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14335960
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannuronate-specific%20alginate%20lyase
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Mannuronate-specific alginate lyase
|
Due to differences in the way they fold, alginate lyases can be grouped based on whether they contain a β-jelly roll, an (α/α)n toroid, or a right-handed β-helix. Most of the currently characterized alginate lyases belong to the β-jelly roll class, in which a curved anti-parallel inner and an outer β-sheet are bonded together. The inner sheet of the β-jelly roll contains the active site. Lyases with these folds tend to belong to the PL-7, PL-14, and PL-18 families.
The (α/α)n toroid class contains a barrel-shaped catalytic domain which is composed of between three and seven counterclockwise helical hairpins. These hairpins are formed by various anti-parallel α-helices. Four of the currently characterized alginate lyase structures belong to this class. The enzymes in this class typically belong to the PL-5, PL-15, and PL-17 families.
There is only one known alginate lyase in the β-helix class: AlyGC. This enzyme is exolytic and G block specific, and it is a representative alginate lyase from the PL-6 family. The N and C terminus of AlyGC form right-handed β-helix folds, which is uncommon among polysaccharide lyases. Three β-sheets comprise each fold. These sheets are designated PB1-PB3, and the twists in between each sheet are named T1-T3, with T1 coming after PB1, T2 coming after PB2, and so on. The active site is located on the N-terminus, where it is encircled by a C-terminal loop, as well as N-terminal loops and N-terminal β-strands. The cleft at the center of the active site is blocked on one end and open on the other, giving AlyGC its exolytic properties. There is a Ca2+ at the center of the active site, which aids in the β-elimination mechanism by neutralizing the alginate's carboxylic group at the +1 subsite of the residue.
Applications
Cystic Fibrosis
| 2.09375
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14336093
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Library%20of%20Myanmar
|
National Library of Myanmar
|
The National Library of Myanmar, located in Yankin Township, Yangon, is the national library of Myanmar. Established in 1952, the National Library, along with Universities' Central Library, is one of only two research libraries in Yangon. The library houses more than 220,000 books, divided into 10 sections.
Its collection used to have about 618,000 books and periodicals as well as 15,800 rare and valuable manuscripts. However, in 2006, the military government announced a plan to move a large part of its collection to a new National Library in Nay Pyi Taw, and to auction off its 8-story building and lot in Tamwe Township. In October 2008, the National Library was moved to its current location.
The library's current collection of ancient Burmese texts includes 16,066 palm-leaf manuscripts, 1972 parabaik (folded writing tablets made of paper, cloth or metal), and 345 handwritten scripts of famous writers. The library's preservation and conservation section, established in 1993, regularly maintains rare Burmese manuscripts. The library plans to offer an online catalogue.
The National Library is a member of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions and National Libraries Group-Southeast Asia.
History
The National Library originated from the Bernard Free Library, which opened in 1883 during the British colonial era. The Bernard Library was renamed the State Library under the management of the Ministry of Culture in 1952, and changed its name to the National Library in 1967. The library was first located in the Jubilee Hall building, then moved to Pansodan Road, then relocated to its penultimate home in Tamwe, and finally moved to its present location in Yankin in October 2008.
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14336171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain%20dress
|
Plain dress
|
Plain dress is a practice among some religious groups, primarily some Christian churches in which people dress in clothes of traditional modest design, sturdy fabric, and conservative cut. It is intended to show acceptance of traditional gender roles, modesty, and readiness to work and serve, and to preserve communal identity and separation from the ever-changing fashions of the world. For men, this often takes the form of trousers secured by suspenders, while for women, plain dress usually takes the form of a cape dress along with a headcovering (normatively a kapp or an opaque hanging veil).
History
Christian denominations that observe the wearing of plain dress, such as the Schwarzenau Brethren Anabaptists, do so because Jesus “condemned anxious thought for raiment” in and . They teach that the wearing of plain dress is scripturally commanded in , , and , in addition to being taught by the early Church Fathers:
In plain communities, women wear Christian headcoverings in keeping with the teaching of Saint Paul in , as well as that of the early Church Fathers.
Practicing groups
The practice is generally found among the following Anabaptist branches: Amish (Old Order Amish, New Order Amish, Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Beachy Amish Mennonites), Para-Amish (Believers in Christ, Vernon Community, Caneyville Christian Community), Mennonites (Old Order Mennonites, Conservative Mennonites, traditional "Russian" Mennonites), Hutterites, the Bruderhof, Schwarzenau Brethren (Old Brethren, Old German Baptist Brethren, New Conference, Dunkard Brethren), and River Brethren (Old Order River Brethren and Calvary Holiness Church). Plain dress is also practiced by Conservative Friends and Holiness Friends (Quakers), in which it is part of their testimony of simplicity, as well as Old Regular Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, Cooperites and fundamentalist Mormon subgroups.
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14336171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain%20dress
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Plain dress
|
Among traditional Anabaptist groups, plain dress is an expression of their beliefs regarding modesty and veiling, as well as nonconformity to the world—which they see as consistent with the Bible and teachings of the early Church Fathers. Plain, simple and serviceable gender-identifying dress is governed by an unwritten code of conduct, called "ordnung" among Anabaptists, which is strictly adhered to by Amish, Old Order Mennonites, and conservative Brethren.
Many Apostolic Lutherans also wear plain dress.
Members of the Moravian Church traditionally wore plain dress.
Historically, Methodists were known for wearing plain dress, a tradition carried on by those in the conservative holiness movement, such as communicants of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Evangelical Wesleyan Church, as well as some Holiness Pentecostal denominations in the Wesleyan-Arminian tradition. The Church of God (Restoration) also observes plain dress.
Adventists wear plain dress as taught by the founder of that faith Ellen White, who asked that they "adopt a simple, unadorned dress of modest length". The Church Manual of the Seventh-day Adventist Church teaches "To dress plainly, and abstain from display of jewelry and ornaments of every kind is in keeping with our faith." Adherents of the Seventh-day Adventist Church have historically not worn wedding rings.
Other groups adhering to a conservative dress code include Buddhist and Christian monks, Orthodox Jews, and more conservative Muslims such as Salafis, but these forms of dress normally are not called "plain dress".
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14336171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain%20dress
|
Plain dress
|
Early Methodists wore plain dress, with Methodist clergy condemning "high headdresses, ruffles, laces, gold, and 'costly apparel' in general". John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist movement, recommended that Methodists read his thoughts On Dress, in which he detailed acceptable types and colors of fabrics, in addition to "shapes and sizes of hats, coats, sleeves, and hairstyles"; in that sermon, John Wesley expressed his desire for Methodists: "Let me see, before I die, a Methodist congregation, full as plain dressed as a Quaker congregation." He also taught, with respect to headcovering, that women, "especially in a religious assembly", should "keep on her veil". Those who tried to attend Methodist services in costly apparel were denied admittance. Wesley's teaching was based on his interpretation of and , which he stated led him to conclude that "expensive clothes puff up their wearers, promote vanity, incite anger, inflame lust, retard the pursuit of holiness, and steal from God and the poor." The 1858 Discipline of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection stated that "we would not only enjoin on all who fear God plain dress, but we would recommend to our preachers and people, according to Mr. Wesley's views expressed in his sermon on the inefficiency of Christianity, published but a few years before his death, and containing his matured judgment, distinguishing plainness—Plainness which will publicly comment them to the maintenance of their Christian profession wherever they may be." The 1859 novel Adam Bede portrayed the Methodist itinerant preacher, Dinah Morris, wearing plain dress, with the words "I saw she was a Methodist, or Quaker, or something of that sort, by her dress". Peter Cartwright, a Methodist revivalist, lamented the decline of wearing plain dress among Methodists, stating:
| 2.71875
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14336202
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Reed
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David E. Reed
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David E. Reed (1927–1990), was a Reader's Digest roving editor.
Career
He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from the University of Chicago at age 18 and began his journalism career with the Chicago City News Service. He later joined the Chicago Daily News.
Reed was a roving editor with Reader's Digest who reported from more than 100 countries and covered more than a dozen wars, including wars in Vietnam, Angola, Nicaragua, Cambodia, and many conflicts elsewhere in the world. Reed learned Swahili during a two-year fellowship from the Institute of Current World Affairs to Kenya during the Mau Mau insurgency in the 1950s. In the late 1950s, he was a reporter for the U.S. News & World Report. He joined the Reader's Digest in the early 1960s and worked there for the remainder of his lifetime. He interviewed several United States presidents, including then president Richard Nixon at the White House in 1971: . He was the author of 111 Days in Stanleyville, Harper & Row, NY, 1965 and Up Front in Vietnam, Funk & Wagnalls, NY, 1967. 111 Days in Stanleyville was reprinted as Save The Hostages, Bantam Books, NY, 1988.
Reed wrote 111 Days in Stanleyville after spending more than four years in Africa during seven trips there on writing assignments. He took a two-month overland trip across the continent, and climbed Mount Kilimanjaro. In 1960 he covered the independence push in Congo as a staff writer for the U.S. News & World Report magazine.
Reed wrote Up Front in Vietnam after spending months in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He travelled across Vietnam, criss-crossing back and forth in C-130 cargo planes, helicopters, trucks and jeeps. In the book, Reed wrote a series of sketches about what it was like to be up front with the soldiers in the combat zone in Vietnam.
In 1988, Reed received the Republic of China's International Communications Service award.
Reed was inducted into the Chicago Journalism Hall of Fame posthumously in 1992.
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11659683
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20in%20Afghanistan
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1980 in Afghanistan
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Anti-Soviet feeling among the Afghans rises to a high pitch, when a general strike and violent demonstrations are staged against the Soviet presence in Kabul and other major cities. The mass uprising is quelled as Afghan armed forces and Communist militia inflict heavy casualties on the demonstrators. As cases of Soviet soldiers disappearing begin to increase, the Soviet troops assume more and more direct control of the security situation from the Afghan Army. The Soviets unleash a series of offensives against insurgents in the provinces of Paktia, Konarha, Ghazni, Herat, Kandahar, and Badakhshan.
April 1980
The demonstrations are repeated at the end of April, this time staged by students from Kabul University and other educational institutions. The April demonstrations, which occur during the anniversary celebrations of the Saur (April) Revolution launched by former leader Taraki on April 27, 1978, result in the brutal killings of more than 50 students.
May 1980
Attempts to bring about a peaceful solution of the Afghan crisis and Soviet withdrawal from the country are made by the Islamic Conference in Islamabad, Pakistan. No headway can be made, however. Pakistan refuses to have any direct talks with the Karmal regime, since this would involve recognition of the Soviet-backed government. Karmal insists that all subversive activities against his country must stop before any international discussion on the crisis could be held.
| 2.109375
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11659752
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkest%20of%20Days
|
Darkest of Days
|
Darkest of Days is a first-person shooter video game developed by 8monkey Labs and published by Phantom EFX. Originally released for the Xbox 360, it was also released for Microsoft Windows via Steam. On December 22, 2010, Virtual Programming published the Mac OS X version of the game. As of August 24, 2021, Darkest of Days is unavailable for purchase on Steam.
The game follows a soldier recruited by a mysterious time travel organization to find a missing scientist. Time periods featured include the American Indian Wars, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and Ancient Rome.
Plot
In Darkest of Days the player controls Alexander Morris, a soldier fighting in General Custer's battalion during the Battle of Little Big Horn at the beginning of the game. After Custer is killed and Morris is wounded he is suddenly rescued by a man in futuristic armor and taken through a strange portal. Morris then awakens in the headquarters of Kronotek, an organization that has managed to develop time travel technology and is apparently dedicated to researching and protecting history. A Kronotek higher-up known as "Mother" tells Morris that Doctor Koell, the organization's founder, has gone missing and disturbances have started appearing through history, causing individuals that have played key roles in history to be placed in danger, and tasks Morris with helping Kronotek restore history.
Morris then begins his combat training with his new partner Agent Dexter, another MIA from history who is implied to have gone missing on 9/11. As he is from the 1800s, he requires a crash course in "modern" weaponry (ranging from World War I to the late 22nd century). Upon completion of his training Mother tasks Morris and Dexter with tracking down two individuals who are not where they are supposed to be: one Corporal Welsh from the Union Army in the American Civil War at the Battle of Antietam, and a Russian Army Officer named Petrovich in World War I at the Battle of Tannenberg.
| 2.0625
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11659752
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkest%20of%20Days
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Darkest of Days
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However, completion of both of these tasks is blocked by a mysterious group known only as the Opposition, which also has time-travel technology. Over the course of the game, Morris and Dexter have to fight through both the Battle of Antietam and the Battle of Tannenberg, which involve massive cornfield battles, the dynamiting of a train bridge, and the hijacking of a zeppelin. Although Agents Morris and Dexter manage to secure and reintegrate Welsh and his twin brother into the proper timeframe, Petrovich is labeled a traitor for abandoning his post. This causes his son, who was originally going to become a scientist, to enlist in the Russian Army during the Second World War, leading to his capture by the Wehrmacht. When Agents Morris and Dexter try to rescue him before he reaches a POW camp, Morris is also captured and sent to the camp.
After spending some time in the camp, Petrovich is sentenced to death because of an escape attempt, but right before his execution, an explosion goes off outside the camp. Agent Dexter appears and assists Morris, Petrovich and the other inmates in escaping. Once Petrovich reaches safety, Dexter informs Morris that Morris was the one who set the explosive, allowing Dexter to infiltrate the camp. So Morris goes back, fights his way through a Nazi facility, and sets the explosive that triggers his own release.
After rescuing Petrovich, Morris and Dexter find out that Koell is at Pompeii, on August 25, 79 AD, the day Mount Vesuvius erupted and buried the Roman town. Agents Morris and Dexter and a tech specialist named Bob fight through hordes of Opposition agents to find Koell, who is in the town's arena. Koell then nonchalantly accompanies Morris and Dexter back to the 22nd century.
| 1.90625
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11659771
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%20Sen-yong
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Su Sen-yong
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Sen-Yong Su/Su Sen-Yong (蘇森墉) (8 July 1919 - 18 May 2007) was a prominent music educator at the Hsinchu Senior High School, in Taiwan. He was born in Taipei, Taiwan, and spent his adolescent years in the city of Zhangzhou, Fujian, where he attended the Longxi middle and high schools.
At the age of 19, at the outbreak of the war against Japan, Su moved to Yongding county in Fujian, where he was a teacher of arts, music and gymnastics at the Yongding Provincial Middle School. A year later he attended the National Fujian Academy of Music, majoring in vocal music.
In 1946, Sen-Yong was appointed as music teacher at the Hsinchu Junior High School. Su's music was selected to become the official school song, accompanying lyrics written by school principal Hsin Chih-Ping (辛志平). In the 1960s and early 70s Sen-Yong led the Hsinchu School Choir to many repeated championships of the province-wide chorus competitions, and also directed the Taipei Women's Normal High School Choir. He retired in 1973 from Hsinchu Senior High School.
After spending several years residing in Brazil, Su returned to Taiwan where he continued to be active in the music world as the conductor of the Industrial Technology Research Institute Chorus and the Hsinchu Science Park Chorus, and also being honored for his musical contributions through concerts and compilations of his chorus compositions.
Sen-Yong was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He died at the age of 88.
Musical Compositions
Most of Sen-Yong's compositions were written for the choruses that he conducted over the years. But he has also composed for the piano and for a string quartet.
In 1967, under the influence of Professor De-Yi Liu (劉德義), German composer Paul Hindemith, and the traditional Chinese five-notes scale, Sen-Yong was able to create a more distinctive and modern style.
Here is a list of his choral arrangements and compositions:
1938-1945
新中國的空軍, 龍崗頌 (Longgang Chung), 遙寄個思念
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11659866
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milana%20Terloeva
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Milana Terloeva
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With the start of the Second Chechen War, Milana and her family sought refuge in Ingushetia along with hundreds of thousands of other refugees. She returned to Grozny six months later, and enrolled in the heavily damaged University of Grozny, studying the French language. She aspired to become a journalist so that she would be able to bring justice to victims of the conflict. A group of French students opposed to the new war in Chechnya started the organization Etudes Sans Frontières in March 2003 as a means for rescuing Chechen students from the war zone and providing them with a French education. (In 1997, Chechen President Aslan Maskhadov appealed to Western nations to allow Chechen students into their universities, as he dreamed of liberally oriented leaders who would be capable of rebuilding a society that had been destroyed by war. The call fell on deaf ears, and at the time only madrassas from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan opened their doors to Chechens). By that September, the organization had sponsored eight Chechen students, including Milana, to study in Paris.
As a journalism student at Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris, Milana excelled academically, graduating in 2006. She also worked at the internationally circulated French newspapers Le Monde and Courrier International in August 2004. She also befriended the late journalist Anna Politkovskaya. Hachette Livre, the largest publishing house in France, contacted Milana to write about her experiences during the wars, and she wrote her autobiography, Danser sur les ruines – Une jeunesse tchétchène (Dancing on Ruins – A Chechen Youth), which describes the raids in which many of her family members were captured, her journey from Grozny to Paris, and of her experiences as a student at Sciences Po.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20the%20Indian%20Rebellion%20of%201857
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Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
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Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (first war of Indian independence).
An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. That would have insulted both Hindu and Muslim religious practices; cows are considered holy by Hindus, and pigs are considered unclean (Haram) by Muslims.
Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the East India Company (EIC) also contributed to the anger of the sepoy mutineers, and within weeks, dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the EIC, also rebelled against British rule.
Another important source of discontent among the Indian rulers was that the British policies of conquest had created significant unrest. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" of Indian leadership succession and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges.
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11659868
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20the%20Indian%20Rebellion%20of%201857
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Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
|
Frictions
Some Indians were upset with the draconian rule of the Company who had embarked on a project of territorial expansion and westernization that was imposed without any regard for historical subtleties in Indian society. Furthermore, legal changes introduced by the British were accompanied by prohibitions on Indian religious customs and were seen as steps towards forced conversion to Christianity. As early as the Charter Act 1813 Christian missionaries were encouraged to come to Bombay and Calcutta under EIC control. The British Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 was Lord Dalhousie, who passed the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856, which allowed widows to remarry, like Christian women. He also passed decrees allowing Hindus who had converted to Christianity to be able to inherit property, which had been denied by local practice.
The author Pramod Nayar points out that by 1851 there were nineteen Protestant religious societies operating in India, and their goal was the conversion of Indians to Christianity. Christian organisations from Britain had additionally created 222 "unattached" mission stations across India in the decade preceding the rebellion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20the%20Indian%20Rebellion%20of%201857
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Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
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Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of the historian William Dalrymple, who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the East India Company, especially under James Broun-Ramsay reign, which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India. For instance, once the rebellion was underway, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar met the sepoys on 11 May 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith?" Those European men and women who had converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. In contrast, foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley, John Jennings, and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed.
Dalrymple further points out that as late as 6 September, when calling the inhabitants of Delhi to rally against the upcoming Company assault, Zafar issued a proclamation stating that this was a religious war being prosecuted on behalf of 'the faith', and that all Muslim and Hindu residents of the imperial city, or of the countryside were encouraged to stay true to their faith and creeds. As further evidence, he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre rebellion and post-rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners) but as kafir (disbeliever) and nasrani (Christians).
Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20the%20Indian%20Rebellion%20of%201857
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Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
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Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the Bengal Army recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. Though paid marginally less than the Bombay and Madras Presidency troops, there was a tradition of trust between the soldiery and the establishment — the soldiers felt needed and that the company would care for their welfare. The soldiers performed well on the field of battle in exchange for which they were rewarded with symbolic heraldic rewards such as battle honors in addition to the extra pay or "batta" (foreign pay) routinely disbursed for operations committed beyond the established borders of Company rule.
Until the 1840s there had been a widespread belief amongst the Bengal sepoys in the Iqbal or continued good fortune of the East India Company. However much of this sense of the invincibility of the British was lost in the First Anglo-Afghan War where poor political judgment and inept British leadership led to the massacre of Elphinstone's army (which included three Bengal regiments) while retreating from Kabul. When the mood of the sepoys turned against their masters, they remembered Kabul and that the British were not invincible.
Caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army were not merely tolerated but encouraged in the early years of the company's rule. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. This meant that when they came to be threatened by modernizing regimes in Calcutta, from the 1840s onwards, the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status, and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted. If the caste of high-caste sepoys was considered to be "polluted", they would have to expend considerable sums of money on ritual purification before being accepted back into society.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20the%20Indian%20Rebellion%20of%201857
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Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
|
There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. As early as 1806, concerns that the sepoys' caste may be polluted had led to the Vellore Mutiny, which was brutally suppressed. In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor. In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere.
The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. Such measures were considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys, likely to be repeated every time such issues arose. In contrast to their Indian predecessors, the British considered such refusals at times to be outright "mutinies" and therefore to be suppressed brutally. At other times however, the Company directly or indirectly conceded the legitimacy of the sepoy's demands, such as when troops of the Bengal and Madras armies refused to serve in Sindh without batta after its conquest.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20the%20Indian%20Rebellion%20of%201857
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Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
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The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances, and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. Certain actions of the government, such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas, peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them, increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more. The transfer of the number 66th which was taken away from a regular Bengal Sepoy regiment of the line disbanded over refusal to serve without batta, and given to a Gurkha battalion, was considered by the Sepoy as a breach of faith by the company.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British officers were generally closely involved with their troops, speaking Indian languages fluently; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests; and frequently having native mistresses. Later, the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance, lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more. Sympathetic rulers, such as Lord William Bentinck were replaced by arrogant aristocrats, such as Lord Dalhousie, who despised the troops and the populace. As time passed, the powers of the commanding officers reduced and the government became more unfeeling or distant from the concerns of the sepoys.
Officers of an evangelical persuasion in the company's Army (such as Herbert Edwardes and Colonel S.G. Wheler of the 34th Bengal Infantry) had taken to preaching to their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20the%20Indian%20Rebellion%20of%201857
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Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
|
The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked. The serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that this requirement would be eventually extended to them, violating observance of the kala pani prohibition on sea travel. Thus, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a potential threat to their faith.
In 1857, the Bengal Army contained 10 regular regiments of Indian cavalry and 74 of infantry. All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. Once the first rebellions took place, it was clear to most British commanders that the grievances which led to them were felt throughout the Bengal army and no Indian unit could wholly be trusted, although many officers continued to vouch for their men's loyalty, even in the face of captured correspondence indicating their intention to rebel.
The Bengal Army also administered, sometimes loosely, 29 regiments of irregular horses and 42 of irregular infantry. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. Other irregular units were raised in frontier areas from communities such as Assamese or Pashtuns to maintain order locally. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20the%20Indian%20Rebellion%20of%201857
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Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
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The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel. Due to the need for technical specialists, the artillery units generally had a higher proportion of British personnel. Although the armies of many Rajas or states which rebelled contained large numbers of guns, the British superiority in artillery was to be decisive in the siege of Delhi after the arrival of a siege train of thirty-two howitzers and mortars.
There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. The moment at which the sepoys' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favorable opportunity to do so.
The Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifled Musket
Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musket—a more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but smoothbore Brown Bess they had been using for the previous decades. The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. One thing did not change in this new weapon — the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later.
To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. The rifle's cartridges contained 68 grains of FF black powder, and the ball was typically a 530-grain Pritchett or a Burton-Minié ball.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20the%20Indian%20Rebellion%20of%201857
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Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
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Many sepoys believed that the cartridges that were standard issue with the new rifle were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslims and tallow (cow fat) which angered the Hindus as cows were equal to a goddess to them. The sepoys' British officers dismissed these claims as rumors and suggested that the sepoys make a batch of fresh cartridges, using a religiously acceptable greasing agent such as ghee or vegetable oil. This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow.
Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. The sepoys rejected this, pointing out that they might very well forget and bite the cartridge, not surprising given the extensive drilling that allowed 19th century British and Indian troops to fire three to four rounds per minute. British and Indian military drills of the time required soldiers to bite off the end of the Beeswax paper cartridge, pour the gunpowder contained within down the barrel, stuff the remaining paper cartridge into the barrel, ram the paper cartridge (which included the ball wrapped and tied in place) down the barrel, remove the ram-rod, return the ram-rod, bring the rifle to the ready, set the sights, add a percussion cap, present the rifle, and fire. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. The first sepoy who rebelled by aiming his loaded weapon at a British officer was Mangal Pandey who was later executed.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Lake%20Hotel
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Hot Lake Hotel
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Hot Lake Hotel (also known as Hot Lake Resort) is a historic Colonial Revival hotel originally built in 1864 in Hot Lake, Union County, Oregon, United States. The hotel received its namesake from the thermal spring on the property, and operated as a luxury resort and sanitorium during the turn of the century, advertising the medicinal attributes of the mineral water and drawing visitors worldwide. It is also the first known commercial building in the world to utilize geothermal energy as its primary heat source.
After a fire burned down over half of the hotel in 1934, the remaining building was used for various purposes, including a retirement home, and a nurse's training school during World War II. After that, operations were intermittent under various owners before the building's abandonment in 1991. The hotel and surrounding structures were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
Today, it is operated as a hot springs resort with lodging, pub/eatery, movie theater, and hot springs soaking. Previous restoration done by the Manuels from 2005 to 2013 has been continued and expanded by new ownership as of 2020. Prior owners included future governor Walter M. Pierce and former state senator Parish L. Willis.
Background
The hot springs that make up Hot Lake themselves rest at the foot of a large bluff, and were often used by Native Americans before settlement and colonization occurred in the area; the lake was named "Ea-Kesh-Pa" by the Nez Perce. It is thought by historians that Hot Lake was one of the first thermal springs to be visited by European settlers, and the springs themselves were documented by Washington Irving in his recording of Robert Stuart's explorations during the Astor Expedition in 1812. Irving wrote in his record:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Lake%20Hotel
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Hot Lake Hotel
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Well-renowned architect John V. Bennes of nearby Baker City has been attributed to the architectural design of the building, reminiscent of the Colonial era; Bennes also designed numerous buildings on the Oregon State University campus, as well as several buildings in Portland. In 1906, the main brick wing of the hotel was completed, which alone comprised 65,000 square feet. The construct featured a Georgian-style U-shape with a solarium facing the bluff. The building was heated with the geothermal waters, and was the first known commercial property in the world to use geothermal heating.
Upon its expansion, the hotel housed a total of 105 guest rooms, a 60-bed surgical ward, a ballroom, a barber shop, confectionery, drug store, post office, bank, railroad depot, news stand, reception rooms, laboratories, and a commissary. The resort featured state-of-the-art soaking tubs supplied by the spring water, as well as an operating room complete with an elevated observation deck, and a 1,500-guest dance hall. The hotel came to be known by locals as "The Town Under One Roof," and was a mostly self-sufficient property, producing its own vegetables, dairy products, meats, and eggs.
In 1910, the hotel grossed $178,811 in yearly revenue, and the use of the building's geothermal heating system reportedly saved $15,000 per year in heating costs. In 1911, a show barn was built on the property. In 1917, Dr. W.T. Phy purchased the hotel and resort, renaming it "Hot Lake Sanitorium". The building was from then on known not only as a resort for the rich, but also as a hospital for the ill; the geothermal mineral waters from the springs were used and experimented with to help treat patients and guests, making the resort a pioneering figure in western experimental medicine.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure%20Computing%20Corporation
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Secure Computing Corporation
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Secure Computing Corporation (SCC) was a public company that developed and sold computer security appliances and hosted services to protect users and data. McAfee acquired the company in 2008.
The company also developed filtering systems used by governments such as Iran and Saudi Arabia that blocks their citizens from accessing information on the Internet.
Company history
In 1984, a research group called the Secure Computing Technology Center (SCTC) was formed at Honeywell in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The centerpiece of SCTC was its work on security-evaluated operating systems for the NSA. This work included the Secure Ada Target (SAT) and the Logical Coprocessing Kernel (LOCK), both designed to meet the stringent A1 level of the Trusted Computer Systems Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC).
Over the next several years, Secure Computing morphed from a small defense contractor into a commercial product vendor, largely because the investment community was much less interested in purchasing security goods from defense contractors than from commercial product vendors, especially vendors in the growing Internet space.
Secure Computing became a publicly traded company in 1995. Following the pattern of other Internet-related startups, the stock price tripled its first day: it opened at $16 a share and closed at $48. The price peaked around $64 in the next several weeks and then collapsed over the following year or so. It ranged between roughly $3 and $20 afterward until the company was purchased by McAfee.
The company headquarters were moved to San Jose, California, in 1998, though the bulk of the workforce remained in the Twin Cities. The Roseville employees completed a move to St. Paul, Minnesota, in February 2006. Several other sites now exist, largely the result of mergers.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Butler%20%28Bible%20scholar%29
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James Butler (Bible scholar)
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James Butler was a pioneer of the Bible College movement in Adelaide, South Australia, and was the joint founding Superintendent of Adelaide Bible Institute (now Bible College of South Australia) with his brother-in-law Sam Barrett.
Biography
James Butler was born to Richard Butler and Sybella Butler, a couple who had emigrated from Grendon Underwood to Adelaide in 1881. Richard Butler was an umbrella maker, cutlery sharpener of scissors and knives, and china restorer by trade, and established a shop in the Adelaide Arcade. James joined his father and the family traded as Richard Butler and Sons. James and his wife Annie had five children; Rowland, Clifford, Colin, Verna and Ruth. Rowland (1905–1971) was a missionary to China with the China Inland Mission in 1928.
Around the turn of the century Butler attended Angas College, an evangelical college that had been modeled on Moody Bible Institute and influenced by missionary Hudson Taylor. In 1905 James’ sister Laura married Sam Barrett, also a graduate of Angas College. Butler and Barrett became close friends, thoroughly committed to the evangelical cause.
When Angas College closed in 1920, and prospects for the recently begun Chapman-Alexander Bible Institute looked dim, Butler and Barrett resolved to establish the Adelaide Bible Institute, classes for which began in 1924. The two continued as joint superintendents until the establishment of a residential college at Payneham in 1949.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible%20College%20of%20South%20Australia
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Bible College of South Australia
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The Bible College of South Australia (BCSA), formerly known as the Adelaide Bible Institute, is an interdenominational and evangelical Bible college in Adelaide, South Australia. It offers courses accredited by the Australian College of Theology. The college's particular focus is on teaching "theology for ministry" and seeing men and women trained to serve in Christian ministry "in Adelaide, South Australia and beyond".
History
The College was established as the Adelaide Bible Institute in 1924 and offered evening classes to train people for missionary service. The founding principal was Allan Burrow. In 1949, the college became residential, first at West Richmond before moving in 1950 to Payneham. It was at this time that the college began to provide full-time ministry training programs. Growing numbers of students meant that, in 1962, the college relocated to Mount Breckan, which provided larger premises in Victor Harbor. In 1962, J. Graham Miller was unable to take up an offer to become principal as he was unwilling to sign the required statement of premillennial belief. Baptist minister Ted Gibson was principal from 1961 to 1964 before moving to Malyon College in Queensland. The Reverend Geoffrey Bingham was principal from 1967 until 1973. Student numbers grew from 40 in 1962 to 100 in 1967, with roughly equal numbers of men and women.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo%20I%2C%20Margrave%20of%20the%20Saxon%20Ostmark
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Odo I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark
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Odo (or Hodo) I (also Huodo or Huoto) (c. 930 – 13 March 993) was margrave in the Saxon Eastern March of the Holy Roman Empire from 965 until his death.
Odo was, if the onomastics are correct, a son (or maybe a nephew) of Christian (d. 950), a Saxon count in the Nordthüringgau and Schwabengau of Eastphalia. Count Christian, probably a scion of the Billung dynasty, had married Hidda (d. 970), a sister of Gero, margrave of the vast marca Geronis in the lands settled by Polabian Slavs. From 945 he also ruled over the adjacent gau of Serimunt beyond the Saale river.
In 965, Margrave Gero died and his great marca Geronis was divided into five smaller marches. Count Thietmar, a known son of Hidda, and Odo inherited large parts of his march: Odo received the so-called marca Orientalis or Eastern March, stretching from the Gau Serimunt in the west up to the remotest outposts on the Bóbr river in the east, while Thietmar appeared as margrave of southern Meissen after 970. Both are buried at Nienburg Abbey, a foundation of Thietmar and his brother Archbishop Gero of Cologne, which too provides evidence of their probable relationship. As a young man, Margrave Odo had shared the tutorship of Otto's son (later Otto II) with the boy's step-uncle William, Archbishop of Mainz. Archbishop William taught literature and culture; Margrave Odo taught war and legal customs.
Odo spent the first years of his rule subduing the Slavic tribes settling in the eastern parts of the Saxon Ostmark. He held comital rights in the gau of Nizizi, comprising the lands between the Mulde, Elbe and Black Elster rivers, and appeared with the title marchio (margrave) only in 974, though he had held further marcher territories (officially as a county) since 965. In that same year (974), Odo was made Count in the Saxon Nordthüringgau, still rivalling with Margrave Thietmar.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible%20of%20St%20Louis
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Bible of St Louis
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The Bible of St Louis, also called the Rich Bible of Toledo or simply the Toledo Bible, is a Bible moralisée in three volumes, made between 1226 and 1234 for King Louis IX of France (b. 1214) at the request of his mother Blanche of Castile. It is an illuminated manuscript that contains selections of the text of the Bible, along with a commentary and illustrations. Each page pairs Old and New Testament episodes with illustrations explaining their moral significance in terms of typology. Every excerpt of the Bible is illustrated with two miniatures. The first shows a representation of the text fragment as such, the second shows a theological or an allegorical scene explaining the text fragment in the light of the teachings of the Church. The miniatures are accompanied by the Bible text and by a short comment on the typological relationship between the two images.
Like other similar works, the book does not contain the full text of the Bible and is, despite its name, actually not a real Bible. The work would have served for the training of the young king. The manuscript has been kept for the past eight centuries in the Cathedral of Toledo, except for a fragment of eight leaves which is now in the Morgan Library & Museum in New York as MS M240.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible%20of%20St%20Louis
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Bible of St Louis
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The fact that the three-volume historiated Bible was separately mentioned in the will written in Seville could mean that it was in the possession of Alfonso at that time. Alfonso seemed to have reconciled with Sancho before his death and thus Sancho became the rightful successor, and the Bible was therefore probably in his possession. From this, one might conclude that the Bible ended up in the Cathedral of Toledo only after the death of Alfonso in 1284, perhaps as a donation from Sancho.
If the Bible mentioned in the will is indeed the ‘Bible of St. Louis’, there is still the question of when it came to Spain. Since Alfonso was crowned king during the participation of Louis IX on the seventh Crusade, one can suspect that the manuscript arrived in Spain after 1254. This was indeed a busy period in the dynastic relations between Spain and France.
The Toledo Bible was mentioned in an inventory of the treasures of the Cathedral of Toledo made in 1539 when Archbishop Tavera visited the cathedral. However, the Rich Bible was already described in 1466 by Gabriel Tetzel, a patrician from Nuremberg. Another testimony is the Osuna Bible, now kept in Madrid, which was copied from the Bible of St. Louis at the end of the 14th or the beginning of the 15th century. The text of this Osuna Bible ends at the Apocalypse of John, XIX: 15-16, like volume 3 of the Toledo Bible. This means that the Morgan fragment had already been removed from the Toledo Bible at that time.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible%20of%20St%20Louis
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Bible of St Louis
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This so-called Morgan fragment, which contains the authorship miniature, was owned by François de la Majorie, Seigneur des Granges et de la Majorie, around 1593. His coat of arms was painted on folio 1. The coat of arms in question was used from 1593 onwards, after his marriage to Anne de Turenne. The work stayed in the family and in 1838 it was owned by Alois de Chievres (1828-1904), who left it to his son in law the Vicomte George Marie Louis de Hillerin (1842-1892). It then passed to Otto Weiner. Morgan bought it from Louis Badin, a Parisian bookseller, in 1906.
Patron
There is no written colophon or any other indication in the work about the patron who commissioned this Bible, but there is a kind of visual colophon. On the last page of the Morgan fragment we find a miniature that tells us something about the making of the Bible. The page is horizontally divided into two scenes. The upper half depicts a queen and a young beardless king. There are no attributes clearly identifying the couple, but the queen has been thought to be Blanche of Castile. She is seated on a throne, garbed in her regal cloak and wearing a white veil. She speaks to the young king, her son Louis IX, who listens respectfully while he holds the gold bull hanging upon his chest. According to John Lowden, the scene suggests the dedication of the Bible by his mother to the young king. If this is correct, it was Blanche who commissioned the work.
The bottom section of the miniature shows two people, smaller in size (thus lower in rank). The figure on the left is a cleric, as can be seen from his tonsure. The man on the right is a scribe and he is working on a Bible Moralisée, as can be seen from the page layout. It is obvious that the cleric is giving instructions to the scribe and supervises the work on the Bible. The appearance of the cleric suggests that he is a member of a religious order.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible%20of%20St%20Louis
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Bible of St Louis
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Based on this miniature, the book is dated between 1226 and 1234. Louis IX ascended to the throne in 1226 and married Margaret of Provence in 1234. Since the miniature depicts a young, unmarried king, the work must be dated in the time frame between his coronation and his marriage.
Description
The Bible of St. Louis consists today of three volumes kept in the treasure of the Cathedral of Toledo and a fragment of 8 folios (one quire) kept in the Morgan Library & Museum in New York.
Volume 1
Size: 422 x 305 mm, writing space: ca. 295 x 210 mm. It contains 192 numbered parchment folios. There are two parchment flyleaves at the beginning and at the end of the volume, with an additional paper flyleaf at the back. The first volume opens with a full page illumination showing the Pantocrator, God the Son, as the Creator of the universe. The rest of the work contains the texts and miniatures as described in the section ‘Iconography’. The first volume contains 1.529 miniatures with text excerpts from the books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Regum i. (1 Samuel), Regum ii. (2 Samuel), Regum iii. (1 Kings), Regum iiii. (2 Kings), Esdrae i (Ezra); Esdrae ii (Nehemiah), Tobit, Judith, Esther and Job.
Volume 2
Size: 422 x 305 mm, writing space: ca. 300 x 215 mm.
This volume contains 224 numbered parchment folios and six parchment flyleaves, three in the front and three at the back. The 1.792 miniatures illustrate excerpts from: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible%20of%20St%20Louis
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Bible of St Louis
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If we call the medallions on the Old Testament A, B, C and D and the accompanying explanatory miniatures a, b, c, and d, the page layout would look as follows:
The text columns are 25 mm wide, the columns for the medallions 75 mm.
Only one side of each folio was used to paint on, the other side was left empty. This procedure doubled the size of the work and made the creation of this bible very expensive. The artists used the hair-side of the parchment to work on. It is a bit rougher than the flesh-side, so the paint and pigments adhere better. The painted folios were arranged so that one opening showed two painted sides and the next opening was left empty.
The miniatures were painted on a background of burnished gold and a wide range of colors (blues, greens, reds, yellows, grays, oranges and sepia) was used. The overall composition brims with highly expressive artistic and technical resources. Most of the medallions contain a single scene, although some are split in two by a cloud, arch or straight line. The illustrators used the moralisations to include criticisms of society from a monastic viewpoint. The Bible is a portrayal of medieval life in the first half of the 13th century with pictures of men, the social groups that existed, vices and virtues, apparel, customs, beliefs, games and ideals. Like the other Bibles Moralisées the work also contains many anti-Semitic illustrations.
Similar manuscripts
The Bible of St. Louis is part of the four early Bibles Moralisées created in the period between 1220 and 1234. These four Bibles are very similar to each other but especially the Oxford-Paris-London version and the Toledo-Morgan version are strongly related.
The oldest Bibles Moralisées are the ones kept in Vienna (Codex Vindobonensis 1179 and 2554) which are very similar to each other. However ÖNB 2554 is much shorter (129 folia ) than ÖNB 1179 ( 246 folia ), it contains only the books Genesis to Kings 4 and it is written in Old French while ÖNB 1179 is in Latin.
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Bible of St Louis
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Researchers do not agree on whether ÖNB 2554 remained unfinished or if a part of the manuscript was lost. It has been assumed that this manuscript was made in the region of Reims. Nowadays, however, scholars agree that it originated in Paris. ÖNB 1179 is more complete in content, but it diverges substantially from the Oxford-Paris-London and the Toledo-Morgan bible in the sequence of the books of the bible. ÖNB 2554 and ÖNB 1179 are sometimes referred to as the first generation of Bibles Moralisées.
The second generation of Bibles Moralisées consists of the three-volume manuscripts Oxford-Paris-London and Toledo-Morgan. This second generation follows the Vulgate much more closely than the works of the first generation. In his study of 1911-1927, Laborde gives an extensive description of the similarity between the two bibles. He assumed that the text of both bibles was based on the same preparatory work. According to modern research, the Bible of Saint Louis and the Oxford-Paris-London Bible were made almost simultaneously and some scholars think that the Bible of St. Louis served as a model for the Oxford-Paris-London. In the first two volumes the illumination is very similar, while the text excerpts show more differences. The illumination of the Toledo Bible is clearly of a better quality than that in the Oxford-Paris-London Bible, which apparently was made under the pressure of time. The third volume of the Toledo Bible and that of the Oxford-Paris-London Bible shows more differences. The Toledo Bible is lacking the books of the Maccabees present in Harley 1526. The treatment of the Apocalypse is quite similar in both works, but other parts of the New Testament are treated very differently.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1104%20Syringa
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1104 Syringa
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1104 Syringa, provisional designation , is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 December 1928, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Syringa (lilac).
Orbit and classification
Syringa is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the intermediate asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,558 days; semi-major axis of 2.63 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.34 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. For a main-belt asteroid, it has a rather high eccentricity. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg on 1 January 1929, three weeks after its official discovery observation.
Physical characteristics
In the SMASS classification, Syringa is a Xk-subtype that transitions between the X- and the dark and uncommon K-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as an X-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, and as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).
Rotation period
In February 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Syringa was obtained from photometric observations at the Calvin–Rehoboth Observatory in New Mexico, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.1547 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.27 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Syringa measures between 19.711 and 24.30 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.031 and 0.045. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0434 and a diameter of 22.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.3.
Naming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rocky%20Horror%20Picture%20Show%20cult%20following
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The Rocky Horror Picture Show cult following
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The Rocky Horror Picture Show cult following is the cultural phenomenon surrounding the large fan base of enthusiastic participants of the movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show, generally credited as being the best-known cinematic "midnight movie".
History and background
The film The Rocky Horror Picture Show came about due to the tremendous success of the stage musical The Rocky Horror Show and opened in the United States at the United Artists Theater in Westwood, Los Angeles, California, on September 26, 1975. Although the theater was selling out every night, it was noted that many of the same people were returning to see the movie. This turned out to be an exception, not the rule as it was not doing well elsewhere in the US.
The film was then re-launched as a midnight movie, beginning its run at the Waverly Theatre in New York City on April 1, 1976. The Riverside Twin in Austin, Texas, became the second location to run the film as a midnighter. Over time, people began shouting responses to the characters' statements on the screen. Schoolteacher Louis Farese, Jr., Theresa Krakauskas and Amy Lazarus, who attended together at the Waverly, are credited with having started the convention of talking back to the screen, bringing props and making up one-liners, the purpose of which was basically to make one another laugh. They had no idea that in doing so, they'd create something that would last decades. As Amy Lazarus once said, "we just trying to have a good time." (These mostly included puns, or pop culture references.) A showing of the film at the 1976 World Science Fiction Convention spread its fame to a new cadre of enthusiasts.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rocky%20Horror%20Picture%20Show%20cult%20following
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The Rocky Horror Picture Show cult following
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A part of audience reception can be recreating the art. This is how the fandom of Rocky Horror developed into a standardized ritual. The performances of the audience were scripted and actively discouraged improvising, being conformist in a similar way to the repressed characters. Rocky Horror helped shape conditions of cult film's transition from art-house to grind-house style. Early participation with the film took place at the original Westwood location of the film's first run with fans heard singing along. Waverly Theatre fans in New York are credited with the call back lines. Performance groups became a staple at Rocky Horror screenings due in large part to the prominent New York City fan cast. The cast was originally run by former schoolteacher and stand-up comic Sal Piro and by Dori Hartley, one of several performers in a flexible, rotating cast to portray the character of Frank N. Furter, shadowing the film above. According to J. Hoberman, author of Midnight Movies, it was after five months into the film's midnight run when lines began to be yelled by the audience. The first person to yell out an audience participation line during a screening was Louis Farese Jr., a normally quiet teacher who, upon seeing the character Janet place a newspaper over her head to protect herself from rain, yelled, "Buy an umbrella you cheap bitch". This self-proclaimed "counter point dialogue" was soon helped into standardization by Piro and repeated nearly verbatim at each screening. By that Halloween, people were attending in costume and talking back to the screen. By the end of 1979, there were twice-weekly showings at over 230 theatres.
The National Fan Club began in 1977 and would merge with the International Fan Club; the fan publication The Transylvanian printed a number of issues. A semi-regular poster magazine was published as well as an official magazine.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20in%20Afghanistan
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1989 in Afghanistan
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February
February 2 - Najibullah makes repeated offers to start a policy of national reconciliation, but rebel leaders reject them. Afghanistan's relations with Pakistan deteriorate further. Pakistan does not turn away refugees during the year, but the strain on its economy is increasing since other countries cut their contributions after the Soviet withdrawal. International relief agencies and government officials estimate that about 100,000 Afghans have returned home, but the flow is difficult to gauge because of the country's porous borders.
February 15 - The last Soviet soldiers rides out of Afghanistan, ending a nine-year intervention that left 15,000 Soviet troops dead and that failed to defeat Muslim rebels seeking the government's overthrow. Predictions by Western governments that Najibullah's regime would fall as soon as the Soviets leave prove wrong. The former secret police chief shows himself to be a shrewd political infighter and deftly appeals to nationalistic sentiments in his war-ravaged nation. Three days after the Soviet pullout Najibullah declares a state of emergency, and on February 19 he replaces seven members of his cabinet who do not belong to the governing PDPA with party members, a move aimed at consolidating the party's powers. Prime Minister Sharq, another non-party member, resigns on February 20. Sultan Ali Keshtmand, a ranking member of the Politburo and a Communist hard-liner, is named prime minister on February 21 after a 21-member Supreme Defense Council headed by Najibullah effectively assumed power.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20in%20Afghanistan
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1989 in Afghanistan
|
February 23 - The Muslim rebels set up an interim government in Pakistan. After three weeks of fractious debate, an assembly of 440 delegates elects an interim government with Sibghatullah Mojadedi, considered a moderate, as president. Rasul Sayaf, a hard-line fundamentalist from the Ittehad-i-Islami rebel group, is elected prime minister. Afghan Shi`ite guerrillas, most of whom are in Iran, boycott the assembly after the Pakistan-based rebels, the majority of whom are Sunnites, refused to give them the representation they sought. The Shi`ites constitute only 17% of the Afghan population but make up 40% of the refugees, who provide many of the guerrillas. The rebel government is officially recognized by Saudi Arabia on March 9, and Bahrain, Malaysia, and The Sudan also announce their recognition. The U.S. and Pakistan, the rebels' main backers, withhold recognition until a functioning administration is established, but the U.S. names a special presidential envoy to the Afghanistan resistance, with the rank of ambassador.
| 2.34375
| 0
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11660413
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swab%20Summer
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Swab Summer
|
The United States Coast Guard Academy's Swab Summer is a seven-week initiation through which all cadets are required to pass. It is the academy's boot camp. Swab Summer is a unique nickname for the program at the Coast Guard comparable to Cadet Basic Training (Beast Barracks) at the United States Military Academy and Plebe Summer at the United States Naval Academy.
The program is intended to emphasize the principles of fellowship, teamwork, seamanship, and military life and introduce cadets to the Coast Guard core values of honor, respect, and devotion to duty. During the summer, Swabs are both physically and mentally tested. They will run obstacle courses, complete team ropes course challenges, learn basic sailing at the Jacobs Rock Seamanship and Sailing center, and do daily calisthenics, while also learning Coast Guard History, their chain of command, and other information (collectively known as "indoc"). Over the course of the summer, the Swabs are tested repeatedly on indoc through written and oral tests to prepare them for the Boards Indoctrination Exam the following spring, the final test of all the indoc learned over the whole year.
Swab Summer is run by the 'cadre', rising 2nd Class (2/c) cadets (cadets entering their Junior year) who experienced themselves Swab Summer two years prior. These cadre are personally trained by Coast Guard Cape May Company Commanders during the Mid-Grade Cadet Transition Program ("100th Week") before training the incoming Swabs. A select group of rising 1st Class (1/c) cadets, known as Battalion Staff, are the cadre's supervisors and the organizers of the logistics necessary for the summer training period.
| 2.171875
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11660481
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrillarin
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Fibrillarin
|
rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FBL gene.
Function
This gene product is a component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle thought to participate in the first step in processing pre-ribosomal (r)RNA. It is associated with the U3, U8, and U13 small nucleolar RNAs and is located in the dense fibrillar component (DFC) of the nucleolus. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal repetitive domain that is rich in glycine and arginine residues, like fibrillarins in other species. Its central region resembles an RNA-binding domain and contains an RNP consensus sequence. Antisera from approximately 8% of humans with the autoimmune disease scleroderma recognize fibrillarin.
Fibrillarin is a component of several ribonucleoproteins including a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (SnRNP) and one of the two classes of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs). SnRNAs function in RNA splicing while snoRNPs function in ribosomal RNA processing.
Fibrillarin is associated with U3, U8 and U13 small nuclear RNAs in mammals and is similar to the yeast NOP1 protein. Fibrillarin has a well conserved sequence of around 320 amino acids, and contains 3 domains, an N-terminal Gly/Arg-rich region; a central domain resembling other RNA-binding proteins and containing an RNP-2-like consensus sequence; and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain. An evolutionarily related pre-rRNA processing protein, which lacks the Gly/Arg-rich domain, has been found in various archaea.
| 2.015625
| 0
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11660526
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20India%20Flight%20101
|
Air India Flight 101
|
The investigation concluded:
Recent discoveries
Much of the wreckage of the crashed Boeing still remains at the crash site. In 2008, a climber found some Indian newspapers dated 23 January 1966. An engine from Air India Flight 245, which had crashed at virtually the same spot sixteen years earlier in 1950, was also discovered.
On 21 August 2012, a jute bag of diplomatic mail, stamped "On Indian Government Service, Diplomatic Mail, Ministry of External Affairs", was recovered by a mountain rescue worker and turned over to local police in Chamonix. An official with the Indian Embassy in Paris took custody of the mailbag, which was found to be a "Type C" diplomatic pouch meant for newspapers, periodicals, and personal letters. Indian diplomatic pouches "Type A" (classified information) and "Type B" (official communications) are still in use today; "Type C" mailbags were made obsolete with the advent of the Internet. The mailbag was found to contain, among other items, still-white and legible copies of The Hindu and The Statesman from mid-January 1966, Air India calendars, and a personal letter to the Indian consul-general in New York, C.J.K. Menon. The bag was flown back to New Delhi on a regular Air India flight, in the charge of C.R. Barooah, the flight purser. His father, R.C. Barooah, was the flight engineer on Air India Flight 101.
| 2.21875
| 0
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11660526
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20India%20Flight%20101
|
Air India Flight 101
|
In September 2013, a French alpinist found a metal box marked with the Air India logo at the site of the plane crash on Mont Blanc containing rubies, sapphires and emeralds, valued at over €245,000, which he handed in to the police to be returned to the rightful owners. As no rightful owners were found, however, in December 2021, the gems were divided up equally between the alpinist and the Chamonix commune: each receiving an amount of stones equivalent to €75,000. As part of her research for her book Crash au Mont-Blanc, which tells the story of the two Air India crashes on the mountain, Françoise Rey found a record of a box of emeralds sent to a man named Issacharov in London, described by Lloyd's. On 11 October 2023, the part belonging to the alpinist was sold at an auction in Chambéry for €25,000.
In 2017, Daniel Roche, a Swiss climber who has searched the Bossons Glacier for wreckage from Air India Flights 245 and 101, found human remains and wreckage including a Boeing 707 aircraft engine. In July 2020, as a result of melting of the glacier, Indian newspapers from 1966 were found in good condition.
| 1.96875
| 0
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11660536
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20in%20Afghanistan
|
1994 in Afghanistan
|
Destructive and inconclusive fighting between forces loyal to Prime Minister Hekmatyar and troops loyal to President Rabbani results in the disintegration of central state authority and weaken the cohesion of the multinational state. Kabul remains divided into zones controlled by rival groups. A blockade of Kabul leads to fighting in northern Afghanistan over a tenuous road link to neighboring Tajikistan. The prolonged bombardment reduces most of the Afghan capital to ruins and causes 75% of Kabul's population of two million to flee the area. Outside Kabul the central government's authority all but disappears. Under the protection of Gen. Abdul Rashid Dostum, an Afghan Uzbek, Mazar-i-Sharif, the largest industrial complex in Afghanistan, enjoys relative stability. In Jalalabad local political groups and commanders cooperate to provide basic public services. In Kandahar local rivalries slow reconstruction. Herat is generally peaceful and secure and begins to reclaim its traditional role as commercial centre along trade routes with neighbouring Iran and Turkmenistan. International rivalries continue to agitate Afghanistan's divided society. The country's large Shi`ite minority and the 1.8 million Afghan refugees in neighbouring Iran automatically give Tehran a role in Afghan affairs. Saudi Arabia becomes involved by supporting factions it sees as a counterweight to Iranian influence. Pakistan's role is even more crucial. Not only does Pakistan give refuge to 1.5 million Afghan refugees, but it is permanent home to a section of the Pashtun ethnic group, which traditionally plays a leading role in Afghan politics. India and China view the strengthening of Islamic fundamentalism in Afghanistan as a danger to their own authority in Kashmir and Sinkiang, respectively, while other countries throughout the world are concerned about terrorists trained by Afghanistan's warring factions and the country's expanding drug trafficking
| 2.046875
| 0
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11660559
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s%20Shakin%27
|
What's Shakin'
|
What's Shakin' is a compilation album released by Elektra Records in May1966. It features the earliest studio recordings by the Lovin' Spoonful and the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, as well as the only released recordings by the ad hoc studio group Eric Clapton and the Powerhouse, until they were reissued years later.
Background
During the 1950s and early 1960s, Elektra was one of the best-known American folk music record labels. However, by 1964–1965, it decided to test the waters with unknown electric, rock-oriented artists. Among the first such groups signed were the Paul Butterfield Blues Band from Chicago and Arthur Lee's Love from Los Angeles. Elektra wanted the Lovin' Spoonful, but they had already been signed to Kama Sutra Records in a previous production deal.
Elektra had released several successful "sampler" compilation albums, including The Blues Project in 1964 and Folksong '65. Some suggest What's Shakin' started as The Electric Blues Project, a follow-up to the 1964 compilation; however, Elektra founder Jac Holzman has stated "it was simply unreleased material that was available to us".
Recording
Shortly after signing with Elektra, Paul Butterfield and band recorded an album's worth of songs which producer Paul A. Rothchild felt did not live up to the band's potential. Five of these tracks were chosen for What's Shakin' . Four songs, representing the earliest recordings by the Lovin' Spoonful, as well as one song each by Al Kooper and Tom Rush, were also included.
| 2.03125
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11660610
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20B.%20Ebbert
|
William B. Ebbert
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William Baltzell Ebbert (February 28, 1846 – February 27, 1927) was an officer and adjutant in the Union Army (1st Regiment West Virginia Infantry Volunteers), a Colorado legislator, newspaper publisher, author, farmer, businessman, and poet. Ebbert published the Pueblo Review and Standard newspaper in 1890, authored the landmark meat inspection legislation in Colorado in 1889 and battled with Prohibitionists in the 1910s. As a Director of the Montezuma Valley Irrigation District from 1911 to 1920, he guided the district through turbulent times and helped engineer its dissolution and reemergence as the Montezuma Valley Irrigation Company in 1920.
A newspaper article in 1911 touted him as a candidate for the U.S. Senate, and perhaps best describes the respect he commanded: "His record for good works for Colorado is not excelled by any living man and he would command the respect and wield an influence in the highest legislative body in the land that would be beneficial to not only his state but to the nation at large."
Ebbert was the patriarch of a farming family in the Cortez, Rocky Ford and Pueblo areas of Colorado. Ebbert's father, John Van Kirk Ebbert, was the cousin of Congressman George Ebbert Seney (Ohio Democrat, served 1883–1891).
In addition to writing for various newspapers and magazines, William B. Ebbert also authored a compilation of his writings and poetry, "On Colorado's Fair Mesas" in 1897.
| 2.3125
| 0
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11660610
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20B.%20Ebbert
|
William B. Ebbert
|
Ebbert represented the counties of Pueblo, Otero, and Montezuma in the Colorado General Assembly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Ebbert was born in Wheeling, West Virginia. He was the only son of Charlotte Baltzell and John Van Kirk Ebbert, of Fayette County, Pennsylvania. After several years in the Union Army, he moved briefly to Covington, Kentucky and the Cincinnati, Ohio area. On Christmas Day, 1866, at age 20, he married Cornelia Blanche Hall in Wheeling. After Cornelia's death in 1881, William B. Ebbert and his three children (Blanche, Edith, and William) moved to the Pueblo, Colorado area and took up farming. He soon met and married Catherine Scheutle in 1884 in Pueblo. William and Catherine produced three more boys in Colorado; all died at prematurely. In Colorado, Ebbert established himself as a community leader, author, and politician. He served several years in the Colorado Legislature, representing Dolores, Otero, Pueblo, and Montezuma counties. Legendary railroad chieftain Otto Mears bestowed upon Ebbert one of his rare silver railroad passes in 1889 (Silverton Railroad Pass No. 193). After a respected life in the military, agriculture, and politics, William B. Ebbert died on February 27, 1927, in Cortez, Colorado. It was just one day before his 81st birthday. He is buried at the Lewis Cemetery, a few miles north of Cortez, Colorado.
Military service in the Union Army
1861–1865: 1st Regiment, West Virginia Infantry Volunteers
Only 15 years old when he enlisted in 1861, Ebbert rose from private to sergeant major by 1864. Soon after, West Virginia Governor Arthur Boreman commissioned William B. Ebbert as a first lieutenant at the age of 18. Colonel Weddle then appointed Ebbert as acting adjutant.
| 2.546875
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11660610
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20B.%20Ebbert
|
William B. Ebbert
|
Ebbert as poet
Ebbert was known as a great orator and poet and possessed a striking command of the English language. He published his writings in the 1897 book, On Colorado's Fair Mesas. The following poem is published in the book:
Family life: untimely death of children
Ebbert reared nine children over a 22-year period. Six of the nine children died prematurely.
In Cincinnati:
Louis died of pneumonia at age 9 months;
Cornelia died of cholera at 1 year; and
an unnamed baby boy died at age 23 days.
In Colorado:
Wilson died of "stomach problems" at age 36;
Irving died of diabetes at age 19; and
Wolcott died of leukemia at age 19.
Only one son survived: William Dickinson Ebbert (1876–1951), and two daughters, Blanche (1868–1952) and Edith (1872–1946).
Ebbert's first wife Cornelia died on July 5, 1881, in Cincinnati, Ohio a few weeks after the birth of their sixth child. The baby and mother are interred at Oak Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati.
By 1881, two of William and Cornelia's children had died as infants. While giving birth to their sixth child, Cornelia died. The baby died a few weeks later, making it the third child to die. After Cornelia's death in 1881, Ebbert moved to Colorado and married Catherine Scheutle on July 1, 1884, near Pueblo.
The Ebbert Ranch was located outside Cortez, Colorado, near Arriola.
The Ebbert clan had lived in several locations in Colorado over the years: first in Pueblo, then Rocky Ford, and later settling in Montezuma County. The Ebbert Ranch was located off U.S. Route 491 (formerly Hwy 666), 9.58 miles north of Cortez, just south of a large irrigation flume that crosses over the freeway. (It is located on the east half of the SW one quarter and lots 3 and 4 of Section 7, Twp. 37, North of Range 16, west of the New Mexico Prime Meridian.) The Ebbert ranch house was built in 1908 and is still standing.
| 2.40625
| 0
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11660618
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkun%20Chatzot
|
Tikkun Chatzot
|
Tikkun Chatzot (, lit. "Midnight Rectification"), also spelled Tikkun Chatzos, is a Jewish ritual prayer recited each night after midnight as an expression of mourning and lamentation over the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. It is not universally observed, although it is popular among Sephardi and Hasidic Jews.
Origin of the custom
The Talmudic sages wrote that every Jew should mourn the destruction of the Temple. The origin of the midnight time for prayer and study lies in Psalm 119:62, attributed to David: "At midnight I will rise to give thanks unto thee." It is said that David was satisfied with only "sixty breaths of sleep" (Sukk. 26b), and that he rose to pray and study Torah at midnight.
At first, Mizrahi Jews would add dirges (kinnot) for the destruction only on the three sabbaths that are between the Seventeenth of Tamuz and Tisha B'Av, and not on weekdays. After discussions that questioned this practice of mourning specifically on the Sabbath, it was decided to discontinue the recitation of the kinnot on these days. Rabbi Isaac Luria canceled the customs of mourning on the Sabbath but declared that the Tikkun Chatzot should be said each and every day.
The Shulchan Aruch 1:3 states, "It is fitting for every God-fearing person to feel grief and concern over the destruction of the Temple". The Mishnah Berurah comments, "The Kabbalists have discussed at great lengths the importance of rising at midnight [to say the Tikkun Chatzot, learn Torah, and to talk to God] and how great this is".
Sephardi communities in Jerusalem have a custom to sit on the floor and recite Tikkun Chatzot after halakhic midday during The Three Weeks. This custom is also mentioned in the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch, and is practiced in some Ashkenazic communities as well.
The Tanya mentions that one should recite Tikkun Chatzot every night if one can. It then suggests that if one cannot do so every night, he should do so on Thursday nights, as a preparation for the Shabbat.
| 2.515625
| 0
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11660654
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20Universe
|
Lego Universe
|
Plot
Lego Universe took place in an alternate universe populated by Lego minifigures. The premise is that years ago, a team of four minifigures went on a great journey to seek the last essence of pure Imagination: Doctor Overbuild, Duke Exeter, Hael Storm, and Baron Typhonus. After having found it on the mysterious planet Crux, the greedy tycoon of the expedition, Baron Typhonus, was pulled into the source, fusing with it to create a maelstrom of chaotic dark energy. However, even though Doctor Overbuild plugged the hole, the stress caused Crux to explode into thousands of other worlds. After the incident, the explorers decided to form their own factions, Doctor Overbuild creating the Assembly, Duke Exeter forming the Sentinels, Hael Storm leading the Venture League, and the Baron's protégé Vanda Darkflame creating the Paradox. The factions worked together to create the Nexus Force in order to destroy the Maelstrom and its minions. The Venture Explorer, a ship carrying new recruits is being attacked by the Maelstrom. The player, aboard the ship, escapes to Avant Gardens with the aid of Sky Lane. Here, a disaster involving Paradox has infected Avant Gardens with Maelstrom and released a beast called the Spider Queen. After travelling through the world and discovering the Spider Queen's location, the player destroys the Spider Queen at the Block Yard and claims their first Property, where they could place collected models and bricks. At that point, the players can travel to Nimbus Station if they pay for membership, where they choose which faction to join. From there, the player could travel to other worlds like Forbidden Valley or Gnarled Forest.
Factions
The game consisted of four factions - The Sentinels, The Venture League, The Assembly, and The Paradox. The player could only join one faction. Each Faction had three specialties that had 3 different ranks and gear. There were two valiant weapons per faction which could be bought at the Nexus Tower.
| 1.976563
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11660659
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unwan
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Unwan
|
Unwan (or Unwin) (died 27 January 1029 in Bremen) was the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen from 1013 until his death.
Unwan was granted his see on the agreement that his inheritance would go to the diocese on his death. Throughout his tenure, he was in conflict with the equally ambitious Bernard II, Duke of Saxony, as was his successor, Adalbert. In 1020, however, he allied with Empress Cunigunda to persuade the Emperor Henry II to reconcile with Bernard. Around 1019, Canute the Great, Conrad II, and Unwan arranged a peace in the north of Germany and a pact against the Slavs.
Unwan and , Bishop of Oldenburg, began anew the Christianisation of the Obodrites of Wagria following decades of mild rebellion. The work of the archbishop was largely successful, save for the violent uprising precipitated by Benno's ecclesiastical land claims. In 1021, the Obodrites accepted the overlordship of the archdiocese as opposed to the Duke of Saxony and agreed to pay tithes. Adam of Bremen records that Unwan was the first German bishop to abolish the practice of observing the rules of both monasticism and canonry.
| 2.21875
| 0
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11660772
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Intelligence%20Objectives%20Agency
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Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency
|
The Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) was the organization directly responsible for Operation Paperclip, an OSS and Army CIC program for recruiting German scientists for U.S. government employment, primarily from 1945 to 1959. Many were former members and some were former leaders of the Nazi Party. The JIOA was established in 1945, as a subcommittee of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States Armed Forces. The JIOA comprised one representative from each member agency of the JIC, and an operational staff of military intelligence officers from each military service.
The duties of the JIOA included: administrating the Operation Paperclip policies, compiling dossiers (more than 1,500) about Nazi and foreign scientists, engineers, and technicians, and being the liaison to British Intelligence officers executing similar scientific intelligence projects. It also collected, declassified, and distributed reports about German scientific, technical, and industrial intelligence, and the reports of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS). Moreover, when the CIOS was disbanded, the JIOA assumed much of its work.
The Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency was disbanded in 1962, after seventeen years of service; most of its Nazi scientist dossiers were transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Among the Paperclip dossiers were those of Magnus von Braun (JIOA dossier RG 330, INSCOM dossier C3001437), Georg Rickhey, Arthur Rudolph, and Walter Schreiber. Yet, the Wernher von Braun dossier is unavailable to the public, because it was excluded from the JIOA documents transferred to the NARA, to wit: "Not included among the dossiers is one for rocket scientist Wernher von Braun. It was never transferred to NARA."
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11660814
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%20Association%20of%20Prisoners%20in%20Serbian%20Concentration%20Camps
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Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps
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Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps () is an association of former prisoners in Serbian jails and prison camps during the Croatian War of Independence. The organization was founded in Zagreb in 1995 and began its work that same year. Its offices are located on Ban Jelačić Square. In 2006, the association was admitted to the World Veterans Federation. Its president is Danijel Rehak.
The organization helps raise monuments, commemorates anniversaries relating to the war and also helps publish related books. In 2004 the association opened a centre in Borovo Naselje, whose aim is to research war crimes committed during the war. The centre was opened by deputy prime minister Jadranka Kosor and parliamentary speaker Vladimir Šeks. Kosor served as the minister of Family Affairs, War Veterans and Intergenerational Solidarity, a ministry with which the association works closely.
According to the Societies data, a total of 8,000 Croatian civilians and POWs (a large number after the fall of Vukovar) went through Serb prison camps at Sremska Mitrovica, Stajićevo and elsewhere; some 300 people never returned from them.
A total of 4570 camp inmates started legal action in 2004 against the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia of Serbia and Montenegro (now the Republic of Serbia) for torture and abuse in the camps.
| 2.25
| 0
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11660900
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wide%2C%20Wide%20World
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The Wide, Wide World
|
The Wide, Wide World is an 1850 novel by Susan Warner, published under the pseudonym Elizabeth Wetherell. It is often acclaimed as America's first bestseller.
Plot
The Wide, Wide World is a work of sentimentalism about the life of young Ellen Montgomery. The story begins with Ellen's happy life being disrupted by the fact that her mother is very ill and her father must take her to Europe, requiring Ellen to leave home to live with an almost-unknown aunt. Though Ellen tries to act strong for her mother's sake, she is devastated and can find solace in nothing.
Eventually the day comes when Ellen must say goodbye to her mother and travel in the company of strangers to her aunt's home. Unfortunately these strangers are unkind to Ellen and she tries to leave the boat on which they are traveling. An old man sees Ellen crying and tells her to trust in God. He teaches her about being a Christian, as her mother had done, and asks her if she is ready to give her heart to Jesus. After talking with the man, Ellen becomes determined to become a true Christian, which gives her strength for the rest of the journey to her aunt's place in Thirwall.
On Ellen's first night in Thirwall, she learns that her father forgot to inform her aunt that she was coming, so a "Mr. Van Brunt" escorts her to her aunt's home. This aunt, Fortune Emerson, proves to be quite different from Ellen's loving mother: she treats Ellen unkindly and refuses to let her attend school. Ellen hates living with Fortune and comes to find comfort in the society of Mr. Van Brunt and other neighbors as she becomes more familiar with her new surroundings.
| 2.4375
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11660900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wide%2C%20Wide%20World
|
The Wide, Wide World
|
One day, discovering that her aunt withheld a letter from Mrs. Montgomery, Ellen runs crying into the woods. There she meets Alice Humphreys, the daughter of a local minister. Alice is kind to Ellen and invites her to tea the next day, to give Ellen a chance to tell her troubles; maybe Alice would be able to help. The girls become fast friends and Alice adopts Ellen as a sister, offering to educate her and guide her spiritually, teaching her to forgive others and trust in the Lord.
Alice and her brother John, who is away at school much of the time, treat Ellen like family, even inviting her to spend Christmas in the nearby town of Ventnor with them and their friends, the Marshmans. While there, Ellen meets another Ellen, Ellen Chauncey. She also gets better acquainted with John Humphreys, who comforts her many times after the other children tease her. Ellen comes to realize that if she hadn't needed to be separated from her mother, she might never have met Alice and John.
About a year later, one day when Ellen visits town, she overhears from some ladies' conversation that her mother has died. Devastated, she turns to Alice and her Bible for comfort. She stays with Alice and John until Aunt Fortune becomes ill and Ellen must look after her. Eventually Aunt Fortune recovers and Ellen returns to Alice and her other friends.
After Mr. Van Brunt's mother dies, he decides to marry Aunt Fortune; soon after, Alice tells Ellen that she is very ill and will soon be "going home" to Heaven; Ellen is not to grieve for her but to trust in God. She also invites Ellen to take her place in the Humphreys household. Ellen immediately moves in and begins by nursing Alice through her final weeks. After Alice dies, Ellen turns to John for guidance. He takes over as her tutor, spiritual advisor, and guiding light. By the time a Humphreys relative dies in England and John must travel overseas to handle the family's business, Ellen (though sad to see him go) is a stronger person.
| 1.945313
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11660900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wide%2C%20Wide%20World
|
The Wide, Wide World
|
One of themes present in The Wide, Wide World is that everything in life, even the bad things, is caused by God and leads to something good, especially in the spiritual sense. Ellen is very sad when she learns that her mother must leave, but reminds herself that the trip will make her mother healthy again. When she goes to the store to try and buy some merino cloth, she meets a salesman who treats her very badly and makes her cry, but as a result she gets to know a generous old gentleman who provides her with certain things for her trip that she might not have gotten otherwise. On the steamboat, the other girls make fun of Ellen and send her crying off to another part of the boat, but through this she met a man who teaches her many things about Christianity. When at the Marshmans’ house, she meets children who give her a hard time with her faith, but her friend Alice and Ellen Chauncey are there for her and comfort her. Through this theme, Susan Warner wanted people to see that God did not send misery upon his children for no reason, but used suffering as a means to bring them closer to Him. Ellen learns this and is better able to cope with problems in her life.
| 2.234375
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11660900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wide%2C%20Wide%20World
|
The Wide, Wide World
|
A third theme that is present in this book is that those who desire to grow spiritually will receive the help of God if they honestly have that desire. When talking to her mother before the parting, Ellen is determined to live a perfect, Christian life and be an example for everyone around her. However, as soon as she gets on the boat, she discovers that her heart holds negative feelings towards the people around her. After meeting the Christian man on the boat, she realizes how hard her heart is, and her desire to live a good life is rekindled. She fails at this again, however, when she gets to Aunt Fortune's house, where she directly disobeys her aunt and throws fits when things aren't done to her liking. But she realizes her mistakes and wants to be good, and God sends her a young woman who acts as a spiritual guide for the girl. Through this, Warner was telling people not to give up when they made mistakes, and showing how God comes to those who seek him. Since The Wide, Wide World is a Christian book, it aimed to teach readers how seek God and encourage those who didn't exactly know how to go about doing that, but had a true desire to be closer to Him.
Another theme seen in the story is that God has an unlimited supply of strength, and is willing to give it to anyone who desires it. Poor Ellen went through just about everything in her life. By the age of 10, she was separated from her mother forever, mistreated at the hands of others, mocked for her faith in God, and forced to move from her homeland. However, instead of whining and complaining she asks God to help her, and she is not left alone in this world. Warner knew that times weren't easy for everyone, just like today, and wanted people to know that there was an everlasting source of encouragement available at any time of day, anywhere in the world. She uses Ellen as an example, who doesn't despair but, with God's help, lives happily after she marries John.
| 1.90625
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11660900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wide%2C%20Wide%20World
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The Wide, Wide World
|
Conflicts
The driving conflict of this story is the separation of Ellen from her mother and the effects of this separation on Ellen, including how she misses the mother who had meant everything to her, how she struggles with being a good Christian, and how she deals with people who don't care about her.
Woman vs. Self
As a work of sentimentalist literature, the conflict created by the story is dealt with almost entirely through the emotional response that Ellen has to the conditions in which she is put in the novel. In this, the main conflicts that Ellen encounters deals with how she can internally deal with each of the emotional problems she is met with in a way that is characteristic of strength and perseverance.
Woman vs. Nature
Ellen's mother leaving for France due to her sickness is the conflict which sets the entire narrative in motion, which occurs at the very start of the story. The first few chapters deal with how Ellen prepares to cope with the separation while simultaneously ensuring that, on the advice of the doctor, she refrains from causing any extra stress or fatigue on her mother. After her departure, Ellen must come to terms with being able to survive without the one person who truly cared for her.
Woman vs. God
With her mother's departure, Ellen finds herself doubting God's intentions, and struggles with the idea that she must love God despite the hardships he has given her, chiefly being separated from her mother, and attempt to come to terms with the idea that God has separated Ellen from her mother and sent her to her aunt in order to be taught that strong faith in God is the most important aspect in her life, over and above her love for her mother.
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11660900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wide%2C%20Wide%20World
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The Wide, Wide World
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Woman vs. Society
Most of the personal conflicts with other characters are also dealt with in the internal manner, chiefly the struggles Ellen has in dealing with her callous and uncaring Aunt Fortune, who shows no sympathy for Ellen's sadness in being detached from her mother immediately upon meeting. Aunt Fortune's disregard for the feelings of Ellen leads to most of the external turmoil Ellen faces in the first half of the book, including her indifference to allow Ellen to go to school.
Literary Style
There are three main aspects which created Warner's particular writing style in The Wide, Wide World. The first aspect is the time in which the book was written. With Webster having furthered the development of the American dialect with his 1828 publication of the first American dictionary, America was still gaining its own literary voice in 1850 when The Wide, Wide World was published.
It is readily apparent from the first page that this novel's style is archaic with lines such as "Driven thus to her own resources, Ellen betook herself to the window and sought amusement there."
The next aspect of Warner's style is that The Wide, Wide World is also a didactic piece. Warner's style was aimed at giving an accurate portrayal of the social limitations imposed upon nineteenth-century women, and aimed at promoting the benefits of Christian morality. The Wide, Wide World was republished in 1987 by the Feminist Press, showing the claims it holds to furthering gender equality. And one can see that Warner's style was aimed at promoting Christian morals because one of the main themes of this novel is about finding strength in religious devotion.
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11660900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wide%2C%20Wide%20World
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The Wide, Wide World
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The Wide, Wide World is a paradigm of sentimentalist literature. The conflict and action of this story are largely introverted within the protagonist Ellen. The lines “Dressing was sad work to Ellen today; it went on very heavily. Tears dropped into the water as she stooped her head to the basin,” are found in a four-page stretch within which Ellen cries on five separate occasions, displaying how sentimental Warner's style was.
Along with being a piece of sentimentalist literature, the work is considered an example of the domestic novel. The Wide, Wide World adheres to the basic plot of most women's fiction novels of the time, which, as Nina Baym describes the genre in Woman's Fiction, involves "the story of a young girl who is deprived of the supports she had rightly or wrongly depended on to sustain her throughout life and is faced with the necessity of winning her own way in the world.”
History
"Published at the end of 1850, The Wide, Wide World by Susan Warner went through fourteen editions in two years, and may ultimately have been as popular as Uncle Tom's Cabin with 19th-century American readers".
Although it was first rejected by many publishers, Warner's first novel became an instant sensation among its readers. The novel paints an excellent picture of the Victorian era of the United States, and so the readers of the time appreciated its relevancy to their own lives. (Jo March reads the book in Little Women.)
Pushing Christian values and themes, The Wide, Wide World was a guide to young ladies of the time who were encouraged to have submissive and humble attitudes towards their elders, especially men. The novel also portrayed a part of the author's own life: While Ellen's mother died when Ellen was young, Warner's mother had died when Warner was nine years old. Warner then went to live with her aunt, who was much kinder than Ellen's Aunt Fortune.
In 1987, the Feminist Press published a new edition, including the concluding chapter which had been left out by the previous publishers.
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11660993
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elanora%2C%20Queensland
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Elanora, Queensland
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Elanora is a suburb of the City of Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia. In the , Elanora had a population of 12,539 people.
Geography
Elanora is located between Tallebudgera Creek and Currumbin Creek, west-north-west of the coastal border town of Coolangatta and south-southeast of Brisbane, the state capital. Its local government area is the City of Gold Coast.
Elanora is bounded by Tallebudgera Creek to the northwest, Pacific Motorway to the northeast and east, and Guineas Creek and Simpsons Roads to the southeast. It contains Elanora State High School, Elanora Primary School and a small neighbourhood shopping centre on Nineteenth Avenue, and The Pines, a larger shopping centre on Guineas Creek Road. Elanora also has a large public library. Under the Queensland Government proposal to extend the Gold Coast railway line, a station at Elanora, near The Pines Shopping Centre has been proposed.
History
The name Elanora is an Aboriginal word for "home by the sea", was originally named as a railway station on the South Coast Rail Line in 1922.
Elanora Post Office opened 2 May 1927.
Elanora State School opened in January 1983.
Following the amalgamation that created the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, the Palm Beach Methodist Church, Currumbin Valley Presbyterian Valley and Tallebudgera Presbyterian Church merged to form a single congregation, establishing a new Elanora Uniting Church in 1983.
Elanora State High School opened on 29 January 1990.
Elanora Branch Library opened in 2007 next to The Pines Shopping Centre.
Demographics
In the , Elanora had a population of 11,681 people.
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11661089
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Buzzacott
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Kevin Buzzacott
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Kevin Buzzacott (1946 – 29 November 2023), often referred to as Uncle Kev, was an Aboriginal Australian rights campaigner and elder of the Arabunna nation in northern South Australia. He campaigned widely for cultural recognition, justice, and land rights for Aboriginal people. He initiated and led numerous campaigns, including against uranium mining at Olympic Dam mine on Kokatha land and the exploitation of the water from the Great Artesian Basin. He also published a collections of poetry, which included the content of his keynote address at a 1998 conference.
Early life and education
Kevin Buzzacott was born in 1946 at Finniss Springs, South Australia, on Arabunna country, and he was an Arabunna man.
He attended school at Marree. After school, he worked on the railways and cattle stations. Over the years, he and his family resided in several places, including Alice Springs, Tarcoola, and Gawler (north of Adelaide).
Career
Buzzacott began his activism in 1982, on issues such as drug and alcohol abuse, Aboriginal education, Indigenous land rights and Aboriginal heritage and sacred sites.
In 1984 Buzzacott moved to Port Augusta, where he was employed as an alcohol and drug worker.
After moving to Alice Springs in the Northern Territory, in 1985, he was involved in a successful campaign to stop a dam being built on the Todd River. He also helped establish the Arrernte Council there, and served as a regional councillor for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC).
He returned to South Australia in the mid-1990s and started campaigning to protect his country.
In 1997 he attended the inaugural meeting of the Alliance Against Uranium (later the Australian Nuclear Free Alliance) and served as president for many years.
In November 1998 he gave a keynote address at the "Global Survival and Indigenous Rights" conference in Melbourne.
He has given support to the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra, where he lit the Fire for Justice on National Sorry Day, 26 May 1998.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Buzzacott
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Kevin Buzzacott
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In 2002 Buzzacott reclaimed his tribe's emu and kangaroo totems used in the Australian coat of arms from outside Parliament House, Canberra. He was charged three years later by Australian Federal Police at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy for theft of the coat of arms; he then charged the Australian government with theft. The case went to the High Court, which found they were unable determine any matter of Aboriginal sovereignty in Australia, as Australian courts are agents of the Crown and therefore "in direct conflict with the notion of Aboriginal sovereignty".
In 2004, he participated in the Peace Pilgrimage from the Olympic Dam uranium mine to Hiroshima, Japan.
Buzzacott was a supporter of West Papuan independence. In January 2006, Buzzacott gave a talk at RMIT in Melbourne where he argued that the Howard government should accept 43 West Papuan asylum seekers who had landed on Australian shores as refugees, using a canoe to paddle to Mapoon in Far North Queensland. They were granted permanent residence.
He was also involved in Camp Sovereignty at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.
In Melbourne on 21 April 2007 a group of non-Indigenous and Indigenous supporters raised money in support of his efforts to raise awareness about uranium mining issues.
In February 2012, Buzzacott legally challenged the Commonwealth Environment Minister Tony Burke's environmental approval of the Olympic Dam mine expansion. Environmental approval had been granted by state and federal governments in October 2011. Buzzacott was represented by the Environmental Defenders Office and appeared in the Federal Court in Adelaide on 3 and 4 April 2012. His challenge was unsuccessful and was dismissed on 20 April. An appeal of the judge's decision in 2013 was also unsuccessful.
On 6 June 2020, he gave an 8-minute address to a large crowd in Adelaide at a Black Lives Matter protest, as part of the George Floyd protests in Australia.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Buzzacott
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Kevin Buzzacott
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Awards and recognition
In 2001 Buzzacott was awarded the prestigious Nuclear-Free Future Award, in Ireland, which provided him with an opportunity to travel to Europe and speak to supporters of Indigenous land rights.
In 2006, Buzzacott was awarded the Jill Hudson Award by Conservation SA.
The Australian Conservation Foundation awarded Buzzacott the 2007 Peter Rawlinson Award for two decades of work highlighting the impacts of uranium mining and promoting a nuclear free Australia. ACF executive director Don Henry describing him in the award citation as
A passionate and effective advocate for sustainable water management and for responsibility, respect and recognition of the rights, aspirations and traditional knowledge of Australia's Indigenous peoples. Kevin is a cultural practitioner, an activist, an advocate and an educator. He has travelled tirelessly, talking to groups large and small about the impacts of uranium mining and the threats posed by the nuclear industry. Kevin has had a profound impact on the lives of many people – especially young people – with his many tours and "on-country" events. For many young activists "Uncle Kev" is truly an unsung hero and, against the current pro-nuclear tide, his is a very important struggle and story.
In 2021 Buzzacott was inducted into the Hall of Fame by SA Environment Awards (presented by Conservation Council SA in partnership with Green Adelaide, Department for Environment and Water, and University of Adelaide Environment Institute). He was praised for his wide campaigning for cultural recognition, justice, and land rights for Aboriginal people, raising awareness on uranium mining and nuclear issues, advocating for sustainable water management, and for his impact on others' lives, particularly those of young people.
In film
Buzzacott featured in several documentary films, including First Fleet Back: Uncle Kevin vs the Queen (2005), and shorts by filmmakers including Jessi Boylan and Pip Starr.
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11661195
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20European%20Community%20Monitor%20Mission%20helicopter%20downing
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1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing
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In 1990, following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, ethnic tensions worsened. The Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) confiscated Croatia's Territorial Defence (Teritorijalna obrana - TO) weapons to minimize resistance. On 17 August, the tensions escalated into an open revolt by Croatian Serbs, centered on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin, parts of the Lika, Kordun, Banovina and eastern Croatia.
Following the Pakrac clash between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March 1991, the conflict had escalated into the Croatian War of Independence. The JNA stepped in, increasingly supporting the Croatian Serb insurgents. In early April, the leaders of the Croatian Serb revolt declared their intention to integrate the area under their control, known as SAO Krajina, with Serbia. In May, the Croatian government responded by forming the Croatian National Guard (Zbor narodne garde - ZNG), but its development was hampered by a United Nations (UN) arms embargo introduced in September. The Brioni Agreement established an observer mission which was eventually called the European Community Monitor Mission (ECMM). The mission was tasked with monitoring the disengagement of belligerents in the Ten-Day War in neighbouring Slovenia, and the withdrawal of the JNA from Slovenia. However, on 16 August, an ECMM helicopter was hit by Croatian Serb gunfire in western Slavonia, injuring one of the pilots. This caused the ECMM's scope of work to be formally expanded to include Croatia on 1 September.
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11661197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakea%20nodosa
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Hakea nodosa
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Hakea nodosa, commonly known as yellow hakea, is a shrub that is endemic to Australia. It usually has golden yellow flowers in profusion and needle-shaped leaves.
Description
Hakea nodosa is an erect, sprawling shrub usually growing to tall and a similar width. The branchlets quickly form ribbing or slowly becoming smooth. The leaves are usually needle-shaped, sometimes flattened, flexible, long and wide. The leaves are occasionally grooved below and smooth ending in a point long. The inflorescence consists of 2-11 cream-white to golden yellow flowers in profusion, clustered along the branches. The inflorescence is on a simple stem densely covered with upright hairs, they may be white, brown or a combination of both. The pedicels are long with white, soft, silky hairs. The pistil long, the perianth is smooth and long. These are followed by woody seed capsules that are 30 to 35 mm long. Two contrasting types of the latter are produced, one that is woody with contrasting lighter bumps, and the other that is smooth, not woody and opens while still attached to the branch. Flowering occurs from May to August.
Taxonomy and naming
Hakea nodosa was first formally described by botanist Robert Brown in 1810 and the description was published in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word nodosus meaning "knotty", referring to the prominent knobs on the fruit.
Distribution and habitat
Yellow hakea occurs in south-eastern South Australia, Victoria and north-eastern Tasmania in dense heath woodlands, usually in winter wet locations on clay soil.
Cultivation
Yellow hakea is adaptable to a wide range of soils and climatic conditions and will grow well in full sun or part shade.
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11661216
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Barclay%20Swete
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Henry Barclay Swete
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Henry Barclay Swete (14 March 1835 in Bristol – 10 May 1917 in Hitchin) was an English biblical scholar. He became Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge in 1890. He is known for his 1906 commentary on the Book of Revelation, and other works of exegesis.
Biography
Swete was educated at King's College London, and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and in 1858 was ordained. From 1858 to 1865 he was assistant curate to his father John Swete at St Andrew's Blagdon in Somerset. Then after some years of work in various country curacies and livings he became in 1869 theological lecturer and tutor at Caius College.
In 1881 he became examining chaplain to the Bishop of St. Albans, and the following year was appointed professor of pastoral theology at King's College London. In 1890 he succeeded Brooke Foss Westcott as regius professor at Cambridge, and retained this position until 1915, when he retired with the title of emeritus professor. In June 1901, he received an honorary doctorate of Divinity from the University of Glasgow. The following year he was appointed to the office of Lady Margaret's preacher. He was in 1911 appointed an honorary chaplain to King George V.
Swete's works on biblical texts are of high importance. In 1887 he published the first volume of his edition of the Greek text of the Old Testament, completing the series in 1894 (3rd ed. 1901–7), while in 1898 appeared the Greek text of the Gospel of St. Mark, with notes and introduction (2nd ed. 1902) and in 1906 that of the Apocalypse of St. John (2nd ed. 1907).
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11661262
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20L.%20Vickery
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Howard L. Vickery
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Howard Leroy Vickery (April 20, 1892 – March 21, 1946) was a decorated U.S. naval officer with the rank of Vice admiral. He was renowned merchant shipbuilder and served as Vice Chairman, U.S. Maritime Commission during World War II.
Early life and career
Vickery was born in Bellevue, Ohio to Willis Vickery and Anna Louise Schneider. He went to public schools and later attended East High School in Cleveland. He took the entrance examination for the United States Naval Academy in 1910 but failed. He made another attempt the following year and passed. In 1915 he took a B. S. degree from Annapolis and was appointed an ensign in the United States Navy. Though Vickery had hoped to go to Asia, he was instead assigned to Boston. There he met Marguerite Blanchard, whom he married in 1917. Shortly prior to his marriage was the start of World War I, and a few days after the wedding he left for sea on a ship to France to guard the first convoy there. He had earned two stripes on his sleeve by the end of the war, as well as being able to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1921 he received an M. Sc. degree from there. By the next year he was made a supervisor of submarine construction for the United States Navy superintendent constructor's office in San Francisco. Alongside this, from 1921 to 1925 he acted as the Boston Navy Yard's docking and outside superintendent.
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11661262
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20L.%20Vickery
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Howard L. Vickery
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During World War II
Vickery was an assistant to Emory S. Land, chairman of the United States Maritime Commission, between 1937 and 1940. Land oversaw all shipbuilding, design, and construction work for the United States Merchant Marine. Together the two were described as "one of the most remarkable combinations in Washington", and played a critical role in the foundation of the United States Merchant Marine Academy. By 1940 he was made a full member of Maritime Commission by President Roosevelt. There was much demand for shipbuilders at this time, including a request from a British commission to use American shipyards to build British freighters. Due to the shortage, Vickery hired Henry J. Kaiser as one of his shipbuilding experts, despite many advising against it. Vickery was appointed vice-chairman of the United States Maritime Commission and deputy administrator of the War Shipping Administration by 1942. Roosevelt asked that he produce 8,000,000 tons of shipping during 1942, and gave him enough steel and his choice of shipyards and shipbuilders. Vickery delivered on this order, and by July could declare that more new ships had been produced than had sunk since the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Admiral Vickery was responsible for vessel construction programs of the Commission commencing with the early Long Range Program to build 500 new merchant vessels in 10 years and then the much larger Emergency Shipbuilding program of World War II where under his leadership close to 6000 ships were built in only five years for the war effort. At its peak in 1943 there were over 650,000 men and women employed in shipyards on all coasts and the Great Lakes building ships for the commission. Without the tremendous feats of production accomplished by the Emergency Program the lifeline to Great Britain may have been severed by Germany's U-Boat offensive and the ability for U.S. forces to project their newfound military power across both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans would have been severely diminished.
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11661362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois%20School%20District
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Iroquois School District
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Iroquois School District is a school district that has provided education to the children of the townships of Wesleyville and Lawrence Park since 1966, when separate school districts were merged. The district is located just east of the city of Erie in Erie County, Pennsylvania. At , the district is the second smallest in the commonwealth.
Facilities
The Lawrence Park Elementary School building was constructed in 1925 as its township high school. Lawrence Park High School served the community until the school districts merged, at which point it became an elementary school. The building, which was renovated in 1979, consisted of 13 classrooms, a library, gymnasium, stage, computer lab, and large group instruction room. It taught the district's 4th to 6th grade students from 1985 to 2007. The building, once located at 4231 Morse Street, was razed in 2007 to make room for a new elementary school on the same property.
The Wesleyville Elementary School building was its township's only school, serving grades K-12 until the merger of school districts, at which point it became an elementary school. The school taught the district's kindergarten to 3rd grade students from 1985 to 2007. The building, which is located at 2138 Willow Street, had twenty classrooms with 380 students. The building was scheduled to be sold.
Iroquois Elementary School, which serves students grades K-6, was built on the site of the former Lawrence Park Elementary School. The new elementary school opened its doors for the 2007-2008 school year. The Iroquois School District offices, which were previously situated in the Lawrence Park Elementary School, were relocated in the new elementary school as of August 2007.
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11661408
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Underwood
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Elizabeth Underwood
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Elizabeth Underwood (Harris, Lang) (1794 31 August 1858) in Norfolk Island, New South Wales, Australia, was a pioneering Australian land owner who founded the village (now a suburb) of Ashfield, New South Wales.
She was the daughter of John Harris, an English-born ex-convict who had been sentenced to death for stealing eight silver spoons but was ultimately transported to Australia on the First Fleet. Her mother's identity isn't known for sure but she was probably also a convict. One biographer speculates her name was Mary Green and Elizabeth was actually born Elizabeth Green on 24 December. Neither parent played a significant part in her upbringing. Her father set sail for England in 1801 and left Elizabeth and her sister Hannah in the care of James Larra, a prominent Sydney merchant and ex-convict, and his wife Susannah. Elizabeth was later described as the niece of Larra and it may be that her mother was sister to either Larra or his wife.
In 1812, she married wealthy Scottish merchant Walter Lang and they had two sons before Walter died in 1816. The second son John George Lang was the first published novelist born in Australia. In 1819, she married Joseph Underwood, a merchant and sealer whose wife had died the year before leaving him with a number of children to look after. Joseph and Elizabeth had a further six children of their own so it was fortunate that, just before his marriage to Elizabeth, he had bought a large house and property, Ashfield Park, from fellow merchant Robert Campbell.
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11661425
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha%20Bulker
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Pasha Bulker
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The plan to salvage Pasha Bulker used anchors laid out at sea, which the ship was to use to then winch itself seawards, and three tug boats towing it with the aim of dragging the bow over a rock reef. The carrier would then be pulled seaward in a path between two rocky reefs. A hydrographic survey was conducted to survey and map the bottom of the ocean through the surf zone using a surf ski single beam echo sounder and GPS. This gave the salvage team more insight into the direction for refloating the ship.
An emergency response team was to remain on standby should the vessel begin leaking fuel and an exclusion zone was set up around the location of the ship with marker buoys to stop all ships and surfers from entering the area. In addition on 25 June 2007 an air exclusion zone was created around the ship. Various attempts for refloating the ship were suggested. University of Sydney Honorary Associate Professor Rob Wheen suggested liquefying the sand under the ship by pumping seawater into it. This liquefaction should reduce the friction between grains of sand and in turn, friction between the ship and sand. Whether this would have been effective in this case is unknown as Pasha Bulker was lying on rock as well as sand and the ship would have had to be pulled up and over the rocks.
First attempt
Final preparations to refloat the ship began on 28 June 2007 when the ballast water, added earlier to stabilise the vessel, was pumped out to aid buoyancy. At around 5:30 p.m. AEST the tug boats began pulling on the lines attached to the bow on the port side and the ship appeared to move for the first time. An ocean swell up to pounded the ship and caused the bow to move back and forth even when tethered to the tug boats. Soon after the attempt started to shift the ship, one of the cables connecting the ship to the tug boat Keera snapped dashing the attempt. This resulted in the decision to make another attempt after the salvage crews could regroup.
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11661458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%20Tehrani
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Faisal Tehrani
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Mohd Faizal Musa (born 7 August 1974), also known under the pen name Faisal Tehrani, is a Malaysian author and playwright. Due to the frequent writing and ideas he was known as a controversial person. He is the author of many books and literary works of various lengths, including stage plays. National Laureate Anwar Ridwan praises of Faisal's writing "conscious of high literature and full of vision."
Faisal has won numerous literary prizes and awards, including the National Art Award (Anugerah Seni Negara) in 2006.
Education
Mohd Faizal Musa was born on 7 August 1974 in Kuala Lumpur before moving to Malacca at the age of 5. He started school at Sacred Heart School of Malacca, then at Primary School Jalan Dato Palembang. Faisal continued his studies at Sekolah Menengah Sultan Muhammad until the age of 15, managing to get excellent Lower Certificate of Education results, after which he continued his studies at the Klang Islamic College (now the Sultan Alam Shah Islamic College). Faisal often honed his skills by supplementary writing of his teenage experiences in a teenage magazine.
Expertise
Mohd Faizal is a graduate of Bachelor of Syariah-Politics of the University of Malaya (1998), a Master of Arts from Universiti Sains Malaysia (2000), Doctor of Philosophy from the National University of Malaysia (2010). He now works at the National University of Malaysia. As a Research Fellow at the Institute of Malay World and Civilisation, his research is on the Shiite minority in the Malay world. In 2019, he was appointed as an Associate of the Global Sh’ia Diaspora at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs at Harvard University, United States of America.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%20Tehrani
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Faisal Tehrani
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Writing career
Faisal began his writing career with Cinta Hari-hari Rusuhan published by Creative Enterprise and Perempuan Politikus Melayu by Penerbitan Pemuda, both published in 2000. Both of his works lead to his nomination in the 2000-2001 Hadiah Sastera Perdana Malaysia. There was also Maaf Dari Sorga, which only managed to be published in 2003 by Zebra Publications. Johan Jaafar, a famous literary critic named some good political novels from Malaysia and the Malay Politic Women as "highlighting the pattern of women's political thinking".
In 2002 he released 1515, an alternative historical fiction that takes on the Portuguese conquest of Malacca with victory siding instead to the Malacca Sultanate. It won first place in the 2002 Utusan Malaysia-Exxon Mobil Literature Prize plus the 2005 National Book Award in the General Malay Fiction category. The book is also used as a reading text for Malay studies at the University of Cologne in Germany. The book was eventually translated in 2011 by the National Translation Institute of Malaysia (Institut Terjemahan Buku Malaysia, or ITBM). 1515 is considered to be the most significant work by Faisal Tehrani at the beginning of his writing. For instance, Professor Emeritus Dr Salleh Yaapar, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), talks about the greatness of 1515; "which re-reveals the history and identity of the Malays". In an academic paper, Professor Salleh also named 1515 as a masterpiece. Professor Sohaimi Abdul Aziz, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), also named 1515 as a novel full of techniques and literary approaches. Rosma Derak from Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia, described 1515 as the best of Faisal Tehrani's works and his strength was the use of 'deconstructing historiography' or 'rewriting history'. 1515 is also the only contemporary Malaysian novel mentioned in The Encyclopedia of the Blackwell issue of the novel (2011).
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11661458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%20Tehrani
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Faisal Tehrani
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Academic writing
In academia, Faisal known in the three disciplines of Comparative Literature, Syiahisme, and the field of Human Rights. Among his academic writings which had reference is The Malaysian Shi'a: A Preliminary Study of Their History, Oppression, and Denied Rights (2013), Axiology of Pilgrimage: Malaysian Shi'ites Ziyarat in Iran and Iraq (2013), Javanese Sufism and Prophetic Literature (2011), Pengantar Hak Asasi Manusia Moden dan Hujah Sangkalan Ia Bertentangan Dengan Islam (2015), Human Rights Lesson from Selected Malay Proverbs (2016) and Religious Freedom in Malaysia: The Reading of Qur’an 2:256 (2016) which is contained in The Qur’an in the Malay-Indonesian World under series Routledge Studies in the Qur’an. His expertise in academia is assessed by reference to the international standards.
There are also a book Sinema Spiritual: Dramaturgi dan Kritikan (published Unit Buku Harakah) and Wacana Sastera Islam di Malaysia dan Indonesia (published UPM) was published in 2012.
Translation work
There are two Faisal novels translated into English which, 1515, Shahnaz Mohd Said's translation into English. 1515 reversed the history of the Portuguese attack on Malacca by giving the success of the Malays through the heroic character of Tun Nyemah Mulia. The 272-page novel was published by the National Translation Institute of Malaysia (now known as the Institute of Translation and Book Malaysia or ITBM) in 2011.
Faisal's second novel translated Bedar Sukma Bisu, translated by Dato Zawiyah Baba, former Director of the National Library of Malaysia with the title The Prau with the Silent Soul (2009). The 250-page novel is also published by ITBM.
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11661458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%20Tehrani
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Faisal Tehrani
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Despite his pressure on Faisal, he published his second poem; The Mek Bah Bahia chapter published by Print (2015) and a children's book entitled ‘Advencer Yaya dan Fufu. Buku 1: Jangan Cakap Begitu’. This book briefly introduces Articles 1 and 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 with the target audience below the age of five.
Mohd Faizal also produced a film in 2015 titled Leukerbad, which captures the travel of human rights activists in Geneva, Switzerland.
On 10 January 2018, the Court of Appeal quashed a Home's Ministry order banning four books authored by Faisal. A three-man panel comprising Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat, Ahmadi Asnawi and Zaleha Yusof found that the order issued on 12 Feb 2015, was not in accordance with Section 7 (1) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984. Justice Zaleha, said that the order of banning the books was a restriction of Faisal's fundamental right of freedom of speech. Justice Zaleha also added, the books – Sebongkah Batu di Kuala Berang (published by PTS Litera Utama Sdn Bhd); Karbala (published by Aberdeen Books World), Tiga Kali Seminggu and Ingin Jadi Nasrallah (both published by Al-Ameen Serve Holdings Sdn Bhd) – were not a threat to national security and public order. The panels stated that they had read the books, and nothing comes to their attention and they could not apprehend how the four books could create public disorder or be a threat to the society.
On 27 June 2018, Faisal was called up by Putrajaya's Council of Eminent Persons to present his input on the way forward for Islamic bodies in Malaysia. Faisal was among scholars and activists called by the council to get feedback on the reform of Islamic institutions. Faisal suggested to the council that the advisers for religious agencies should also be academics such as anthropologists and sociologists. Faisal proposed that the government set up an advisory council comprising experts in religious and non-religious sciences to advise Islamic agencies in the country.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming%20conventions%20for%20women%20in%20ancient%20Rome
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Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome
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Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome differed from nomenclature for men, and practice changed dramatically from the Early Republic to the High Empire and then into Late Antiquity. Females were identified officially by the feminine of the family name (nomen gentile, that is, the gens name), which might be further differentiated by the genitive form of the father's cognomen, or for a married woman her husband's. Numerical adjectives might distinguish among sisters, such as Tertia, "the Third" (compare Generational titles in English names). By the late Republic, women also often adopted the feminine of their father's cognomen.
A woman kept her own family name after she married, though she might be identified in relation to her husband: the name Clodia Metelli, "Clodia [wife] of Metellus," preserves the birth name Clodia and adds her husband's name to specify which Clodia. Children usually took the father's name. In the Imperial period, however, children might sometimes make their mother's family name part of theirs, or even adopt it instead.
History
Early to Middle Republic
Women in the early to mid-Republic were usually known by their family name (nomen). A woman from the gens Aemilia would be called Aemilia; from the gens Cornelia, Cornelia; from the gens Sempronia, Sempronia; and so on. If there were many daughters, a cognomen such as Tertia (Third) could indicate birth order, for example, Aemilia Tertia, the wife of Scipio Africanus. (She, however, is better known as Aemilia Paulla.) The comparative adjectives Maior and Minor, meaning "the Elder" and "the Younger" when attached to a name, might distinguish between two sisters; for example, the daughters of Gaius Laelius Sapiens are known as Laelia Maior and Laelia Minor.
Birth order is not the best or only predictor of a woman's perceived importance or prominence; Cornelia Africana most commonly refers to Cornelia Africana Minor, the younger daughter of Scipio Africanus, and not to her elder sister.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming%20conventions%20for%20women%20in%20ancient%20Rome
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Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome
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High Empire
In the era of Augustus and thereafter, Roman women used more varied first names and sometimes even two first names. Naming practice became less rigid, as is evidenced among women of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. While Augustus's wives were known by the name of their paternal gens (Claudia, Scribonia, and Livia) and Tiberius's wives were known by their fathers' less-known gentilical names (Vipsania Agrippina and Julia the Elder), by the third generation of the Imperial family, naming conventions had changed. Julia's daughters by her second husband Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa were Julia the Younger and Agrippina the Elder, not Vipsania Quinta and Vipsania Sexta. Likewise, Agrippina the Elder's daughters were Agrippina the Younger, Drusilla, and Livilla, and not named for their father's adoptive family, the Julia gens. Likewise, in the family of Octavia the Younger and Mark Antony, the naming conventions for their daughters (Antonia Major and Antonia Minor) and Octavia's by her first husband (Claudia Marcella Major and Claudia Marcella Minor) are conventional, but that for their granddaughter Livilla, daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus, is not.
In later generations, females were given two names. This meant that Claudius's daughters were not Claudia Major and Claudia Minor, but Claudia Antonia by his marriage to Aelia Paetina and Claudia Octavia by his marriage to Messalina. Among the elite, names such as Pomponia Graecina became common. In still later generations, women's names bore little or no resemblance to their father's familial names. For example, in the Flavian dynasty, Titus's daughter was not Flavia. In the Severan dynasty, most women bore the first name of Julia, even if it was not the family's gentilical name, but the second name was different and hence distinguished them. In the Theodosian dynasty, the daughter of Theodosius I was not Theodosia but Galla Placidia, and named partly for her mother.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming%20conventions%20for%20women%20in%20ancient%20Rome
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Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome
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A woman could be named for a grandparent. For example, Livilla, sister of Germanicus and Claudius, was named for her paternal grandmother Livia.
A woman could be named by a combination of her familial name and the name of a mother or grandmother. Claudius' first wife, Plautia Urgulanilla, was named for her father's family, the Plautii, and her paternal grandmother, Urgulania, a close friend of Claudius's own paternal grandmother Livia.
A woman could also be named for her father's family and a place of origin, somewhat like men, but without a unique praenomen.
A woman could be named in honor of other relatives. This naming convention applied to Caligula's three sisters. The middle of the three sisters, Julia Drusilla, was named for her paternal grandfather Nero Claudius Drusus, itself a cognomen. The youngest of the three sisters, Julia Livilla, was named for her paternal aunt, Livilla. The eldest of the three sisters, Agrippina the Younger, was named after her mother. Likewise, Julia the Younger, Agrippina's maternal aunt, was also named in honor of her mother.
Some empresses were given the praenomen Julia even if they were unrelated to the gens of Julia. Some, like Livia and Agrippina the Younger, were awarded the agnomen of Augusta ("Majestic"), a parallel of their husbands' (Augustus). Some empresses also added the nomen of their husband to their own, such as Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla, wife of Marcus Aurelius, or Annia Aurelia Faustina, wife of Elagabalus. Later examples include Galeria Valeria, wife of Galerius, and Flavia Maximiana Theodora, wife of Constantius I.
Late antiquity
In Late antiquity, women were frequently named for their mothers or other female relatives, who in turn were often named for female (or sometimes male) Christian saints. Thus the Empress Galla Placidia's name shows only her mother's name, not her father's. Other examples: Arria was a daughter of Thrasea Paetus and his wife Arria; and possibly Considia, daughter of Servilius Nonianus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming%20conventions%20for%20women%20in%20ancient%20Rome
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Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome
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Empresses bearing pagan names—e.g. Aelia Eudocia, formerly Athenaïs—were renamed to have more Christian names, sometimes for an earlier empress. A few empresses such as Theodora, wife of Justinian, were also allegedly renamed. Late Byzantine empresses bore Greek names since the principal language of the Byzantine Empire was not Latin but Greek:
Anna (meaning "grace/charm" or "mercy")
Agnes ("chaste" or "sacred"), a name of one of the earliest Christian saints, Agnes of Rome
Irene ("peace"),
Eudoxia ("good fame")
Euphrosyne ("joy")
Theodora ("god's gift")
Zoe ("life")
Suffixes
Many times women needed unofficial names to differenciate them between their relatives, this was often done with the help of suffixes, for example the diminutive suffix illa/ila (alternatively ulla/ula or olla/ola) meaning "small" or "little" was used often, for example: Julilla for a young Julia, Drusilla for a young Drusa. The suffix derived from the word ulla which was the word for a little pit and could be used to denote that the woman in question was a younger relative of someone with the same name, that she was still a little girl, or simply implying affection, for example Cicero's daughter Tullia was called by him "Tulliola" even as an adult despite not having any older sisters or other notable female relatives. Another suffix used was ina/inna which would imply relative of, for example "Agrippina was the daughter of Agrippa" or "Messalina was the daughter of Messala". The ina suffix was often used for cognomina which ended in "a", meaning that there was no generic way to feminize them.
A third rarer form was iana which could be added to the name of a woman whose father was adopted into another family or to indicate the family of her mother such as Ulpia Marciana who was the daughter of Marcia and Marcus Ulpius Traianus.
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11661508
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Parker%20%28cricketer%29
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Jack Parker (cricketer)
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John Frederick Parker (23 April 1913 – 26 January 1983) was an English cricketer. He was an all-rounder and a good slip fielder, whose long first-class career with Surrey linked the days of Jack Hobbs with those of Peter May.
A tall man, he might have achieved even more than he did but for back trouble. Even so, he was an essential member of the Surrey side for many years. As a batsman, he preferred to attack, and was an especially fine driver of the ball. He was often at his best in a crisis. He reached a thousand runs in a season nine times in succession (1938–1939 and 1946–1952 – this excludes 1945, in which season he played in only one match). His medium-paced bowling was generally steady rather than particularly penetrative. He took 50 or more wickets in a season 5 times, but never managed more than 67.
He never played Test cricket, although he was picked as a member of the party to India in 1939–40, for a tour which never took place because of the outbreak of World War II. The War also deprived him of six of what, judging by his age, might have been expected to be amongst his best seasons.
Most of his best years were after the war, for it was not until 1937 that he became a really valuable member of the side. He had his best season with the ball, in terms of his average, in 1946, taking 56 wickets at only 15.58 each. He made his highest score of 255 in 1949 against the touring New Zealanders, the innings taking only six and a half hours. That season was his best with the bat, both in terms of aggregate (1789) and average (40.65). He finished on a high note, retiring after the 1952 season in which Surrey won the County Championship outright for the first time since 1914, having shared the title in 1950.
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11661600
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton-on-Trent
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Walton-on-Trent
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Walton-on-Trent is a village within the civil parish of Walton-upon-Trent, in the National Forest in the South Derbyshire district in Derbyshire, England. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 Census was 872.
The bridge at Walton
King Edward II crossed the river in pursuit of the disaffected barons including the Earl of Lancaster. Listed buildings in the parish include Catton Hall, and Walton Hall. The original bridge was built in 1834 and lasted for over one hundred years before being replaced in 1948 by a temporary Bailey bridge. The Royal Engineers erected this over the top of the old bridge, part of which was removed to allow a support to be built on the Staffordshire bank of the river, the temporary bridge had to be built due to flood damage to the old bridge after the severe winter of 1947. This bridge had to again be replaced in 1974 by a more modern version of the temporary bridge. The old bridge was a toll bridge for many years and pictures of the "old bridge" and the toll house are still available.
Church
St Lawrence's Church, Walton-on-Trent, prominently boasts its founding as "c.1000" on the sign by its lychgate. At about that time it would have been in the ownership of Aelfgar, an Anglo-Saxon who also had interests which included manors at Weston-on-Trent, Newton Solney and Repton. It is his name that is given as the former owner of Walton-on-Trent's church, mill, of meadow and 35 square furlongs of pasture when the new king took them as part of his personal reward for winning the English crown.
The village has a Church of England school.
Catton Hall
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11661603
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w%20G%C5%82%C3%B3wny%20railway%20station
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Kraków Główny railway station
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Kraków Główny, in English Kraków Main, is the largest and the most centrally located railway station in Kraków, Poland.
The railway station was situated in a historical building, constructed between 1844 and 1847 by Rosenbaum, which lies parallel to the tracks. The design was chosen to allow for future line expansion. The station was initially a terminus of the KrakówUpper Silesia Railway (Kolej Krakowsko-Górnośląska, ). Trains entered the trainshed via a brick archway at the northern end of the station which was almost doubled in size in 1871. In 2014, a new building was opened.
In 2023, it served 23.4 million passengers, making it the country's third busiest railway station behind Wrocław Główny and Poznań Główny stations.
History and early connections
The station opened on 13 October 1847, with the first train leaving for Mysłowice (the point where the Austrian, German and Russian Empires adjoined during era of the partitions of Poland).
The railway line was extended eastwards in 1856, when the first section to Dębica (then Dembitz in the Habsburg Empire) of the future Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis connecting Kraków with Lwów (then Lemberg) in Galicia. The increasing traffic resulted in the station's modernization and enlargement in several stages between 1869 and 1894. The next substantial expansion took place in the 1930s in the reborn Polish Republic. At that time the northern brick wall and trainshed were demolished, the latter replaced by individual platform roofs.
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11661608
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrosideros%20robusta
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Metrosideros robusta
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Metrosideros robusta, the northern rātā, is a forest tree endemic to New Zealand. It grows up to or taller, and usually begins its life as a hemiepiphyte high in the branches of a mature forest tree; over centuries the young tree sends descending and girdling roots down and around the trunk of its host, eventually forming a massive, frequently hollow pseudotrunk composed of fused roots. In disturbed ground, or where there are gaps in the forest cover, northern rātā will grow on the ground with a normal but short trunk.
Distribution
Northern rātā is found in the North Island from Te Paki in the north to Wellington in the south. Formerly widespread, it is now uncommon over large parts of its former range, and is apparently absent from all but the south-east of Hawkes Bay. In the South Island, northern rātā is common from Nelson to Greymouth and Hokitika. It reaches its southern limit near Lake Mahinapua at 42°4′ South latitude. The natural habitat is forest along the coasts and in the lowlands. In some parts of its range northern rātā occurs in montane forest. Formerly, with rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) it was a dominant tree in a forest type known as rimu/rātā forest.
In 2024 an unusual 105 feet (32 meters) tall northern rātā near Karamea on the west coast of South Island, nicknamed the "walking tree" because of its pair of leg-like trunks resembling legs walking across a field, won the New Zealand Arboricultural Association's (NZ Arb)'s Tree of the Year Award with 42% of the public vote.
Description
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11661608
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrosideros%20robusta
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Metrosideros robusta
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Northern rātā is a massive tree, easily distinguished from other Metrosideros species by its small, leathery, dark green leaves that are 2–4 cm long, and have a distinct notch at the tip. Young growth is generally pink and covered in fine rust-coloured hairs that are gradually shed as the foliage ages but tend to persist at the midrib and in the vicinity of the leaf base. The flowers, borne in sprays on the tips of branches, are a mass of dark scarlet stamens. Flowering peaks between November and January, and seeds take a year or slightly more to ripen. The bark is usually brown or grey-brown and rather corky and provides an ideal stratum for the roots of epiphytic plants such as Astelia species and Freycinetia banksii (kiekie). The wood is reddish brown, and the manner of its growth results in a twisted grain.
Hemi-epiphytic growth habit
Northern rātā often begins life as hemi-epiphyte, and the resultant tree has a hollow trunk up to 4 m in diameter made up of interlocking roots that enclose the space left by the former host tree. The host tree of epiphytic northern rātā is usually rimu. In former times, the tree was described as a 'strangler', however it may be that rātā can only establish in trees that are already in decline. Northern rātā usually occurs in hardwood, podocarp, and southern beech forests. It is often associated with such species as rewarewa, tawa, hīnau, kānuka, kahikatea, kāmahi, kohekohe, pukatea and māhoe.
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11661648
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollsnes
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Kollsnes
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Kollsnes is a natural gas processing plant operated by Equinor on the southern part of the island of Oøy in Øygarden Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It processes the natural gas from the Troll, Kvitebjørn, and Visund gas fields. Kollsnes has a capacity of of natural gas per day.
Operation
At Kollsnes, the Natural gas liquids (NGL) are separated out of the gas. The dry gas is compressed and then shoved by large compressors out in the pipe systems that transport it to the customers. In 1999, it was decided that the gas from Kvitebjørn was to be landed at Kollsnes. The consistency of the gas from the field made it well suited to be reprocessed to upgraded products. The new plant that was built cost , with operations starting on 1 October 2004. Starting in October 2005, the gas from Visund is also landed at Kollsnes. With a capacity of gas per day and large flexibility, the new NGL plant can process gas from new fields that would be built.
Though the Vestprosess gas pipeline, the plant at Kollsnes is linked to the plants at Mongstad, where the NGL from Kollsnes is fractioned into propane, butane, and naphtha. The gas from Kollsnes is transported through the four pipe systems Statpipe, Zeepipe, Europipe I, and Franpipe to continental Europe and supplies Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the Czech Republic with gas. The pipes are owned by Gassled, operated by Gassco while the technical responsibility is handled by Equinor.
Power Consumption
In 2009, the electric power consumption of the plant was per year. This had increased from per year in 1996.
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11661731
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin%20Boys
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Lenin Boys
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On 19 May 1919, the Cserny group was disarmed in Gödöllő. To this end, the army high command mobilised two battalions and an artillery unit. Their weapons were as follows: seven 140 millimetre mortars, six 90 millimetre mortars, three 75 millimetre anti-tank guns, seven infantry guns, seven machine guns, 64 crates of bombs, 130 crates of hand grenades, 41 crates of machine gun ammunition, 115 crates of ammunition for infantry guns, 807 crates of ammunition for mortars. They also had eight cars and six trucks.
The majority of the group was sent to the front. 25 men continued to guard the Soviet House, and 43 men were assigned to the Political Investigation Department under the command of Ottó Korvin and Cserny. This became the "second Cserny group".
They often collaborated with the Lenin boys, led by Szamuely, the people of the Frontal Opposition Committee. The infamous armoured train of Szamuely was often manned by terrorists belonging to the Cherny group, who thus took part in the suppression of all major real or imagined counter-revolutionary uprisings.
At the beginning of June, Ottó Korvin informed the Cabinet that he could no longer cooperate with the V. subdivision headed by Cserny. However, the counter-revolutionary uprising that broke out on 24 June changed the situation. Cserny's group played an important role in putting down the anti-Communist rebellion.
After the Hungarian–Romanian War, Romanian Army troops entered Hungary and took Budapest on 6 August 1919, Kun and other members of the government fled. After the arrival of Miklós Horthy's counter-revolutionary death squads in Budapest three months later, anti-communist officers carried out waves of retributive violence against communists and their supporters (as well as suspected leftists of any stripe) known as the White Terror, wherein as many as 1,000 people were killed. As many communist leaders were ethnically Jewish, this encouraged antisemitic lynchings in Budapest by paramilitary forces.
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11661742
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Turner%20%28cricketer%2C%20born%201967%29
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Robert Turner (cricketer, born 1967)
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Robert Julian Turner (born 25 November 1967 in Malvern, Worcestershire) is an English former first-class cricketer. A right-handed wicketkeeper batsman, Turner started his career in 1988 with Cambridge University, whom he captained. He started playing with Somerset 3 years later and was their keeper until his retirement in 2005. He took 753 first-class dismissals in his 250-game career. Turner scored over 1000 runs in both 1997 and 1999.
During his career at Somerset he was not a full-time cricketer, but worked as a stockbroker for Rowan Dartington & Co Ltd which he joined full-time after his retirement from cricket.
Although he was never selected to play for England, Turner toured with the A team in Bangladesh and New Zealand during 1999/2000.
He is currently an A-Level Mathematics Teacher at Richard Huish College where he teaches mathematics. He also plays for Weston-super-Mare Cricket Club.
He has an older brother Simon who also played for Somerset between 1984 and 1985. He now plays for Weston-super-Mare Cricket Club as well as Axbridge Cricket Club where he lives.
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11661746
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll%20Motor%20Works
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Argyll Motor Works
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The Argyll Motor Works, currently known as Lomond Galleries, is a former car factory in Alexandria, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It was opened in 1906 by Argyll Motors Ltd, at the time the largest producer of cars in Scotland. After the Argyll company folded it was used as a torpedo factory, subsequently lying empty for many years, and is now a shopping centre. The elaborate structure is protected as a category A listed building.
History
Argyll Motors Ltd was established in Bridgeton, Glasgow, in 1899 as the Hozier Engineering Company. By 1905, the company was expanding production rapidly, and a new site at Alexandria, outside the city, was identified. Plans were drawn up by architect Charles James Halley, and the building was officially opened by John Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, on 26 June 1906. The factory covered , and was served by its own railway line and several streets of houses for the factory workers. The new facility cost over £200,000, and was designed to produce 2,500 cars per year. By 1907, production had passed 800 per year, but a series of technical experiments, and increasing competition, led to the company's decline. The high running costs of the huge factory, and the failure to adopt mass production, may also have contributed to the company's troubles. The final blow came in 1914 following a lawsuit brought by Daimler, which Argyll won, but the costs led to bankruptcy and production ceased.
The works, and its employees, were taken over by the Admiralty as a munitions factory during the First World War (1914–1919). Afterwards, it was briefly a silk works, but remained empty for most of the interwar period. In 1937, it was repurchased by the Admiralty and reopened as the Royal Naval Torpedo Factory, which operated into the 1950s. In the 1960s, the site is said to have been involved in Chevaline, a secret project to improve Britain's Polaris nuclear warheads.
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11661752
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz%20Ko%C5%82os
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Włodzimierz Kołos
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Włodzimierz Kołos (1928 - 1996) was a Polish chemist and physicist who was one of the founders of modern quantum chemistry, and pioneered accurate calculations on the electronic structure of molecules.
Life and scientific work
Kołos was born on September 6, 1928, in Pinsk. He received his M.Sc. in chemistry in 1950 and began his academic career as an organic chemist. However, he was soon attracted to theoretical physics. He began his graduate studies in theoretical physics in 1951 and completed his thesis in only two years. The University of Warsaw and the Polish Chemical Society award the Kołos Medal every two years to commemorate his life and career.
Kołos is best known for his work on the theory of electron correlation in molecules. In 1958 he went the University of Chicago, at a time when powerful computers were first becoming available for scientific work. He developed a new computer program to solve the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen molecule to unprecedented accuracy. In the early 1960s, Kołos and Wolniewicz published a number of pioneering papers on the potential energy curves of the hydrogen molecule, including several corrections to the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, including adiabatic, non-adiabatic, and relativistic terms. One result attracted particular attention: the calculated dissociation energy disagreed with the best experimental data then available, from Gerhard Herzberg’s group. A few years later Herzberg improved his experiment and obtained a new result that agreed with the theoretical prediction. This was the first time that quantum mechanical calculations on a molecule had proved more accurate than the best experiments. Herzberg himself emphasized the importance of this in his Nobel Prize lecture.
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11661753
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss%20Johannisburg
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Schloss Johannisburg
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Schloss Johannisburg is a schloss in the town of Aschaffenburg, in Franconia, in the state of Bavaria, Germany. It was erected between 1605 and 1614 by the architect for Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg, Prince Bishop of Mainz. Until 1803, it was the second residence of the Archbishop and Prince Elector of Mainz. It is constructed of red sandstone, the typical building material of the Spessart, the hills near Aschaffenburg.
Location
Schloss Johannisburg is located in the city of Aschaffenburg, in the district of Lower Franconia of the state of Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the center of the city, overlooking the river Main.
History
The palace was erected between 1605 and 1614 by the architect for Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg, Archbishop of Mainz. The considerable expense came from the taxes of his fief: Eichsfeld, Erfurt and the Mainzer Oberstift (the part of the Electorate administered from Aschaffenburg) made the largest financial contributions. A keep from the destroyed 14th-century castle that had formerly stood on the site was included in the construction and is the oldest part of the castle. The prior castle had been burned down along with most of the town on 10 August 1552 by the troops of Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach.
Until the end of the ecclesial principalities in Germany in 1803, Schloss Johannisburg was the second residence of the Prince Bishop of Mainz, the first residence being the Electoral Palace in Mainz. At the end of the 18th century, the interior had been restructured in the style of Classicism (or Neoclassicism) by .
Karl Theodor von Dahlberg, Archbishop of Mainz in 1803, retained the territory of Aschaffenburg — turned into the newly created Principality of Aschaffenburg — and was awarded other territories in compensation for territories west of the Rhine, including Mainz, which were annexed by France. From 1810 to 1813, Aschaffenburg was part of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. Aschaffenburg and Schloss Johannisburg then passed to the Kingdom of Bavaria.
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11661753
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss%20Johannisburg
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Schloss Johannisburg
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During the reign of Ludwig I, Schloss Johannisburg served as the summer residence of the King, who referred to Aschaffenburg as his "Bavarian Nice". He commissioned the construction of a Roman villa known as Pompejanum within sight of the palace.
The palace was nearly destroyed by US artillery in the closing days of World War II. Rebuilding started in 1951 and took more than twenty years.
Description
Schloss Johannisburg is one of the few mostly symmetrical palace buildings of the German Renaissance. The castle sits on a terrace overlooking the river, which Ridinger expanded in area and height, elevating the castle above even the highest flood lines. Four wings surround an almost square interior court. The buildings have three floors each with the exterior structured only by fascia and a central three-tiered transverse gable in each roof. A tower is located on each the four corners, extending outward beyond the building line. From a square foundation the towers turn octagonal from the seventh floor upwards. The towers are topped by slate roofs with roof lanterns. The symmetry of the structure is only broken by the old keep which extends into the courtyard from the north wing. It is crowned by a steep roof with four small decorative towerlets at the corners. This roof design was in contrast to Ridinger's plans, who had intended the central keep to mirror the appearance of the castle's corner towers.
Small round stairway towers are located in the four corners of the court. The Schlosskirche or chapel is in the north wing. It extends through the ground and upper floor, with a rib vault referencing Gothic style. The chapel's altar, made from alabaster and marble, is by . It features a statue of Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg, holding a model of the castle.
The castle is built from Buntsandstein, notably from the quarries of Obernburg and Miltenberg. Although the exterior walls are largely devoid of ornamentation, numerous artistic carvings were added to the gables and the gateways.
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11661795
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Slovakia
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Culture of Slovakia
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Visual art in Slovakia is represented through painting, drawing, printmaking, illustration, arts and crafts, sculpture, photography or conceptual art. The Slovak National Gallery founded in 1948, is the biggest network of galleries in Slovakia. Two displays in Bratislava are situated in Esterházy Palace (Esterházyho palác) and the Water Barracks (Vodné kasárne), adjacent one to another. They are located on the Danube riverfront in the Old Town.
The Bratislava City Gallery, founded in 1961 is the second biggest Slovak gallery of its kind. It stores about 35,000 pieces of Slovak and international art and offers permanent displays in Pálffy Palace and Mirbach Palace, located in the Old Town. Danubiana Art Museum, one of the youngest art museums in Europe, is situated near Čunovo waterworks (part of Gabčíkovo Waterworks). Other major galleries include: Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art (Warhol's parents were from Miková), East Slovak Gallery, Ernest Zmeták Art Gallery, Zvolen Castle.
Architecture
The buildings were constructed from various building materials with characteristic architecture. In the more mountainous parts of Slovakia it was often wood. The roofs were covered with wooden shingles and ornate gables. For the construction of simpler dwellings was also used clay with straw. Such buildings were typical especially for the southern parts of Slovakia, Záhorie and Považie. Earthen buildings were built by "charging" technology, when the induced clay was compressed, charged perpendicularly between the slab formwork, creating both the peripheral and transverse walls of the house.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Slovakia
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Culture of Slovakia
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The typical architecture of individual regions is preserved by the folk architecture conservation reserves. The most famous are Velké Leváre, Brhlovce, Sebechleby, Čičmany, Špania Dolina, Vlkolínec, Podbiel and Ždiar. There are currently 10 open-air museums in Slovakia. They are located in various parts of the country: Museum of the Slovak Village in Martin on Turci, Vychylovka in Kysuce, Zuberec in Orava, Pribylina in Liptov, Svidník in Saris, Humenne in Zemplin, Nitra in the Danube region, etc.
There are also many castles, chateaus, churches, manor houses and other cultural monuments in Slovakia. According to some sources, Slovakia has the highest concentration of castles per capita. A more durable stone was used in their construction. Interesting are also urban monument reserves, which are in most of historical cities: Bratislava, Banska Stiavnica, Kosice, Bardejov, Levoca, Banska Bystrica and others. An integral part of Slovak architecture are wooden churches, which have been built on the local territory since the second half of the 15th century. At present, there are around 40 wooden churches in Slovakia. Not all of them are accessible and some of them are part of open-air museums.
Literature
For a list of notable Slovak writers and poets, see List of Slovak authors.
Christian topics include: poem Proglas as a foreword to the four Gospels, partial translations of the Bible into Old Church Slavonic, Zakon sudnyj ljudem.
Medieval literature, in the period from the 11th to the 15th centuries, was written in Latin, Czech and Slovakised Czech. Lyric (prayers, songs and formulas) was still controlled by the Church, while epic was concentrated on legends. Authors from this period include Johannes de Thurocz, author of the Chronica Hungarorum and Maurus, both of them Hungarians. The worldly literature also emerged and chronicles were written in this period.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Slovakia
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Culture of Slovakia
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There were two leading persons who codified the Slovak language. The first was Anton Bernolák whose concept was based on the western Slovak dialect in 1787. It was the codification of the first ever literary language of Slovaks. The second was Ľudovít Štúr, whose formation of the Slovak language took principles from the central Slovak dialect in 1843.
Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Matej Bel, Ján Kollár, and its political revolutionaries and reformists, such Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubček.
Cuisine
Traditional Slovak cuisine is based mainly on pork, poultry (chicken is the most widely eaten, followed by duck, goose, and turkey), flour, potatoes, cabbage, and milk products. It is relatively closely related to Hungarian, Czech and Austrian cuisine. On the east it is also influenced by Ukrainian cuisine. In comparison with other European countries, "game meat" is more accessible in Slovakia due to vast resources of forest and because hunting is relatively popular. Boar, rabbit, and venison are generally available throughout the year. Lamb and goat are eaten but are not widely popular.
The traditional Slovak meals are bryndzové halušky, bryndzové pirohy and other meals with potato dough and bryndza. Bryndza is a salty cheese made of a sheep milk, characterised by a strong taste and aroma. Bryndzové halušky must be on the menu of every traditional Slovak restaurant.
A typical soup is a sauerkraut soup ("kapustnica"). A blood sausage called "krvavnica", made from any and all parts of a butchered pig is also a specific Slovak meal.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catton%20Hall
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Catton Hall
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Catton Hall is a country house near the boundary between Derbyshire and Staffordshire, within the civil parish of Catton. It gives its postal address as Walton-on-Trent although there was a village of Catton at one time. It is a Grade II* listed building.
The Manor of Catton was acquired at the beginning of the 15th century by Roger Horton. Members of the family served as High Sheriff of Derbyshire. In 1765 Christopher Horton (d.1768) married Anne, daughter of Simon Luttrell, 1st Earl of Carhampton and later wife of Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn (brother of King George III). In the 19th century Anne Beatrix Horton, heiress of the estate, married Robert Wilmot
thus creating the Wilmot-Horton family. On the death of the fifth Wilmot-Horton Baronet in 1887, the estate passed to his niece Augusta-Theresa who married in 1851 to Rev. Arthur Henry Anson, rector of Potterhanworth, Lincolnshire and son of Hon. Rev. Frederick Anson, Dean of Chester, born at the Anson family home Shugborough Hall.
Catton Hall is now owned by the Neilson family, descendants of Anson-Horton family, descendants of the fifth Baronet, Rev. Sir George Wilmot-Horton. The manor house which had been there since the 15th century was replaced by the current building in 1745. It was built for Christopher Horton, who had rejected many designs before finally accepting a grand design from William Smith in a more baroque style than had been seen at Chatsworth House and more recently and more like Calke Abbey. The building is nine bays wide and three storeys high. Behind the Hall is an 1892 constructed chapel which has a Norman Font (possibly from when the village was mentioned in Domesday).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas%3A%20The%20Legend
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Pocahontas: The Legend
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Pocahontas: The Legend is a 1995 Canadian drama film that fictionalizes the young life of the historical figure of Chief Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas and her relationship with Captain John Smith. This film, preceding Disney's animation version, was directed by Danièle J. Suissa, and stars Sandrine Holt as the titular heroine. It was entirely shot around Toronto and Six Nations of the Grand River in Ontario, Canada.
This is the third live-action feature film based on the life of Pocahontas and John Smith, the others being Pocahontas and John Smith (1924) and Captain John Smith and Pocahontas (1953). John Rolfe, the second husband of Pocahontas, does not appear in this motion picture.
Two actors in this film have been involved in other Pocahontas-related projects. Gordon Tootoosis previously voiced Kekata the shaman in Disney's 1995 animated film. Billy Merasty, who acted as Kocoum, would ten years later portray a Kiskiack in The New World.
Plot
In 1607, an English expedition arrives on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay. As John Smith explores the area, he encounters the beautiful Pocahontas. Sir Edwin Wingfield kills an eagle, which nearly causes a conflict with Powhatan warrior Kocoum. Opachisco, a Native American guide to the English, informs the men that they have landed in the Powhatan Confederacy. The expedition names their new settlement Fort James.
At the main Powhatan village, Kocoum and his father, Mochiqua, warn others not to trust the Europeans. Pocahontas encourages her father, Chief Powhatan, to trade with them for firearms. He agrees and orders his people to not attack the newcomers. A group of Powhatan men meet with the English, and Captain Newport offers metal goblets as a gift. Kocoum rejects them and demands guns, but Newport will only give such a valuable gift to a chief. The angers Kocoum and the Powhatans abruptly leave.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas%3A%20The%20Legend
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Pocahontas: The Legend
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Wingfield orders his men to pan for gold in the James River, but they come up empty handed. Sickness spreads in the fort, so Smith, Opachisco, and three other men leave to trade for medicine. While they are traveling, Powhatan warriors ambush and kill everyone, except for Smith. Wingfield believes Smith orchestrated the attack so he could "go native" and hoard gold.
Smith is brought to the Powhatan village, beaten, and sentenced to death. During the execution, Pocahontas intervenes and claims him as her captive. As she nurses him back to health, they fall in love. Smith sends Pocahontas’s younger brother, Japazaws, to the fort with a message explaining his whereabouts. The boy is intercepted by Wingfield, who steals the message and then lies to Newport that Japazaws was sent by Smith to steal guns. This convinces Newport to declare Smith a traitor.
When Smith returns to the fort he is arrested. Pocahontas speaks on his behalf and demands his release. When Smith’s stolen letter is found, Newport realizes that he's been deceived. Wingfield is removed from the fort’s governing council, and Smith is freed.
The English deliver firearms and ammunition as a gift to Chief Powhatan. Later on, Mochiqua reveals to the Chief that the box of ammunition is actually filled with rocks. Pocahontas accuses Mochiqua of switching out the ammunition to make the English appear dishonest. As they bicker, the Chief realizes the lure of firearms is dividing his people.
Wingfield and Kocoum take Pocahontas captive, and Japazaws alerts Smith. In the ensuing fight, Smith kills a Powhatan, and Pocahontas shoots Wingfield dead. Kocoum returns to the village and convinces the Chief to go to war. Pocahontas challenges Kocoum to a trial by fire to prove that she is truthful. He loses the contest and is executed. The Chief calls off the war, but still wants Smith killed. Pocahontas begs her father to show mercy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20Institute%20of%20Ocean%20Sciences
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Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
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Research programs
ASU BIOS has a range of research programs investigating the role of the ocean in global climate, the health of coral reefs, and the connection between healthy oceans and healthy people. The geographical range is not restricted to the waters around Bermuda, but also extends to the Arctic, the Antarctic and the tropics. The Center for Integrated Ocean Observations program is an international collaboration of oceanographers and climate scientists. Taking advantage of Bermuda's unique position, their goal is to better understand the biological, chemical and physical processes that take place in the ocean and the ocean's role in regulating the Earth's climate. The International Center for Ocean and Human Health is designed to address both health of the ocean (such as pollution threats) and health from the ocean (including nutrients and pharmaceutical applications). Working with experts on ocean acidification, coral reefs, ecotoxicology, algal biofuel, and the carbon cycle. The Risk Prediction Initiative (RPI) program brings climate scientists and insurers together to collaborate to identify new directions for climate research. Matching the institute's unique research ability with Bermuda's insurance market, this business-science partnership provides rapid, current and comprehensive information to those parts of the business community affected by environmental change.
Research vessel
The R/V Atlantic Explorer is a research vessel owned and operated by the ASU Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences and is supported by the National Science Foundation and ASU BIOS. It operates in compliance with United States Coast Guard, University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) and American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) rules and regulations.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20Institute%20of%20Ocean%20Sciences
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Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
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The 168 ft Atlantic Explorer is equipped with navigation, laboratory and mechanical systems and equipment to support biological, geological, chemical and physical oceanographic research. Deploying and recovering deep ocean instrumentation moorings, conducting CTD casts, chemical sampling, and gear testing are among the number of operations within the ship's capabilities.
Ready access of two hours or more from Bermuda to the deep ocean makes the Atlantic Explorer useful for both short and extended cruises, for repetitive sampling and time-series research, and for projects requiring analytical and other sophisticated shore facilities.
History
Founded in 1903 and incorporated in New York as a US not-for-profit institution in 1926, in its initial years ASU BIOS was a seasonal field station for visiting zoologists and biologists to take advantage of Bermuda's diverse marine environment. After the Second World War, BIOS became a year-round research center, anchored by the establishment in 1954 of Hydrostation 'S': regular deep ocean observations of a single point in the ocean that continue today, creating the longest continuous oceanic database in the world. During the following few decades, increasing numbers of visiting scientists brought an increased emphasis on biological and geological studies.
Resident scientific programs strengthened in the 1980s as the institute became a key link in an international effort to describe and understand the ocean-atmosphere system. In 1998, BIOS established the International Center for Ocean and Human Health, considered the first of its kind to explore the ocean health/human health connection on a global scale. The Center for Integrated Ocean Observations was established in 1999 and uses new technologies to build on a century of marine research at the institute.
Other notable dates:
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Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
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1928 to 1939, oceanographic explorer William Beebe worked in Bermuda. During those years, Beebe visited ASU BIOS (then the Bermuda Biological Station for Research) and worked with BIOS staff. While Beebe is best remembered for his Bathysphere dives at Nonsuch Island, he made a number of other significant scientific contributions during his stay, mainly the discovery of new species of marine life.
1978: Oceanic Flux Program begins, the longest record of deep ocean sediment-trap studies in the world.
1988: Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) begins, establishing ASU BIOS as one of two US centers for time-series studies on temporal variability in the ocean and providing key data on changing climate and the ocean.
1994: Risk Prediction Initiative, a collaboration between climate scientists and reinsurers, is established.
2021: The Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences joins Arizona State University as a research unit within the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory, enhancing its position to explore research and applied solutions in the marine science sector, aligning with the Global Futures Laboratory's mission to shape a future in which life thrives on a healthy planet.
2022: The ASU College of Global Futures announces the launch of its fourth school, the School of Ocean Futures, with a substantial portion of its faculty, research and field study based at ASU BIOS.
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11661953
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthananga%20Sutra
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Sthananga Sutra
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Sthananga Sutra (Sanskrit: Sthānāṅgasūtra; Prakrit: Ṭhāṇaṃgasutta) (c. 3rd-4th century BCE) forms part of the first eleven Angas of the Jaina Canon which have survived despite the bad effects of this Hundavasarpini kala as per the Śvetāmbara belief. This is the reason why, under the leadership of Devardhigani Ksamasramana, the eleven Angas of the Śvetāmbara canon were formalised and reduced to writing. This took place at Valabhi 993 years after Māhavīra's nirvana. (466 CE). In the vacana held at Valabhi, in Gujarat, the Sthananga Sutra was finalised and redacted. The language used is Ardhamāgadhī Prakrit. The mula sutras of the Sthananga Sutra are difficult to understand without the help of a commentary or tika. Hence, in the 11th century CE, Abhayadevasuri wrote a comprehensive Sanskrit gloss on the Sthananga Sutra.
Description
The Sthānāngasūtra is known in Prakrit as the Thanam. Hence, the style of the Sthananga Sutra is unique. It is divided into ten chapters, and each chapter enumerates certain topics according to their numbers. Each chapter is titled as a
Thana. (Sanskrit: Sthānā) This āgama defines and catalogues the main substances of the Jain metaphysics. Diverse topics such as the Dharmakathanuyoga, Carananuyoga, Karananuyoga and Dravyanuyoga are covered. While the focus is on Karananuyoga, this unique āgama serves as a huge anthology to all branches of Jaina knowledge.
Because all topics, terms and things are thought of as fitting well with number one, number two, and so on, up to number ten, and because they are listed accordingly, the word "sthāna" in the titles of the ten chapters as well as in the title of our work means "place". The Sthānāngasūtra is an anga-text in which "terms and things" are listed in their "right place". Sthānānga maybe considered as a memory aid for an ācārya, so that he might not forget the varied subject matters he wants to teach. With this work he has a kind of guideline for his lessons at hand and can easily reply to questions asked by his disciples.
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