id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
381
| title
stringlengths 1
211
| text
stringlengths 1.02k
2.05k
| edu_quality
float64 1.91
4.03
| naive_quality
int64 0
0
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11661953
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthananga%20Sutra
|
Sthananga Sutra
|
Importance of Sthānāngasūtra can be gauged from the fact that Vyavahāra Chedasūtra (10, 20-34) mentions that it is suitable to be studied only by those ascetics, who have at least eight years standing in monkhood. Furthermore it is stated that only a monk who knows the Sthānānga by heart may attain the position of an ācārya, which entitles him to supervise the monks and nuns in regard to their conduct and study.
Authorship
The first sūtra in the Sthānānga goes as follows: sūyam me āusam tenam Bhagavayā evam akkhāyam - "I have heard, o Long-Lived one, that the Venerable (i.e. Mahāvīra) has said thus." From this it can be gauged that as per the tradition it was recited by ganadhara Sudharman, the fifth direct disciple of Mahāvīra, to his disciple Jambūsvāmin.
Contribution to Indian Mathematics
Sthananga Sutra lists the topics which made up the mathematics studied from the time of 2nd century BCE onwards. In fact this list of topics sets the scene for the areas of study for a long time to come in the Indian subcontinent. The topics are listed in as: the theory of numbers, arithmetical operations, geometry, operations with fractions, simple equations, cubic equations, quartic equations, and permutations and combinations. It also gives classifications of five types of infinities.
The topics of mathematics, according to the Sthananga-sutra (sutra 747) are ten in numbers:
Parikarma (four fundamental operations)
Vyavahara (subjects of treatment)
Rajju (geometry)
Rashi (mensuration of solid bodies)
Kalasavarna (fractions)
Yavat-tavat (simple equation)
Varga (quadratic equation)
Ghana (cubic equation)
Varga-varga (biquadratic equation)
Vikalpa (permutation and combination)
However, the historians of mathematics differ in explaining some of the terms from the commentator, Abhayadeva Suri (1050 AD).
English translations
Popular English translations are:
Illustrated Sthananga Sutram in 2 volumes, (Prakrit - Hindi - English), Ed. by Pravartaka Amar Muni, Eng. tr. by Surendra Bothra
| 2.4375
| 0
|
11661976
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda%20Atlantic%20Time-series%20Study
|
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study
|
The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) is a long-term oceanographic study by the Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS). Based on regular (monthly or better) research cruises, it samples an area of the western Atlantic Ocean nominally at the coordinates . The cruise programme routinely samples physical properties such as ocean temperature and salinity, but focuses on variables of biological or biogeochemical interest including: nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicic acid), dissolved inorganic carbon, oxygen, HPLC of pigments, primary production and sediment trap flux. The BATS cruises began in 1988 but are supplemented by biweekly Hydrostation "S" cruises to a neighbouring location () that began in 1954. The data collected by these cruises are available online.
Scientific Findings
Between 1998 and 2013, research conducted at BATS has generated over 450 peer-reviewed articles. Among the findings are measurements showing the gradual acidification of the surface ocean, where surface water pH, carbonate ion concentration, and the saturation state for calcium carbonate minerals, such as aragonite, have all decreased since 1998. Additionally, studies at BATS have shown changes in the Revelle factor, suggesting that the capacity of North Atlantic Ocean surface waters to absorb carbon dioxide has diminished, even as seawater pCO2 has kept pace with increasing atmospheric pCO2.
| 2.46875
| 0
|
11662028
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Derbyshire%20%28swimmer%29
|
John Derbyshire (swimmer)
|
John Henry "Rob" Derbyshire (29 November 1878 – 25 November 1938) was an English freestyle swimmer and water polo player from Chorlton, Lancashire, who competed in the 1900 Summer Olympics (maybe), 1906 Intercalated Games, 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics. He and Alice Derbyshire founded swimming clubs in Hammersmith.
Life
At the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens, Derbyshire won a bronze medal as a member of the British 4×250 metre freestyle relay team and also competed in the 100 metre freestyle and 400 metre freestyle events. Two years later, in London, he won a gold medal as a member of the British 4×200 metre freestyle relay team and was second in his heat of 100 metre freestyle and did not advance. Four years later, in Stockholm, he was third in his heat of 100 metre freestyle and did not advance. The International Olympic Committee credits him with a gold medal in water polo at the 1900 Summer Olympics, but this is incorrect as sources contemporary to the Games indicate that he was in England too soon after the tournament to have been in Paris. The Daily Telegraph, dated Saturday, August 11, 1900 reported that Derbyshire did not make the trip and was replaced by Thomas Coe, who like Derbyshire, was a member of the Osborne Swimming Club.
In 1921, Derbyshire was a founding member of the Penguin Swimming Club, later becoming the Hammersmith Penguin Swimming Club through their merger with the Hammersmith Ladies Swimming Club (which was founded by his wife Alice five years before in 1916).
Legacy
In 1950, Alice Derbyshire gave a shield to the club she had co-founded in memory of her husband. It was later named the Rob Derbyshire Memorial Trophy and is awarded yearly to the person who has done best for the club.
In 1976, the club he and Alice Derbyshire had created was renamed the West London Penguin Swimming and Water Polo Club.
In 2005, he was posthumously inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
11662037
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil%20Plains%2C%20Queensland
|
Cecil Plains, Queensland
|
Cecil Plains is a rural town and locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Cecil Plains had a population of 380 people.
Geography
Cecil Plains is in the Darling Downs, west of the state capital, Brisbane. The fertile black soil around Cecil Plains is ideal for cotton production and the town is now the home of one of the largest cotton gins in the southern hemisphere.
Road infrastructure
The Pampas-Horrane Road (State Route 82) enters the locality from the south and then turns west on Toowoomba–Cecil Plains Road. In the town State Route 82 turns north on Dalby–Cecil Plains Road. Millmerran-Cecil Plains Road and Cecil Plains-Moonie Road both enter from the west.
History
European settlement in the area began in 1842, when Henry Stuart Russell claimed land around the Condamine River to establish Cecil Plains station. The site of the station homestead was to become the site of the town. Ludwig Leichhardt used the homestead as a base for two expeditions into the surrounding region in 1844 and 1847. The station originally grazed cattle but later moved to wool production.
The town takes its name from the pastoral station, which in turn was named after Russell's mother Cecil Charlotte Russell, née Pemberton.
In 1877, of land was resumed from the Cecil Plains pastoral run to establish smaller farms. The land was offered for selection on 24 April 1877.
Cecil Plains Provisional School opened on 17 January 1898. It closed briefly in 1910 and 1912 and then again from 10 October 1917 to 17 June 1919. It became Cecil Plains State School on 1 February 1922. In 1964, a secondary department was added. In 1975, a pre-school centre was added.
In 1916, Cecil Plains station was acquired by the Queensland government and subdivided for closer settlement, with some parcels reserved for soldier settlers. The new settlers produced mainly wheat and dairy.
The Cecil Plains railway arrived in 1919 with the town being served by the Cecil Plains railway station ().
| 2.140625
| 0
|
11662072
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%20Greek%20constitutional%20referendum
|
1968 Greek constitutional referendum
|
A constitutional referendum was held in Greece on 15 November 1968. Voters were asked whether they wished to ratify a new constitution prepared by the dictatorial regime. It was approved by 92.1% of voters, with a voter turnout of 77.7%.
Background
A military junta, presided over by Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos, had ruled Greece since a group of middle-ranking officers staged a coup on 21 April 1967. King Constantine II reluctantly endorsed the coup, but started preparing for a counter-coup by elements of the armed forces loyal to him. The counter-coup, launched on 13 December 1967, failed, and the King and the royal family fled to Italy. In the aftermath of the royal coup attempt, the King was replaced by a regent, General Georgios Zoitakis, and Papadopoulos assumed the post of Prime Minister.
On 16 December, Papadopoulos announced that the new constitution, which had been prepared by a committee of legal experts under Charilaos Mitrelias, President of the Council of State, was to be formally presented to the people on 16 March 1968, and subsequently confirmed by a plebiscite in summer. The original draft of the Mitrelias Committee, however, was deemed too liberal, and was heavily amended in the following months. In its final form, as presented on 11 July 1968, it retained the monarchy, but granted the armed forces autonomy from governmental and parliamentary control and entrusted them with the role of guardians of the status quo, it imposed restrictions on political parties and established a constitutional watchdog, the Constitutional Court, with wide-ranging powers, to regulate the country's political life.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
11662126
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosthill
|
Dosthill
|
Dosthill is an area of Tamworth, Staffordshire, 2.5 miles south of the town centre, and close to the River Tame. The area is mostly residential, centering on Dosthill High Street, with local employment on the adjoining Tame Valley Industrial Estate. The High Street includes a public house called 'The Fox' and Dosthill Primary School (photo) which dates back to 1887.
Etymology
The name Dosthill is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, in the form Dercelai. The next attestations, more representative of subsequent examples, are Dercetehull and Dercetehille, found from 1195 into the thirteenth century. It has been proposed that the whole name originated in Old English, comprising the words ("deer-shelter") and ("hill"). But twenty-first-century scholarship has preferred the explanation that the first part of the name comes from the Common Brittonic words that survive in modern Welsh as ("oaks") and ("woodland"), referring to the adjacent wolds. This Brittonic name, thought to be found also in Avon Dasset and Burton Dasset was then extended by Old English-speakers with the element hyll.
History
Dosthill is a small ancient hamlet and is mentioned in the Domesday Book. It has quickly grown in size up until recent centuries, when a large number of housing developments have been constructed. The area will continue to grow in size in the near future, with many more planning proposals in the pipeline and the area becoming more desirable to young families. Dosthill School was 125 years old in 2012
Until 1965 Dosthill was a village in the county of Warwickshire, associated with the larger village of Kingsbury, Warwickshire some three miles to the south. The county boundaries were altered in that year partly to accommodate the expanding town of Tamworth, Staffordshire and Dosthill became part of that town, moving into Staffordshire by default. The nearby hamlet of Whateley remained in Warwickshire. The county boundary is now at the southern edge of the village.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
11662126
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosthill
|
Dosthill
|
Originally most of the buildings in the area were agricultural. In the late 18th and 19th centuries the village was developed with the building of a number of farms and cottages. By the 20th century Dosthill had been transformed into a coalmining and brick making village.
There are 2 important historical buildings in the village which form part of a conservation area.
The oldest building is Dosthill Chapel, which is a Norman building that dates from the 12th century, but has some later additional architectural features. The building is now used as a Sunday school, day nursery and parish room.
Cruck Bern is one of the most important timber-framed buildings in the area and dates from the 15th century.
In 1870 St. Paul's Church was opened and replaced Dosthill Chapel as the principal place of worship. The building was designed by Edward Holmes of Birmingham. The church continues to be a functioning parish church. The foundation stone was laid by Farmer Cheatle, a member of one of the main four original families of Dosthill. The other three families are the Laytons, Tolsons and Tromans, descendants of whom still live in the village today.
Dosthill Hall is also a building of historic significance. It is a Georgian mansion originally owned by the Tolson family. Some people have linked Dosthill Hall with Sir Robert Peel but Sir Robert Peel or the Peel family neither lived at Dosthill Hall nor ever owned it. The building and grounds have now been restored and converted into a number of apartments.
Leisure
Dosthill is a popular place for scuba divers, water skiers and bird watchers.
A former quarry is now a diving centre and is considered to be the oldest inland dive site in the country. The quarry site consists of several submerged features for divers to explore, including numerous vans, caravans and other vehicles. There are also some good diving platforms for training. No other water activities such as fishing, water skiing, or the use of speed boats or jet skis are allowed on this site.
| 2.546875
| 0
|
11662146
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samayanallur
|
Samayanallur
|
Samayanallur is a small town located on National Highway 7, 12 kilometers from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. The main town just lies between the strip formed by the NH7 and Rail Track. On the south side is the river Vaigai and on the north side is Todaneri Lake ("Todaneri Kanmaai"). The main reason for bearing this name "Samayanallur" is due to its diversity in having all religion people staying together without any religious issues. To be more specific, "Samayam = religions" and "Nallur = life being good" together stands as Samayanallur. Samayanallur is where the conjoined road diverted to the next biggest towns called "Cholavandhan" and "Vadipatti". It is located near a village called 'Paravai'; the place being popular after a lady singer cum actress 'Paravai Muniammaa'. It is also situated near Thuvariman.
Community
The majority of the people are Hindus, followed by Christians and Muslims. Though most of the previous generation people were focused on farming in this town, recently people do business or some other work in nearby cities around Madurai.
Education
There is a Government higher secondary School. Colonized through British rule, the western influence in Samayanallur education brought forth western teachings of culture and history
Samayanallur also has St. Joseph's High School, a school that is going to celebrate its Platinum Jubilee. In the Center of the campus is the ancient Catholic Church built by French Jesuit missionaries. Many of the Alumni of the school are now Doctors, Lawyers, Engineers and Entrepreneurs.
Festivals
The prominent festival of Samayanallur is Veeraiah Kovil Thiruvizha for 15 days celebration. It is celebrated once in four years subjected to the unity of various groups in the town. This festival is a week-long festival. It ends with famous "Valli Thirumana Nadagam" and "Arichandiran Nadagam".
Politics
Solavandhan assembly constituency (SC) is a part of Theni (Lok Sabha constituency).
| 1.992188
| 0
|
11662151
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertable%20control
|
Watertable control
|
In geotechnical engineering, watertable control is the practice of controlling the height of the water table by drainage. Its main applications are in agricultural land (to improve the crop yield using agricultural drainage systems) and in cities to manage the extensive underground infrastructure that includes the foundations of large buildings, underground transit systems, and extensive utilities (water supply networks, sewerage, storm drains, and underground electrical grids).
Description and definitions
Subsurface land drainage aims at controlling the water table of the groundwater in originally waterlogged land at a depth acceptable for the purpose for which the land is used. The depth of the water table with drainage is greater than without.
Purpose
In agricultural land drainage, the purpose of water table control is to establish a depth of the water table (Figure 1) that no longer interferes negatively with the necessary farm operations and crop yields (Figure 2, made with the SegReg model, see the page: segmented regression).
In addition, land drainage can help with soil salinity control.
The soil's hydraulic conductivity plays an important role in drainage design.
The development of agricultural drainage criteria is required to give the designer and manager of the drainage system a target to achieve in terms of maintenance of an optimum depth of the water table.
Optimization
Optimization of the depth of the water table is related to the benefits and costs of the drainage system (Figure 3). The shallower the permissible depth of the water table, the lower the cost of the drainage system to be installed to achieve this depth. However, the lowering of the originally too shallow depth by land drainage entails side effects. These have also to be taken into account, including the costs of mitigation of negative side effects.
The optimization of drainage design and the development of drainage criteria are discussed in the article on drainage research.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
11662151
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertable%20control
|
Watertable control
|
The design of subsurface drainage systems in terms layout, depth and spacing of the drains is often done using subsurface drainage equations with parameters like drain depth, depth of the water table, soil depth, hydraulic conductivity of the soil and drain discharge. The drain discharge is found from an agricultural water balance.
The computations can be done using computer models like EnDrain, which uses the hydraulic equivalent of Joule's law in electricity.
Drainage by wells
Subsurface drainage of groundwater can also be accomplished by pumped wells (vertical drainage, in contrast to horizontal drainage). Drainage wells have been used extensively in the Salinity Control and Reclamation Program (SCARP) in the Indus valley of Pakistan. Although the experiences were not overly successful, the feasibility of this technique in areas with deep and permeable aquifers is not to be discarded. The well spacings in these areas can be so wide (more than 1000m) that the installation of vertical drainage systems could be relatively cheap compared to horizontal subsurface drainage (drainage by pipes, ditches, trenches, at a spacing of 100m or less). For the design of a well field for control of the water table, the WellDrain model may be helpful.
Classification
A classification of drainage systems is found in the article Drainage system (agriculture).
Effects on crop yield
Most crops need a water table at a minimum depth. For some important food and fiber crops a classification was made because at shallower depths the crop suffers a yield decline.
(Where DWT = depth to water table)
| 2.515625
| 0
|
11662152
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Ryerson
|
George Ryerson
|
George Sterling Ansel Ryerson (January 21, 1855 – May 20, 1925) was an Ontario physician, businessman, and political figure. He represented Toronto in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1893 to 1898 as a Conservative and then Conservative-Protestant Protective Association member.
Background
He was born in Toronto on January 21, 1855, the son of George Ryerson and Isabella Dorcas Sterling, and studied in Galt and then at the Trinity Medical School in Toronto, receiving his MD in 1876. He continued his studies in Europe. In 1880, he set up practice in Toronto and also lectured on eye, ear and throat diseases at Trinity Medical School. Ryerson was also surgeon at the Andrew Mercer Eye and Ear Infirmary. He was surgeon with the Royal Grenadiers (10th battalion), serving during the North-West Rebellion. Ryerson helped found the Association of Medical Officers of the Canadian Militia and served as president from 1908 to 1909. He was later named honorary colonel for the Canadian Army Medical Corps. Ryerson helped establish the St John Ambulance Association in Ontario and the Canadian Red Cross Society.
On November 14, 1882, he married Mary Amelia Crowther, daughter of barrister James Crowther. They had five children: George Crowther (born 1883), Yoris Sterling (born 1886), Eric Egerton (born 1888), Arthur Connaught (born 1890), and Laura Mary (born 1893). His wife's sister, Sarah Ellen Crowther, married the Right Hon. Sir William Mulock, PC, KCMG, KC, MP, afterwards Post-Master-General and Chief Justice of Ontario. Mary Crowther Ryerson and daughter Laura were passengers aboard the Lusitania when it was sunk off the Irish coast in May 1915. Laura survived, Mary did not.
On June 8, 1916, he remarried to Elizabeth Van Hook Thomas, daughter of Edwin Ross Thomas. Ryerson retired from his medical practice in 1920 and moved to Niagara-on-the-Lake. Elizabeth died on September 4, 1924. Ryerson died of a heart attack in Toronto on May 20, 1925.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
11662195
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin%20District
|
Afrin District
|
Afrin District (, Kurdish: Herêma Efrînê) is a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of Afrin. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 172,095. Syria's Afrin District fell under the control of the People's Protection Units (YPG) around 2012 and an "Afrin Canton" was declared in 2014, followed by an "Afrin Region" in 2017. During Operation Olive Branch, the entire district was captured by Turkey and its allies.
History
The area around Afrin developed as the center of a distinctive Sufi Kurdish tradition. In modern post-independence Syria, the Kurdish society of the district was subject to heavy-handed Arabization policies by the Damascus government.
Syrian civil war
In the course of the Syrian civil war, Damascus government forces pulled back from the district in spring 2012 to give way to the People's Protection Units (YPG) and autonomous self-government under the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, which was formally declared on 29 January 2014. Until 2018, violence in Afrin was minor, involving artillery shelling by Jabhat al-Nusra as well as by Turkey.
Afrin was captured by the Turkish Land Forces and Syrian National Army (SNA) as a result of the 2018 Afrin offensive. Tens of thousands of Kurdish refugees fled from Afrin City before its capture by the SNA in March 2018, and the YPG vowed to retake it. The YPG subsequently announced its intention to start a guerrilla war in Afrin, leading to the SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo. The region has seen human rights abuses, including kidnappings ethnic cleansing, torture, forced evictions and killings since the start of Turkish occupation in Afrin.
Demographics
| 2.34375
| 0
|
11662195
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin%20District
|
Afrin District
|
In the 1930s, Kurdish Alevis who fled the persecution of the Turkish Army during the Dersim Massacre, settled in Maabatli in the Afrin District. Prior to the Syrian Civil War, the population of the Afrin District area was overwhelmingly ethnic Kurdish, to the degree that the district had been described as "homogeneously Kurdish". The overall population of Afrin Canton, based on the 2004 Syrian census, was about 200,000.
Cities and towns with more than 10.000 inhabitants according to the 2004 Syrian census are Afrin (36,562) and Jandairis (13,661).
Throughout the course of the Syrian Civil War, the Afrin District served as a safe haven for inbound refugees of all ethnicities. According to a June 2016 estimate from the International Middle East Peace Research Center, about 316,000 displaced Syrians of Kurdish, Yazidi, Arab and Turkmen ethnicity lived in Afrin Canton at the time. After the Turkish-led forces had captured Afrin in early 2018, they began to implement a resettlement policy by moving their mostly Arab fighters and refugees from southern Syria into the empty homes that belonged to displaced locals. The previous owners, most of them Kurds or Yazidis, were often prevented from returning to Afrin. Refugees from Eastern Ghouta, Damascus, told Patrick Cockburn of The Independent that they were part of "an organised demographic change" which was said to replace the Kurdish population of Afrin with an Arab majority.
Economy
| 2.78125
| 0
|
11662195
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin%20District
|
Afrin District
|
A diverse agricultural industry is at the heart of the Afrin District's economy, traditionally olives in particular, and more recently there has been a focus on increasing wheat production. A well-known product from the area is Aleppo soap, a hard soap made from olive oil and lye, distinguished by the inclusion of laurel oil. While the Afrin District has been the source of olive oil for Aleppo soap since antiquity, the destruction caused by the Syrian Civil War to other parts of Aleppo governorate increasingly made the entire production chains locate in Afrin District. At the height of the fighting for Aleppo, up to 50 percent of the city's industrial production was moved to the Afrin District. As of early 2016, two million pairs of jeans were produced per month and exported across Syria. In January 2017, 400 textile industry workshops counted 17,000 employees, supplying the whole of Syria.
In 2015 there were 32 tons of Aleppo soap produced and exported to other parts of Syria, but also to international markets.
Tourism
Afrin District also served as a center for domestic tourism due to its beautiful landscapes. The tourism was however somewhat constricted due to the YPG's tight control of the borders, and the war; local tourism mostly collapsed during the Turkish invasion of 2018.
Subdistricts
The district of Afrin is divided into seven subdistricts or nawāḥī (population as of 2004):
| 2.59375
| 0
|
11662235
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town%20hall%20in%20Bansk%C3%A1%20%C5%A0tiavnica
|
Town hall in Banská Štiavnica
|
The town hall in Banská Štiavnica existed in the 14th century, as a ground floor house in Gothic style, with the name "Stuba Praetoriana" or "Stuba Judicis". Between 1507 and 1679 it was modified and extended in Renaissance style. The Chapel of St. Anna was attached to the building but was demolished in the 18th century and, in its place, a sculpture of the Virgin Mary was built.
Today's Baroque appearance was given by Štiavnica's master mason, Pircker, in the years 1787–88. Constructional cost was 8,444 florins and 15 kreutzers. A town prison was situated in the basement of the town hall. The beginning of a market was announced from a tower of the town hall.
Notable events
In the council chamber of the town hall a treaty was signed on 22 October 1704. This was a peace treaty between the Prince of Transylvania, Francis II Rákóczi and representatives of Emperor Leopold I. Envoys of the English and Dutch governments also participated.
Notable features
Two out of Stiavnica's seven "legendary wonders" relate to the town hall. One is the clocks on the tower, whose hands are swapped. The big hand shows hours and the small one minutes. Another Stiavnica wonder which belongs to town hall is the entrance, which is not on the front side as expected but on the back. The story goes that it was because members of the council did not want people to know when they ended their meetings so that they could vanish to surrounding taverns.
World heritage site
The flag of UNESCO flies beside the national flag of Slovakia in front of the entrance to the town hall. On the right side of the entrance is situated a memorial tablet which reads (in Slovak):
The historical city of Banská Štiavnica and its surroundings were entered into the list of world cultural heritage on December 9, 1993 as confirmation of their rare cultural value, which deserves protection for the benefit of the whole of mankind.
| 2.3125
| 0
|
11662278
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%20es%20Salaam%20Marine%20Reserve
|
Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve
|
The Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve System or DMRS (Hifahdi Akiba Bahari ya Dar es Salaam, in Swahili) is a group of marine reserves in Tanzania, with the IUCN category II located within Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. The reserve system consists of nine uninhabited islands, four located north of Dar es Salaam's Kinondoni District; (Bongoyo, Mbudya, Pangavini and Fungu Yasini) and four south of the city Makatumbi Islands, Kimbubu Island, Sinda Island and Kendwa Island in Kigamboni District. It provides protection for several important tropical ecosystems; coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds.
Legal status
Management of the reserve is governed by the Tanzanian Board of Trustees of Marine Parks and Reserves which is the custodian and overseer of the establishment and management of the Marine Protected Reserves in Tanzania.
The Dar es Salaam Marine Reserves were first established under the Fisheries Act of 1970 and in 1998 were transferred to the Marine Parks and Reserves (MPRs), Act No. 29 of 1994. .
Threats
Visits to the reserve area (especially Bongoyo and Mbudya) are a popular daytrip for both tourists and Tanzanian residents alike, the islands serving as a location for a variety of leisure activities, including snorkelling, sunbathing and hiking. However, over recent years unregulated tourist activities has led to degradation within the reserves.
The nearby fishing communities of Kunduchi, Unonio, and Msasani all appear to be heavily dependent on the resources in the reserves and resource over-exploitation is an increasing concern with local fishermen attributing a decline in fish catches over recent years to the use of small mesh nets and dynamite fishing. A decrease in the abundance of fish and coral health, and an increased amount of bleached and broken coral has been noted by divers.
| 2.5
| 0
|
11662307
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergasilidae
|
Ergasilidae
|
Ergasilidae is a widespread family of copepods and comprises many species. The type genus is Ergasilus. With a few doubtful exceptions all ergasilids are parasitic on fishes.
Biology
Various species of Ergasilidae parasitise hosts in various habitats, mostly freshwater, but some attack marine species, especially euryhaline fishes such as mullet. Because the best-known species are adapted to attack the gill filaments of the fishes, Ergasilidae are known by common names such as gill lice. However, some species have been found infesting, and presumably causing, external skin lesions of fish.
Immature instars and mature males of Ergasilidae are fairly typical free-living planktonic copepods. The mature females also can swim competently and at least one species, Ergasilus chautauquaensis, is not known to be parasitic at all. However, that is exceptional; most adult females are parasitic and have morphological adaptations for attacking the gills of host species of fishes.
Though their antennules retain their sensory function, the main second antennae of the adult females are adapted to clinging to the gill filaments of host fishes. In many Ergasilus species it is not clear that mature females are able to release their grip once attached, but when forcibly detached from the host's gills they swim without difficulty.
Another adaptation in parasitic females is that their first legs are armed with heavy, blade-like spines, and in some species the joints also are fused, stiffening them and increasing their effectiveness for harvesting host tissue. Once attached to the gills, the females use their first pair of legs to rasp off gill mucus and tissue and move it forward towards the mouth.
In the genus Ergasilus only the adult females are parasitic. The planktonic males do not venture inside fishes, so fertilisation must take place before the females attach themselves to the host's gills.
| 3.171875
| 0
|
11662324
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangavini%20Island
|
Pangavini Island
|
Pangavini Island (Kisiwa cha Pangavini, in Swahili) is a protected, uninhabited island under the Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve with the IUCN category II located within Kinondoni District of Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. The island reserve measures around 2.13km2. Pangavini is the smallest island in the group, only about 250 m long; it has a rocky coastline without beaches. To the west of the island is Kunduchi ward and to the north is Mbudya Island. To the south of the island is Bongoyo Island.
Overview
The island protects a variety of vital tropical habitats and biological diversity, including seagrass beds, coral reefs, and several fish species. The beauty of Pangavini Island is that it is the nightly habitat for the majority of the birds that huddle above Dar es Salaam metropolis during the day. Additionally, it serves as the birds' nesting habitat. Additionally, migratory birds can use the reserves as a rest stop on their way south from the winter. A variety of rats, birds, and reptiles use Pangavini Island as a breeding, resting, and feeding ground. Due to the excellent diving and snorkelling conditions and the abundance of sea grass beds within the reserve area, the region is special. The island is home to endangered coconunt crabs.
| 2.21875
| 0
|
11662330
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungu%20Yasini%20Island
|
Fungu Yasini Island
|
Fungu Yasini Island (Kisiwa cha Fungu Yasini, in Swahili) is a protected, uninhabited island under the Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve (DMRS) with the IUCN category II located within Kinondoni District of Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania. The island reserve measures around 22.90km2 with most it underwater as a reef. South of the island is Mbudya Island.
Overview
This marine reserve is distinct because it is an island-like sand bank that can only be viewed at low tide and has no vegetation. On the west and north sides of the lower intertidal zone, there is a lot of sea grass mixed in with patches of coral. Lower intertidal regions in the southeast are rocky.
This marine reserve stands out because it is an island-like sand bank with no vegetation that can only be seen at low tide. It is located in the northern part of Dar es Salaam, immediately following Mbudya Island Marine Reserve. Sea grass and coral patchy areas coexist on the west and north edges of the lower intertidal zone. Southeasterly lower intertidal areas are rocky.
More than 35% of the island's coral cover is found in two sites, one on the southwest waters of less than 10 m (108,320 m2) and the other on the deeper waters (462,765 m2), where coral reefs can be found. Similar to other DMRS islands, Thalassia hemprichii and Thallasodentron ciliatum are the two most common species of sea grass. Sea cucumbers, octopuses, sea urchins, giant clams, rock crabs, tigger cowries, starfish, cushion stars, and nudibranchs are some of the creatures that can be found in the intertidal flats.
| 2.4375
| 0
|
11662375
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%20passport
|
Armenian passport
|
The Armenian passport () is a passport issued to Armenian citizens to enable them to travel outside Armenia, and entitles the bearer to the protection of Armenia's consular officials overseas. Armenian citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 65 countries and territories as of 2023.
Between the years 1994 and 2005, all Soviet Union passports were completely replaced with Armenian passports, invalidating Soviet Union passports' use in Armenia since 2005. Today, Armenian passports are also used as proof of identity within the country, along with Armenian ID cards.
Physical appearance
An ordinary Armenian passport is dark blue, with the Armenian coat of arms emblazoned in gold in the center of the front cover. The words "Republic of Armenia" and "Passport" in Armenian and English languages also appear on the front cover. The passport is valid for 10 years from the time of issue, with the further possibility of extending validity for an additional 5 years. The possibility of extending the passport by 5 years was eliminated in August 2017. It contains 32 pages for special notes and visas, and information about its holder in both the Armenian and English languages.
Since 1 June 2012, two new ID-documents were introduced, which replaced the ordinary passports of Armenian citizens. One of the documents – the ID card — to be used locally within the country, and the second document – the biometric passport — to be used for traveling abroad. An electronic chip on the passport will contain digital images of fingerprints and photo of passport holder. Both biometric passports and eID cards are produced by Polish Security Printing Works (Polska Wytwornia Papierow Wartosciowych). Old style (non-biometric) passports were re-introduced in 2016 on a temporary basis (until 1 January 2019).
| 2.71875
| 0
|
11662375
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%20passport
|
Armenian passport
|
In 2023, Armenian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 65 countries and territories, ranking the Armenian passport 81st in the world according to the Henley Passport Index.
As of 2023, holders of an Armenian passport may enter all Commonwealth of Independent States and Eurasian Economic Union member states without a visa (except Azerbaijan).
The former Head of the EU Delegation to Armenia, Ambassador Piotr Świtalski stated that, the action plan for beginning visa liberalization between Armenia and the EU will be on the agenda of the next Eastern Partnership summit in 2017 and dialogue for visa-free travel of Armenian citizens to the EU's Schengen Area will begin in early 2018. The former Ambassador also stated that Armenian citizens could be granted visa-free travel to the EU by 2020.
As of 1 January 2013, Armenia dropped the requirement of entry visas for citizens of all 27 EU member states as well as the 4 members of the European Free Trade Association (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland). By approving the unilateral abolition of visas for EU and EFTA citizens, Armenia seeks to accelerate negotiations with the EU on visa-free travel for Armenian citizens travelling to the Schengen Area in return. According to the planned agreement with the EU, the current procedure for obtaining Schengen visas for citizens of Armenia would be relaxed, until visa-free travel is finalized. The new simplified procedure is provided for members of official delegations, researchers and students, journalists, those in sports or the arts, and for close relatives of citizens legally residing in the EU. It is also intended to reduce visa costs by 35 euros or free for these categories, as well as for children and pensioners. For more info see: E-visa system.
| 2.140625
| 0
|
11662377
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio%20Clare
|
Horatio Clare
|
Horatio Clare is a Welsh author known for travel, memoir, nature and children's books, and his writing and broadcasting on mental health and psychiatry. He worked at the BBC as a producer on Front Row (BBC Radio 4), Night Waves (BBC Radio 3) and The Verb (BBC Radio 3). He is a senior lecturer in creative non-fiction at the University of Manchester.
Clare has written memoirs such as Running for the Hills and Truant: Notes from the Slippery Slope; a novella, The Prince's Pen; and several works of travel and nature writing: these include A Single Swallow (2009) and Down to the Sea in Ships (2014).
He wrote and edited Sicily: Through Writers' Eyes in 2006. In 2015 he published Orison for a Curlew, a combination of travel and nature writing, and in the winter of 2017 Chatto and Windus published Icebreaker – A Voyage Far North, the record of a journey around the Bothnian Bay with the Finnish government's Icebreaker Otso.
His 2019 work The Light in the Dark: A Winter Journal is an exploration of the highs and lows of the British winter. Heavy Light: A Journey Through Madness, Mania and Healing appeared in 2021, published by Chatto & Windus. The work describes Clare's own breakdown, sectioning, psychiatric treatment, and recovery.
Two children's books, Aubrey and the Terrible Yoot and a sequel Aubrey and the Terrible Ladybirds appeared in 2015 and 2017. Both Aubrey books were longlisted for the Carnegie Medal.
In 2024 he published “Your Journey Your Way - how to make the mental health system work for you” with Penguin, a study of new treatments and approaches to mental health recovery.
Background and career
Born in London, Clare grew up on a hill farm in the Black Mountains of South Wales. He later attended Malvern College and the United World College of the Atlantic before reading English at the University of York.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
11662459
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran%20passport
|
Salvadoran passport
|
Salvadoran passports () are issued to citizens of El Salvador to travel outside the country.
Passports are issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or, if the citizen resides abroad, at the Salvadoran embassy. Besides serving as proof of identity and of citizenship, they facilitate the process of securing assistance from Salvadoran consular officials abroad, if needed. Citizens can not have multiple Salvadoran passports at the same time.
Appearance
Like all Central American passports the cover is navy with gold fonts stating the official name of the country in Spanish and in English. A map of Central America is displayed with the Salvadoran territory shaded.
Identity information page
The Salvadoran passport includes the following data:
Type ('P' - Passport)
Code for issuing country ("SLV" - Salvadoran)
Passport Number
Name of bearer
Nationality
Date of birth
Sex
Mother name
Place of birth
Date of issue
Date of expiry
Booklet Number
Issuing Authority
Language
The data page is printed in Spanish and English, while the personal data is entered in Spanish.
Visa pages
The Salvadoran passport contains 48 pages, of which one page (the first one) shows the information of the document holder, suitable for visas and border stamps.
Central America-4 Border Control Agreement
The Central America-4 Border Control Agreement (CA-4) was a treaty signed in June 2006 between the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, establishing the free movement across borders between the four signatory states of their citizens without any restrictions or checks. Foreign nationals who enter one of the signatory countries can also travel to other signatory states without having to obtain additional permits or to undergo checks at border checkpoints.
Visa requirements for Salvadoran citizens
| 2.421875
| 0
|
11662460
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas%20of%20European%20unity%20before%201948
|
Ideas of European unity before 1948
|
This article aims to cover ideas of European unity before 1948.
Early history
Ancient concepts of European unity were generally undemocratic, and founded on domination, like the Empire of Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, or the Catholic Church controlled by the Pope in Rome.
"Europe" as a cultural sphere is first used during the Carolingian dynasty to encompass the Latin Church (as opposed to Eastern Orthodoxy). The first mention of the concepts of "Europe" and "European" dates back to 754 in the Mozarabic Chronicle. The Chronicle contains the earliest known reference in a Latin text to "Europeans" (europenses), whom it describes as having defeated the Saracens at the battle of Tours in 732.
Military unions of "Christian European powers" in the medieval and early modern period were directed against Muslim expansion, namely during the Crusades and the Reconquista. A possible early attempt at European unity can be traced back to the Fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453; George of Podebrady, a Hussite king of Bohemia, proposed in 1464 a union of Christian states against the Turks.
In the Renaissance, medieval trade flourished in organisations like the Hanseatic League, stretching from English towns like Boston and London, to Frankfurt, Stockholm and Riga. These traders developed the , spreading basic norms of good faith and fair dealing through their business.
Democratic ideals of integration for international and European nations are as old as the modern nation state.
| 2.609375
| 0
|
11662460
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas%20of%20European%20unity%20before%201948
|
Ideas of European unity before 1948
|
In the conservative reaction after Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the German Confederation () was established as a loose association of thirty-eight sovereign German states formed by the Congress of Vienna. Napoleon had swept away the Holy Roman Empire and simplified the map of Germany. In 1834, the Zollverein ("customs union") was formed among the states of the Confederation, to create better trade flow and reduce internal competition. In spite of the allusion by Fritz Fischer in Germany's Aims in the First World War that an extension of this customs union may have become the model for a unified Europe, the ensuing North German Confederation established in 1866 drifted away from the inclusive multinational character of the preceding German Confederation and the early Kingdom of Prussia, taking instead the direction of staunch German nationalism and brutal subjugation of other nations living within the borders of the succeeding German Empire. The then current and influential German ideas of geopolitics and a Mitteleuropa later became increasingly degenerated due to their underlying principle of German national hegemony, a process culminating in the abhorrent vision laid out by the national socialists of European unity understood as universal servitude of the European nations to the Germans (see below), thus contradicting directly the current intellectual framework for European Union.
On 3 May 1831 the Polish polymath Wojciech Jastrzębowski published On Lasting Peace among the Nations, framing a constitution for a Europe united as a single republic with no internal borders, with a unified legal system, and with institutions staffed by representatives from all of Europe's peoples.
| 2.375
| 0
|
11662460
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas%20of%20European%20unity%20before%201948
|
Ideas of European unity before 1948
|
In 1843 the Italian writer and politician Giuseppe Mazzini called for the creation of a federation of European republics. This set the stage for perhaps the best known early proposal for peaceful unification, through cooperation and equality of membership, made in 1847 by the pacifist Victor Hugo. Hugo used the term United States of Europe () during a speech at the International Peace Congress organised by Mazzini, held in Paris in 1849. Hugo favoured the creation of "a supreme, sovereign senate, which will be to Europe what parliament is to England" and said: "A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood ... A day will come when we shall see ... the United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas." He was laughed out of the hall, but returned to his idea again in 1851. Hugo planted an oak tree in the grounds of his residence on the Island of Guernsey, saying that when this tree matured the United States of Europe would have come into being. The tree to this day grows in the gardens of Maison de Hauteville, St. Peter Port, Guernsey, Victor Hugo's residence during his exile from France.
The Italian philosopher Carlo Cattaneo wrote "The ocean is rough and whirling, and the currents go to two possible endings: the autocrat, or the United States of Europe". In 1867, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and John Stuart Mill joined Victor Hugo at the first congress of the League of Peace and Freedom in Geneva. Here the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin stated "That in order to achieve the triumph of liberty, justice and peace in the international relations of Europe, and to render civil war impossible among the various peoples which make up the European family, only a single course lies open: to constitute the United States of Europe". The French National Assembly, also called for a United States of Europe on 1 March 1871.
| 2.4375
| 0
|
11662460
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas%20of%20European%20unity%20before%201948
|
Ideas of European unity before 1948
|
As part of 19th-century concerns about an ailing Europe and the threat posed by the Mahdi, the Polish writer Theodore de Korwin Szymanowski's original contribution was to focus not on nationalism, sovereignty, and federation, but foremost on economics, statistics, monetary policy, and parliamentary reform. His L'Avenir économique, politique et social en Europe (The Future of Europe in Economic, Political and Social Terms), published in Paris in 1885, was in effect a blueprint for a unified Europe with a customs union, a central statistical office, a central bank, and a single currency.
H. G. Wells' 1901 book Anticipations included his prediction that by the year 2000, following the defeat of German imperialism "on land and at sea," there would come into being a European Union.
Between the World Wars
World War I devastated Europe's society and economy, and the Versailles Treaty failed to establish a workable international system in the League of Nations, any European integration, and imposed punishing terms of reparation payments for the losing countries.
| 2.09375
| 0
|
11662460
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas%20of%20European%20unity%20before%201948
|
Ideas of European unity before 1948
|
Among liberal-democratic parties, the French centre-left undertook several initiatives to group like-minded parties from the European states. In 1927, the French politician Emil Borel, a leader of the centre-left Radical Party and the founder of the Radical International, set up a French Committee for European Cooperation, and a further twenty countries set up equivalent committees. However, it remained an elite venture: the largest committee, the French one, possessed fewer than six-hundred members, two-thirds of whom were parliamentarians. Two centre-left French prime ministers went further. In 1929 Aristide Briand gave a speech in the presence of the League of Nations Assembly in which he proposed the idea of a federation of European nations based on solidarity and in the pursuit of economic prosperity and political and social co-operation. In 1930, at the League's request, Briand presented a Memorandum on the organisation of a system of European Federal Union. The next year the future French prime minister Édouard Herriot published his book The United States of Europe. Indeed, a template for such a system already existed, in the form of the 1921 Belgian and Luxembourgish customs and monetary union.
| 2.375
| 0
|
11662460
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas%20of%20European%20unity%20before%201948
|
Ideas of European unity before 1948
|
The Great Depression, the rise of fascism and communism and subsequently World War II prevented the interwar movements from gaining further support: between 1933 and 1936 most of Europe's remaining democracies became dictatorships, and even Ortega's Spain and Venizelos's Greece had both been plunged into civil war. One of the more prominent politicians supportive of pan-European ideas during this time was Milan Hodža, who served as the Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938. While in exile during World War II, Hodža published a book titled Federation in Central Europe, envisioning a federation of countries between Germany and the Soviet Union, similar to Piłsudski's Intermarium. Hodža was a member of the Czechoslovak Agrarian Party and his ideas were largely supported by other agrarian parties of Eastern Europe and the Balkans, which were members of the International Agrarian Bureau.
Many of the pan-European social democratic and liberal politicians that lost influence in the 1930s would rise to prominence once again after the end of World War II in the 1940s and 1950s.
World War II
In Britain the group known as Federal Union was launched in November 1938, and began advocating a Federal Union of Europe as a post-war aim. Its papers and arguments became well known among resistants to fascism across Europe and contributed to their thinking of how to rebuild Europe after the war.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
11662460
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas%20of%20European%20unity%20before%201948
|
Ideas of European unity before 1948
|
Among those who were early advocates of a union of European nations was Hungarian Prime Minister Pál Teleki. Hungary had lost over two-thirds of its territory at the end of World War I in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. In early 1941 during World War II, he was striving to keep Hungary autonomous. Internally, he tried to satisfy national pride which demanded a restoration of the lost territories, which Germany had supported in the First Vienna Award of 1938 and the Second Vienna Award of 1940. Externally, he was striving to preserve his country's military and economic independence in the face of Germany's coercive pressure to join in their invasion of Yugoslavia. In the book, Transylvania. The Land Beyond the Forest Louis C. Cornish described how Teleki, under constant surveillance by the German Gestapo during 1941, sent a secret communication to contacts in America.
Journalist Dorothy Thompson in 1941 supported the statement of others. "I took from Count Teleki's office a monograph which he had written upon the structure of European nations. A distinguished geographer, he was developing a plan for regional federation, based upon geographical and economic realities." Teleki received no response from the Americans to his ideas and when German troops moved through Hungary on 2–3 April 1941 during the invasion of Yugoslavia, he committed suicide.
| 2.546875
| 0
|
11662460
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas%20of%20European%20unity%20before%201948
|
Ideas of European unity before 1948
|
One of the most influential figures in this process was Altiero Spinelli, author of the Ventotene Manifesto entitled "Towards a Free and United Europe" and smuggled out of an internment camp – on the island of Ventotene – as early as 1941, well before the outcome of the war was safely predictable, and widely circulated in the resistance movements. Spinelli, Ursula Hirschmann and Colorni, Rossi and some 20 other established, as soon as they were able to leave their internment camp, the Movimento Federalista Europeo (MFE). The founding meeting, secretly held in Milan on the 27/28 August 1943, adopted a "political thesis" which, inter alia, stated: "if a post war order is established in which each State retains its complete national sovereignty, the basis for a Third World War would still exist even after the Nazi attempt to establish the domination of the German race in Europe has been frustrated". In 1943, Jean Monnet a member of the National Liberation Committee of the Free French government in exile in Algiers, and regarded by many as the future architect of European unity, is recorded as declaring to the committee: "There will be no peace in Europe, if the states are reconstituted on the basis of national sovereignty ... The countries of Europe are too small to guarantee their peoples the necessary prosperity and social development. The European states must constitute themselves into a federation ...". Winston Churchill called in 1943 for a post-war "Council of Europe".
Towards the end of World War II, the Three Allied Powers discussed during the Tehran Conference and the ensuing 1943 Moscow Conference the plans to establish joint institutions. This led to a decision at the Yalta Conference in 1945 to include Free France as the Fourth Allied Power and to form a European Advisory Commission, later replaced by the Council of Foreign Ministers and the Allied Control Council, following the German surrender and the Potsdam Agreement in 1945.
Postwar developments (1945-1948)
| 1.960938
| 0
|
11662460
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas%20of%20European%20unity%20before%201948
|
Ideas of European unity before 1948
|
After the war on 19 September 1946 Churchill went further as a civilian, after leaving his office, at the University of Zürich, calling for a United States of Europe. Coincidentally parallel to his speech the Hertenstein Congress in the Lucerne Canton was being held, resulting in the Union of European Federalists. Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, who successfully established during the interwar period the oldest organization for European integration, the Paneuropean Union, founded in June 1947 the European Parliamentary Union (EPU). To ensure Germany could never threaten the peace again, its heavy industry was partly dismantled (See: Allied plans for German industry after World War II) and its main coal-producing regions were either awarded to neighbouring countries (Silesia), managed as separate directly by an occupying power (Saarland) or put under international control (Ruhr area).
The growing rift among the Four Powers became evident as a result of the rigged 1947 Polish legislative election which constituted an open breach of the Yalta Agreement, followed by the announcement of the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947. On 4 March 1947 France and the United Kingdom signed the Treaty of Dunkirk for mutual assistance in the event of future military aggression in the aftermath of World War II against any of the pair. The rationale for the treaty was the threat of a potential future military attack, specifically a Soviet one in practice, though publicised under the disguise of a German one, according to the official statements. Immediately following the February 1948 coup d'état by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, the London Six-Power Conference was held, resulting in the Soviet boycott of the Allied Control Council and its incapacitation, an event marking the beginning of the Cold War. The remainder of the year 1948 marked the beginning of the institutionalised modern European integration.
| 2.734375
| 0
|
11662478
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primula%20pauciflora
|
Primula pauciflora
|
Primula pauciflora has been divided into up to seven varieties each with their own often complex set of synonyms. Primula pauciflora var. pauciflora, synonym Dodecatheon pulchellum, is a herbaceous perennial with single, leafless flower stems, growing from very short erect root stocks with no bulblets. It grows to a height of . Its leaves are basal, 2–15 cm long, blades oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, mostly entire to somewhat small-toothed, narrowed gradually to winged stalks nearly as long. Each plant has between 1 and 25 flowers clustered at the stem top. The calyx is usually purple-flecked, and the five lobes are 3 to 5 millimeters long. The corolla is 10 to 20 millimeters long, the 5 lobes swept backwards, purplish-lavender, seldom white, the short tube yellowish, usually with a purplish wavy line at the base. The filaments are joined into a yellowish tube 1.5–3 mm long, which is smooth or only slightly wrinkled. The 5 anthers are joined to a projecting point, usually yellowish to reddish-purple, 4–7 mm long. The stigma is slightly larger than the style. This plant flowers between April and August. The fruits are capsules, many-seeded, ovoid-cylindric, hairless to glandular-hairy, membranous to firm-walled, 5–15 mm long, opening from the tip into sharp teeth.
| 2.203125
| 0
|
11662516
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20European%20integration%20%281948%E2%80%931957%29
|
History of European integration (1948–1957)
|
With the start of the Cold War, the Treaty of Brussels was signed in 1948 establishing the Western Union (WU). It expanded upon the Dunkirk Treaty which was a military pact between France and the United Kingdom who were concerned about the threat from the USSR following the communist takeover in Czechoslovakia. The new treaty included the Benelux countries and was to promote cooperation not only in military matters but the in economic, social and cultural spheres. These roles however were rapidly taken over by other organisations. Furthermore, in April 1948, the Organization for European Economic Co-operation, the predecessor of the OECD, was also founded to manage the Marshall Plan, triggering as a response the formation of the Comecon for the Soviet-controlled part of Europe. However the signatories of the Brussels treaty quickly realised their common defence was not enough against the USSR. However wider solidarity, such as that seen over the Berlin Blockade in 1949, was seen to provide sufficient deterrent. Hence in 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created. It expanded the Brussels treaty members to include Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal as well as Canada and most notably the United States. Military integration in NATO sped up following the first Soviet atomic bomb test and the start of the Korean War which prompted a desire for the inclusion in NATO of West Germany. The ensuing Hague Congress of May 1948 was a pivotal moment in European integration, as it led to the creation of the European Movement International, the College of Europe. In 1948, the Congress of Europe was convened in the Hague, under Winston Churchill's chairmanship. It was the first time all the European unification movements had come together under one roof and attracted a myriad of statesmen including many who would later become known as founding fathers of the European Union
| 2.78125
| 0
|
11662516
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20European%20integration%20%281948%E2%80%931957%29
|
History of European integration (1948–1957)
|
The start of the cold war changed the context of French policy toward Germany. Further, the U.S. Marshall Plan (the European Recovery Plan) was aimed at reviving the economies of western Europe, including west Germany. To address French concerns, the International Authority for the Ruhr (IAR) was announced at the London Six-Power Conference in June 1948 as part of the plan to establish the Federal Republic of Germany. The IAR would supervise the production, organization, trade and ownership policies of the Ruhr's coal and steel industries, and distribute the industries' products so that Marshall Plan countries would have adequate access to them. The mechanism outlined in the Ruhr Agreement to allocate coal and steel supplies was a council composed of representatives France, the US and the UK (with three votes each), and Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (with one vote each). The Allied Occupation Zones in Germany would have three votes for its representatives, as soon as it formed a government recognized by the Allies. Following the Petersberg Agreement, that role came to be held by West Germany. The Statute for the IAR was signed and came into effect on April 28, 1949.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
11662516
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20European%20integration%20%281948%E2%80%931957%29
|
History of European integration (1948–1957)
|
In May 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposed a new strategy: pooling the markets for coal and steel of France, Germany, and other European countries wanting to participate. Schuman's plan was an entirely different approach to the coal and steel issue, as it involved treating the Germans as equals, and with the right to negotiate on the provisions of the plan. Schuman made his announcement on 9 May 1950 (on the basis of a text prepared by Schuman's colleagues Paul Reuter and Bernard Clappier working with Jean Monnet, Pierre Uri and Etienne Hirsch), at the Quai d'Orsay. He proposed that: "Franco-German production of coal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority, within the framework of an organisation open to the participation of the other countries of Europe." Such an act was intended to help economic growth and cement peace between France and Germany, who had previously been longtime enemies. Coal and steel were particular symbolic as they were the resources necessary to wage war. It would also be a first step to a "European federation".
The declaration led to the Treaty of Paris (1951) forming the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). It was formed by "the inner six": France, Italy, the Benelux countries (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg) together with West Germany. The United Kingdom refused to participate due to a rejection of supranational authority. The Treaty sidestepped the issue of the status of the Saar protectorate. A protocol was attached to the Treaty in the form of an exchange of letters between German Chancellor Adenauer and French Minister of Foreign Affairs Schuman, stating they agreed the Treaty would have no bearing on their views of the status of the Saar. The Treaty was ratified by the middle of 1952, and the European Coal and Steel Community agreement entered into force on 23 July 1952. Agreement to terminate the IAR came into force on 25 June 1952. The common market was opened on 10 February 1953 for coal, and on 1 May 1953 for steel.
| 2.359375
| 0
|
11662516
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20European%20integration%20%281948%E2%80%931957%29
|
History of European integration (1948–1957)
|
The member states' governments were represented by the Council of Ministers, the Presidency of which rotated between each state every three months in alphabetical order. It was added at the request of smaller states, fearing undue influence from the High Authority. Its task was to harmonise the work of national governments with the acts of the High Authority, as well as issue opinions on the work of the Authority when needed. Hence, unlike the modern Council, this body had limited powers as issues relating only to coal and steel were in the Authority's domain, whereas the Council only had to give its consent to decisions outside coal and steel. As a whole, it only scrutinised and advised the executive which was independent.
The Common Assembly, what is now the European Parliament, was composed of 78 representatives. The Assembly exercised supervisory powers over the executive. The representatives were to be national MPs elected by their Parliaments to the Assembly, or directly elected. Though in practice it was the former as there was no requirement until the Treaties of Rome and no election until 1979. However, to emphasise that the chamber was not to be that of a traditional international organisation, whereby it would be composed of representatives of national governments, the Treaty of Paris used the term "representatives of the peoples". The Assembly was not originally mentioned in the Schuman Declaration but put forward by Jean Monnet on the second day of treaty negotiations. It was still hoped that the Assembly of the Council of Europe would be the active body and the supranational Community would be inserted inside as one of the Council's institutions. The assembly was intended as a democratic counter-weight and check to the High Authority. It had formal powers to sack the High Authority, following investigation of abuse.
| 2.5625
| 0
|
11662516
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20European%20integration%20%281948%E2%80%931957%29
|
History of European integration (1948–1957)
|
The Court of Justice was to ensure the observation of ECSC law along with the interpretation and application of the Treaty. The Court was composed of seven judges, appointed by common accord of the national governments for six years. There were no requirements that the judges had to be of a certain nationality, simply that they be qualified and that their independence be beyond doubt. The Court was assisted by two Advocates General.
Finally, there was a Consultative Committee (the forerunner to what is now the Economic and Social Committee) which had between 30 and 50 members, equally divided between producers, workers, consumers and dealers in the coal and steel sector. This grouping provided a chamber of professional associations for civil society and was in permanent dialogue with the High Authority on policy and proposals for legislation. Its Opinions were necessary before such action could take place. The threefold division of its members prevented any one group, whether business, labour or consumers, from dominating proceedings, as majority voting was required. Its existence curtailed the activity of lobbyists acting to influence governments on such policy. The Consultative Committee had an important action in controlling the budget and expenditures, drawn from the first European tax on coal and steel producers. The Community money was spent on re-employment and social housing activities within the sectors concerned.
Members were appointed for two years and were not bound by any mandate or instruction of the organisations which appointed them. The Committee had a plenary assembly, bureau and a president. The High Authority was obliged to consult the committee in certain cases where it was appropriate and to keep it informed.
Provisional seats
| 2.375
| 0
|
11662516
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20European%20integration%20%281948%E2%80%931957%29
|
History of European integration (1948–1957)
|
The Treaty made no decision on where to base the institutions of the new community. The Treaty allowed for the seat(s) to be decided by common accord of governments yet at a conference of the ECSC members on 23 July 1952 no permanent seat was decided. The seat was contested with Liège, Luxembourg, Strasbourg and Turin all considered. While Saarbrücken had a status as a "European city", the ongoing dispute over Saarland made it a problematic choice. Brussels would have been accepted at the time, but divisions within the then-unstable Belgian government ruled that option out.
To break the deadlock, Joseph Bech, then Prime Minister of Luxembourg, proposed that Luxembourg be made the provisional seat of the institutions until a permanent agreement was reached. However, it was decided that the Common Assembly (the forerunner to the European Parliament), should instead be based in Strasbourg—the Council of Europe (CoE) was already based there, in the House of Europe. The chamber of the CoE's Parliamentary Assembly could also serve the Common Assembly, and it did so until 1999, when a new complex of buildings was built across the river from the Palace.
Development of new Communities
Following on the heels of the creation of the ECSC, the European Defence Community (EDC) was drawn up and signed on 27 May 1952. It would combine national armies and allow West Germany to rearm under the control of the new Community. However, in 1954, the treaty was rejected by the French National Assembly. The rejection also derailed further plans for a European Political Community, being drawn up by members of the Common Assembly which would have created a federation to ensure democratic control over the future European army. In 1955, the Council of Europe adopted an emblem for all Europe, twelve golden stars in a circle upon a blue field. It would later be adopted by the European Communities.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
11662516
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20European%20integration%20%281948%E2%80%931957%29
|
History of European integration (1948–1957)
|
In 1956, the Egyptian government under Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal and closing it to Israeli traffic, sparking the Suez Crisis. This was in response to the withdrawal of funding for the Aswan Dam by the UK and United States due to Egypt's ties to the Soviet Union. The canal was owned by the UK and French investors and had been a neutral zone under British control. The nationalisation and closure to Israeli traffic prompted a military response by the UK, France and Israel, a move opposed by the United States. It was a military success but a political disaster for the UK and France. The UK in particular saw it could not operate alone, instead turning to the US, and it also prompted the next British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, to look towards joining the European Community. Equally France saw its future with the Community but opposed British entry, with then French President Charles de Gaulle stating he would veto British entry out of a fear it would lead to US domination.
As a result of the crisis, the Common Assembly proposed extending the powers of the ECSC to cover other sources of energy. Louis Armand was put in charge of a study into the prospects of nuclear energy use in Europe. The report concluded further nuclear development was needed to fill the deficit left by the exhaustion of coal deposits and to reduce dependence on oil producers. However the Benelux states and Germany were also keen on creating a general common market, although it was opposed by France. In the end, both were created, as separate communities.
As a result of the Messina Conference of 1955, Paul-Henri Spaak was appointed as chairman of a preparatory committee (Spaak Committee) charged with the preparation of a report on the creation of a common European market.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
11662516
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20European%20integration%20%281948%E2%80%931957%29
|
History of European integration (1948–1957)
|
The Spaak Report drawn up by the Spaak Committee provided the basis for further progress and was accepted at the Venice Conference (29 and 30 May 1956) where the decision was taken to organize an Intergovernmental Conference. The report formed the cornerstone of the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at Val Duchesse in 1956. The outcome of the conference was that new communities would share the Common Assembly (now Parliamentary Assembly) with the ECSC, as it would with the Court of Justice. However they would not share the ECSC's Council of High Authority. The two new High Authorities would be called Commissions, this was due to a reduction in their powers. France was reluctant to agree to more supranational powers and hence the new Commissions would only have basic powers and important decisions would have to be approved by the Council, which now adopted majority voting. Thus, on 25 March 1957, the Treaties of Rome were signed. They came into force on 1958-01-01 establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). The latter body fostered co-operation in the nuclear field, at the time a very popular area, and the EEC was to create a full customs union between members. Louis Armand became the first President of Euratom Commission and Walter Hallstein became the first President of the EEC Commission.
| 2.1875
| 0
|
11662548
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20European%20Communities%20%281958%E2%80%931972%29
|
History of the European Communities (1958–1972)
|
The history of the European Communities between 1958 and 1972 saw the early development of the European Communities. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) had just been joined by the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC), the latter of which soon became the most important. In 1967 the EEC's institutions took over the other two with the EEC's Commission holding its first terms under Hallstein and Rey.
In 1958 the Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) was established. On 19 March the Parliamentary Assembly (replacing the Common Assembly) met for the first time for all three communities and elected Robert Schuman as its President. On 13 May members sat according to political, rather than national, allegiance for the first time.
The European Free Trade Association and the EEC
In 1960, the "outer seven" (Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom) established the European Free Trade Association in Stockholm, which entered into force on 3 May of that year. In the following two years, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark and Norway applied for membership of the Communities, while the neutral countries Austria, Sweden and Switzerland asked for economic association agreements. Membership application was suspended due to opposition from then-French President Charles de Gaulle to British membership, seeing it as a Trojan horse for US influence.
| 2.71875
| 0
|
11662548
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20European%20Communities%20%281958%E2%80%931972%29
|
History of the European Communities (1958–1972)
|
Another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy, which came into force in 1962. The transitional period whereby decisions were made by unanimity had come to an end, and majority-voting in the council had taken effect. De Gaulle's opposition to supranationalism and fear of the other members challenging the CAP led to an "empty chair policy" whereby French representatives were withdrawn from the European institutions until the French veto was reinstated. Eventually, a compromise was reached with the Luxembourg compromise on 29 January 1966 whereby a gentlemen's agreement permitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest.
Merger Treaty
On 24 September 1963 the members reached an agreement on merging the executive bodies of the three Communities. A year later it is agreed the single "Commission" would have nine members: two from each of the larger states, France, Germany and Italy, and one from each of the smaller Benelux states: Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg.
The Merger Treaty was signed on 8 April 1965 and entered into force on 1 July 1967 merging all three Communities with common institutions. The head of the first Commission was Jean Rey, appointed on 6 July of the same year (Rey Commission).
| 2.34375
| 0
|
11662591
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20European%20Communities%20%281973%E2%80%931993%29
|
History of the European Communities (1973–1993)
|
Intergovernmental
The Single European Act was signed by the foreign ministers on 17 and 28 February 1986 in Luxembourg and The Hague respectively. In a single document it dealt with reform of institutions, extension of powers, foreign policy cooperation and the single market. It came into force on 1 July 1987.
The act was influenced by work on what would be the Maastricht Treaty, the Treaty establishing the European Union. There had previously been plans to create a more integrated body and, spurred on by enlargement, various groups put forward plans. Building on the legitimacy of its elections, in 1984 the Parliament produced the Spinelli plan. The draft treaty establishing a European Union, which was inspired by the failed European Political Community, was adopted by the Parliament 237 votes to 31 (43 abstentions). It would have given a more federal structure using the community method and codecision with the parliament, however it failed to win the support of the member states. (See also: Crocodile Club)
Similar proposals from the Commission collapsed due to arguments over the UK rebate (secured by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1984) and a German-Italian proposal resulted in the Solemn Declaration on European Union of 19 June 1983 as a political impetus towards a Union but not itself a binding treaty. A treaty establishing the European Union was eventually agreed on 10 December 1991 and signed on 7 February of the following year. Denmark lost a referendum on ratification but succeeded in a second attempt after securing four opt-outs. The Treaty came into force on 1 November 1993.
Expansion and contraction
| 2.53125
| 0
|
11662649
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindy%20Delapenha
|
Lindy Delapenha
|
Lloyd Lindbergh "Lindy" Delapenha (20 May 1927 – 26 January 2017) was a Jamaican footballer and sports journalist. He was the first Jamaican to play professional football in England. Between 1948 and 1960, he played league football for Portsmouth, Middlesbrough and Mansfield Town. Despite limited appearances for Portsmouth in the 1948/1949 and 1949/1950 seasons, he nevertheless played a part in the club's two title-winning sides and with it became the first black player to win a First Division championship medal.
Playing career
Delapenha started playing competitive football at the age of 11 when he played for Wolmer's Schools. He scored his first goal for Wolmer's against St. George's College, Jamaica in the Manning Cup competition. Delapenha then attended Munro College in Jamaica where he was a multi-sport athlete. As a schoolboy, Delapenha took part in 16 events over a one-and-a-half-day period in England. He then served with the British Armed Forces in the Middle East following World War II. During his service, an English football scout saw him playing football for the British Army.
This gained him a trial with Arsenal, but he did not sign for the club, and in April 1948 he joined Portsmouth. There, he became the first Jamaican to play professional football in England. Although it is claimed he was the first non-white player to appear in the English Football League First Division, he was actually predated by several other non-white players, including Arthur Wharton, who played a First Division match for Sheffield United as far back as 1894–95. He was, however, the first Black player at several of the clubs he played for: Portsmouth (debut, 13th November 1948); Middlesbrough (debut, 6th May 1950); Mansfield Town (debut, 23rd August 1958); and Burton Albion (debut, 18th August 1962).
| 2.28125
| 0
|
11662689
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevillea%20thyrsoides
|
Grevillea thyrsoides
|
Grevillea thyrsoides is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae, and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is a small, spreading or low-lying shrub, with pinnatisect to comb-like leaves, the end lobes linear, and clusters of hairy pinkish-red flowers.
Description
Grevillea thyrsoides is a spreading or low-lying shrub that typically grows to high and wide, sometimes forming a mound. Its leaves are long and pinnatisect with 15 to 30 closely space, linear lobes often arranged comb-like on either side of the leaf rachis. The lobes are long, wide, and sometimes sharply pointed. The edges of the leaflets are rolled under, enclosing the lower surface apart from the mid-vein. The flowers are borne on one side of a trailing leafless peduncle long, the floral rachis long. The flowers are hairy, dusky pink to pale red with a bright pinkish-red style, the pistil long. Flowering mainly from August to November, and the fruit is a hairy follicle long.
Taxonomy
Grevillea thyrsoides was first formerly described in 1855 by Swiss botanist Carl Meissner in the William Jackson Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany based on plant material collected by James Drummond "between Dundagaran and Smith River". The specific epithet (thyrsoides) means "thyrse-like".
In 1993, Peter M. Olde and Neil R. Marriott described two subspecies in the journal Nuytsia and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Grevillea thyrsoides subsp. pustulata Olde & Marriott has leaves mostly long, the lobes long, and the stalk of the ovary is long.
Grevillea thyrsoides Meisn. subsp. thyrsoides has leaves mostly long, the lobes long, and the stalk of the ovary is long.
| 2.53125
| 0
|
11662699
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Rush%20and%20a%20Push%20and%20the%20Land%20Is%20Ours
|
A Rush and a Push and the Land Is Ours
|
"A Rush and a Push and the Land Is Ours" is a 1987 song by English alternative rock band the Smiths, which appeared as the opening track for the band's 1987 final album, Strangeways, Here We Come. Written by Morrissey and Johnny Marr, the song features no guitar and was inspired musically by Reparata's "Shoes" and lyrically by Oscar Wilde's mother, Jane Wilde.
Since its release, "A Rush and a Push and the Land Is Ours" has since seen praise from music writers for its enigmatic lyrics, whose meaning is still debated and for its melody. It has also been covered by American progressive metal band Coheed and Cambria.
Background
"A Rush and a Push and the Land Is Ours" represented a conscious decision by Johnny Marr to deviate from the band's recognisable jangle pop sound, in that it featured no guitars at all. Bassist Andy Rourke, reflecting on the song, noted the moment as a "first" for the band. Marr explained:
Musically, the song was inspired by the song "Shoes" by Reparata, a song that both Marr and Morrissey were fans of. Marr said, "It was inspired by ["Shoes"], yeah—the bulk of that tune I kind of remembered from being a kid while it was on the English charts. I liked the electric piano—it stuck in my subconscious. It's funny how these things come out."
The song's title originated from a poem written by Oscar Wilde's mother, Jane Wilde, which discussed a republican takeover of Ireland's government. Morrissey took inspiration from his experience as the son of Irish immigrants on the track's lyrics.
Reception
"A Rush and a Push and the Land Is Ours" has seen positive critical reception since its release. Consequence of Sound praised the song's "Vintage, Grade-A, insulting lyrics," while The Vinyl District noted the song's "lovely melody and lots of neat percussion."
Pop Matters named the song as the band's ninth best, noting, "the Smiths sound actually menacing" on the song. Rolling Stone ranked the song as the Smiths' 36th best song, while Consequence of Sound named it as the band's 53rd best track.
| 2.03125
| 0
|
11662725
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Iranian%20legislative%20election
|
2008 Iranian legislative election
|
From amongst the 49 million eligible voters above 18 years of age announced by the Iran Statistics Center some 23 million Iranians, i.e. 47 percent, participated in the parliamentary elections of March 2, 2008. This is the lowest level when compared with the eight previous parliamentary elections. Of this amount, 30 percent of the voters came from large cities and provincial capitals while in Tehran which is the political nerve center of the country whose residents demonstrate the most political behavior, the number stood at 27 percent.
According to the government’s final figures, 650,000 citizens of Tehran have taken part in the second round of the elections for the Majlis (Iranian parliament), that is less than 8% of those eligible to vote.
Second round
82 seats in which no candidate gained more than 25% of the vote in the first round held another round of voting on 25 April 2008; 11 of those seats were in Tehran. Of the 164 candidates, 69 are considered to be Conservative, 41 Reformists and 54 as Independents. Turnout in the second round was only about 25%.
Following the election, the 8th parliament opened on May 27, 2008.
Issues
Issues in the election have been described as "unemployment, inflation and fuel shortages" in a petroleum-exporting country, and increasing inequality. "The price of some basic foods has doubled within the past year and rents are soaring." Influential conservative clerics are also said to be irritated by president Ahmadinejad's "folksy and superstitious brand of ostentatious piety and his favouritism to men of military rather than clerical backgrounds."
| 2.125
| 0
|
11662727
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%20Building
|
Faraday Building
|
The present edifice, known as the Faraday Building, replaced the old Savings Bank building in Queen Victoria Street. Designed by the architect A. R. Myers for the Office of Works, it was completed in 1933. That same year the international telephone exchange was opened at Faraday. In 1935, an automatic exchange was opened with more than 6,000 working lines. The complex task of switching subscribers over to the new exchange involved 60 engineers working for more than 15 months.
The building was extended to the east along Queen Victoria Street (at a lower elevation) in 1938-39. To the north of this extension (on the other side of Knightrider Street), a 'tall windowless concrete shelter [...] called The Citadel' was built in 1942, adjoining the old Savings Bank extension in Carter Lane. Excavated to a depth of thirty feet, this was designed to provide bomb-proof accommodation for the Communications department. The Citadel was re-clad and extended upwards in 1962-64. On the opposite side of Queen Victoria Street, Baynard House was built (1974-79) to provide further accommodation for the exchange.
The buildings north of Knightrider Street (Tanner's Savings Bank extension and the World War II Citadel) were demolished in the early 2000s.
Architecture and streetscape
The building is cream-coloured. It has one-bay chamfered corners on its east side (Godliman Street) which mean the footprint of the building is, at fine level, an irregular hexagon rather than its general form of a slightly tapering rectangle. Its southwestern quarter hosts bays that rise (a further five) to ten storeys, with rectangular turrets and recessed upper storeys. The windows across the western "half" of the building give away its on average lower ceiling height and this section slightly projects from the rest of the main, long, façade (which was added a few years later).
One building is attached, the older № 146 Queen Victoria Street, which matches in colour and has been adapted as a place of Scientology training.
| 2.09375
| 0
|
11662736
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suneet%20Chopra
|
Suneet Chopra
|
Suneet Chopra (24 December 1941 – 4 April 2023) was an Indian communist politician and trade unionist. He was the All-India joint secretary of the All India Agricultural Workers Union. He was a Central Committee member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Earlier he was on the Central Committee of the Students Federation of India and a founding member of the SFI in Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi. Later in 1980 he was the founding All-India treasurer of the Democratic Youth Federation of India and became vice president in 1984. Chopra was born on 24 December 1941 in Lahore. He was also an art critic, writer, and poet. He was an alumnus of Modern School and St. Columba's School, Delhi, and St. Xavier's College, Calcutta. He taught science at Holland Park School. He taught African studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London and later regional development at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. He supported communism in India. Chopra died in New Delhi on 4 April 2023, at age 81.
| 1.9375
| 0
|
11662741
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibsonia%2C%20Pennsylvania
|
Gibsonia, Pennsylvania
|
Gibsonia is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Richland Township, Allegheny County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, north of the city of Pittsburgh.
It had a population of 2,785 at the 2020 Census. Its ZIP code is 15044.
Geography
Gibsonia is located in the central and southwest parts of Richland Township, and it is north of downtown Pittsburgh. The CDP's elevation is above sea level. Gibsonia appears on the Valencia U.S. Geological Survey Map. The area is in the Eastern time zone (GMT -5).
History
Gibsonia was named in honor of the Gibson family who settled the area; their original house was demolished in December 2019. The early history of Gibsonia is, naturally enough, interwoven with the history of the Gibson family. About the time of the Civil War, Charles Gibson Jr., built the first steam flour mill west of the Alleghenies on Grubbs Road. His granddaughter, Nancy Gibson James, recalls hearing her uncle tell of the farmers riding to the mill with sacks of grain across the saddles. The Gibson family homestead was built by her grandfather, Charles Gibson Jr., in 1839. Just below the former site of the home, near the railroad crossing, still remains the foundation of Charles Gibson's general store. This building, destroyed by fire in 1908, besides housing the store was also the first post office in Gibsonia. For about ten years before it burned it was in use as a mission of the Christian & Missionary Alliance Church.
The village was linked to Pittsburgh and Butler by the Pittsburgh and Butler Street Railway in 1907. The line closed in 1931, services being replaced by buses along Route 8.
It is the home of the Western Pennsylvania Model Railroad Museum.
Education
| 2.109375
| 0
|
11662788
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20National%20Police%20Academy
|
Turkish National Police Academy
|
The Turkish National Police Academy () is a public institution of higher education in Ankara, Turkey dedicated to the training of police officers. It was founded in 1937 and has offered a four-year undergraduate program since 1984.
History
The police academy was founded on 6 November 1937 in accordance with Article 18 of the Act 3201 as a one-year in-service training institute of higher education to educate and train junior and senior executive constables.
The Police Training Institute was the first higher education institution offering a two-year training program designed in line with the resolutions of the Education and Training Council of the Ministry of National Education in 1940. Later, the institution was included in the higher education league of schools offering a three-year education program in 1962, and from 1984 onwards, it started to offer a four-year undergraduate program.
In concurrence with the Constitution and Higher Education Law, the institution gained a obtained legal identity and was renamed the National Police Academy offering a four-year undergraduate program upon the enactment of Police Higher Education Act No.3087 issued on 6 December 1984.
In 2001 the Academy was restructured in accordance with passed legislation to gain a university status by including the Faculty of Security Sciences, the Institute of Security Sciences, Police Vocational Schools of Higher Education, and Faculty and Higher Education Institutions offering the training programs concerned.
Of all the schools, previously operating as Police Training Schools to meet the needs of the Police Organization for police officers, twenty were transformed into Police Vocational Schools of Higher Education in line with the resolutions of the Council of Ministers enacted on 6 October 2004 in the issue of the Official Gazette no. 24545, and the other five subsequently went through the same process in compliance with the resolutions of the Council of Ministers enacted on 9 August in the issue of the Official Gazette no. 25239.
| 2.0625
| 0
|
11662788
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20National%20Police%20Academy
|
Turkish National Police Academy
|
Institute of Security Sciences
The students who follow the postgraduate program are those who have already completed their undergraduate education at the Police Academy, military schools, universities if educated on behalf of the General Directorate of Security and other institutions of higher education (Faculty of Law, Faculty of Political Sciences, and Faulty of Finance and Administrative Studies).
FYO (Faculty and Institutions of Higher Education)
Graduates of Police College, high schools, technical schools for boys, technical schools for girls, commerce and tourism high schools, form the source of the students of Faculty and Institutions of Higher Education. The students to be educated on behalf of the General Directorate of Security are selected on the basis of selection requirements specified by the directorate concerned each year from those already enrolled in the first year, second year and third year of the programs of the faculties operating in the province where the Police Academy is situated.
Police Vocational Schools of Higher Education
There are 28 Police Vocational Schools of Higher Education (PVSHE) across the country. PVSHEs are the remote campuses of Turkish National Police Academy to offer associate degree in policing program. High school graduates who obtain a certain amount of score from the university entrance exam take rigorous written, verbal, and physical tests to be admitted to the PVSHEs as police cadets. Graduates of this program begin their policing career in TNP at the entry level rank.
| 1.945313
| 0
|
11662795
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A5rst%C3%B8
|
Kårstø
|
Kårstø is an industrial facility located near the village of Susort, along the Boknafjorden, in the municipality of Tysvær in Rogaland county, Norway. The site features a number of natural gas processing plants that refine natural gas and condensate from the fields in the northern parts of the North Sea, including the Åsgard, Mikkel, and Sleipner gas fields. The Kårstø processing complex is Europe's biggest export port for natural gas liquids (NGL) and the third largest in the world. The industrial site is also the location for the now-closed Kårstø Power Station.
Operation
The first plant on the site opened on 25 July 1985 and it exported the first gas to Germany on October 15 of that year. Gas is transported from the North Sea via Statpipe and Åsgard Transport. Condensate is received from the Sleipner field and stabilised and fractionated in a separate plant that started operation in 1993. About of stabilised condensate are exported from Kårstø each year, by ship.
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) are separated from the rest of the gas and split into propane, butane, isobutane, naphtha, and ethane. The propane is stored in two large mountain halls with a total capacity of . The rest of the refined products are stored in tanks. The facility is the third largest export port for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) in the world and exported all around the globe. In 2002, 575 shiploads of LPG, ethane, naphtha, and stabilised condensate were sent. Gassnova has been engaged for the development of technology for full-scale CO2-capture at the gas-fired power plant and large-scale transport and geological storage of CO2 from Kårstø.
| 2.1875
| 0
|
11662800
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah%20Kot%20Tehsil
|
Shah Kot Tehsil
|
Shahkot (), is a town and one of three tehsils in the Nankana Sahib District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is one the oldest cities of Pakistan. It has a hill park which is being converted into a theme park. It also has Baba Nau Lakh Hazari Mizar which is visited by hundreds of people from different cities every year. The people of Shahkot are very friendly. Every year a 'Mela' is held at Shahkot between 23 March to 27 March.
History
Shahkot roots back to 14th century, when it was known as TerrathGarh. It was named as Shahkot after the name of the famous Sufi, HazratMurad Shah. In 1960 it was declared a Town Committee. The town has two distinct spatial patterns the central area around the Darbar is radial, while the rest of the town is planned on Gridiron Pattern. Shahkot is a part of Indus basin that has gradually been filled up by alluvium brought by the rivers from the north. Where the river activities have ceased, the scars of depression have been filled up and the surface has become somewhat leveled. The climate of the area is sub-humid. The general features are high summer temperature with hot dry winds and frequent dust storms. Mean annual rainfall is recorded to be 500 millimeters in the area. In May and June, the temperatures range from 38°C to 41°C, with maximum rising to 48°C in summer. The mean minimum temperature is 4.5°C, which usually occurs in December. Shahkot is the one of the important TMA of district Nankana. Formerly it was part of district Shiekhpura. After the declaration of Nankana district, this territory was shifted under the Jurisdiction of District Nanakana. After the implementation of Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001, it was given the status of TMA in 2001.
| 2.34375
| 0
|
11662841
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi%20cinema
|
Marathi cinema
|
With the advent of sound in the 1930s, a shift toward more naturalistic acting emerged in Marathi cinema, although traces of the theatrical style remained. V. Shantaram, a prominent actor-director of the era, introduced a more refined approach to acting. Renowned actors of this time included Shanta Apte, Durga Khote, Lalita Pawar, Meenakshi Shirodkar, Shobhna Samarth, Chandrakant Mandare, Shahu Modak, Master Vinayak, and Baburao Pendharkar.
Following India's independence, Marathi filmmakers began to focus on mythology and pressing social issues such as caste discrimination, women's rights, and the struggles of rural populations. The 1950s and 1960s are often considered the golden era of Marathi cinema, with filmmakers like V. Shantaram, Bhalji Pendharkar, Anant Mane, Raja Paranjape, and Raja Thakur creating impactful works. Notable actors of this period included Sulochana Latkar, Sandhya, Hansa Wadkar, Usha Kiran, Chandrakant Gokhale, Raja Gosavi, Suryakant Mandhare, and Ramesh Deo. Rising to fame in the late 1950s, Jayshree Gadkar became one of the most influential actresses of the 1960s after her memorable performance in Sangtye Aika. In recognition of Marathi cinema, the Maharashtra government launched the annual Maharashtra State Film Awards, with Prapanch being the first film to win the Best Film award. Anant Mane is also credited for sustaining Marathi cinema with his groundbreaking work on Tamasha films.
The 1970s saw the rise of Dada Kondke, who became a leading figure by producing and directing hit films like Songadya, Ekta Jeev Sadashiv, Andhala Marto Dola, Pandu Havaldar, Tumcha Aamcha Jamala, Ram Ram Gangaram, Bot Lavin Titha Gudgulya, Aali Angavar, and Hyoch Navra Pahije. He holds a Guinness World Record for delivering nine silver jubilee hits at the box office. This decade also introduced notable actors such as Smita Patil, Usha Chavan, Usha Naik, Asha Kale, Anjana Mumtaz, Nilu Phule, Kashinath Ghanekar, Shriram Lagoo, Ravindra Mahajani, and Vikram Gokhale.
| 2.34375
| 0
|
11662857
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la%20Ap%C3%A1ti%20Abkarovics
|
Béla Apáti Abkarovics
|
Béla Apáti Abkarovics (born 1888, Érmihályfalva, Austro-Hungarian Empire - died 1957, Szentendre, Hungary) was a Hungarian painter and graphic artist.
He used his original family name in both Abkarovics and Abkarovits versions, the stage name Apáti-Abkarovics later became his final family name (he was also often mentioned in the press as Apáthy-Abkarovics).
Biography
He began his art studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Budapest as a student of Károly Ferenczy. From 1911, it can be found in the Nagybánya colony. Here he worked under the proofreading of István Réti and János Thorma.
During World War I, he served in the military for a short time (in Eger, 1916), and after his demobilization, he went on a longer study trip to Austria, the Netherlands and Germany (between 1917 and 1919).
He worked regularly in Nagybánya until 1927, and then worked in Munkács for several years. He settled permanently in Szentendre in the 1930s. He was a member of the Transcarpathian Artists Association, later became a member of KÚT, and in 1945 was elected a member of the Szentendre artist colony.
In 1924, he was featured in the Nagybánya Jubilee Exhibition, and in 1925 and 1927 he participated in the Group Exhibition of Nagybánya Painters. As a member of the artist colony, he participated in group exhibitions of Szentendre artists from 1945. In 1955, he organized a collection exhibition of Szentendre's works. After his death, in 1967, in the Ferenczy Museum in Szentendre, from the pictures of the memorial exhibition. His works can be found in the Hungarian National Gallery, the Munkacs and Nagyvárad museums.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
11662864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw%20Stieber
|
Zdzisław Stieber
|
Zdzisław Stieber, (June 7, 1903 – October 12, 1980) was a Polish linguist and Slavist. He was born in Szczakowa, then part of the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia (since 1918 Poland). His family was of assimilated German descent in Poland for generations. He died in Warsaw.
Initially a student of chemistry, Stieber turned his attention to comparative Slavic linguistics at the University of Kraków in 1926. His interest in the dialects of border areas led him to the study of East Slovak and Ukrainian dialects, where his work focused on toponyms, their etymology, and the history and settlement of the places where they are attested. He also carried out research on Sorbian and Belarusian, and was involved in producing linguistic atlases of Kashubian (1964–78), Polish (Nitsch 1957–70), and Lemkian (1956–64). Particularly valuable was his introduction of colors and symbols to dialect maps. Stieber's work in the 1930s represented some of the first studies of the dialect of the Lemko Rusyns. The deportation of this ethnic group in Operation Vistula after World War II underlines the importance of Stieber's work carried out while the community was still intact.
Stieber also produced works on the history and development of Polish (1934), Czech (1957), and Slavic in general (1969). Stieber held teaching appointments in Kraków, Lviv, Łódź, and Warsaw. His work in Polish and Slavic philology had a particularly strong influence on the introduction of the structural method in the teaching of phonology at the University of Łódź.
The Nitsch-Trnka-Stieber Law (stating that phonemic contrasts in a language can only be produced by regular sound laws or borrowing, but not as a result of analogical changes in morphophonemic rules) remains a matter of debate today (cf. Manaster-Ramer 1994).
In 1982 the Ukrainian Slavist George Y. Shevelov published an extensive reminiscence of Stieber in the journal Harvard Ukrainian Studies.
| 2.515625
| 0
|
11662896
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forties%20Oil%20Field
|
Forties Oil Field
|
The Forties Oil Field is the second largest oil field in the North Sea, after the Clair oilfield, which is located 110 miles east of Aberdeen. It was discovered in 1970 and first produced oil in 1975 under ownership of British Petroleum, now called BP.
History
BP had made the announcement to the press on 7 October 1970, that oil had been struck east-northeast of Aberdeen in of water. Production is from the Paleocene Forties Formation sandstones over a 90 km2 area making it a "giant oil field". BP's semi-submersible drilling rig Sea Quest hit crude oil at in the Upper Tertiary sandstone.
Four appraisal wells drilled during 1971–1972 revealed a large reservoir at a depth of about and closure of 155 m. So marked the first and largest major oil field discovery in the United Kingdom sector of the North Sea. Oil had previously been discovered at the Ekofisk field.
Reservoir
The Forties Formation consists of a lower Shale Member and an upper Sandstone Member, which were deposited in a "middle and lower submarine fan environment". The initial development plan included a "complete replacement seawater injection system" starting in 1975. By the time BP sold the field in 2003, their reservoir engineers estimated the oil in place was .
Development
There are five fixed platforms around the field: Forties Alpha, Forties Bravo, Forties Charlie, Forties Delta and Forties Echo. A riser platform, Forties Unity, lies further to the west and remained owned by BP as a strategic asset for accessing the Forties pipeline system without being dependent on the older access point, Forties Charlie. In April 2017, BP agreed to sell the pipeline to Ineos for a $125 million upfront payment and an additional $125 million in possible earnouts over 7 years.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
11662896
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forties%20Oil%20Field
|
Forties Oil Field
|
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, BP was ubiquitous in the North Sea, owning or partnering with other firms to own the best and biggest fields in the North Sea. BP owned their own commercial deepsea diving company, Subsea International, which serviced their structures and pipelines as well as others worldwide. BP contracted a fleet of helicopters, including Sikorsky S-61s from Bristow Helicopters used for crew changes on their platforms. The North Sea is typically too rough to make personnel transfers from a crewboat to a rig by basket or ladder, resulting in all crew changes being made by helicopter. North Sea crews typically worked two weeks on, two weeks off. Crews would often wait a day to a week to land on their platform, due to frequent dense fog which prevented landing on the 'Foggy Forties', a hazardous act even in clear weather. BP owned buildings near the airports around the North Sea to accommodate the crews while they were waiting or sometimes stranded in the Shetland Islands en route to the rigs from Aberdeen, Scotland.
The topsides for the Forties Echo and the associated fluid reception facilities on Forties Alpha were designed by Matthew Hall Engineering which was also responsible for procurement, fabrication , installation, hook-up and commissioning assistance. It was awarded the contract in August 1984. Initially there were facilities for 14 oil wells, and two spare slots. Construction details are shown in the following table.
No fluid processing was undertaken on Forties Echo, well fluids were transferred to Forties Alpha to yield 67,000 barrels of oil per day and 300,000 standard cubic metres of gas per day. Electric power was supplied from Forties Alpha and Delta. There is a 20 berth accommodation although the installation was intended to be unmanned. There are two modules with a topsides weight of 5,400 tonnes.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
11662917
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Brumbaugh
|
Cliff Brumbaugh
|
Early life
Clifford Michael Brumbaugh was born on April 21, 1974, in Wilmington, Delaware. He attended William Penn High School in Wilmington, where he was a top baseball player. In his junior year at William Penn, he had a batting average of .451 and recorded 22 runs batted in (RBIs). He then went on a training program the following offseason and further improved, ending his senior year as the statewide leader in several categories. He helped William Penn win the state Flight A championship and ranked first in the state with a batting average of .509 and 31 RBIs, having eight more RBIs than the next-highest player. He also placed second in runs scored (27) – two behind the leader – and was second in doubles (10) – one behind the leader. He was named William Penn's most valuable player and was chosen first-team all-state, the only third baseman selected. He was the Delaware Player of the Year and also the Delaware American Legion Player of the Year, for his play with the Stahl American Legion team.
College career
Despite his accomplishments in high school, Brumbaugh was not selected in the 1992 Major League Baseball draft. He was offered a contract of $1,200 to join the Milwaukee Brewers, but declined it to play college baseball for the Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens of the University of Delaware, later declaring it to be the "[b]est move I ever made." In his first year at Delaware, 1993, Brumbaugh started in 47 of 49 games and helped the team to a record of 28–21, batting .291 while having 41 hits and an on-base percentage of .423. The following year, he batted .417 and was the leading hitter in the North Atlantic Conference (NAC), posting 56 RBIs and six home runs. He was chosen a third-team All-American by the American Baseball Coaches Association (ABCA) and also was a first-team choice on the All-Region and All-NAC squads. He helped the team compile an overall record of 41–14 while winning the NAC title and also was a key player in their win of the Liberty Bell Classic, being named the MVP of the tournament.
| 2.296875
| 0
|
11662953
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili%20%C3%81rkayn%C3%A9%20Sztehl%C3%B3
|
Lili Árkayné Sztehló
|
Her art
Lily Sztehlo perfectly solved the problem of modern church art in her field, the art of the colored window. The nature of the material also helped her in this, because the most valuable property of colored glass is the saturation of the color with light, and this brilliance it is killed by those who - as the Renaissance did because of their fascination for perspective and plastic forms - consider glass as a basis for painting. Lily Sztehlo, like modern art in general, takes over the correct technique from the masters of the Middle Ages, lays out the object she wants to depict from colored glass pieces, and forms the lines of the drawing from the lead holder connecting the glass pieces. This the procedure requires the artist to renounce the representation of space structured according to the laws of perspective, to build her compositions flat and to simplify the lines of her drawing to the last detail. As many cancellations, as many profits. Especially in the art of the church.
In her colored glass compositions, strives to express the ideological theme in such a way that, by not only taking into account the nature of the glass, but also making use of its mentioned properties, it does not fall short of the figural painting in any way, she must have been blessed with an unusual talent similar to Egyptian sculptors, who knew how to express the full liveliness of life in extremely simplified forms.
The simplest poses, the barely moving movements crystallize the expression of the soul, the barely visible bends of the simplified contours clearly give life to the forms they delineate.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
11663006
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob%20Walz
|
Gottlob Walz
|
Gottlob Walz (29 June 1881 – 1943) was a German diver who competed in the 1906 Intercalated Games and 1908 Summer Olympics.
Walz was born in Stuttgart, Germany in 1881 and from 1903 became an accomplished diver who won the German National Diving Champion 11 times and the European Champion three times, so when he entered the Olympics he was the favorite each time.
At the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens, he competed with another 23 divers in the platform diving event, in which the divers had three dives each from four, eight and twelve metre platforms, and after two days Walz won with 156.0 points and ahead of fellow German Georg Hoffmann by 5.8 points.
Two years later Walz was back at the Olympics competing this time in the 3 metre springboard event, at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, in the first round the divers were split into group with the first two in each group qualifying for the next round, Walz won his group with 81.30 points, in the semi-finals there were two groups with again the top two qualifying for the final, Walz this time finished second in his group behind fellow German Kurt Behrens, in a final with four divers Walz only managed to finish in joint third place with American George Gaidzik.
| 2.265625
| 0
|
11663018
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Wilcox
|
Herbert Wilcox
|
Herbert Sydney Wilcox CBE (19 April 1890 – 15 May 1977) was a British film producer and director.
He was one of the most successful British filmmakers from the 1920s to the 1950s. He is best known for the films he made with his third wife Anna Neagle.
Early life
Wilcox's mother was from County Cork, Ireland, and Wilcox considered himself Irish, but he was born in Norwood, south London. His family moved to Brighton when Wilcox was eight years old; he was one of five children.
His family were poor and Wilcox had to do a number of part-time jobs, including some work as a chorus boy at the local Hippodrome. His mother died of tuberculosis when she was 42. Wilcox left school before the age of fourteen to find work. Shortly afterwards, his father died at the age of 42. Wilcox began earning money as a professional pool player at the Metropole in Camberwell Green.
The First World War broke out and Wilcox enlisted in the army. He was training cadets in County Cork when the Easter Rising broke out in 1916 and Wilcox was wounded. He then enlisted in the Royal Flying Corps to earn more money and trained as a pilot. A case of appendicitis kept him away from the front for a time but he wound up serving in France and serving as a flight instructor in England.
Film career
After the war, Wilcox went to work for his brother Charles as a film salesman. He began selling American films to Yorkshire exhibitors, occasionally working with Victor Saville.
Astra Films
In 1919, Wilcox used his war gratuity to found his own distribution company, Astra Films, in association with his brother and a colleague, Jack Smart. Wilcox contributed £117, and the others made up the rest. It was based in Yorkshire. "Owing to the war, there were practically no British productions", said Wilcox. "They were almost all American films." The company was immediately successful so they expanded into London.
Graham-Wilcox Productions
| 2.140625
| 0
|
11663114
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Tennant%20%28bushranger%29
|
John Tennant (bushranger)
|
The bushrangers then retired to the men's hut, where one of Mr. Ainslie's men was ordered to get them some food, having partaken of which the miscreants made off. At sunrise, Mr. Cowan went over to Mr. Campbell's station and reported to James Ainslie what had happened, saying, "It was time something was done." Ainslie's reply was short, sharp, and to the purpose, characteristic of the old trooper: "I will go out and take them, dead or alive," Cowan replying that he would go with him. Ainslie, hearing that two constables were at a neighbouring station, sent for and requested them to accompany him in pursuit of the gang, also obtaining the services of four Aboriginals as trackers. John Jones, district constable, also joined Mr. Ainslie at "Pialligo," before making their way to "Canberry," where Constable Fenton, Mr. Cowan, Mr. Macfarlane, and others joined the party. Leaving "Canberry," the trackers soon picked up the track of the bushrangers, which was followed round the north side of a hill into the forest land, the track becoming quite plain and leading towards the Murrumbidgee River. After following the track for about five miles they came to a brush on rising ground, where one of the trackers named "Make-a-cake," called out, "Make a light," meaning that he saw the bushrangers encampment. While the party halted to arrange their plans, Ainslie, unnoticed, rushed into the tent alone and surprised Teannant and Rix. Placing his musket to Tennant's breast, he said, "You rascal, Tennant! If you move I will put the contents of the piece through your heart." At this moment, in ignorance that Ainslie was in the tent, three shots were fired, which wounded Tennant in the neck, face, and hands, and Rix in the knee, but fortunately, Ainslie escaped injury, promptly shouting, "Cease firing, the men are fast." Mr. Macfarlane promptly rushed to Ainslie's assistance, relieving him of Tennant, whom he gave in charge to Constable Jones
| 2.15625
| 0
|
11663129
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abergasilus
|
Abergasilus
|
Abergasilus amplexus is a species of parasitic copepod endemic to euryhaline habitats in New Zealand. It is the only known species in the genus Abergasilus.
Description
This species is unique among ergasilids in that it only has three pairs of legs: the fourth and fifth pairs are reduced to single spines or are completely absent. The second antenna is very distinctive, hooks on the last and penultimate segments creating an obviously claw-like structure, more obvious in the female. The male is free-living, forming part of the plankton. Both sexes have an average length of 0.5 mm.
Hosts
The main host appears to be Anguilla australis: in Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora, infestation rates on this eel approach 100%, sometimes with over 100 parasites on the gills of a single fish. Other recorded host species include Anguilla dieffenbachii, Arripis trutta, Carassius auratus, Galaxias maculatus, Perca fluviatilis, Pseudophycis bachus, Retropinna retropinna, Rhombosolea leporina, Rhombosolea plebeia and Rhombosolea retiaria.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
11663241
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creigiau%20Gleision
|
Creigiau Gleision
|
Creigiau Gleision is a mountain in Snowdonia, Wales, near Capel Curig. It is the easternmost of the high Carneddau and is separated from the others by Llyn Cowlyd. Directly across this reservoir from Creigiau Gleision is Pen Llithrig y Wrach. To the north-east it runs into the broad ridge of Cefn Cyfarwydd.
Creigiau Gleision affords splendid views in all directions, including northwards to the coast, and down the Ogwen Valley and Dyffryn Mymbyr towards Snowdon.
In fact the mountain has three peaks, hence perhaps its plural name. The most southerly peak is the highest, at , and the O.S. map also marks the northerly peak (some ½ mile distant) at . Between these two lie a middle peak, of a height between the outer two, but cairnless and unmarked on the O.S. map.
Colin Adams, author of The Mountain Walker's Guide to Wales (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2002), has reached the summit of Creigiau Gleision over 450 times. He claims that on many occasions he encountered a ghost there who has spoken to him, and although he makes no reference to this in his book, he wrote about it in 1999.
| 1.960938
| 0
|
11663279
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Lloyd%20Wright
|
Eric Lloyd Wright
|
Eric Lloyd Wright (November 8, 1929 – March 13, 2023) was an American architect, son of Frank Lloyd Wright Jr. and the grandson of the famed Frank Lloyd Wright.
Early life and education
Wright was born in Los Angeles on November 8, 1929, to Helen Taggart and Lloyd Wright (Frank Lloyd Wright Jr.). His father was a landscape architect and architect who was the eldest son of Frank Lloyd Wright Sr. Educated at the University of California, Los Angeles, Eric worked in his grandfather's (1948–1956) and father's (1956–1978) firm as an apprentice. He received his license as an architect in 1967, before establishing his own firm, Eric Lloyd Wright Architecture and Planning, in 1978. Eric lived in Topanga, California, before moving to his last residence above Malibu, on land that his father, Lloyd Wright, assembled. The land was cleared of brush by Rupert Pole (Eric's half brother), Anaïs Nin (Eric's sister-in-law), Eric, the office staff, Lloyd and Helen, and they often used it as a picnic spot before Lloyd died in 1978.
Career and philosophy in architecture
"Wright’s early education as his grandfather’s apprentice at Taliesin and Taliesin West from 1948 to 1956 allowed him to partake in iconic projects such as New York’s Guggenheim Museum and Monona Terrace in Madison, Wisconsin." He worked in his father's firm in Hollywood, California, until 1978 when his father died. Then he began his own firm of architects and planners.
Eric Lloyd Wright Architecture and Planning do design and building, and Wright also led a nonprofit called Wright Organic Resource Center. The firm's focus is on residences, often working with other architecture firms for final construction. He had worked on larger projects, including the Sunset Community High School. He followed the concept put forth by his grandfather, termed Organic Architecture. "This “organic” concept not only predates the green-building trend of the past decade but also established the ideas that would come to be accepted as common sense concepts of smart design."
| 2.21875
| 0
|
11663279
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Lloyd%20Wright
|
Eric Lloyd Wright
|
The nonprofit Center provides educational programs on the grounds, which also include his home and the offices of his firm. The 24-acre site was purchased by his father in 1956, but never developed. Wright inherited the land from his father, and he had developed it slowly over the years, first as an office, and beginning in 1984, as his home.
Most of Wright's work is in the United States. In 1995 he worked on housing in Japan, and in 1993 he helped established Chi-Am Group Incorporated and Chi-Am Consortium, two Chinese-American architectural firms.
Many of his personal and architectural records were burned in a 1993 fire at his home. He donated the papers and records of his father and grandfather to the University of California at Los Angeles prior to that, where they are safe from fires.
Personal life and death
Wright lived with his wife Mary, a watercolor artist. They met in 1960 in Los Angeles. They had two sons.
Wright died on March 13, 2023, at the age of 93.
Restoring Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Wright was responsible for a number of restoration projects to his grandfather's buildings:
Storer Residence - Los Angeles, California
Ennis Residence - Los Angeles, California
Auldbrass Plantation - Yemassee, South Carolina
Eric Lloyd Wright Boulder House - an adaptation of an original design by his grandfather in Malibu, California
Greer Ranch - Murrietta, California
Murrietta Oaks - Murrietta, California
Other projects
Other projects by Wright include:
| 2.21875
| 0
|
11663316
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar%20Johansson
|
Hjalmar Johansson
|
Carl Hjalmar August Johansson (20 January 1874 – 30 September 1957) was a Swedish pioneer diver and swimmer who competed at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics.
Biography
Johansson was 32 years old when he competed in three different events at the 1906 Intercalated Games, firstly he entered the 100 m freestyle swimming, where he came fourth in his heat so qualifying for the final the next day, in the final there was nine swimmers and Johansson finished eighth, the same day he competed in the standing long jump event and jumped 2.690 metres to finish 19th out of 30. Finally he competed in his favoured event the combined platform diving event, where he finished in sixth place out of 24 divers.
Two years later at the 1908 Summer Olympics he won a gold medal in the 10 m diving platform beating three other Swedish divers and an American in the final, and was eliminated in the heats of 200 m breaststroke. Johansson also rescued a fellow diver who passed out after hitting the water poorly.
In 1912, aged 38, he won a silver medal in the plain high diving finishing behind fellow Swede Erik Adlerz who was just 19 years old, he also finished fourth in the 10 m platform.
Johansson significantly contributed to designing the Olympic code for conduct of diving competitions. He also invented diving styles, such as the "Swedish Swallow". He won the Swedish diving title from 1897 to 1912, except for two years when he was studying in London, and the British title from 1907 to 1913. In 1982 he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an honor diver/contributor.
| 2.84375
| 0
|
11663321
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip%20protocol
|
Gossip protocol
|
A gossip protocol or epidemic protocol is a procedure or process of computer peer-to-peer communication that is based on the way epidemics spread. Some distributed systems use peer-to-peer gossip to ensure that data is disseminated to all members of a group. Some ad-hoc networks have no central registry and the only way to spread common data is to rely on each member to pass it along to their neighbors.
Communication
The concept of gossip communication can be illustrated by the analogy of office workers spreading rumors. Let's say each hour the office workers congregate around the water cooler. Each employee pairs off with another, chosen at random, and shares the latest gossip. At the start of the day, Dave starts a new rumor: he comments to Bob that he believes that Charlie dyes his mustache. At the next meeting, Bob tells Alice, while Dave repeats the idea to Eve. After each water cooler rendezvous, the number of individuals who have heard the rumor roughly doubles (though this doesn't account for gossiping twice to the same person; perhaps Dave tries to tell the story to Frank, only to find that Frank already heard it from Alice). Computer systems typically implement this type of protocol with a form of random "peer selection": with a given frequency, each machine picks another machine at random and shares any rumors.
Variants and styles
There are probably hundreds of variants of specific gossip-like protocols because each use-scenario is likely to be customized to the organization's specific needs.
For example, a gossip protocol might employ some of these ideas:
| 2.640625
| 0
|
11663321
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip%20protocol
|
Gossip protocol
|
Protocol types
It is useful to distinguish two prevailing styles of gossip protocol:
Dissemination protocols (or rumor-mongering protocols). These use gossip to spread information; they basically work by flooding agents in the network, but in a manner that produces bounded worst-case loads:
Event dissemination protocols use gossip to carry out multicasts. They report events, but the gossip occurs periodically and events don't actually trigger the gossip. One concern here is the potentially high latency from when the event occurs until it is delivered.
Background data dissemination protocols continuously gossip about information associated with the participating nodes. Typically, propagation latency isn't a concern, perhaps because the information in question changes slowly or there is no significant penalty for acting upon slightly stale data.
Protocols that compute aggregates. These compute a network-wide aggregate by sampling information at the nodes in the network and combining the values to arrive at a system-wide value – the largest value for some measurement nodes are making, smallest, etc. The key requirement is that the aggregate must be computable by fixed-size pairwise information exchanges; these typically terminate after a number of rounds of information exchange logarithmic in the system size, by which time an all-to-all information flow pattern will have been established. As a side effect of aggregation, it is possible to solve other kinds of problems using gossip; for example, there are gossip protocols that can arrange the nodes in a gossip overlay into a list sorted by node-id (or some other attribute) in logarithmic time using aggregation-style exchanges of information. Similarly, there are gossip algorithms that arrange nodes into a tree and compute aggregates such as "sum" or "count" by gossiping in a pattern biased to match the tree structure.
| 2.03125
| 0
|
11663321
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip%20protocol
|
Gossip protocol
|
Many protocols that predate the earliest use of the term "gossip" fall within this rather inclusive definition. For example, Internet routing protocols often use gossip-like information exchanges. A gossip substrate can be used to implement a standard routed network: nodes "gossip" about traditional point-to-point messages, effectively pushing traffic through the gossip layer. Bandwidth permitting, this implies that a gossip system can potentially support any classic protocol or implement any classical distributed service. However, such a broadly inclusive interpretation is rarely intended. More typically gossip protocols are those that specifically run in a regular, periodic, relatively lazy, symmetric and decentralized manner; the high degree of symmetry among nodes is particularly characteristic. Thus, while one could run a 2-phase commit protocol over a gossip substrate, doing so would be at odds with the spirit, if not the wording, of the definition.
The term convergently consistent is sometimes used to describe protocols that achieve exponentially rapid spread of information. For this purpose, a protocol must propagate any new information to all nodes that will be affected by the information within time logarithmic in the size of the system (the "mixing time" must be logarithmic in system size).
Examples
Suppose that we want to find the object that most closely matches some search pattern, within a network of unknown size, but where the computers are linked to one another and where each machine is running a small agent program that implements a gossip protocol.
| 1.953125
| 0
|
11663321
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip%20protocol
|
Gossip protocol
|
In this scenario, searches might automatically age out of the network after, say, 10 seconds. By then, the initiator knows the answer and there is no point in further gossip about that search.
Gossip protocols have also been used for achieving and maintaining distributed database consistency or with other types of data in consistent states, counting the number of nodes in a network of unknown size, spreading news robustly, organizing nodes according to some structuring policy, building so-called overlay networks, computing aggregates, sorting the nodes in a network, electing leaders, etc.
Epidemic algorithms
Gossip protocols can be used to propagate information in a manner rather similar to the way that a viral infection spreads in a biological population. Indeed, the mathematics of epidemics are often used to model the mathematics of gossip communication. The term epidemic algorithm is sometimes employed when describing a software system in which this kind of gossip-based information propagation is employed.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
11663331
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster%20sergeant
|
Quartermaster sergeant
|
The rank was in use by both the Union Army and the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. The rank was below sergeant major and above ordnance sergeant. The same rank insignia was used by both armies. Both armies varied the colour of the stripes by assigning red for artillery, yellow for cavalry, and blue for infantry. Some Confederate militia units varied these colours even further and had other colours; an example being the black stripes used by infantry units from North Carolina.
Each regiment or battalion was assigned a quartermaster sergeant as part of the staff, appointed by the commander from among the regiment's sergeants. Their task was to assist the quartermaster of the regiment with ordering, storing and distributing various equipage (clothing, tents, etc.) and maintaining appropriate records. Other tasks may have included overseeing the regimental train or work parties assigned to the regiment. Particularly with cavalry and artillery regiments, acquiring and distributing forage was an important function of the quartermaster sergeant.
| 2.8125
| 0
|
11663331
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster%20sergeant
|
Quartermaster sergeant
|
Additionally, on 4 May 1861, each company of Union cavalry was authorised a company quartermaster sergeant. The company quartermaster sergeant was responsible for the company wagon and all the property it contained, including the tents, the company mess gear, the company desk, the company library, the ordnance, the subsistence provisions, and the company tools. He was further charged with overseeing the camp set-up of the tents and picket lines. He inspected the company horses and mules, and reported any problems to the veterinary surgeon of the regiment. He was also responsible for acquiring fuel, forage for the horses, and straw for bedding for the company. These were normally drawn from the supplies of the regimental quartermaster, along with replacements for uniforms and equipment. When they were not available from stores, the company quartermaster sergeant was responsible for forage parties to acquire them. The company quartermaster sergeant was required to sign for the uniforms and equipment that were in his custody and before disbursing these items to a soldier, he required a signature of receipt, countersigned by an officer.
The rank of company quartermaster sergeant was not a command position, although he was required to know the drills and the duties and responsibilities of the line NCOs. He was the second most senior NCO in the company after the first sergeant. During combat, his place was safeguarding the company wagon and its supplies. He was generally required to fight only in defence of the company property. In an extreme emergency, he could be used to replace a fallen line NCO, but this was extremely rare. The wagons were driven by teamsters, who were usually members of the company. Also, each cavalry company was authorized a wagoneer with the rank of corporal.
| 2.75
| 0
|
11663455
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Drohan
|
William Drohan
|
William N. Drohan (1946 – ) was an American microbiologist and academic known for his research in the field of hematology.
Education
Drohan earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in bacteriology from the University of California, Los Angeles and a PhD in medical microbiology and immunology from UCLA School of Medicine.
Career
He was known for his commitment to improving blood safety, his work in transgenic proteins to treat hemophilia and other blood-related disorders, as well as contributions in investigating mad cow disease in the blood supply.
His career included positions with the National Cancer Institute, the American Red Cross, and private companies that treated blood-borne disorders, most recently as chief scientific officer at Inspiration Biopharmaceuticals, and previously president and subsequently chief scientific officer of Clearant.
He also served as a professor in the Graduate Program of the Department of Genetics at George Washington University and formerly as an adjunct professor in the Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering at the University of Maryland.
He served on the editorial boards of several scientific journals, and was a member of the Scientific Steering Committee for Blood Products at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and chairman for the Panel on Biotechnology of the National Research Council.
Death
Drohan died of lung cancer at his home in Germantown, Maryland after a four-year illness. Drohan had previously lived in Springfield, Virginia and Santa Monica, California.
| 2.453125
| 0
|
11663487
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich%20Rademacher
|
Erich Rademacher
|
National titles
In 1918, Rademacher became national champion in the 100 metre backstroke, the first of many national titles. From 1919-1927 excluding 1922, Rademacher was the national champion in the 100 metre breaststroke, meaning he was national champion in this event 7 times. In 1928, he became national champion in the 200 metre breaststroke. From 1924 to 1928, he was a national champion in the 4x100 metre freestyle relay. He was a national champion as the goalkeeper of the Hellas Magdeburg team in water polo from 1924 to 1926, then again from 1928 to 1931 and again in 1933. He also had other national titles in other less common disciplines. Through his whole career, Rademacher set 15 German national records.
Rademacher also won two Hungarian national championships, one British national championship, one Czechoslovakian national championship and a US national championship.
European titles
At the 1926 European Championships in Budapest, he took home a bronze medal with his team in water polo, and became the European Champion in the Men's 200 metre breaststroke. He defended this title again in 1927. Finally, at the 1931 European Championships in Paris, he took home a silver medal with his team in water polo.
Olympic titles
Unfortunately for Rademacher, he was unable to compete in the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games as Germany was not admitted after World War I.
By the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics, Rademacher was heavy favorite to win the gold medal in the men's 200 metres breaststroke event, as he held the world record of 2:48. However, Yoshiyuki Tsuruta employed an unforeseen strategy that was allowed at the time, of staying underwater for most of the race. Tsuruta beat Rademacher, setting a new world record of 2:45.4.
However, this disappointment was short lived, as Rademacher won gold as the goalkeeper for the German water polo team in the men's water polo.
This was followed 4 years later at the 1932 Los Angeles olympics, where Germany won silver in the men's water polo event, with Rademacher in goal.
| 2.609375
| 0
|
11663487
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich%20Rademacher
|
Erich Rademacher
|
World records
By 1925, Rademacher owned every single breaststroke world record in breaststroke events from 50 yards to 500 metres.
Rademacher set separate world records in the 400 metre breaststroke event in 1920, 1921, 1923, 1925 and 1926. In the 200 metre breaststroke event, he set world records in 1922 and 1927. In the 200 yards breaststroke, he set a world record in 1924, and in 1925, he set world records in the 100 metre and 500 metre breaststroke events. This meant that by 1925, Rademacher held all of the breaststroke world records from 100 to 500 metres.
International ventures
In 1926, Rademacher toured the United States, where he set 10 records in 11 days, and then in 1927 toured Japan as an exhibition swimmer.
By the end of his career, Rademacher had represented Germany in 42 international water polo matches, and had 1,012 first place finishes.
Flying breaststroke technique
Rademacher is considered one of the first people to use the overarm recovery for breaststroke, which was named the "flying fish", and would later be used for the arms part of the butterfly stroke.
Later life
During World War II he fought against the Soviet Union, was captured, and remained in a prison camp until 1947. During that period he suffered a permanent face injury and did not like to be photographed afterwards. After returning to Germany he shied away from swimming circles, and elected not to help set up a new swim association with his teammates from Hellas Magdeburg. Instead, he worked as an insurance clerk in Braunschweig and then in Stuttgart.
Rademacher was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1972, and into the Germany's Sports Hall of Fame in 2008. A street and an indoor swimming pool in Magdeburg are named after him.
Family
His younger brother Joachim was his teammate in both water polo tournaments.
His son Ulrich Rademacher won 11 German swimming titles in 1954–58 and set 37 national records, and his second son Peter Rademacher played for the German water polo team.
| 2.671875
| 0
|
11663522
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%20pad
|
Π pad
|
The Π pad (pi pad) is a specific type of attenuator circuit in electronics whereby the topology of the circuit is formed in the shape of the Greek capital letter pi (Π).
Attenuators are used in electronics to reduce the level of a signal. They are also referred to as pads due to their effect of padding down a signal by analogy with acoustics. Attenuators have a flat frequency response attenuating all frequencies equally in the band they are intended to operate. The attenuator has the opposite task of an amplifier. The topology of an attenuator circuit will usually follow one of the simple filter sections. However, there is no need for more complex circuitry, as there is with filters, due to the simplicity of the frequency response required.
Circuits are required to be balanced or unbalanced depending on the geometry of the transmission lines with which they are to be used. For radio frequency applications, the format is often unbalanced, such as coaxial. For audio and telecommunications, balanced circuits are usually required, such as with the twisted pair format. The Π pad is intrinsically an unbalanced circuit. However, it can be converted to a balanced circuit by placing half the series resistance in the return path. Such a circuit is called a box section because the circuit is formed in the shape of a box.
Terminology
An attenuator is a form of a two-port network with a generator connected to one port and a load connected to the other. In all of the circuits given below it is assumed that the generator and load impedances are purely resistive (though not necessarily equal) and that the attenuator circuit is required to perfectly match to these. The symbols used for these impedances are;
the impedance of the generator
the impedance of the load
Popular values of impedance are 600Ω in telecommunications and audio, 75Ω for video and dipole antennae, and 50Ω for RF.
The voltage transfer function, A, is,
While the inverse of this is the loss, L, of the attenuator,
| 2.96875
| 0
|
11663657
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Apology%20of%20Justin%20Martyr
|
First Apology of Justin Martyr
|
The First Apology was an early work of Christian apologetics addressed by Justin Martyr to the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius. In addition to arguing against the persecution of individuals solely for being Christian, Justin also provides the Emperor with a defense of the philosophy of Christianity and a detailed explanation of contemporary Christian practices and rituals. This work, along with the Second Apology, has been cited as one of the earliest examples of Christian apology, and many scholars attribute this work to creating a new genre of apology out of what was a typical Roman administrative procedure.
Justin Martyr’s life and background
Justin Martyr was born in Flavia Neapolis (modern Nablus), a Greek-speaking town in Judea within the Roman Empire. In the Dialogue with Trypho, Justin explains how he came to Christianity after previously passing through the schools of Stoicism, Peripateticism, and Pythagoreanism. After becoming interested in Platonism, Justin eventually converted to Christianity after an encounter with an old man, which Justin describes in the Dialogue as “a love of the prophets, and of those people who are friends of Christ [that] possessed me.” The equating of Christianity with philosophy is important for Justin, as it explains the importance of the Apologies in defending Christianity in philosophical terms.
The First Apology is dated to between AD 155–157, based on the reference to Lucius Munatius Felix as a recent prefect of Egypt. The theologian Robert Grant has claimed that this Apology was made in response to the Martyrdom of Polycarp, which occurred around the same time as the Apology was written. This correlation would explain why the Apology heavily focused on punishment by fire; a reference to Polycarp’s burning at the stake. It is also generally believed that the Second Apology was originally part of the larger First Apology, although there is uncertainty among scholars about this point.
Themes of the First Apology
Addressing criticisms of Christians
| 2.71875
| 0
|
11663657
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Apology%20of%20Justin%20Martyr
|
First Apology of Justin Martyr
|
In the early chapters of the First Apology, Justin discusses the principal criticisms of contemporary Christians; namely, atheism, immorality, and disloyalty to the Empire. He first argues that “the name” of Christianity by itself is not reason enough to punish or persecute, and he urges the Empire instead to only punish evil actions, writing, “For from a name neither approval nor punishment could fairly come, unless something excellent or evil in action can be shown about it.” He then goes on to address the charges more directly, in which he argues that they are “atheists” toward Roman gods, but not to the “most true God.” He acknowledges that some Christians have performed immoral acts, but urges officials to punish these individuals as evildoers rather than Christians. With this claim, Justin demonstrates his desire to separate the Christian name from the evil acts performed by certain individuals, lamenting how criminals tarnish the name of Christianity and are not true “Christians.” Finally, he addresses the alleged disloyalty to the Empire, discussing how Christians do seek to be members of another kingdom, but this kingdom is “of that with God” rather than a “human one.”
Jesus Christ as the Logos
Justin goes to great lengths in the First Apology to defend Christianity as a rational philosophy. He remarks at how Christianity can provide moral teaching for its followers, and how many of the Christian teachings parallel similar stories in pagan mythology, making it irrational for contemporary pagans to persecute Christians.
One of Justin’s most important themes involves his description of the logos, a philosophical concept of order of reason and knowledge. Throughout the First Apology, Justin argues that Jesus Christ is the incarnation of the Logos, which leads him to the proof that any individual who has spoken with reason, even those who lived before Christ, connected with the logos in the form of Christ, and is thus, in fact, a Christian.
| 2.34375
| 0
|
11663657
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Apology%20of%20Justin%20Martyr
|
First Apology of Justin Martyr
|
This theme is paramount to understanding Justin’s defense of Christianity, and was a groundbreaking statement in Christian apologetic writing. The use of the term “logos” indicates that Justin likely drew upon prior philosophical teachings, but Justin makes the argument that these teachings represent only partial truth because they possess and are connected with only part of the overall logos. For Justin, Christianity represents the full truth (logos), meaning that Christianity is not only a meaningful philosophy, but it also completes and corrects prior thought to achieve the highest level of knowledge and reason.
Early Church practices
The First Apology provides one of the most detailed accounts of contemporary Christian practice. Those that are baptized are “brought by us where there is water,” where they are “born again in the same manner of rebirth by which we ourselves were born again.” After the discussion of baptism, Justin describes the practice of the Eucharist, by his teachings of metabole, “we have been taught that the food over which thanks have been given by a word of prayer that is from Him, from which our blood and flesh are nourished by transformation, is the flesh and blood of Jesus who became incarnate.”. Finally, he provides information on the weekly Sunday meetings of the congregation, consisting of readings from the Jewish prophets and "the memoirs of the apostles", prayers, and a meal.
Historical and literary significance
| 2.6875
| 0
|
11663759
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia is governed by state and territory laws, which vary considerably, although none ban the selling of sex itself.
Tasmania, Western Australia and South Australia operate under an abolitionism framework, where the selling of sex itself is not illegal, but activities such as keeping brothels and pimping are illegal.
The Australian Capital Territory operates under a legalisation framework, where sex work is legal, but brothels must be licensed and can face criminal penalties for operating without a license. Private sex work is legal if the sex worker is working alone.
The Northern Territory, New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria operate under a decriminalisation framework, where most criminal penalties associated with sex work have been removed and brothels or prostitutes are not required to be licensed, however all jurisdictions still have some remaining regulations in regards to where prostitutes or brothels can operate, or on other activities such as advertising.
There is no evidence of pre-colonial prostitution amongst Indigenous Australians. However, sexual practices more consistent with the modern understanding of polygamy were common, such as the exchange of women to demonstrate friendship. Colonial-era prostitution was controlled via legislation such as the colonial versions of the Contagious Diseases Acts, passed in Victoria and Queensland. Although colonies such as South Australia chose not to pass any CD Act, seeing it as "infringement on the rights of women and official condoning of immorality". After Federation, criminal law was left in the hands of the states, which by and large did not make selling of sex itself illegal, although many acts associated with it such as solicitation, brothel keeping, and leasing accommodations were made illegal.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
11663759
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia
|
Subsequent amending acts include the Prostitution Amendment Act 2002 and the Justice and Community Safety Legislation Amendment Act 2011(Part 1.7), a minor administrative amendment.
History
Prior to passage of the Prostitution Act 1992, prostitution policy in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) consisted of "containment and control" under the Police Offences Act 1930 This prohibited keeping a brothel, persistently soliciting in a public place, or living on the earnings of prostitution. This law was not enforced. In 1991 a report entitled Prostitution in the ACT: Interim Report (Australian Capital Territory) was produced by the Select Committee on HIV, Illegal Drugs and Prostitution describing the then state of the industry, the shortcomings of the law, and the possible reforms available. Having considered the example of other Australian States that had adopted various other models, the committee recommended decriminalisation, which occurred in the 1992 Prostitution Act. Sex workers and brothel owners were required to register with the Office of Regulatory Services (ORS), subsequently Access Canberra, as were escort agencies, including sole operators.
Legislative review 2011
The legal situation was reviewed again with a Standing Committee on Justice and Community Safety's inquiry into the ACT Prostitution Act 1992, following the death of a 16-year-old girl, Janine Cameron, from a heroin overdose in a brothel in 2008.
The inquiry was established on 28 October 2010. The committee, chaired by ACT Liberal MLA Vicki Dunne, devised terms of reference that were as follows:
| 2.484375
| 0
|
11663759
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia
|
Politics
Generally prostitution policy in NSW has been bipartisan. But in 2010 the Liberal (centre-right) opposition announced that it would make prostitution reform part of its campaign for the March 2011 State election. The plan would involve a new licensing authority, following revelations that the sex industry had been expanding and operating illegally as well as in legal premises. The Liberals claimed that organised crime and coercion were part of the NSW brothel scene. The last reform was in 2007, with the Brothels Legislation Act. The Liberals were duly elected as the new government in that election.
Advocacy for sex workers in NSW is undertaken by SWOP NSW (Sex Workers Outreach Project).
Northern Territory
Sex work including the operation of brothels and street work became legal, subject to regulation, in the Northern Territory in 2019 with the passage of the Sex Industry Act which repealed earlier legislation.
History
Unlike other parts of Australia, the Northern Territory remained largely Aboriginal for much longer, and Europeans were predominantly male. Inevitably this brought European males into close proximity with Aboriginal women. There has been much debate as to whether the hiring of Aboriginal women (Black Velvet) as domestic labour but also as sexual partners constituted prostitution or not. Certainly these inter-racial liaisons attracted much criticism. Once the Commonwealth took over the territory from South Australia in 1911, it saw its role as protecting the indigenous population, and there was considerable debate about employment standards and the practice of 'consorting'.
| 2.53125
| 0
|
11663759
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia
|
Anti-Discrimination Amendment 2022
In November 2022, the NT Government passed the Anti-Discrimination Amendment Bill giving full protection of sex workers making it the first region in the world to do so.
Queensland
Since full implementation on 2 August 2024 under proclamation sex work within Queensland has been formally decriminalised and brothels are allowed and permitted. There is still official restrictions on sex work that are “near or close proximity to schools, hospitals and churches” within legislation.
History
Much emphasis was placed in colonial Queensland on the role of immigration and the indigenous population in introducing and sustaining prostitution, while organisations such as the Social Purity Society described what they interpreted as widespread female depravity. Concerns led to the Act for the Suppression of Contagious Diseases 1868 (31 Vict. No. 40), part of a widespread legislative attempt to control prostitution throughout the British Empire through incarceration in lock hospitals. Brothels were defined in section 231 of the Queensland Criminal Code in 1897, which explicitly defined 'bawdy houses' in 1901. A further act relating to venereal disease control was the Health Act Amendment Act 1911 (2 Geo. V. No. 26). Solicitation was an offence under Clause 132E, and could lead to a fine or imprisonment. Other measures included the long-standing vagrancy laws and local by-laws.
The Fitzgerald Report (Commission of Inquiry into "Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct") of 1989 led to widespread concern regarding the operation of the laws, and consequently a more specific inquiry (Criminal Justice Commission. Regulating morality? An inquiry into prostitution in Queensland) in 1991. This in turn resulted in two pieces of legislation, the Prostitution Laws Amendment Act 1992 and the Prostitution Act 1999.
| 2.375
| 0
|
11663759
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia
|
No other "days of religious significance" have been prescribed. Other offenses exist such as a business owner or manager allowing a person aged between 18 months and 18 years of age to enter or remain in a sexual services business except if that premises is primarily used as a residence.
Additionally, it is against the law to discriminate against someone, for example in rental applications or in employment, on the basis of "lawful sexual activity" under the Equal Opportunity Act 2010, and this includes sex work.
History
Victoria has a long history of debating prostitution, and was the first State to advocate regulation (as opposed to decriminalisation in New South Wales) rather than suppression of prostitution. Legislative approaches and public opinion in Victoria have gradually moved from advocating prohibition to control through regulation. While much of the activities surrounding prostitution were initially criminalised de jure, de facto the situation was one of toleration and containment of 'a necessary evil'.
19th century
Laws against prostitution existed from the founding of the State in 1851. The Vagrant Act 1852 included prostitution as riotous and indecent behaviour carrying a penalty of imprisonment for up to 12 months with the possibility of hard labour (Part II, s 3). The Conservation of Public Health Act 1878 required detention and medical examination of women suspected of being prostitutes,
corresponding to the Contagious Diseases Acts in other parts of the British Empire. This Act was not repealed till 1916, but was relatively ineffective either in controlling venereal diseases or prostitution.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
11663759
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia
|
The Crimes Act 1891 included specific prohibitions under PART II.—Suppression of Prostitution Procurement (ss 14–17) or detention (ss 18–21) of women either through inducements or violence to work as prostitutes was prohibited, with particular reference to underage girls. The Police Offences Act 1891 separated riotous and indecent behaviour from prostitution, making it a specific offence for a prostitute to 'importune' a person in public (s 7(2)).
Despite the laws, prostitution flourished, the block of Melbourne bounded by La Trobe Street, Spring Street, Lonsdale Street and Exhibition Street being the main red light district, and their madams were well known. An attempt at suppression in 1898 was ineffectual.
Early 20th century
The Police Offences Act 1907 prohibited 'brothel keeping', leasing a premise for the purpose of a brothel, and living off prostitution (ss 5, 6). Despite a number of additional legislative responses in the early years of the century, enforcement was patchy at best. Eventually amongst drug use scandals, brothels were shut down in the 1930s. All of these laws were explicitly directed against women, other than living on the avails.
In the 1970s brothels evaded prohibition by operating as 'massage parlours', leading to pressure to regulate them, since public attitudes were moving more towards regulation rather than prohibition. Initial attempts involved planning laws, when in 1975 the Melbourne Metropolitan Planning Scheme allowed for the operation of these parlours, even though they were known to be brothels, indeed the approval process required assurances that they would not be operated as such but this was not enforced. Community concerns were loudest in the traditional Melbourne stroll area of St. Kilda.
Late 20th century: From prohibition to regulation
| 2.359375
| 0
|
11663759
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia
|
In terms of HIV, a 2010 journal article by the Scarlet Alliance (SA) organisation—based on research conducted in 2008—explained that it is illegal for a HIV-positive sex worker to engage in sex work in Victoria; although, it is not illegal for a HIV-positive client to hire the services of sex workers. Additionally, according to the exact wording of the SA document, "It is not a legal requirement to disclose HIV status prior to sexual intercourse; however, it is an offence to intentionally or recklessly infect someone with HIV."
Economics
Between 1995 and 1998, the Prostitution Control Board, a state government body, collected $991,000 Australian in prostitution licensing fees. In addition, hoteliers, casinos, taxi drivers, clothing manufacturers and retailers, newspapers, advertising agencies, and other logically related businesses profit from prostitution in the state. One prostitution business in Australia is publicly traded on the Australian stock exchange.
Criticism
Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Australia (CATWA) members Sheila Jeffreys and Mary Sullivan in a 2001 article criticised the 1984 Labor government decision to legalise prostitution in Victoria. They explained the legislative shift as follows: "The prohibition of prostitution was seen to be ineffective against a highly visible massage parlour trade (a euphemism for brothels), increasing street prostitution, criminal involvement and drug use." The authors used the term "harm minimization" to describe the objective of the Labor government at the time, and the oppositional Coalition government elected in 1992 decided to continue this policy. Sullivan and Jeffreys defined sex work as "commercial sexual violence", and argued that the aim to eliminate organised crime from the sex industry had failed.
| 1.96875
| 0
|
11663759
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia
|
In a 2005 study Mary Sullivan of CATWA stated that prostitution businesses made revenues of A$1,780 million in 2004/5 and that the sex industry was growing at a rate of 4.6% annually (a rate higher than GDP). In the state of Victoria, there were 3.1 million instances of buying sex per year as compared with a total male population of 1.3 million men.
She stated that women made up 90% of the labour force in the industry in Victoria and earned, on average, A$400–$500 per week, did not receive holiday or sick pay, and worked on average four 10-hour shifts per week. According to her report, there had been an overall growth in the industry since legalisation in the mid-1980s and that with increased competition between prostitution businesses, earnings had decreased. She estimated the total number of women working in the sex trade to be 3,000 to 4,000 in the mid-1980s, opposed to 4500 women in the legal trade alone in 2005, estimating the illegal trade to be 4 to 5 times larger.
Sullivan's study stated that the sex industry was run by six large companies, which tended to control a wide array of prostitution operations, making self-employment very difficult. She claimed brothels took 50% to 60% of the money paid by clients, and that one agency threatened a worker with a fine if she refused a customer. Sullivan also alleged that legal businesses were commonly used by criminal elements as a front to launder money from human trafficking, underage prostitution, and other illicit enterprises.
Sullivan's claims have been widely disputed.
Western Australia
| 2.109375
| 0
|
11663759
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia
|
Like other Australian states, Western Australia has had a long history of debates and attempts to reform prostitution laws. In the absence of reform, varying degrees of toleration have existed. The current legislation is the Prostitution Act 2000, with some offences under the Criminal Code, Health Act 1911 (addressing venereal diseases) and the Liquor Control Act 1988 (prohibiting a prostitute from being on licensed premises). Prostitution itself is legal, but many activities associated with it, such as pimping and running brothels, are illegal. Despite the fact that brothels are illegal, the state has a long history of tolerating and unofficially regulating them. Street offences are addressed in Ss. 5 and 6 of the Prostitution Act, while brothels are prohibited (including living on the earnings) under S. 190 of the Criminal Code (2004). Procuring is covered under both acts.
Asian workers form a significant section of the workforce and experience a disproportionate amount of social and health problems.
History
Early period
Legislation addressing prostitution in Western Australia dates from the introduction of English law in 1829, specifically prohibiting bawdy houses (Interpretation Act). Prostitution in Western Australia has been intimately tied to the history of gold mining. In these areas a quasi-official arrangement existed between premise owners and the authorities. This was frequently justified as a harm reduction measure. Like other Australian colonies, legislation tended to be influenced by developments in Britain. The Police Act 1892 was no different, establishing penalties for soliciting or vagrancy, while the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1892 dealt with procurement. Brothel keepers were prosecuted under the Municipal Institutions Act 1895, by which all municipalities had passed brothel suppression by-laws by 1905.
Twentieth century
| 2.296875
| 0
|
11663759
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20Australia
|
Prostitution in Australia
|
Laws were further strengthened by the Police Act Amendment Act 1902, and Criminal Code 1902. Despite this the brothels of Kalgoorlie were legendary. Prostitution was much debated in the media and parliament, but despite much lobbying, venereal diseases were not included in the Health Act 1911. Prostitution was also dealt with by the Criminal Code 1913. The war years and the large number of military personnel in Perth and Fremantle concentrated attention on the issue, however during much of Western Australian history, control of prostitution was largely a police affair rather than a parliamentary one, as a process of "containment", in which brothels were tolerated in exchange for a level of cooperation. Consequently, the names and addresses of prostitutes remain recorded in the official records. This policy originated in Kalgoorlie, and later appeared in Perth. The informal containment policy, dating from 1900, was replaced by a more formal one in 1975. Containment was ended by the police in 2000, leaving brothels largely unregulated. Approaches reflected the ideology of the particular ruling party, as an attempt was made to replace "containment" and make control a specific parliamentary responsibility.
There was further legislative activity in the 1980s and 1990s with the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1988 Pt. 2, Law Reform (Decriminalization Of Sodomy) Act 1989, Acts Amendment (Evidence) Act 1991, and the Criminal Law Amendment Act (No 2) 1992. The Criminal Code (s.190, s.191) made managing premises for the purpose of prostitution, living off the earnings of prostitution, or procuring a person for prostitution an offence. Reform was suggested in 1997, with the formation of a working group, and a Prostitution Control Bill was drafted in 1999 but not enacted till the Prostitution Act 2000. The latter dealt principally with street soliciting, offences involving children in relation to prostitution, advertising and sponsorship.
Gallop Government (2001–2006)
| 2.15625
| 0
|
11663825
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plessa
|
Plessa
|
From 1816 to 1944, Plessa was part of the Prussian Province of Saxony. The Oberlausitzer Railway. running from Kohlfurt to Falkenberg, opened in 1874, crossing Plessa, but initially there was no provision for the trains to stop, following opposition to railway development from local farmers who had refused to provide land for a larger line which would open the next year linking Berlin with Dresden. Nevertheless, industrialisation soon began, and Plessa received its own stop on the railway line in 1885, with a station building following in 1891. Shortly after that, in 1894, the "Agnes" Brown-coal mine opened, which led to the establishment in 1897 of the "Plessaer Braunkohlenwerke GmbH" (Plessau Brown-coal company). In 1901 a Briquette factory opened to the north of the railway line. Brown-coal provided a basis for a more general increase in economic activity and the village began to grow, the registered population increasing from 1,200 to 2,063 between 1890 and 1910. The briquette factory developed a side-line in electricity generation, providing a local power network to which 12 electric motors and almost 400 electric lights were connected. The mine director, a man called Friedrich von Delius, nurtured ambitions for the business of power generation and in 1927, after a nine-month construction period, a full-scale power station operated from (and by) the briquette factory came online.
The Second World War cost Plessa 391 dead. The worst days were the 24th and 25 April 1945, when the Red Army broke through. Plessa was identified by the invaders as a "Partisanendorf" (Partisan village): 724 buildings were burned down and 155 villagers died.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
11663864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie%20Penn-Lewis
|
Jessie Penn-Lewis
|
Jessie Penn-Lewis (28 February 1861 – 15 August 1927, née Jones) was a Welsh evangelical speaker, who wrote several Christian evangelical works. Her religious work took her to Russia, Scandinavia, Canada, the United States and India.
Early life
Penn-Lewis was born on 28 February 1861 under the name Jessie Jones in Neath, South Wales, as the first child of Heziah and Elias Jones. Her father was a civil engineer; her family was religious. Her mother was a worker for the temperance movement. Her grandfather was a Calvinistic Methodist minister, and her family background rooted in the Calvinistic Methodist tradition.
When young, Jessie was said to be sickly and have an "over active brain", so that she was kept from school until she was twelve. At a young age, Jessie Jones became the leader of a Junior Lodge of the temperance movement. She was married on 15 September 1880, at the age of 19, to William Penn-Lewis, an auditor's clerk for the Sussex County Council. Her husband was reportedly a descendant of William Penn.
They moved to Richmond, Surrey, where she attended Holy Trinity Church and helped to establish a Richmond branch of the YWCA. She was an admirer of Henrietta Soltau, a YWCA activist who supported the China Inland Mission.
While at Richmond, Penn-Lewis was influenced by the teaching of Evan H. Hopkins, the vicar of the Holy Trinity Church. Hopkins was an intellectual of the Keswick movement. For years, Penn-Lewis was preoccupied with her ministry with YWCA. Yet felt "spiritually dissatisfied". She sought answers to a number of religious questions through studying books on the subject. Among the books which influenced her thinking were Spirit of Christ by Andrew Murray and Spiritual Torrents (1682) by Jeanne Guyon.
| 2.5625
| 0
|
11663864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie%20Penn-Lewis
|
Jessie Penn-Lewis
|
Public speaker
In 1892, Penn-Lewis had a sense of epiphany while studying Romans 6. She had previously thought that the Baptism with the Holy Spirit was the primary goal of the Christian life, but she now viewed this as only the beginning of the Christian's path. In her view, the Christian believer should pursue a fellowship with the Cross of Calvary. Her new goal was (in her words) to reach "through the death of the Cross, into union with the Ascended Lord in the bosom of the Father".
From 1892 to c. 1896, Penn-Lewis experienced success as a public speaker. In this period, the annual attendance of the YWCA classes increased considerably. About 6,900 people attended the classes in 1892, while almost 13,000 people attended them c. 1896. Meanwhile, Penn-Lewis helped in the founding of new YWCA branches.
In 1895, Penn-Lewis served as a speaker in the annual Mildmay Conference. Her message at the Conference was published in booklet form under the title The Pathway to Life in God (1895). It was Penn-Lewis first published book, and is considered the beginning of her literary career. The book was translated into other languages, and 75,000 copies were reportedly distributed.
In 1896, Penn-Lewis started traveling internationally as part of her speaking ministry. The first country she visited was Sweden. Between 1896 and 1898, Penn-Lewis travelled to Belfast, Denmark, various cities in England, the Grand Duchy of Finland, the Russian Empire, Scotland, and South Wales. She came in contact with the local royalty in both Russia and Scandinavia.
| 2.640625
| 0
|
11663864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie%20Penn-Lewis
|
Jessie Penn-Lewis
|
In 1897, Penn-Lewis reportedly first visited Keswick, Cumbria, where she "prayed publicly". She returned there as a public speaker in 1898. In 1901, she served as a speaker at the Scottish Bridge of the Allan Keswick Convention. There was controversy at the time, because she addressed a mixed audience of men and women. She was originally supposed to teach only in the women's meetings of the Convention, but she was asked to step in for a missing speaker. In subsequent years, Penn-Lewis attracted an audience of male ministers, who attended the women's meetings just to hear her speeches.
Penn-Lewis reportedly struggled with an unspecified lung disease throughout her public career, and at times had to cease traveling or speaking in order to recuperate. It has been speculated by her biographers that this mysterious disease was tuberculosis. She described her health problems as a "baptism of suffering". Her repeated recoveries reinforced in Penn-Lewis the belief that her God wanted her to continue with her ministry. She wrote books, such as Thy Hidden Ones: Studies in the Song of Solomon and The Story of Job, while recuperating.
Penn-Lewis visited Canada and the United States on a speaking tour. R. A. Torrey invited her to speak at the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago. Albert Benjamin Simpson invited her to speak at the Gospel Tabernacle in New York. Penn-Lewis also delivered speeches at the Missionary Institute of Nyack, New York, and various private settings in Upstate New York. At the time, Torrey described Penn-Lewis as one of the most gifted speakers which the world has ever known.
In her next significant speaking tour, Penn Lewis traveled to India. She wanted to encourage the Christian workers active in the country. She published the booklet The Word of the Cross in India, primarily aimed at a local audience. This book is also known as The Bible Booklet. It has reportedly received translations to about 100 different languages and dialects.
| 2.53125
| 0
|
11663864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie%20Penn-Lewis
|
Jessie Penn-Lewis
|
Welsh revival
Penn-Lewis was involved in the 1904–1905 Welsh Revival, which led to the mental and physical collapse of Evan Roberts.
While attending the 1902 Keswick Convention, Penn-Lewis was approached by an informal group of Welsh ministers. They wanted to establish a similar convention in Wales, and asked for her help. She agreed with their cause, and used her contacts to organize the Llandrindod Wells Convention. The first such convention took place in 1903. Penn-Lewis became a regular platform speaker in this convention.
During the Welsh Revival, Penn-Lewis served as a spiritual mentor to several of its leaders. She wrote her own reports on the movement under the title The Awakening in Wales. Her reports helped in drawing international attention to the movement. Starting in November 1904, Penn-Lewis also wrote weekly reports about the Revival for the periodical The Life of Faith.
There was an ongoing dispute over the ideas of speaking in tongues and Signs and Wonders associated with this Revival. In 1908, Penn-Lewis addressed the topic through her series of articles under the title An Hour of Peril. In her words, the Revival movement included "erroneous teachings centered primarily around the experience of physical manifestations". She viewed several of these physical manifestations as the work of demons, and a parody of the work of the Holy Spirit.
Writing for the periodical The Overcomer, Penn-Lewis criticized speaking in tongues as the work of "evil spirits". This made her a target of criticism for the Pentecostal movement, which viewed speaking in tongues in a positive light. On the other hand, F. B. Meyer supported Penn-Lewis' views.
In 1909, Penn-Lewis resigned from her position of leadership in Keswick’s women’s meetings . In 1911, she also resigned from her position in the Llandrindod Wells Convention. Her resignations were connected to increased criticism in her role within the Keswick movement, and her frustration at having less opportunities to speak to a wide audience.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
11663864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie%20Penn-Lewis
|
Jessie Penn-Lewis
|
After the breakdown by Roberts, he stayed with the Penn-Lewises from 1905. He and Penn-Lewis co-wrote War on the Saints (1912). The book continued the controversy over whether demons were influencing Revival-associated beliefs. The writers described their book as "a testimony against the outbreak of demons upon the spiritual Church, which followed the outpouring of the Spirit of God in Wales." Both writers blamed Satan for the activities in the unconscious mind, and both writers believed that Christian believers could fall victim to spirit possession. There was a theological dispute about the validity of either idea.
The Overcomer
In 1908, Penn-Lewis and Evan Roberts co-founded the monthly periodical The Overcomer. It was aimed at an audience of Christian workers. Penn-Lewis published a "personal letter" in every issue. The periodical included religious teachings, responses to the readers' questions, a prayer watch, and notices for the monthly meetings at Eccleston Hall which were organized by Penn-Lewis. It reportedly had an international audience, with readers in Europe, Central Africa, South Africa, North America, South America, and China. Besides the English-language editions of the periodical, there were French-language and Italian-language versions.
In 1912, Penn-Lewis organized the Matlock Conference. It was an "open conference", with no set programs or leaders. There were key speakers, but attendees were invited to contribute to the Conference's prayers, singing and testimonies. During the Conference's teatime sessions, there were exchanges of questions and answers among the attendees. Penn-Lewis also helped organize a "Soul Clinic" or "Student Class", to address the spiritual struggles of "less mature" workers.
| 2.453125
| 0
|
11663864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie%20Penn-Lewis
|
Jessie Penn-Lewis
|
In the 1920s, Penn-Lewis was preoccupied with her work for the revived version of The Overcomer and her other publications. She started a series of "Overcomer" conferences in various locations. She also organized "monthly Christian Worker meetings". She was essentially the only attraction at these conferences.
Due to her still declining health, Penn-Lewis delegated responsibility for The Overcomer to a number of men. They did not necessarily share her views, and the magazine diverged from the views of its founder. In about 1925, Penn-Lewis husband died, and her main source of income was a widow's pension. Their marriage had lasted for 45 years.
The owners of the hall used for Penn-Lewis' monthly meetings decided to transfer its ownership to her. She moved into an apartment within the hall, from where she maintained correspondence with Christian workers across the world. She still made speaking tours in Europe, primarily revisiting Scandinavia.
In July 1927, Penn-Lewis attended the 8th Swanwick conference. Later that month, she was a speaker at the Llandrindod Wells Jubilee Convention in Wales. On 15 August 1927, Penn-Lewis died suddenly, aged 66. Days before her death, she was still preparing her material for the next issue of The Overcomer. Her funeral service was conducted by Reverend Chilvers of Spurgeon's Tabernacle.
Influences
Penn-Lewis was influenced by the Dutch Reformed, South African writer Andrew Murray, among others – her books contain quotes from him and references to his works. Frank Buchman, founder of the Oxford Group, credits Penn-Lewis with helping him to rid his life of depression, when he heard her speak at a Keswick Convention. She also influenced Johan Oscar Smith, the founder of Brunstad Christian Church and the missionary statesman Norman Grubb.
Works
She founded the magazine The Overcomer, which still appears.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.