page_content stringlengths 51 3.15k |
|---|
Piwi-interacting RNA Biogenesis Piwi-interacting_RNA > Biogenesis This results in the cleavage of the transcript at a point ten nucleotides from the 5’ end of the primary piRNA, producing the secondary piRNA. These secondary piRNAs are targeted toward sequences that possess an adenine at the tenth position. Since the piRNA involved in the ping pong cycle directs its attacks on transposon transcripts, the ping pong cycle acts only at the level of transcription. One or both of these mechanisms may be acting in different species; C. elegans, for instance, does have piRNAs, but does not appear to use the ping pong mechanism at all.A significant number of piRNAs identified in zebrafish and D. melanogaster contain adenine at their tenth position, and this has been interpreted as possible evidence of a conserved biosynthetic mechanism across species. Ping-pong signatures have been identified in very primitive animals such as sponges and cnidarians, pointing to the existence of the ping-pong cycle already in the early branches of metazoans. |
Interactive Connectivity Establishment IETF specifications Interactive_Connectivity_Establishment > IETF specifications RFC 5389: Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN). RFC 8656: Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to STUN. RFC 6544: TCP Candidates with Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) RFC 8445: Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT) Traversal |
Pulsatile secretion Summary Pulsatile_secretion Variations of the concentration in a certain frequency can be critical to hormone function, as evidenced by the case of GnRH agonists, which cause functional inhibition of the receptor for GnRH due to profound downregulation in response to constant (tonic) stimulation. Pulsatility may function to sensitize target tissues to the hormone of interest and upregulate receptors, leading to improved responses. This heightened response may have served to improve the animal's fitness in its environment and promote its evolutionary retention. Pulsatile secretion in its various forms is observed in: Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) related hormones Glucocorticoids Insulin Growth hormone Parathyroid hormone |
Snubber capacitor Self-healing of metallized film capacitors Suppression_capacitor > Internal structure > Self-healing of metallized film capacitors These restrictions work like microscopic fuses so that if a point-defect short-circuit between the electrodes occurs, the high current of the short only burns out the fuses around the fault. The affected sections are thus disconnected and isolated in a controlled manner, without any explosions surrounding a larger short-circuit arc. Therefore, the area affected is limited and the fault is gently controlled, significantly reducing internal damage to the capacitor, which can thus remain in service with only an infinitesimal reduction in capacitance.In field installations of electrical power distribution equipment, capacitor bank fault tolerance is often improved by connecting multiple capacitors in parallel, each protected with an internal or external fuse. |
Visual double star Kepler's laws Visual_binary > Kepler's laws The two stars orbiting each other, as well as their centre of mass, must obey Kepler's laws. This means that the orbit is an ellipse with the centre of mass at one of the two foci (Kepler's 1st law) and the orbital motion satisfies the fact that a line joining the star to the centre of mass sweeps out equal areas over equal time intervals (Kepler's 2nd law). The orbital motion must also satisfy Kepler's 3rd law.Kepler's 3rd Law can be stated as follows: "The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of its semi-major axis." Mathematically, this translates as T 2 ∝ a 3 {\displaystyle T^{2}\propto a^{3}} where T {\displaystyle T} is the orbital period of the planet and a {\displaystyle a} is the semi-major axis of the orbit. |
Generalised circle Extended complex plane Generalised_circle > Extended complex plane The extended Euclidean plane can be identified with the extended complex plane, so that equations of complex numbers can be used to describe lines, circles and inversions. |
Reticular formation Attention Reticular_formation > Major subsystems > Ascending reticular activating system > Functions of the ARAS > Attention The ARAS also helps mediate transitions from relaxed wakefulness to periods of high attention. There is increased regional blood flow (presumably indicating an increased measure of neuronal activity) in the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) and thalamic intralaminar nuclei during tasks requiring increased alertness and attention. |
Glossary of calculus D Glossary_of_calculus > D differential operator . differential of a function In calculus, the differential represents the principal part of the change in a function y = f(x) with respect to changes in the independent variable. The differential dy is defined by d y = f ′ ( x ) d x , {\displaystyle dy=f'(x)\,dx,} where f ′ ( x ) {\displaystyle f'(x)} is the derivative of f with respect to x, and dx is an additional real variable (so that dy is a function of x and dx). |
Laminar phase Examples Laminar_phase > Examples A common application of laminar flow is in the smooth flow of a viscous liquid through a tube or pipe. In that case, the velocity of flow varies from zero at the walls to a maximum along the cross-sectional centre of the vessel. The flow profile of laminar flow in a tube can be calculated by dividing the flow into thin cylindrical elements and applying the viscous force to them. Another example is the flow of air over an aircraft wing. |
Microbiomes of the built environment Examples of projects Microbiomes_of_the_built_environment > External links > Examples of projects There are a growing number of research projects and groups focusing directly or indirectly on microbiomes of the built environment. BIMERC - the Berkeley Indoor Microbial Ecology Research Consortium. This group is focused on "understanding the microbial components of indoor air, including the identification of the source populations and illuminating the processes that suspend and disseminate microbes and microbial products in buildings." The BioBE Center - Biology and the Built Environment Center The Wildlife of Your Homes is a Citizen science project focusing on "the diversity of bacterial communities found in nine distinct locations within our homes." Baby Associated Built Environment Microbiome Project Showerhead microbiome project Hospital Microbiome Project Home Microbiome PRoBE – Pathogen Research in the Built Environment PreMiEr - The Engineering Research Center for Precision Microbiome Engineering studies and improves the microbiomes of the built environment. |
Abstract group Summary Infinite_group_theory In abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms. Groups recur throughout mathematics, and the methods of group theory have influenced many parts of algebra. Linear algebraic groups and Lie groups are two branches of group theory that have experienced advances and have become subject areas in their own right. |
Early life of Isaac Newton Academic career Early_life_of_Isaac_Newton > Academic career The publication, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" introduced the three laws that Newton became famous for: law of inertia, summation of forces equals mass multiplied by acceleration and every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Prior to Newton, there were several other philosophers who proposed ideas to describe the motion of celestial bodies. Kepler and Galileo Galilei often studied the way objects fell in order to gain an understanding of the motion of the planets. |
Ii antigen system Cold agglutinin disease Ii_antigen_system > Clinical significance > Cold agglutinin disease The autoantibodies involved in cold agglutinin disease are usually against I antigen. The antibodies are usually IgM (kappa subtype), unlike transient autoantibodies which are generally IgG. Cold-reactive IgM antibodies (cold agglutinins) bind to I antigen on red blood cells, and unlike IgG, are able to cause agglutination of red blood cells and activate complement to cause hemolysis, leading to anemia. |
Accessibility Visual impairments Low_floor > Disability, information technology (IT) and telecommunications > Examples of common assistive technologies > Visual impairments A wide range of technology products are available to deal with visual impairment. This includes screen magnification for monitors, screen-reading technology for computers and small screen devices, mouse-over speech synthesis browsing, braille displays, braille printers, braille cameras, voice-operated phones, and tablets. One emerging product that will make ordinary computer displays available for the blind is the refreshable tactile display, which is very different from a conventional braille display. This provides a raised surface corresponding to the bright and dim spots on a conventional display. |
Maitland Jones Jr. Academic experience Maitland_Jones_Jr. > Academic experience Postdoctoral Fellow, Yale University (1963) Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Wisconsin–Madison (1963–1964) Instructor in Chemistry, Princeton University (1964–1966) Assistant Professor, Princeton University (1966–1970) Visiting Assistant Professor, Columbia University (1969–1970) Associate Professor, Princeton University (1970–1973) Professor, Princeton University (1973–2007) Visiting Professor, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam (1973–1974, 1978) David B. Jones Professor of Chemistry, Princeton University (1983–2007) Visiting Professor, Harvard University (1986) Visiting Professor, Kiev Polytechnic Institute (1990) Visiting Professor, Fudan University (1994) Professor, New York University (2007–2022) |
20 (number) In mathematics Score_(number) > In mathematics The compound of twenty octahedra can be obtained by orienting two pairs of compounds of ten octahedra, which can also coincide to yield a regular compound of five octahedra. In total, there are 20 semiregular polytopes that only exist up through the 8th dimension, which include 13 Archimedean solids and 7 Gosset polytopes (without counting enantiomorphs, or semiregular prisms and antiprisms). |
Caenorhabditis elegans Programmed cell death Caenorhabditis_elegans > Use as a model organism > Programmed cell death Programmed cell death (apoptosis) eliminates many additional cells (131 in the hermaphrodite, most of which would otherwise become neurons); this "apoptotic predictability" has contributed to the elucidation of some apoptotic genes. Cell death-promoting genes and a single cell-death inhibitor have been identified. |
Alcoholic liver disease Alcoholic hepatitis Alcoholic_liver_disease > Pathophysiology > Alcoholic hepatitis This facilitates the absorption of the gut-produced endotoxin into the portal circulation. The Kupffer cells of the liver then phagocytose endotoxin, stimulating the release of TNF-α. TNF-α then triggers apoptotic pathways through the activation of caspases, resulting in cell death. |
Accessibility apps Case study Accessibility_apps > Case study Stores with such machines were no longer accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired. Such people were forced to resort to family members to complete their weekly grocery shop because the individual had stopped going to retailers with these machines. |
Healthcare professional Tuberculosis screening, testing, and education Healthcare_professional > Occupational hazards > Biological hazards > Tuberculosis screening, testing, and education It is assumed that any HCP who has undergone a chest x-ray test has had a previous positive test result. When considering mental health you may see your doctor to be evaluated at your digression. It is recommended to see someone at least once a year in order to make sure that there has not been any sudden changes. |
Omental cake Diagnosis and treatment Omental_cake > Diagnosis and treatment Yet, in both malignant and infectious cases, image-guided biopsy with pathologic correlation is the most definitive way to confirm the diagnosis. The presence of omental cakes have long been seen as an indication of poor prognosis in patients with advanced-stage ovarian or gastrointestinal cancer, and medical teams usually address this through more advanced and aggressive treatments such as cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic-intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). During surgery, the presence of omental caking makes incomplete resection more likely. In patients where omental spread is completely removed, intestinal resections are more likely to be encountered due to the caked omentum's propensity for spreading malignancy to adjacent organs. If malignant, as patients undergo treatment they are likely to undergo routine nuclear medicine imaging as surveillance for response to the treatment or recurrence of disease. |
Log-structured merge-tree Summary Log-structured_merge-tree This optimization reduces seek time in hard-disk drives (HDDs) and latency in solid-state drives (SSDs). Most LSM trees used in practice employ multiple levels. |
Brakes (Rollercoaster) Friction brakes Brakes_(Rollercoaster) > Types of brakes > Friction brakes They slide between pairs of friction pads similar to automotive brake pads. Friction brakes are designed to be fail-safe, so that a loss of power will cause them to engage. Brakes are constructed according to a certain measure of redundancy, meaning the ride is usually fitted with one extra set of brakes to bring the train to a hold even if one brake fails. |
Statistical hypothesis test The testing process Statistical_hypothesis_testing > The testing process The calculations are now trivially performed with appropriate software. The difference in the two processes applied to the Radioactive suitcase example (below): "The Geiger-counter reading is 10. The limit is 9. |
Atherosclerotic plaques Summary Coronary_atherosclerosis The narrowing of arteries limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to parts of the body. Diagnosis is based upon a physical exam, electrocardiogram, and exercise stress test, among others.Prevention is generally by eating a healthy diet, exercising, not smoking, and maintaining a normal weight. Treatment of established disease may include medications to lower cholesterol such as statins, blood pressure medication, or medications that decrease clotting, such as aspirin. |
Cell Wall Evolution Plant_cell_walls > Evolution Cell walls evolved independently in many groups. The photosynthetic eukaryotes (so-called plant and algae) is one group with cellulose cell walls, where the cell wall is closely related to the evolution of multicellularity, terrestrialization and vascularization. The CesA cellulose synthase evolved in Cyanobacteria and was part of Archaeplastida since endosymbiosis; secondary endosymbiosis events transferred it (with the arabinogalactan proteins) further into brown algae and oomycetes. Plants later evolved various genes from CesA, including the Csl (cellulose synthase-like) family of proteins and additional Ces proteins. |
Damp (structural) Effectiveness of rising damp treatments Damp_(structural) > Rising damp > Effectiveness of rising damp treatments BRE Digest 245 suggests that with the exception of replacement physical DPCs, only methods of treatment with third party accreditation (e.g. British Board of Agrément Certificate) should be considered for the treatment of rising damp. It then goes on to state that the only method of currently satisfying this requirement is DPC injection (liquid or cream – although damp-proofing rods have subsequently been made available with BBA approval) and that "this is the only method which BRE considers suitable where insertion of a physical DPC is not possible. "The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveryors (RICS) publication "Remedying Damp" is more cautious about reliance on third party accreditation, casting doubt upon the validity of the test methods employed, arguing that trials are usually conducted using "specially built masonry panels – which do not match up in many respects to walls found in real properties," and that "if a DPC were proved to not work in a specially built masonry panel, this would be the more significant result." The MOAT No 39 test employed by the British Board of Agrément (BBA) in the UK is dismissed as "quite a clever test idea but in the author's opinion not actually replicating a real wall." |
Coordination (linguistics) Non-constituent conjuncts Coordination_(linguistics) > Coordination in different languages > Unique behaviour in English > Non-constituent conjuncts and presentation, there will be coffee. Fred sent and . We expect and .While some of these coordinate structures require a non-standard intonation contour, they can all be acceptable. |
Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation Schrödinger equation in three dimensions Theoretical_and_experimental_justification_for_the_Schrödinger_equation > Schrödinger equation > Schrödinger equation in three dimensions In three dimensions the Schrödinger equation becomes |
Vacuum engineering History Vacuum_engineering > History This method of engineering is typically used for R&D needs or large scale material production. Vacuum was used to propel trains experimentally. Pump technology hit a plateau until Geissler and Sprengle in the mid 19th century, who finally gave access to the high-vacuum regime. This led to the study of electrical discharges in vacuum, discovery of cathode rays, discovery of X-rays and the discovery of the electron. The photoelectric effect was observed in high vacuum, which was a key discovery that lead to the formulation of quantum mechanics and much of modern physics. |
Distributed operating system The DYSEAC Distributed_operating_system > History > The DYSEAC …the various interruption facilities which have been described are based on mutual cooperation between the computer and the external devices subsidiary to it, and do not reflect merely a simple master-slave relationship. This is one of the earliest examples of a computer with distributed control. |
Brace (tool) Summary Brace_(tool) In most modern braces, immediately behind the chuck is a three position gear release that allows ratcheting of the handle when in tight spots. Turning the gear release from the center position allows ratcheting the brace in the required direction. Turning the gear release fully clockwise lets it remove wood in a clockwise direction with the ratchet action going counterclockwise. |
Closed map Competing definitions Open_function > Definitions and characterizations > Competing definitions Every strongly open map is a relatively open map. However, these definitions are not equivalent in general. Warning: Many authors define "open map" to mean "relatively open map" (for example, The Encyclopedia of Mathematics) while others define "open map" to mean "strongly open map". |
Protein metabolism Temperature Protein_metabolism > Protein breakdown > Protein catabolism via environmental changes > Temperature However, it relies on two factors; the type of protein used and the amount of heat applied. The amount of heat applied determines whether this change in protein is permanent or if it can be transformed back to its original form. == References == |
Personal automated transport Vehicle design Personal_Rapid_Transit > System design > Vehicle design Vehicle weight influences the size and cost of a system's guideways, which are in turn a major part of the capital cost of the system. Larger vehicles are more expensive to produce, require larger and more expensive guideways, and use more energy to start and stop. If vehicles are too large, point-to-point routing also becomes more expensive. Against this, smaller vehicles have more surface area per passenger (thus have higher total air resistance which dominates the energy cost of keeping vehicles moving at speed), and larger motors are generally more efficient than smaller ones. |
Numerical integration Multidimensional integrals Squaring_of_curves > Multidimensional integrals The quadrature rules discussed so far are all designed to compute one-dimensional integrals. To compute integrals in multiple dimensions, one approach is to phrase the multiple integral as repeated one-dimensional integrals by applying Fubini's theorem (the tensor product rule). This approach requires the function evaluations to grow exponentially as the number of dimensions increases. |
C2R2 Structure and bonding Alkyne_hydration > Structure and bonding Overlap of an sp orbital from each atom forms one sp–sp sigma bond. Each p orbital on one atom overlaps one on the other atom, forming two pi bonds, giving a total of three bonds. The remaining sp orbital on each atom can form a sigma bond to another atom, for example to hydrogen atoms in the parent acetylene. The two sp orbitals project on opposite sides of the carbon atom. |
Branch Target Injection Mechanism Bounds_Check_Bypass > Mechanism The starting point of the white paper is that of a side-channel timing attack applied to the branch prediction machinery of modern out-of-order executing microprocessors. While at the architectural level documented in processor data books, any results of misprediction are specified to be discarded after the fact, the resulting speculative execution may still leave side effects, like loaded cache lines. These can then affect the so-called non-functional aspects of the computing environment later on. |
Complete pseudometric space Alternatives and generalizations Complete_metric > Alternatives and generalizations A common generalisation of these definitions can be found in the context of a uniform space, where an entourage is a set of all pairs of points that are at no more than a particular "distance" from each other. It is also possible to replace Cauchy sequences in the definition of completeness by Cauchy nets or Cauchy filters. If every Cauchy net (or equivalently every Cauchy filter) has a limit in X , {\displaystyle X,} then X {\displaystyle X} is called complete. One can furthermore construct a completion for an arbitrary uniform space similar to the completion of metric spaces. The most general situation in which Cauchy nets apply is Cauchy spaces; these too have a notion of completeness and completion just like uniform spaces. |
Function evaluation Summary Empty_function (x+1)^{2}\right\vert _{x=4}} (which results in 25).A function is uniquely represented by the set of all pairs (x, f (x)), called the graph of the function, a popular means of illustrating the function. When the domain and the codomain are sets of real numbers, each such pair may be thought of as the Cartesian coordinates of a point in the plane. Functions are widely used in science, engineering, and in most fields of mathematics. It has been said that functions are "the central objects of investigation" in most fields of mathematics. |
2-Norbornyl cation Theory 2-Norbornyl_cation > Theory The nature of bonding in the 2-norbornyl cation was the center of a vigorous, well-known debate in the chemistry community through the middle of the twentieth century. While the majority of chemists believed that a three-center two-electron bond best depicted its ground state electronic structure, others argued that all data concerning the 2-norbornyl cation could be explained by depicting it as a rapidly equilibrating pair of cations. At the height of the debate, all chemists agreed that the delocalized picture of electron bonding could be applied to the 2-norbornyl cation. |
Graph algorithm Monte Carlo Geometric_algorithms > Computational mathematics > Numerical algorithms > Monte Carlo Gibbs sampling: generates a sequence of samples from the joint probability distribution of two or more random variables Hybrid Monte Carlo: generates a sequence of samples using Hamiltonian weighted Markov chain Monte Carlo, from a probability distribution which is difficult to sample directly. Metropolis–Hastings algorithm: used to generate a sequence of samples from the probability distribution of one or more variables Wang and Landau algorithm: an extension of Metropolis–Hastings algorithm sampling |
Regression diagnostics Assessing model structure Regression_diagnostic > Assessing model structure Adequacy of existing explanatory variablesPartial residual plot Ramsey RESET test F test for use when there are replicated observations, so that a comparison can be made between the lack-of-fit sum of squares and the pure error sum of squares, under the assumption that model errors are homoscedastic and have a normal distribution.Adding or dropping explanatory variablesPartial regression plot Student's t test for testing inclusion of a single explanatory variable, or the F test for testing inclusion of a group of variables, both under the assumption that model errors are homoscedastic and have a normal distribution.Change of model structure between groups of observationsStructural break test Chow testComparing model structuresPRESS statistic |
Ecology Water Ecological_science > Relation to the environment > Physical environments > Water Diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen is approximately 10,000 times slower in water than in air. When soils are flooded, they quickly lose oxygen, becoming hypoxic (an environment with O2 concentration below 2 mg/liter) and eventually completely anoxic where anaerobic bacteria thrive among the roots. Water also influences the intensity and spectral composition of light as it reflects off the water surface and submerged particles. Aquatic plants exhibit a wide variety of morphological and physiological adaptations that allow them to survive, compete, and diversify in these environments. |
PID loop Setpoint step change Steady-state_error > Modifications to the algorithm > Setpoint step change Derivative of the process variable In this case the PID controller measures the derivative of the measured process variable (PV), rather than the derivative of the error. This quantity is always continuous (i.e., never has a step change as a result of changed setpoint). This modification is a simple case of setpoint weighting. |
Epidemiological method Summary Epidemiological_method The science of epidemiology has matured significantly from the times of Hippocrates, Semmelweis and John Snow. The techniques for gathering and analyzing epidemiological data vary depending on the type of disease being monitored but each study will have overarching similarities. |
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in plants Histone modification Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance_in_plants > Mechanisms > Histone modification Histone modification refers to the addition or subtraction of certain chemical groups from the amino acids of histones that change transcription activity by initiating a change in the structure of the chromatin or by recruiting transcription enzymes. Mediation of chromatin occurs most frequently through post-translational modifications like methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation, which are the main histone modifications occurring in plants. Usually, the addition of a histone modification increases transcription by neutralizing the positive charge of the histones and, thereby, unwinding the negatively-charged DNA. |
Random neural network Summary Random_neural_network The random neural network (RNN) is a mathematical representation of an interconnected network of neurons or cells which exchange spiking signals. It was invented by Erol Gelenbe and is linked to the G-network model of queueing networks as well as to Gene Regulatory Network models. Each cell state is represented by an integer whose value rises when the cell receives an excitatory spike and drops when it receives an inhibitory spike. The spikes can originate outside the network itself, or they can come from other cells in the networks. |
Banach space Bidual Banach_Spaces > General theory > Dual space > Bidual For example, the dual of X = c 0 {\displaystyle X=c_{0}} is identified with ℓ 1 , {\displaystyle \ell ^{1},} and the dual of ℓ 1 {\displaystyle \ell ^{1}} is identified with ℓ ∞ , {\displaystyle \ell ^{\infty },} the space of bounded scalar sequences. Under these identifications, F X {\displaystyle F_{X}} is the inclusion map from c 0 {\displaystyle c_{0}} to ℓ ∞ . |
Negative-strand RNA virus Replication and transcription Negative-strand_RNA_virus > Characteristics > Replication and transcription Replication of −ssRNA genomes is executed by RdRp, which initiates replication by binding to a leader sequence on the 3'-end (usually pronounced "three prime end") of the genome. RdRp then uses the negative sense genome as a template to synthesize a positive-sense antigenome. When replicating the antigenome, RdRp first binds to the trailer sequence on the 3'-end of the antigenome. Thereafter, RdRp ignores all transcription signals on the antigenome and synthesizes a copy of the genome while using the antigenome as a template. |
Generative adversarial networks GANs with alternative architectures Generative_adversarial_networks > Variants > GANs with alternative architectures The GAN game is a general framework and can be run with any reasonable parametrization of the generator G {\displaystyle G} and discriminator D {\displaystyle D} . In the original paper, the authors demonstrated it using multilayer perceptron networks and convolutional neural networks. Many alternative architectures have been tried. Deep convolutional GAN (DCGAN): For both generator and discriminator, uses only deep networks consisting entirely of convolution-deconvolution layers, that is, fully convolutional networks.Self-attention GAN (SAGAN): Starts with the DCGAN, then adds residually-connected standard self-attention modules to the generator and discriminator. |
Cognition Common types of tests on human cognition Cognition > Psychology > Common types of tests on human cognition This experiment focuses on human memory processes.Word superiority The word superiority experiment presents a subject with a word, or a letter by itself, for a brief period of time, i.e. 40 ms, and they are then asked to recall the letter that was in a particular location in the word. In theory, the subject should be better able to correctly recall the letter when it was presented in a word than when it was presented in isolation. This experiment focuses on human speech and language.Brown–Peterson In the Brown–Peterson experiment, participants are briefly presented with a trigram and in one particular version of the experiment, they are then given a distractor task, asking them to identify whether a sequence of words is in fact words, or non-words (due to being misspelled, etc.). |
Tension headaches Synapses Tension_headache > Mechanism > Synapses In contrast, heterosynaptic facilitation occurs when synapses not normally involved in pain pathways become involved. Once this occurs innocuous signals are interpreted as painful signals. Allodynia and hyperalgesia of CTTH represent this heterosynaptic facilitation clinically. |
Social immunity Sanitary care of group members Social_immunity > Components of social immunity in insect societies > Sanitary care of group members Sanitary care reduces the risk of infection for group members and can slow the course of disease. For example, grooming is the first line of defence against externally-infected pathogens such as entomopathogenic fungi, whose infectious conidia can be mechanically removed through self- and allogrooming (social grooming) to prevent infection. As conidia of such fungi only loosely attach to the cuticle of the host to begin with, grooming can dramatically reduce the number of infective stages. Although grooming is also performed often in the absence of a pathogen, it is an adaptive response, with both the frequency and duration of grooming (self and allo) increasing when pathogen exposure occurs. |
Functional calculus Summary Functional_calculus In mathematics, a functional calculus is a theory allowing one to apply mathematical functions to mathematical operators. It is now a branch (more accurately, several related areas) of the field of functional analysis, connected with spectral theory. (Historically, the term was also used synonymously with calculus of variations; this usage is obsolete, except for functional derivative. Sometimes it is used in relation to types of functional equations, or in logic for systems of predicate calculus.) |
Linear progression Summary Linear_progression In music, a linear progression (Auskomponierungszug or Zug, abbreviated: Zg.) is a passing note elaboration involving stepwise melodic motion in one direction between two harmonic tones. "The compositional unfolding of a specific interval, one of the intervals of the chord of nature." For example: -- over the tonic. |
Hash tables Caching and locality of reference Hash_table > Collision resolution > Separate chaining > Caching and locality of reference The linked list of separate chaining implementation may not be cache-conscious due to spatial locality—locality of reference—when the nodes of the linked list are scattered across memory, thus the list traversal during insert and search may entail CPU cache inefficiencies. : 91 In cache-conscious variants, a dynamic array found to be more cache-friendly is used in the place where a linked list or self-balancing binary search trees is usually deployed for collision resolution through separate chaining, since the contiguous allocation pattern of the array could be exploited by hardware-cache prefetchers—such as translation lookaside buffer—resulting in reduced access time and memory consumption. |
Node graph architecture Node Node_graph_architecture > Node Graph > Node Nodes perform some type of computation. They encapsulate this executable functionality and will often take inputs and produce outputs as a by-product of execution. A simple example is a node that adds two numbers together. The inputs are the two numbers to add and the output is the sum of the two numbers. |
Fucus vesiculosus Adverse effects Fucus_vesiculosus > Consumption > Adverse effects Consumption of F. vesiculosus can cause platelet inhibition, which may potentiate the anticoagulant activity of warfarin (Coumadin). It should be avoided before surgery.Some people may suffer an allergic reaction to the iodine in F. vesiculosus. |
Interval tree Summary Interval_tree In computer science, an interval tree is a tree data structure to hold intervals. Specifically, it allows one to efficiently find all intervals that overlap with any given interval or point. It is often used for windowing queries, for instance, to find all roads on a computerized map inside a rectangular viewport, or to find all visible elements inside a three-dimensional scene. A similar data structure is the segment tree. |
Efficiency of a solar cell Radiative cooling Efficiency_of_a_solar_cell > Technical methods of improving efficiency > Radiative cooling An increase in solar cell temperature of approximately 1 °C causes an efficiency decrease of about 0.45%. To prevent this, a transparent silica crystal layer can be applied to solar panels. The silica layer acts as a thermal black body which emits heat as infrared radiation into space, cooling the cell up to 13 °C. Radiative cooling can thus extend the life of solar cells. Full-system integration of solar energy and radiative cooling is referred to as a combined SE–RC system, which have demonstrated higher energy gain per unit area when compared to non-integrated systems. |
Full repetend prime Base 10 Full_repetend_prime > Base 10 Generally, no such prime exists when b is congruent to 0 or 1 modulo 4. The values of p for which this formula produces cyclic numbers in decimal are: 7, 17, 19, 23, 29, 47, 59, 61, 97, 109, 113, 131, 149, 167, 179, 181, 193, 223, 229, 233, 257, 263, 269, 313, 337, 367, 379, 383, 389, 419, 433, 461, 487, 491, 499, 503, 509, 541, 571, 577, 593, 619, 647, 659, 701, 709, 727, 743, 811, 821, 823, 857, 863, 887, 937, 941, 953, 971, 977, 983, 1019, 1021, 1033, 1051... (sequence A001913 in the OEIS)For example, the case b = 10, p = 7 gives the cyclic number 142857; thus 7 is a full reptend prime. The case b = 10, p = 17 gives the cyclic number 0588235294117647 (16 digits); thus 17 is a full reptend prime. |
First law of thermodynamics Cited sources First_law_of_thermodynamics > References > Cited sources Thermodynamics of Complex Systems: Principles and applications. IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK. Bibcode:2020tcsp.book.....P. Prigogine, I. |
Quantum Computer Quantum parallelism Quantum_Random_Access_Machine > Quantum information processing > Quantum parallelism Quantum parallelism refers to the ability of quantum computers to evaluate a function for multiple input values simultaneously. This can be achieved by preparing a quantum system in a superposition of input states, and applying a unitary transformation that encodes the function to be evaluated. The resulting state encodes the function's output values for all input values in the superposition, allowing for the computation of multiple outputs simultaneously. This property is key to the speedup of many quantum algorithms. |
Mercury pollution in the ocean Chemistry Mercury_pollution_in_the_ocean > Chemistry Fine aerosols in the atmosphere such as ocean water droplets can act as small reaction chambers in this process providing the special reaction conditions required. Oxidation and reduction of mercury in the ocean are not very simple reversible reactions. Shown below is the proposed pathway of ocean aerosol mercuric photochemistry suggesting that it occurs through a reactive intermediate: Photo oxidation is suspected to be driven by OH. |
Vaginal septum Summary Vaginal_septum A vaginal septum is a vaginal anomaly that is partition within the vagina; such a septum could be either longitudinal or transverse. In some affected women, the septum is partial or does not extend the length or width of the vagina. Pain during intercourse can be a symptom. A longitudinal vaginal septum develops during embryogenesis when there is an incomplete fusion of the lower parts of the two Müllerian ducts. |
Fertilization in animals Humans Fertilization_in_animals > Fertilisation in animals > Mammals > Humans Its use makes it a subject of semantic arguments about the beginning of pregnancy, typically in the context of the abortion debate. Upon gastrulation, which occurs around 16 days after fertilisation, the implanted blastocyst develops three germ layers, the endoderm, the ectoderm and the mesoderm, and the genetic code of the father becomes fully involved in the development of the embryo; later twinning is impossible. Additionally, interspecies hybrids survive only until gastrulation and cannot further develop. However, some human developmental biology literature refers to the conceptus and such medical literature refers to the "products of conception" as the post-implantation embryo and its surrounding membranes. The term "conception" is not usually used in scientific literature because of its variable definition and connotation. |
Artificial intelligence art Development Synthography > Tools and processes > Prompt engineering and sharing > Development Additional functionalities are under development and may improve various applications or enable new ones – such as "Textual Inversion" which refers to enabling the use of user-provided concepts (like an object or a style) learned from few images. With textual inversion, novel personalized art can be generated from the associated word(s) (the keywords that have been assigned to the learned, often abstract, concept) and model extensions/fine-tuning (see also: DreamBooth). Generated images are sometimes used as sketches or low-cost experimentations or illustration of proof-of-concept-stage ideas – additional functionalities or improvements may also relate to post-generation manual editing (polishing or artistic usage) of prompts-based art (such as subsequent tweaking with an image editor). In the case of Stable Diffusion, the main pre-trained model is shared on the Hugging Face Hub. |
Chemotherapy regimen Summary Chemotherapy_regimen Because they have different dose-limiting adverse effects, they can be given together at full doses in chemotherapy regimens.The first successful combination chemotherapy was MOPP, introduced in 1963 for lymphomas. The term "induction regimen" refers to a chemotherapy regimen used for the initial treatment of a disease. A "maintenance regimen" refers to the ongoing use of chemotherapy to reduce the chances of a cancer recurring or to prevent an existing cancer from continuing to grow.Chemotherapy regimens are often identified by acronyms, identifying the agents used in the drug combination. |
Nucleic Acid Deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleic_acids > Types > Deoxyribonucleic acid Within cells, DNA is organized into long sequences called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. |
Quaternion Society Genesis Quaternion_Society > Genesis The algebra of space ought to include the algebra of the plane as a special case, just as the algebra of the plane includes the algebra of the line…When vector analysis is developed and presented...we may expect to see many zealous cultivators, many fruitful applications, and, finally, universal diffusion ... May the movement initiated by Messrs. Molenbroek and Kimura hasten the realization of this happy result.In 1897 the British Association met in Toronto where vector products were discussed: Professor Henrici proposed a new notation to denote the different products of vectors, which consists in using square brackets for vector products and round brackets for scalar products. He likewise advocated adoption of Heaviside’s term "ort" for vector, the tensor of which is the number 1. |
Incompleteness Theorem Proof sketch for the first theorem Gödel's_Incompleteness_Theorem > Proof sketch for the first theorem The proof by contradiction has three essential parts. To begin, choose a formal system that meets the proposed criteria: Statements in the system can be represented by natural numbers (known as Gödel numbers). The significance of this is that properties of statements—such as their truth and falsehood—will be equivalent to determining whether their Gödel numbers have certain properties, and that properties of the statements can therefore be demonstrated by examining their Gödel numbers. |
HPT axis Summary Thyroid_homeostasis The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis for short, a.k.a. thyroid homeostasis or thyrotropic feedback control) is part of the neuroendocrine system responsible for the regulation of metabolism and also responds to stress. As its name suggests, it depends upon the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland. The hypothalamus senses low circulating levels of thyroid hormone (Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)) and responds by releasing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). |
Q-guidance The Q matrix Q-guidance > The Q matrix The calculation of this matrix is non-trivial, but can be performed offline before the flight; experience shows that the matrix is only slowly time-varying, so only a few values of Q corresponding to different times during the flight need to be stored on board the vehicle. In early applications the integration of the differential equation was performed using analog hardware, rather than a digital computer. Information about vehicle acceleration, velocity and position is supplied by the onboard inertial measurement unit. |
Fertility factor (bacteria) Function Fertility_factor_(bacteria) > Function The finO gene of the original F plasmid (in E. coli K12) is interrupted by an IS3 insertion, resulting in constitutive tra operon expression. F+ cells also have the surface exclusion proteins TraS and TraT on the bacterial surface. These proteins prevent secondary mating events involving plasmids belonging to the same incompatibility (Inc) group. |
Named data networking Router architecture Named_data_networking > Architecture overview > Router architecture To carry out the Interest and Data packet forwarding functions, each NDN router maintains three data structures, and a forwarding policy: Pending Interest Table (PIT): stores all the Interests that a router has forwarded but not satisfied yet. Each PIT entry records the data name carried in the Interest, together with its incoming and outgoing interface(s). Forwarding Information Base (FIB): a routing table which maps name components to interfaces. |
Thermal conductivities Gases Thermal_impedance > Molecular origins > Gases For rigid elastic spheres, Ω ( T ) {\displaystyle \Omega (T)} is independent of T {\displaystyle T} and very close to 1 {\displaystyle 1} . More complex interaction laws introduce a weak temperature dependence. The precise nature of the dependence is not always easy to discern, however, as Ω ( T ) {\displaystyle \Omega (T)} is defined as a multi-dimensional integral which may not be expressible in terms of elementary functions. |
Flight Mechanical Flight > Types of flight > Aerodynamic flight > Mechanical Mechanical flight is the use of a machine to fly. These machines include aircraft such as airplanes, gliders, helicopters, autogyros, airships, balloons, ornithopters as well as spacecraft. Gliders are capable of unpowered flight. |
Psychological resistance Realistic resistance Psychological_resistance > Contemporary understandings > Realistic resistance Realistic resistance is the understanding of the conscious and deliberate aspect of psychological resistance in therapeutic treatment. "Realistic resistance refers to clients' conscious, deliberate opposition to therapeutic initiatives that they fail to understand or accept". There are several things an individual may disagree with in the therapy setting that can lead to realistic psychological resistance, such as general therapeutic technique or words and phrases utilized by a physician or therapist.Realistic resistance can be identified by behavioral markers. |
Code audit High-risk vulnerabilities Code_audit > Guidelines > High-risk vulnerabilities Some common high-risk vulnerabilities may exist due to the use of: Non-bounds-checking functions (e.g., strcpy, sprintf, vsprintf, and sscanf) that could lead to a buffer overflow vulnerability Pointer manipulation of buffers that may interfere with later bounds checking, e.g.: if ((bytesread = net_read(buf,len)) > 0) buf += bytesread; Calls like execve(), execution pipes, system() and similar things, especially when called with non-static arguments Input validation, e.g. (in SQL): statement := "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '" + userName + "';" is an example of a SQL injection vulnerability File inclusion functions, e.g. (in PHP): include($page . '.php'); is an example of a Remote File Inclusion vulnerability For libraries that may be linked with malicious code, returning the reference to the internal mutable data structure (record, array). Malicious code may try to modify the structure or retain the reference to observe the future changes. |
Glossary of genetics (0–L) C Glossary_of_gene_expression_terms > C chromatid One copy of a newly copied chromosome, which is joined to the original chromosome by a centromere. chromatin A complex of DNA, RNA, and protein found in eukaryotic cells that is the primary substance comprising chromosomes. Chromatin functions as a means of packaging very long DNA molecules into highly organized and densely compacted shapes, which prevents the strands from becoming tangled, reinforces the DNA during cell division, helps to prevent DNA damage, and plays an important role in regulating gene expression and DNA replication. |
Electrical steel Metallurgy Electrical_steel > Metallurgy Carbon also causes magnetic aging when it slowly leaves the solid solution and precipitates as carbides, thus resulting in an increase in power loss over time. For these reasons, the carbon level is kept to 0.005% or lower. The carbon level can be reduced by annealing the alloy in a decarburizing atmosphere, such as hydrogen. |
C10H15Al Function as a ligand C10H15Al > Reactivity > Function as a ligand For example, treatment of with (dcpe = bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane) yields . Other transition metals which use as a ligand include, but are not limited to d10 metal centre complexes such as and , and lanthanide/actinide metal centre complexes such as (CpSiMe3)3U-AlCp*, (CpSiMe3)3Nd-AlCp* and (CpSiMe3)3Ce-AlCp*. == References == |
Input queue Weighted fair queue (WFQ) Input_queue > Networking > Weighted fair queue (WFQ) Weighted fair queue uses the min-max-fair-share algorithm to distribute packets. The min fair-share means the network OS will distribute equally minimum resource for each type of packet. The max fair-share means the network OS will provide more resource for packets that need to transfer large amount of date at that moment, but it will take the resource back after transferring. “Weighted” means the scheduler will assign weight for each type of packet. |
Object-oriented software engineering Object-orientation and databases Object-oriented_programming > Design patterns > Object-orientation and databases Both object-oriented programming and relational database management systems (RDBMSs) are extremely common in software today. Since relational databases do not store objects directly (though some RDBMSs have object-oriented features to approximate this), there is a general need to bridge the two worlds. The problem of bridging object-oriented programming accesses and data patterns with relational databases is known as object-relational impedance mismatch. There are a number of approaches to cope with this problem, but no general solution without downsides. One of the most common approaches is object-relational mapping, as found in IDE languages such as Visual FoxPro and libraries such as Java Data Objects and Ruby on Rails' ActiveRecord. There are also object databases that can be used to replace RDBMSs, but these have not been as technically and commercially successful as RDBMSs. |
Units of mass Galilean free fall Inertial_Mass > Pre-Newtonian concepts > Galilean free fall And into this groove was placed "a hard, smooth and very round bronze ball". The ramp was inclined at various angles to slow the acceleration enough so that the elapsed time could be measured. The ball was allowed to roll a known distance down the ramp, and the time taken for the ball to move the known distance was measured. The time was measured using a water clock described as follows: a large vessel of water placed in an elevated position; to the bottom of this vessel was soldered a pipe of small diameter giving a thin jet of water, which we collected in a small glass during the time of each descent, whether for the whole length of the channel or for a part of its length; the water thus collected was weighed, after each descent, on a very accurate balance; the differences and ratios of these weights gave us the differences and ratios of the times, and this with such accuracy that although the operation was repeated many, many times, there was no appreciable discrepancy in the results.Galileo found that for an object in free fall, the distance that the object has fallen is always proportional to the square of the elapsed time: Distance ∝ Time 2 {\displaystyle {\text{Distance}}\propto {{\text{Time}}^{2}}} Galileo had shown that objects in free fall under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field have a constant acceleration, and Galileo's contemporary, Johannes Kepler, had shown that the planets follow elliptical paths under the influence of the Sun's gravitational mass. However, Galileo's free fall motions and Kepler's planetary motions remained distinct during Galileo's lifetime. |
Direct sum of permutations Role in pattern avoidance Skew_and_direct_sums_of_permutations > Role in pattern avoidance Skew and direct sums of permutations appear (among other places) in the study of pattern avoidance in permutations. Breaking permutations down as skew and/or direct sums of a maximal number of parts (that is, decomposing into indecomposable parts) is one of several possible techniques used to study the structure of, and so to enumerate, pattern classes.Permutations whose decomposition by skew and direct sums into a maximal number of parts, that is, can be built up from the permutations (1), are called separable permutations; they arise in the study of sortability theory, and can also be characterized as permutations avoiding the permutation patterns 2413 and 3142. |
Numerical integration History Numerical_quadrature > History In medieval Europe the quadrature meant calculation of area by any method. More often the Method of indivisibles was used; it was less rigorous, but more simple and powerful. With its help Galileo Galilei and Gilles de Roberval found the area of a cycloid arch, Grégoire de Saint-Vincent investigated the area under a hyperbola (Opus Geometricum, 1647), and Alphonse Antonio de Sarasa, de Saint-Vincent's pupil and commentator, noted the relation of this area to logarithms. |
Nuclear research Nuclear fusion Nuclear_research > Modern nuclear physics > Nuclear fusion Stars like the Sun are powered by the fusion of four protons into a helium nucleus, two positrons, and two neutrinos. The uncontrolled fusion of hydrogen into helium is known as thermonuclear runaway. A frontier in current research at various institutions, for example the Joint European Torus (JET) and ITER, is the development of an economically viable method of using energy from a controlled fusion reaction. Nuclear fusion is the origin of the energy (including in the form of light and other electromagnetic radiation) produced by the core of all stars including our own Sun. |
Oxygen 3 Consumers Ozone_generator > Applications > Consumers Since ozone does not remain in the water long enough, ozone by itself is ineffective at preventing cross-contamination among bathers and must be used in conjunction with halogens. Gaseous ozone created by ultraviolet light or by corona discharge is injected into the water.Ozone is also widely used in the treatment of water in aquariums and fishponds. Its use can minimize bacterial growth, control parasites, eliminate transmission of some diseases, and reduce or eliminate "yellowing" of the water. |
Empirical method Scientific research Empirical_study > Usage > Scientific research The more there is removal of concept from mental operations and experience, there can be performance over experience with increased plausibility in being innate. Further ahead, empiricism in context with a specific subject provides a rejection of the corresponding version related to innate knowledge and deduction or intuition (Weiskopf, 2008, 16). Insofar as there is acknowledgement of concepts and knowledge within the area of subject, the knowledge has major dependence on experience through human senses. |
Faddeev–Popov ghost Overcounting in Feynman path integrals Faddeev–Popov_ghost > Overcounting in Feynman path integrals The necessity for Faddeev–Popov ghosts follows from the requirement that quantum field theories yield unambiguous, non-singular solutions. This is not possible in the path integral formulation when a gauge symmetry is present since there is no procedure for selecting among physically equivalent solutions related by gauge transformation. The path integrals overcount field configurations corresponding to the same physical state; the measure of the path integrals contains a factor which does not allow obtaining various results directly from the action. |
History of measurement Metric conversion History_of_measurement > Metric conversion The metric system was first described in 1668 and officially adopted by France in 1799. Over the 19th and 20th centuries, it became the dominant system worldwide, although several countries, including the United States, China, and the United Kingdom continue to use their customary units. Among the numerous customary systems, many have been adapted to become an integer multiple of a related metric unit: The Scandinavian mile is now defined as 10 km, the Chinese jin is now defined as 0.5 kg, and the Dutch ons is now defined as 100 g. |
He Jiankui affair Medical ethics He_Jiankui_affair > Ethical controversies > Medical ethics Off-target mutations are likely to start at undesired sites, causing cell death or cell transformation. Sonia Ouagrham-Gormley, an associate professor in the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, and Kathleen Vogel, a professor in the School for the Future of Innovation in Society at Arizona State University, stated that the procedure was "unnecessary" and "risks the safety of the patients". The researchers criticized He's unethical action by presenting the fact that the prevention of HIV transmission from parents to newborn babies can be safely achieved with existing standard methods, such as sperm washing and caesarian section delivery.The principle of justice argues that individuals should have the right to receive the same amount of care from medical providers regardless of their social and economic background. |
Expressed genes Three prime untranslated regions and microRNAs Inducible_gene > Regulation of gene expression > Three prime untranslated regions and microRNAs Three prime untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) often contain regulatory sequences that post-transcriptionally influence gene expression. Such 3′-UTRs often contain both binding sites for microRNAs (miRNAs) as well as for regulatory proteins. By binding to specific sites within the 3′-UTR, miRNAs can decrease gene expression of various mRNAs by either inhibiting translation or directly causing degradation of the transcript. The 3′-UTR also may have silencer regions that bind repressor proteins that inhibit the expression of a mRNA. |
Photon Quantization of the electromagnetic field Light_quanta > Quantum field theory > Quantization of the electromagnetic field He treated the interaction between a charge and an electromagnetic field as a small perturbation that induces transitions in the photon states, changing the numbers of photons in the modes, while conserving energy and momentum overall. Dirac was able to derive Einstein's A i j {\displaystyle A_{ij}} and B i j {\displaystyle B_{ij}} coefficients from first principles, and showed that the Bose–Einstein statistics of photons is a natural consequence of quantizing the electromagnetic field correctly (Bose's reasoning went in the opposite direction; he derived Planck's law of black-body radiation by assuming B–E statistics). In Dirac's time, it was not yet known that all bosons, including photons, must obey Bose–Einstein statistics. |
Permutation polynomial Computational complexity Permutation_polynomial > Computational complexity The problem of testing whether a given polynomial over a finite field is a permutation polynomial can be solved in polynomial time. |
Simulated environment Applications Virtual_reality_(VR) > Applications VR not only fits the trend of the digital industry but also enhances the film's visual effect. The film gives the audience more ways to interact through VR technology.In social sciences and psychology, virtual reality offers a cost-effective tool to study and replicate interactions in a controlled environment. It can be used as a form of therapeutic intervention. |
Dirichlet boundary condition Other boundary conditions Dirichlet_condition > Other boundary conditions Many other boundary conditions are possible, including the Cauchy boundary condition and the mixed boundary condition. The latter is a combination of the Dirichlet and Neumann conditions. |
Advanced Message Queuing Protocol Summary Advanced_Message_Queuing_Protocol Unlike JMS, which defines an API and a set of behaviors that a messaging implementation must provide, AMQP is a wire-level protocol. A wire-level protocol is a description of the format of the data that is sent across the network as a stream of bytes. Consequently, any tool that can create and interpret messages that conform to this data format can interoperate with any other compliant tool irrespective of implementation language. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.