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Earth's nutation In a rigid body Earth's_nutation > In a rigid body Thus, precession is the change in φ and nutation is the change in θ.If the top has mass M and its center of mass is at a distance l from the pivot point, its gravitational potential relative to the plane of the support is V = M g l cos ( θ ) . {\disp... |
Neuropsychopharmacology Neurotransmission Neuropsychopharmacology > Neurotransmission Researchers are better understanding precisely how these changes occur based on the protein structure shapes and chemical properties. The scope of this activity has been stretched even further to the very blueprint of life since the c... |
Lippmann-Schwinger equation Summary Lippmann-Schwinger_equation The Lippmann–Schwinger equation (named after Bernard Lippmann and Julian Schwinger) is one of the most used equations to describe particle collisions – or, more precisely, scattering – in quantum mechanics. It may be used in scattering of molecules, atoms,... |
Stellar chemistry Summary Stellar_chemistry Stellar chemistry is the study of the chemical composition of astronomical objects; stars in particular, hence the name stellar chemistry. The significance of stellar chemical composition is an open ended question at this point. Some research asserts that a greater abundance ... |
Erlang (programming language) Fibonacci sequence Erlang_(programming_language) > Functional programming examples > Fibonacci sequence A tail recursive algorithm that produces the Fibonacci sequence: Here's the same program without the explanatory comments: |
Euler–Bernoulli beam theory Derivation of the bending equation Beam_theory > Static beam equation > Derivation of the bending equation {\displaystyle \mathbf {e_{z}} \times -\mathbf {e_{x}} =-\mathbf {e_{y}} .} Therefore, we integrate over the entire cross section of the beam and get for M {\displaystyle \mathbf {M} } ... |
DNA damage checkpoint Epigenetic alterations due to DNA repair DNA_lesions > Epigenetic alterations due to DNA repair Damage to DNA is very common and is constantly being repaired. Epigenetic alterations can accompany DNA repair of oxidative damage or double-strand breaks. In human cells, oxidative DNA damage occurs ab... |
Margin of error Concept Margin_of_error > Concept According to the 68-95-99.7 rule, we would expect that 95% of the results p 1 , p 2 , … {\displaystyle p_{1},p_{2},\ldots } will fall within about two standard deviations ( ± 2 σ P {\displaystyle \pm 2\sigma _{P}} ) either side of the true mean p ¯ {\displaystyle {\over... |
Skin friction drag Flow and effect on skin friction drag Skin_friction > Flow and effect on skin friction drag Laminar flow over a body occurs when layers of the fluid move smoothly past each other in parallel lines. In nature, this kind of flow is rare. As the fluid flows over an object, it applies frictional forces t... |
Hydrostatic transmission Power generation systems Hydrostatic_transmission > Applications > Power generation systems CVTs have been used in aircraft electrical power generation systems since the 1950s.CVTs with flywheels are used as a speed governor between an engine (e.g. a wind turbine) and the electric generator. Wh... |
Alternatives to evolution by natural selection Orthogenesis Alternatives_to_natural_selection > Alternative explanations of change > Orthogenesis For instance, they supposed that the large antlers of the Irish elk had caused its extinction.Support for orthogenesis fell during the modern synthesis in the 1940s when it b... |
Type 2 diabetes Prevention Type_2_diabetics > Prevention This same review found moderate-quality evidence that when compared to intensive diet and exercise, Metformin did not reduce risk of developing type 2 diabetes, as well as very low-quality evidence that combining Metformin with intensive diet and exercise does no... |
Polyoxometalate Formation Polyoxometalate > Formation The oxides of d0 metals such as V2O5, MoO3, WO3 dissolve at high pH to give orthometalates, VO3−4, MoO2−4, WO2−4. For Nb2O5 and Ta2O5, the nature of the dissolved species at high pH is less clear, but these oxides also form polyoxometalates. As the pH is lowered, or... |
Voiceless linguolabial fricative Features Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative > Features In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape thr... |
Lente insulin Pharmacokinetics Lente_insulin > Pharmacology > Pharmacokinetics The variation in absorption between doses in the same patient of lente insulin is comparable to that of insulin NPH.The distribution of insulin is not well understood, but it is known that it is heavily bound to receptors throughout the body... |
Ordinal scale Visualization and display Ordinal_data > Visualization and display Ordinal data can be visualized in several different ways. Common visualizations are the bar chart or a pie chart. Tables can also be useful for displaying ordinal data and frequencies. |
Congestion avoidance Flow-based WRED Network_congestion > Mitigation > Active queue management > Flow-based WRED Some network equipment is equipped with ports that can follow and measure each flow and are thereby able to signal a too big bandwidth flow according to some quality of service policy. A policy could then di... |
Metabolic pathways Targeting Oxidative Phosphorylation Metabolic_pathways > Clinical applications in targeting metabolic pathways > Targeting Oxidative Phosphorylation Metabolic pathways can be targeted for clinically therapeutic uses. Within the mitochondrial metabolic network, for instance, there are various pathways... |
Copenhagen interpretation Summary Copenhagen_interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics Features common across versions of the Copenhagen interpretation include the idea that quantum mechanics is intrinsically indeterministic, with probabilities calculated using the Born rule, and the principle of complementarity, which state... |
Markov Decision Process Continuous-time Markov decision process Policy_iteration > Continuous-time Markov decision process In discrete-time Markov Decision Processes, decisions are made at discrete time intervals. However, for continuous-time Markov decision processes, decisions can be made at any time the decision mak... |
Keepalive Other devices Keepalive > Other uses > Other devices "Keep-alive" devices are used in automotive repair to maintain battery voltage for devices in the vehicle when the battery is disconnected or changed, usually by plugging in a small battery to the vehicle's 12 volt power outlet. A typical application is pre... |
Wasserstein GAN Comparison with GAN Wasserstein_GAN > Comparison with GAN Similarly for the generator in Wasserstein GAN. For Wasserstein GAN, D W G A N {\displaystyle D_{WGAN}} has gradient 1 almost everywhere, while for GAN, ln ( 1 − D ) {\displaystyle \ln(1-D)} has flat gradient in the middle, and steep gradient e... |
Continuous graph Generalizations Continuous_graph > Generalizations Graphons are naturally associated with dense simple graphs. There are extensions of this model to dense directed weighted graphs, often referred to as decorated graphons. There are also recent extensions to the sparse graph regime, from both the perspe... |
Cognitive inertia Cortical Cognitive_inertia > Neural anatomy and correlates > Cortical Parkinson's patients whose apathy was measured using the cognitive inertia dimension showed less executive function control than Parkinson's patients without apathy, possibly suggesting more damage to the frontal cortex. Additionall... |
The Evolution of Beauty Contents The_Evolution_of_Beauty > Contents It was argued that sexual selection was based on recognition of markers of survival fitness, so that, for instance in birds, male ornamentation advertises superior health. Prum describes numerous examples in avian evolution where evolved traits seem to... |
Biocommunication (science) Inter organismic communication Biocommunication_(science) > Inter organismic communication The whistling helps communicate to other dolphins the location of that individual. For example, if a mother loses sight of her offspring, or when two familiar individuals cannot find each other, their i... |
Homomorphic encryption Second-generation FHE Homomorphic_encryption > History > Second-generation FHE All the second-generation cryptosystems still follow the basic blueprint of Gentry's original construction, namely they first construct a somewhat homomorphic cryptosystem and then convert it to a fully homomorphic cry... |
Time arrow Overview Time_arrow > Overview Entropy may be one of the few processes that is not time-reversible. According to the statistical notion of increasing entropy, the "arrow" of time is identified with a decrease of free energy.In his book The Big Picture, physicist Sean M. Carroll compares the asymmetry of time... |
Flywheel energy storage Tensile strength and failure modes Flywheel_energy_storage > Physical characteristics > Tensile strength and failure modes Composite materials that are wound and glued in layers tend to disintegrate quickly, first into small-diameter filaments that entangle and slow each other, and then into red... |
Timing jitter Jitter buffers Timing_jitter > Mitigation > Jitter buffers Jitter buffers or de-jitter buffers are buffers used to counter jitter introduced by queuing in packet-switched networks to ensure continuous playout of an audio or video media stream transmitted over the network. The maximum jitter that can be co... |
Genetic engineering techniques Summary Techniques_of_genetic_engineering Early techniques randomly inserted the genes into the genome. Advances allow targeting specific locations, which reduces unintended side effects. Early techniques relied on meganucleases and zinc finger nucleases. Since 2009 more accurate and easi... |
Glossary of genetics (M–Z) N Glossary_of_genetics_(M–Z) > N A type of point mutation which results in a premature stop codon in the transcribed mRNA sequence, thereby causing the premature termination of translation, which results in a truncated, incomplete, and often non-functional protein. nonsense suppressor nonsyno... |
Superfactorial Properties Superfactorial > Properties is the notation for the double factorial.For every integer k {\displaystyle k} , the number s f ( 4 k ) / ( 2 k ) ! {\displaystyle {\mathit {sf}}(4k)/(2k)!} is a square number. |
Deuterium isotope effect Single-pulse NMR Kinetic_isotope_effect > Experiments > Kinetic isotope effect measurement at natural abundance > Single-pulse NMR Experimental details for using quantitative single pulse NMR to measure kinetic isotope effect at natural abundance as follows: the experiment needs to be performed... |
Artificial intelligence in healthcare Bias Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare > Ethical concerns > Bias Since AI makes decisions solely on the data it receives as input, it is important that this data represents accurate patient demographics. In a hospital setting, patients do not have full knowledge of how predicti... |
Automatic Reference Counting Summary Automatic_Reference_Counting Automatic Reference Counting (ARC) is a memory management feature of the Clang compiler providing automatic reference counting for the Objective-C and Swift programming languages. At compile time, it inserts into the object code messages retain and relea... |
Inelastic collision Perfectly inelastic collision Inelastic_collisions > Perfectly inelastic collision This bonding energy usually results in a maximum kinetic energy loss of the system. It is necessary to consider conservation of momentum: (Note: In the sliding block example above, momentum of the two body system is o... |
Cyanate ion Cyanate ion Cyanate > Cyanate ion 2096 cm−1; such a high frequency is characteristic of a triple bond.The cyanate ion is a Lewis base. Both the oxygen and nitrogen atoms carry a lone pair of electrons and either one, the other, or both can be donated to Lewis acid acceptors. It can be described as an ambide... |
Division by zero Extended real line Division_by_zero > Analysis > Extended real line Limits of the form in which both f(x) and g(x) approach 0 as x approaches 0, may equal any real or infinite value, or may not exist at all, depending on the particular functions f and g. For example, consider: This initially appears to... |
Smalltalk Object-oriented programming Smalltalk > Object-oriented programming "Unlike most other languages, Smalltalk objects can be modified while the system is running. Live coding and applying fixes ‘on-the-fly’ is a dominant programming methodology for Smalltalk and is one of the main reasons for its efficiency. Sm... |
Metaplasia Significance in disease Metaplasia > Significance in disease Normal physiological metaplasia, such as that of the endocervix, is highly desirable. The medical significance of metaplasia is that in some sites where pathological irritation is present, cells may progress from metaplasia, to develop dysplasia, a... |
3D printing processes Material extrusion 3D_printing_processes > Processes > Material extrusion A computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software package is used to generate the G-Code that is sent to a microcontroller which controls the motors. Plastic is the most common material for such printing. Various polymers may be... |
Local outlier factor Disadvantages and Extensions Local_outlier_factor > Disadvantages and Extensions Interpreting and Unifying Outlier Scores proposes a normalization of the LOF outlier scores to the interval using statistical scaling to increase usability and can be seen an improved version of the LoOP ideas. On Eva... |
Clastic dike Environments of formation Clastic_dike > Environments of formation Clastic dikes are paleoseismic indicators in certain geologic settings. Several qualitative, field-based systems have been developed to help distinguish seismites from soft sediment deformation features formed by non-seismic processes.Resul... |
Chromatin structure Additional sources Chromatin > References > Additional sources Von der Zellenlehre zur Chromosomentheorie: Naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnis und Theorienwechsel in der frühen Zell- und Vererbungsforschung, Veröffentlichungen aus der Forschungsstelle für Theoretische Pathologie der Heidelberger Akade... |
Pump testing Velocity pumps Water_pump > Types > Velocity pumps Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior... |
Greenhouse Effect Clouds Greenhouse_Effect > Clouds and aerosols > Clouds For example, Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process can deplete large amounts of water droplets and enlarge small ice crystals to large ones in a short period of time. Hallett-Mossop process will shatter the liquid droplets in the collision with larg... |
Greenhouse warming Clouds and aerosols Greenhouse_Effect > Clouds and aerosols Clouds and aerosols have both cooling effects, associated with reflecting sunlight back to space, and warming effects, associated with trapping thermal radiation. |
Small nucleolar RNA snoR9 plant Summary Small_nucleolar_RNA_snoR9_plant In molecular biology, snoR9 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'. R9 is a member... |
Period 6 element Tantalum Period_6_element > d-block elements > Tantalum It is part of the refractory metals group, which are widely used as minor component in alloys. The chemical inertness of tantalum makes it a valuable substance for laboratory equipment and a substitute for platinum, but its main use today is in ta... |
Diabetic hypoglycemia Cause Diabetic_hypoglycemia > Cause Diabetic hypoglycemia can occur in any person with diabetes who takes any medicine to lower their blood glucose, but severe hypoglycemia occurs most often in people with type 1 diabetes who must take insulin for survival. In type 1 diabetes, iatrogenic hypoglyce... |
Story structure Definition Plot_line > Definition Story is a sequence of events, which can be true or fictitious, that appear in prose, verse or script, designed to amuse or inform an audience. Story structure is a way to organize the story's elements into a recognizable sequence. It has been shown to influence how the... |
H3S28P Effect of modification H3S28P > Effect of modification A substantial number of phosphorylated histone residues are associated with gene expression. Interestingly, these are often related to the regulation of proliferative genes. Phosphorylation of serines 10 and 28 of H3 and serine 32 of H2B has been associated ... |
Complex orthogonal group Lie groups Complex_orthogonal_group > Topology > Homotopy groups > Computation and interpretation of homotopy groups > Lie groups From general facts about Lie groups, π2(G) always vanishes, and π3(G) is free (free abelian). |
Thermometric titration Precipitation titrations Thermometric_titration > Precipitation titrations Thermometric titrimetry is particularly suited to the determination of a range of analytes where a precipitate is formed by reaction with the titrant. In some cases, an alternative to traditional potentiometric titration p... |
Network effects Summary Network_effects This effect is separate from effects related to price, such as a benefit to existing users resulting from price decreases as more users join. Direct network effects can be seen with social networking services, including Twitter, Facebook, Airbnb, Uber, and LinkedIn; telecommunica... |
Chain (algebraic topology) Boundary operator on chains Chain_(algebraic_topology) > Boundary operator on chains A chain that is the boundary of another chain is called a boundary. Boundaries are cycles, so chains form a chain complex, whose homology groups (cycles modulo boundaries) are called simplicial homology group... |
Generalized cohomology Singular cohomology Cochain_(algebraic_topology) > Singular cohomology The cup product corresponds to the product of differential forms. This interpretation has the advantage that the product on differential forms is graded-commutative, whereas the product on singular cochains is only graded-comm... |
PD-1 inhibitor Ipilimumab Immune_checkpoint_blockade > Antibody therapy > FDA-approved antibodies > Ipilimumab Ipilimumab (Yervoy) is a human IgG1 antibody that binds the surface protein CTLA4. In normal physiology T-cells are activated by two signals: the T-cell receptor binding to an antigen-MHC complex and T-cell su... |
Decibel Electronics Decibel_scale > Uses > Electronics In electronics, the decibel is often used to express power or amplitude ratios (as for gains) in preference to arithmetic ratios or percentages. One advantage is that the total decibel gain of a series of components (such as amplifiers and attenuators) can be calcu... |
Parallel-plate capacitor Hazards and safety Parallel_plate_capacitor > Hazards and safety Proper containment, fusing, and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards. High-voltage capacitors may benefit from a pre-charge to limit in-rush currents at power-up of high voltage direct current (HVDC) circuits.... |
Photosynthate partitioning Summary Photosynthate_partitioning These areas of demand are called sinks. While areas with an excess of sugars and a low energy demand are called sources. Many times sinks are the actively growing tissues of the plant while the sources are where sugars are produced by photosynthesis—the leav... |
Primitive recursive function Addition Primitive_recursive > Examples > Addition As a computation example, A d d ( 1 , 7 ) = ρ ( P 1 1 , S ∘ P 2 3 ) ( S ( 0 ) , 7 ) by Def. A d d , S = ( S ∘ P 2 3 ) ( 0 , A d d ( 0 , 7 ) , 7 ) by case ρ ( g , h ) ( S ( . . |
Knotted cord Ancient Egypt Knotted_cord > Ancient Egypt The historian Moritz Cantor first made the conjecture in 1882. Right angles were certainly laid out accurately in Ancient Egypt; their surveyors did use knotted cords for measurement; Plutarch recorded in Isis and Osiris (around 100 AD) that the Egyptians admired ... |
Abstract Algebra Modern algebra Abstract_Algebra > History > Modern algebra No longer satisfied with establishing properties of concrete objects, mathematicians started to turn their attention to general theory. Formal definitions of certain algebraic structures began to emerge in the 19th century. For example, results... |
Final value theorem Example where FVT does not hold Final_value_theorem > Final value theorems for the Laplace transform > Examples > Example where FVT does not hold For a system described by the transfer function H ( s ) = 9 s 2 + 9 , {\displaystyle H(s)={\frac {9}{s^{2}+9}},} the final value theorem appears to predic... |
Traversal Using Relay NAT Protocol Traversal_Using_Relays_around_NAT > Protocol The process begins when a client computer wants to contact a peer computer for a data transaction, but cannot do so due to both client and peer being behind respective NATs. If STUN is not an option because one of the NATs is a symmetric NA... |
Trajectory Derivation of the equation of motion Trajectory > Examples > Uniform gravity, neither drag nor wind > Derivation of the equation of motion Assume the motion of the projectile is being measured from a free fall frame which happens to be at (x,y) = (0,0) at t = 0. The equation of motion of the projectile in th... |
Valence charge Formal charge compared to oxidation state Valence_charge > Formal charge compared to oxidation state The oxidation state view of the CO2 molecule is shown below: Oxidation states overemphasize the ionic nature of the bonding; the difference in electronegativity between carbon and oxygen is insufficient t... |
Behavioral addiction Biomolecular mechanisms Behavioral_addiction > Biomolecular mechanisms Several structures of the brain are important in the conditioning process of behavioral addiction; these subcortical structures form the brain regions known as the reward system. One of the major areas of study is the amygdala, ... |
Physiological effects in space Metabolic processes Physiological_effects_in_space > Historical overview > Experimental animal studies > Metabolic processes In contrast to the contractile apparatus, studies on various rodent skeletal muscle metabolic enzymes have revealed a variety of responses with no clear-cut adaptiv... |
Human endogenous retroviruses Role in genomic evolution Endogenous_retroviruses > Role in genomic evolution In conclusion to their study, researchers proposed that ERVs influenced species-specific placental evolution through mediation of placental growth, immunosuppression, and cell fusion.Another example of ERV exploi... |
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems Summary Evolution_of_metal_ions_in_biological_systems Evolution of metal ions in biological systems refers to the incorporation of metallic ions into living organisms and how it has changed over time. Metal ions have been associated with biological systems for billions of y... |
TP model transformation in control theories TP model based control design TP_model_transformation_in_control_theories > TP model based control design Since the LMIs realize a non-linear mapping between the vertexes in S {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}} and F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} we may find very different contr... |
Radar chart Limitations Radar_chart > Limitations Radar charts are primarily suited for strikingly showing outliers and commonality, or when one chart is greater in every variable than another, and primarily used for ordinal measurements – where each variable corresponds to "better" in some respect, and all variables o... |
Alkaline earth octacarbonyl complex Ionic bonding Alkaline_earth_octacarbonyl_complex > Bonding controversy > Ionic bonding Calculations on the bond order, bond strength, and covalent/electrostatic character of the bonds using electron localization (ELF) analysis, source function (SF) calculations, and the interacting ... |
Dephasing Other Dephasing > References > Other Golubev, D. S.; Schön, G.; Zaikin, A. D. (2003). "Low-temperature dephasing and Renormalization in model systems". |
Peer pressure Summary Peer_pressure Social media offers opportunities for adolescents and adults alike to instill and/or experience pressure every day.Studies of social networks examine connections between members of social groups, including their use of social media, to better understand mechanisms such as information... |
Gene Designer Summary Gene_Designer Gene Designer is a computer software package for bioinformatics. It is used by molecular biologists from academia, government, and the pharmaceutical, chemical, agricultural, and biotechnology industries to design, clone, and validate genetic sequences. It is proprietary software, re... |
Tipping points in the climate system Runaway greenhouse effect Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system > Runaway greenhouse effect A runaway greenhouse effect is a tipping point so extreme that oceans evaporate and the water vapour escapes to space, an irreversible climate state that happened on Venus. A runaway greenhous... |
Cornacchia's algorithm Example Cornacchia's_algorithm > Example Solve the equation x 2 + 6 y 2 = 103 {\displaystyle x^{2}+6y^{2}=103} . A square root of −6 (mod 103) is 32, and 103 ≡ 7 (mod 32); since 7 2 < 103 {\displaystyle 7^{2}<103} and 103 − 7 2 6 = 3 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\tfrac {103-7^{2}}{6}}}=3} , there is a ... |
Vaccination policy Trust in vaccination Vaccination_policy > Evaluating vaccination policy > Trust in vaccination Trust is a key parameter to work with before and while undertaking any vaccine campaigns. The state is responsible for providing smart communication, and to inform a population about diseases, vaccines, and... |
Oswald Spengler In foreign languages Oswald_Spengler > Further reading > In foreign languages Eine rezeptionshistorische Studie. Universitätsverlag: Leipzig 1999, pp. 71–73. |
Industrial society Summary Industrial_society The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine harvesters and fossil fuel-based fertilizers, are used to decrease required human labor while increasing production. No longer needed for the production of food, exce... |
Replisome Overview of eukaryotic DNA replication process Replisome > Overview of eukaryotic DNA replication process For eukaryotes, numerous replication bubbles form at origins of replication throughout the chromosome. As with prokaryotes, two replisomes are required, one at each replication fork located at the terminu... |
Kidney tumor Classification Renal_tumor > Diagnosis > Classification There are many forms of kidney tumours: |
Human rights and encryption Summary Human_rights_and_encryption Human rights applied to encryption are a concept of freedom of expression, where encryption is a technical resource in the implementation of basic human rights. With the evolution of the digital age, the application of freedom of speech has become more con... |
Scalar field theory Dimensional analysis and scaling Scalar_field_(quantum_field_theory) > Classical scalar field theory > Dimensional analysis and scaling Physical quantities in these scalar field theories may have dimensions of length, time or mass, or some combination of the three. However, in a relativistic theory,... |
Circumference-to-diameter ratio In popular culture Archimedes_constant > Outside mathematics > In popular culture This use of τ has not made its way into mainstream mathematics, but since 2010 this has led to people celebrating Two Pi Day or Tau Day on June 28.In 1897, an amateur mathematician attempted to persuade the... |
Capacitor Overview Parallel_plate_capacitor > Theory of operation > Overview The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a constant capacitance C, in farads in the SI system of units, defined as the r... |
Closed graph Closed but not continuous maps Closed_graph_property > Examples > Closed but not continuous maps Let X and Y both denote the real numbers ℝ with the usual Euclidean topology. Let f: X → Y be defined by f(0) = 0 and f(x) = 1/x for all x ≠ 0. Then f: X → Y has a closed graph (and a sequentially closed graph)... |
Modal Analysis Reciprocity Modal_Analysis > Reciprocity If the response is measured at point B in direction x (for example), for an excitation at point A in direction y, then the transfer function (crudely Bx/Ay in the frequency domain) is identical to that which is obtained when the response at Ay is measured when exc... |
CD28 family receptor HIV CD28_family_receptor > Clinical significance > HIV CD28 induces IL-2 secretion that increases IL-2 mRNA stability. CD28 costimulation influences the expression of key genes expressed in T cell differentiation. Tat, a regulatory protein that regulates viral transcription, increases the transcrip... |
Univariate Summary Univariate_and_multivariate Correspondingly, a "multivariate time series" characterizes the changing values over time of several quantities. In some cases, the terminology is ambiguous, since the values within a univariate time series may be treated using certain types of multivariate statistical ana... |
FORTRAN IV Science and engineering FORTRAN_IV > Science and engineering Since the early 2000s, many of the widely used support libraries have also been implemented in C and more recently, in C++. On the other hand, high-level languages such as the Wolfram Language, MATLAB, Python, and R have become popular in particula... |
Combinatorial Optimization Methods NP_optimization_problem > Methods For NP-complete discrete optimization problems, current research literature includes the following topics: polynomial-time exactly solvable special cases of the problem at hand (e.g. fixed-parameter tractable problems) algorithms that perform well on ... |
Dynomak Magnetic Induction Drive Dynomak > Magnetic Induction Drive If this is true, it gives the Dynomak several distinct advantages over other fusion approaches like tokamaks or Magnetic mirrors. But this is an open area of research; below are some examples of how effective inductive drive was in creating plasma curr... |
Ball race Design Ball_race > Design Thus, the contact between ball and race is of finite size and has finite pressure. The deformed ball and race do not roll entirely smoothly because different parts of the ball are moving at different speeds as it rolls. Thus, there are opposing forces and sliding motions at each ball... |
Bayesian Optimization Strategy Bayesian_Optimization > Strategy The prior captures beliefs about the behavior of the function. After gathering the function evaluations, which are treated as data, the prior is updated to form the posterior distribution over the objective function. The posterior distribution, in turn, is... |
Chaotic motion Semitechnical and popular works Chaotic_systems > Further reading > Semitechnical and popular works Nuria Perpinya, Caos, virus, calma. La Teoría del Caos aplicada al desórden artístico, social y político, Páginas de Espuma, 2021. Clifford A. Pickover, Computers, Pattern, Chaos, and Beauty: Graphics from... |
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