_Revolution > Industry and technology > Modern business management This led to what was called "railroad accounting", which was later adopted by steel and other industries, and eventually became modern accounting. Later in the Second Industrial Re... |
Free loop Summary Free_loop_space In the mathematical field of topology, a free loop is a variant of the mathematical notion of a loop. Whereas a loop has a distinguished point on it, called a basepoint, a free loop lacks such a distinguished point. Formally, let X {\displaystyle X} be a topological space. Then a free ... |
Secondary metabolite Plant secondary metabolites in medicine Secondary_compounds > Plant secondary metabolites > Plant secondary metabolites in medicine Certain studies shown that flavonoids have direct antibiotic activity. A number of in vitro and limited in vivo studies shown that flavonoids such as quercetin have sy... |
Cl2Sn Uses Cl2Sn > Uses It also finds a use as a catalyst between acetone and hydrogen peroxide to form the tetrameric form of acetone peroxide. Tin(II) chloride also finds wide use as a reducing agent. This is seen in its use for silvering mirrors, where silver metal is deposited on the glass: Sn2+ (aq) + 2 Ag+ → Sn4+... |
Anomaly cancellation Witten anomaly and Wang–Wen–Witten anomaly Anomaly_cancellation > Global anomalies > Large gauge transformations > Witten anomaly and Wang–Wen–Witten anomaly When a theory contains an odd number of flavors of chiral fermions, the actions of gauge symmetries in the identity component and the disconn... |
Hot band Combination bands Hot_band > Combination bands As mentioned above, combination bands involve changes in vibrational quantum numbers of more than one normal mode. These transitions are forbidden by harmonic oscillator selection rules, but are observed in vibrational spectra of real systems due to anharmonic cou... |
MicrobesOnline Gene carts MicrobesOnline > Functions and Site Architecture > Genetic information > Gene carts An important feature to store a user's work is the Gene Cart. Many web pages of MicrobesOnline displaying genetic information contain a link to add genes of interest to the session gene cart, which is available... |
Chromatic note Chromatic line Chromatic_note > Chromatic line In music theory, passus duriusculus is a Latin term which refers to chromatic line, often a bassline, whether descending or ascending. A line cliché is any chromatic line that moves against a stationary chord. There are many different types of line clichés—m... |
Hydroxide Transition and post-transition metals Hydroxyl_ion > Inorganic hydroxides > Transition and post-transition metals For example, silver hydroxide Ag(OH) decomposes spontaneously to the oxide (Ag2O). Copper(I) and gold(I) hydroxides are also unstable, although stable adducts of CuOH and AuOH are known. The polym... |
CDR coding Summary CDR_coding In computer science CDR coding is a compressed data representation for Lisp linked lists. It was developed and patented by the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and implemented in computer hardware in a number of Lisp machines derived from the MIT CADR. CDR coding is in fact a fairly... |
Cell division cycle Summary M_phase The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm... |
Instrumentation and control engineering Summary Instrumentation_and_control_engineering Meanwhile, control engineering, also called control systems engineering, is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. Control engineers are responsible for the research, design,... |
Soft Matter Distinctive physics Soft_matter_physics > Distinctive physics Self-assembly can be classified as static, where the resulting structure is due to a free energy minimum, or dynamic, which occurs when the system is caught in a metastable state. Dynamic self-assembly can be utilized in the functional design of ... |
Graph-based access control Organizational graph Graph-based_access_control > Definition > Organizational graph Additionally there are specific relationship types like "deputyship" or "informed_by". These types can be extended by the modeler. All relationships can be context sensitive through the usage of predicates. |
Structural Formula Skeletal formulas Chemical_structure_diagram > Skeletal formulas An additional feature of skeletal formulas is that by adding certain structures the stereochemistry, that is the three-dimensional structure, of the compound can be determined. Often times, the skeletal formula can indicate stereochemis... |
Feed-forward control Physiological feed-forward system Feedforward_Control > Applications > Physiological feed-forward system In physiology, feed-forward control is exemplified by the normal anticipatory regulation of heartbeat in advance of actual physical exertion by the central autonomic network. Feed-forward contro... |
History of thermodynamics Kinetic theory Theory_of_heat > Kinetic theory Further progress in kinetic theory started only in the middle of the 19th century, with the works of Rudolf Clausius, James Clerk Maxwell, and Ludwig Boltzmann. In his 1857 work On the nature of the motion called heat, Clausius for the first time ... |
Wireline Logging Resistivity log Wireline_Logging > Wireline logging > Electrical logs > Resistivity log Resistivity logging measures the subsurface electrical resistivity, which is the ability to impede the flow of electric current. This helps to differentiate between formations filled with salty waters (good conducto... |
Delta cell Summary Delta_cells Viewed under an electron microscope, delta-cells can be identified as cells with smaller and slightly more compact granules than beta cells.The δ-cells in the stomach contain CCKBR (which respond to gastrin) and M3 receptors (which respond to Ach). Respectively, these receptors will incre... |
Electro-optical MASINT Spectroscopic MASINT Electro-optical_MASINT > Spectroscopic MASINT For each point along a time-intensity radiometric plot, a spectral plot can be generated based on the number of spectral bands in the collector, such as the radiant intensity plot of a missile exhaust plume as the missile is in fl... |
Maple computer algebra system Examples of Maple code Maple_computer_algebra_system > Examples of Maple code The following code, which computes the factorial of a nonnegative integer, is an example of an imperative programming construct within Maple: Simple functions can also be defined using the "maps to" arrow notatio... |
Serotonin receptor agonist Summary Serotonin_receptor_agonist A serotonin receptor agonist is an agonist of one or more serotonin receptors. They activate serotonin receptors in a manner similar to that of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), a neurotransmitter and hormone and the endogenous ligand of the serotonin r... |
Real-time database Preserving data consistency Real-time_database > Preserving data consistency A database must let only one transaction operate at a time to preserve data consistency. For example, if two students demand to take the remaining spot for a section of a class and they hit submit at the same time, only one ... |
Inequalities in information theory Lower bounds for the Kullback–Leibler divergence Inequalities_in_information_theory > Lower bounds for the Kullback–Leibler divergence A great many important inequalities in information theory are actually lower bounds for the Kullback–Leibler divergence. Even the Shannon-type inequal... |
Double-ended priority queue External sorting Double-ended_priority_queue > Applications > External sorting One example application of the double-ended priority queue is external sorting. In an external sort, there are more elements than can be held in the computer's memory. The elements to be sorted are initially on a ... |
Solar filter Narrowband Astronomical_filter > Nebular filters > Narrowband Narrow-band filters are astronomical filters which transmit only a narrow band of spectral lines from the spectrum (usually 22 nm bandwidth, or less). They are mainly used for nebulae observation. Emission nebulae mainly radiate the doubly ioniz... |
Izod test The need for Impact tests Izod_test > The need for Impact tests Impact, by definition, is a large force applied for a very short time, resulting in a sudden transfer of momentum and energy, and its effect is different when the same amount of energy is transferred more gradually. Everyday engineering structure... |
Pipe stress analysis Summary Piping_Design If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaning process. Piping sometimes refers to piping design, the detailed specification of the physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. In earlier days, this was sometimes called drafting, technical dra... |
Elastic and inelastic collisions apparatus Summary Elastic_and_inelastic_collisions_apparatus This apparatus was illustrated by Jean-Antoine Nollet in Leçons de physique expérimentale (Paris, 1743–1748). In his description, Nollet claims to have merely altered and developed a model previously used by Edme Mariotte. The... |
Morse–Kelley set theory The axioms in Kelley's General Topology Morse–Kelley_set_theory > The axioms in Kelley's General Topology Definition: c is a choice function if c is a function and c ( x ) ∈ x {\displaystyle c(x)\in x} for each member x of domain c. IX. Choice: There exists a choice function c whose domain is V ... |
Abdominal compartment syndrome Pathophysiology Abdominal_compartment_syndrome > Pathophysiology The underlying cause of the disease process is capillary permeability caused by the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that occurs in every critically ill patient. SIRS leads to leakage of fluid out of the capill... |
Endemic pemphigus Summary Endemic_pemphigus Pemphigus foliaceus is an autoimmune (blistering disease) of the skin. Pemphigus foliaceus causes a characteristic inflammatory attack at the subcorneal layer of epidermis, which results in skin lesions that are scaly or crusted erosions with an erythematous (red) base. Mucos... |
Septal nuclei The lateral septum and movement and reward Septal_nuclei > Functions of the lateral septum > The lateral septum and movement and reward The lateral septum is involved in a variety of functions, including emotional, motivational, and spatial behavior. It has been suggested that the LS may regulate interact... |
Differential calculus Summary Differential_calculus The reaction rate of a chemical reaction is a derivative. In operations research, derivatives determine the most efficient ways to transport materials and design factories. |
Holographic principle Limit on information density Holographic_principle > Limit on information density Information content is defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the probability that a system is in a specific microstate, and the information entropy of a system is the expected value of the system's informatio... |
Environmental stress cracking Exposure of polymers to solvents Environmental_stress_cracking > Exposure of polymers to solvents Instead, it breaks the secondary linkages between polymers. These are broken when the mechanical stresses cause minute cracks in the polymer and they propagate rapidly under the harsh environm... |
Complex Systems Complexity economics Complex_systems_theory > Applications > Complexity economics Over the last decades, within the emerging field of complexity economics, new predictive tools have been developed to explain economic growth. Such is the case with the models built by the Santa Fe Institute in 1989 and th... |
Genetic informatics BioCompute and BioCompute Objects Bioinformatics > Software and tools > BioCompute and BioCompute Objects The US FDA funded this work so that information on pipelines would be more transparent and accessible to their regulatory staff.In 2016, the group reconvened at the NIH in Bethesda and discussed... |
Arithmetic circuit Definitions Arithmetic_circuit_complexity > Definitions For example, the circuit in the figure has size six and depth two. An arithmetic circuit computes a polynomial in the following natural way. An input gate computes the polynomial it is labeled by. |
Fourier Analysis (Continuous) Fourier transform Fourier_synthesis > Variants of Fourier analysis > (Continuous) Fourier transform Most often, the unqualified term Fourier transform refers to the transform of functions of a continuous real argument, and it produces a continuous function of frequency, known as a frequenc... |
Non-communicable disease Chronic respiratory disease Non-communicable_disease > Key diseases > Chronic respiratory disease Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs) are diseases of the lungs and airways. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) hundreds of millions of people have CRDs. Common CRDs are: Asthma, Chroni... |
Lottery Math Choosing 6 from 49 Lottery_Math > Choosing 6 from 49 When the draw comes to the second number, there are now only 48 balls left in the bag, because the balls are drawn without replacement. So there is now a 1 in 48 chance of predicting this number. Thus for each of the 49 ways of choosing the first number ... |
Metalloid Summary Metalloid They can form alloys with metals. Most of their other physical properties and chemical properties are intermediate in nature. Metalloids are usually too brittle to have any structural uses. |
Subscript and superscript Subscripts that are dropped below the baseline Subscript_and_superscript > Subscripts that are dropped below the baseline Perhaps the most familiar example of subscripts is in chemical formulas. For example, the chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6 (meaning that it is a molecule with 6 carb... |
Contract Bridge Setup and dealing Contract_Bridge > Gameplay > Setup and dealing In rubber bridge each player draws a card at the start of the game; the player who draws the highest card deals first. The second highest card becomes the dealer's partner and takes the chair on the opposite side of the table. They play ag... |
Parkinson disease The neuroimmune connection Parkinson_disease > Pathophysiology > The neuroimmune connection The neuroimmune interaction is heavily implicated in PD pathology. PD and autoimmune disorders share genetic variations and molecular pathways. Some autoimmune diseases may even increase one's risk of developin... |
Alloy of aluminium and manganese Manganism Alloy_of_aluminium_and_manganese > Health and safety > Manganism In its early stages, an intoxicated person may experience depression, mood swings, compulsive behaviors, and psychosis. Early neurological symptoms give way to late-stage manganism, which resembles Parkinson's di... |
Stellar nucleosynthesis Helium fusion Hydrogen_fusion > Key reactions > Helium fusion Main sequence stars accumulate helium in their cores as a result of hydrogen fusion, but the core does not become hot enough to initiate helium fusion. Helium fusion first begins when a star leaves the red giant branch after accumulat... |
Lightning Memory-Mapped Database API and uses Lightning_Memory-Mapped_Database > API and uses It is also available in some other NoSQL projects like MemcacheDB and Mapkeeper. LMDB was used to make the in-memory store Redis persist data on disk. The existing back-end in Redis showed pathological behaviour in rare cases,... |
Info-gap decision theory Classical decision theory perspective Info-gap_decision_theory > Classical decision theory perspective Sniedovich raises two points to info-gap, from the point of view of classical decision theory, one substantive, one scholarly: the info-gap uncertainty model is flawed and oversold Under sever... |
Artificial Neural Networks History Parameter_(machine_learning) > History This was called "artificial curiosity." In 2014, this principle was used in a generative adversarial network (GAN) by Ian Goodfellow et al. Here the environmental reaction is 1 or 0 depending on whether the first network's output is in a given se... |
Resistors in series Thick and thin film Non-ideal_resistor > Fixed resistors > Thick and thin film Thick film resistors are manufactured using screen and stencil printing processes.Because the time during which the sputtering is performed can be controlled, the thickness of the thin film can be accurately controlled. T... |
Red Valerian Description Red_Valerian > Description The blooms have a strong and somewhat rank scent. They are pollinated by both bees and butterflies and the plant is noted for attracting insects. It is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including angle shades. Seeds have tufts similar to d... |
Inductive charging Safety Induction_charger > Safety This much exposure to the skin of a human could prove harmful if not met within the right conditions. Exposure limits can be satisfied even when the transmitter coil is very close to the body.Testing has been done on how organs can be affected by these fields when pu... |
Earthquake Network Project development Earthquake_Network > Project development The Earthquake Network project is expected to solve 4 main problems related to earthquake detection and location using a smartphone network. |
Fast User Switching In Linux Fast_User_Switching > In Linux The Linux kernel's VT subsystem dates back to 1993 and does not understand the concept of multiple "seats", meaning that of up to 63 VTs, only one VT can be active at any given time. Despite this kernel limitation, multi-seat is supported on Linux. The feature... |
Strain gauges Other types Strain_Gauge > Other types A semiconductor gauge usually has a larger gauge factor than a foil gauge. Semiconductor gauges tend to be more expensive, more sensitive to temperature changes, and are more fragile than foil gauges. Nanoparticle-based strain gauges emerge as a new promising technol... |
Friction torque Examples Friction_torque > Examples When a cyclist applies the brake to the forward wheel, the bicycle tips forward due to the frictional torque between the wheel and the ground. When a golf ball hits the ground it begins to spin in part because of the friction torque applied to the golf ball from the f... |
Air–water partitioning coefficient Henry solubility defined via molality (Hsbp) Solubility_of_gases_in_liquids > Fundamental types and variants of Henry's law constants > Henry's law solubility constants Hs > Henry solubility defined via molality (Hsbp) The SI unit for H s b p {\displaystyle H_{\rm {s}}^{bp}} is mol/(k... |
Snatch block Friction Snatch_block > Mechanical advantage > Friction In order to raise a block and tackle with a mechanical advantage of 6 a distance of 1 metre, it is necessary to pull 6 metres of rope through the blocks. Frictional losses also mean there is a practical point at which the benefit of adding a further s... |
Hughes–Ingold symbol Summary Hughes–Ingold_symbol A Hughes–Ingold symbol describes various details of the reaction mechanism and overall result of a chemical reaction. For example, an SN2 reaction is a substitution reaction ("S") by a nucleophilic process ("N") that is bimolecular ("2" molecular entities involved) in i... |
Five safes The 'data access spectrum' Five_safes > The 'data access spectrum' From 2003 the Five Safes was also represented in a simpler form as a 'Data Access Spectrum'.The non-data controls (project, people, setting, outputs) tend to work together, in that organisations often see these as a complementary set of restr... |
Ranitidine Former medical uses Ranitidine > Former medical uses In a 2009 meta-analysis comparing the net benefit of PPIs and ranitidine to reduce the risk of aspiration before anaesthesia, ranitidine was found to be more effective than PPIs in reducing the volume of gastric secretions. Ranitidine may have an anti-emet... |
Coulometric titration Potentiostatic coulometry Coulometric_titration > Potentiostatic coulometry Potentiostatic coulometry is a technique most commonly referred to as "bulk electrolysis". The working electrode is kept at a constant potential and the current that flows through the circuit is measured. This constant pot... |
Moving part Mechanical efficiency and wear Moving_part > Mechanical efficiency and wear The amount of moving parts in a machine is a factor in its mechanical efficiency. The greater the number of moving parts, the greater the amount of energy lost to heat by friction between those parts. For example, in a modern automo... |
History of the periodic table Recognition of Mendeleev's table History_of_the_periodic_table > Priority dispute and recognition > Recognition of Mendeleev's table Mendeleev contacted all three discoverers; all three noted the close similarity of their discovered elements with Mendeleev's predictions, with the last of t... |
Gas-generator cycle (rocket) Summary Gas-generator_cycle The Gas Generator Cycle, also called open cycle, is one of the most commonly used power cycles in bipropellant liquid rocket engines. Part of the unburned propellant is burned in a gas generator (or preburner) and the resulting hot gas is used to power the propel... |
Separable partial differential equation Summary Separable_partial_differential_equation The most common form of separation of variables is simple separation of variables in which a solution is obtained by assuming a solution of the form given by a product of functions of each individual coordinate. There is a special f... |
Pin and hanger assembly Summary Pin_and_hanger_assembly The beams have holes directly above each other. The two holes are connected using hangers, a pair of connecting plates sandwiching the bridge girders. A pair of large steel pins through the plates and girder webbing provide the hinges, holding up the suspended spa... |
Paley-Wiener theorem Holomorphic Fourier transforms Paley-Wiener_criterion > Holomorphic Fourier transforms This is a very useful result as it enables one to pass to the Fourier transform of a function in the Hardy space and perform calculations in the easily understood space L 2 ( R + ) {\displaystyle L^{2}(\mathbb {R... |
Specific entropy Entropy in chemical thermodynamics Molar_entropy > Applications > Entropy in chemical thermodynamics Entropy change describes the direction and quantifies the magnitude of simple changes such as heat transfer between systems – always from hotter to cooler spontaneously. The thermodynamic entropy theref... |
Axiom of constructibility Summary Axiom_of_constructibility The axiom of constructibility is a possible axiom for set theory in mathematics that asserts that every set is constructible. The axiom is usually written as V = L. The axiom, first investigated by Kurt Gödel, is inconsistent with the proposition that zero sha... |
Water infrastructure Population growth Water_supply_network > Sustainable urban water supply > Population growth Attempts to expand water supply by governments are costly and often not sufficient. The building of new illegal settlements makes it hard to map, and make connections to, the water supply, and leads to inade... |
Building collapse Introduction Structural_integrity_and_failure > Introduction Structural integrity is the ability of a structure to withstand its intended loading without failing due to fracture, deformation, or fatigue. It is a concept often used in engineering to produce items that will serve their designed purposes... |
Differential element Differentials as linear maps on a vector space Variable_of_integration > Approaches > Differentials as linear maps > Differentials as linear maps on a vector space The same procedure works on a vector space with a enough additional structure to reasonably talk about continuity. The most concrete ca... |
Repeating circle Construction and operation Repeating_circle > Construction and operation The repeating circle is made of two telescopes mounted on a shared axis with scales to measure the angle between the two. The instrument combines multiple measurements to increase accuracy with the following procedure: At this sta... |
Acta Biotheoretica Summary Acta_Biotheoretica Acta Biotheoretica: Mathematical and philosophical foundations of biological and biomedical science is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It is the official journal of the Jan van der Hoeven Society for Theoretical Bio... |
Quasi-harmonic approximation Overview Quasi-harmonic_approximation > Overview The quasi-harmonic approximation expands upon the harmonic phonon model of lattice dynamics. The harmonic phonon model states that all interatomic forces are purely harmonic, but such a model is inadequate to explain thermal expansion, as the... |
Mycobacterial disease Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria Mycobacterial_disease > Pathogenicity > Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM), which exclude M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and M. lepromatosis, can infect mammalian hosts. These bacteria are referred to as "atypical mycobacteria." Although perso... |
Vector generalized linear model Vector generalized additive models Vector_generalized_linear_model > Extensions > Vector generalized additive models These are M additive predictors. Each smooth function f ( j ) k ∗ {\displaystyle f_{(j)k}^{*}} is estimated from the data. Thus VGLMs are model-driven while VGAMs are data... |
Coherent effects in semiconductor optics Summary Coherent_effects_in_semiconductor_optics The optical polarization is a genuine non-equilibrium quantity that decays to zero when the excited system relaxes to its equilibrium state after the electromagnetic pulse is switched off. Due to this decay which is called dephasi... |
Bile acids Summary Bile_salt An increased secretion of bile acids produces an increase in bile flow. Bile acids facilitate digestion of dietary fats and oils. |
Wireless energy transmission Electrodynamic Wireless Power Transfer Microwave_power_transmission > Near-field (nonradiative) techniques > Electrodynamic Wireless Power Transfer An electrodynamic wireless power transfer (EWPT) system utilizes a receiver with a mechanically resonating or rotating permanent magnet. When s... |
Inertial fusion Thermonuclear devices 4_pi_laser > Description > Thermonuclear devices The electrically neutral neutrons travel longer distances in the fuel mass and do not contribute to this self-heating process. In a bomb, they are instead used to either breed tritium through reactions in a lithium-deuteride fuel, or... |
Sketch based modeling Operation Sketch_based_modeling > Operation The process of adding sections to a model is generally referred to as overdrawing. The user is never required to interact directly with the vertices or Nurbs control points. In the second type of sketch-based modeling, the user draws one or more images o... |
Physics (Aristotle) Significance to philosophy and science in the modern world Physics_(Aristotle) > Significance to philosophy and science in the modern world The works of Aristotle are typically influential to the development of Western science and philosophy. The citations below are not given as any sort of final mo... |
Frank-Kamenetskii theory Steady-state regime Frank-Kamenetskii_theory > Semenov theory > Steady-state regime When 0 < δ < e − 1 {\displaystyle 0<\delta |
Lunar gravity Gravitational field Lunar_gravity > Gravitational field The gravitational field of the Moon has been measured by tracking the radio signals emitted by orbiting spacecraft. The principle used depends on the Doppler effect, whereby the line-of-sight spacecraft acceleration can be measured by small shifts in... |
Marine sanitation device Advanced water treatment Marine_sanitation_device > Treatment > Advanced water treatment The waste influent is then passed through Oxidation Reactors which serve to oxidize pollutants and aid the production of carbon dioxide gas and water. The seventh and final stage consists of a powerful Ultr... |
Electric distribution network 220–240 volt systems Distribution_network > Secondary distribution > Regional variations > 220–240 volt systems Transformers are typically sized on an average load of 1 to 2 kW per household, and the service fuses and cable is sized to allow any one property to draw a peak load of perhaps ... |
Optimal design of experiments Historical Optimal_design_of_experiments > Further reading > Historical 1958. paragraphs 139–157, and in Peirce, C. S. (July–August 1967). "Note on the Theory of the Economy of Research". |
Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference Mathematical Solomonoff's_theory_of_inductive_inference > Origin > Mathematical The proof of the "razor" is based on the known mathematical properties of a probability distribution over a countable set. These properties are relevant because the infinite set of all programs is ... |
Bohm diffusion Approximate derivation Bohm_diffusion > Approximate derivation On the other hand, if the collision frequency is larger than the gyrofrequency, then the particles can be considered to move freely with the thermal velocity vth between collisions, and the diffusion coefficient takes the form D = v t h 2 / ν... |
Electromagnetic units General literature Electrostatic_units > General literature Griffiths, David J. (1999). "Appendix C: Units". Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). |
Grid graph Square grid graph Grid_graph > Square grid graph A common type of a lattice graph (known under different names, such as square grid graph) is the graph whose vertices correspond to the points in the plane with integer coordinates, x-coordinates being in the range 1, ..., n, y-coordinates being in the range 1... |
History of chemistry Josiah Willard Gibbs History_of_chemistry > 19th century > Josiah Willard Gibbs Since virtually all chemical processes and many physical ones involve such changes, his work has significantly impacted both the theoretical and experiential aspects of these sciences. In 1877, Ludwig Boltzmann establis... |
Mathematical ecology Structured population growth Mathematical_ecology > Population ecology > Structured population growth Another assumption of the exponential growth model is that all individuals within a population are identical and have the same probabilities of surviving and of reproducing. This is not a valid ass... |
Optical pathway Mechanism of generating visual signals Optical_pathway > Structure > Eye > Retina > Mechanism of generating visual signals The retina adapts to change in light through the use of the rods. In the dark, the chromophore retinal has a bent shape called cis-retinal (referring to a cis conformation in one of... |
Category of representations Summary Category_of_representations In representation theory, the category of representations of some algebraic structure A has the representations of A as objects and equivariant maps as morphisms between them. One of the basic thrusts of representation theory is to understand the condition... |
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