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14333738
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arogenate%20dehydratase
|
Arogenate dehydratase
|
Arogenate dehydratase (ADT) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
L-arogenate → L phenylalanine + H2O + CO2
Certain forms of the protein have the potential to catalyze a second reaction,
L-prephenate → L-phenylpyruvate + H2O + CO2
This enzyme participates in phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis (an example structure is shown to the right.
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-arogenate hydro-lyase (decarboxylating; L-phenylalanine-forming). Other names in common use include:
arogenate dehydratase
L-arogenate hydro-lyase (decarboxylating)
cyclohexadienyl dehydratase
carbocyclohexadienyl dehydratase
pheC
ADT
Reaction
The carboxyl and hydroxide groups (shown in red) attached to the 2,5-cyclohexene ring are eliminated from L-arogenate, leaving as carbon dioxide and water. The 2,5-cyclohexene ring becomes a phenyl ring, and L-phenylalanine is formed.
Certain forms of ADT have been shown to exhibit some prephenate dehydratase (PDT) activity in addition to the standard ADT activity described above. Known as cyclohexadienyl dehydratases or carbocyclohexadienyl dehydratases (listed above), these forms of the enzyme catalyze the same type of reaction (a decarboxylation and a dehydration) on prephenate. The carboxyl and hydroxide groups (in red) attached to the 2,5-cyclohexene ring are removed, leaving phenylpyruvate.
Function
ADT catalyzes a reaction categorized by two major changes in the structure of the substrate, these being a decarboxylation and a dehydration; the enzyme removes a carboxyl group and a water molecule (respectively). Both potential products of this reaction (L-arogenate and phenylpyruvate) occur at or near the end of the biosynthetic pathway. Total synthesis of L-arogenate has been reported.
| 2.5625
| 0
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14333819
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Choquette
|
Michel Choquette
|
Michel Choquette (born March 14, 1938) is a Canadian humorist who has written for print, for television and for film, and a comedian who has performed for television.
Life and career
Choquette was born March 14, 1938, in Montreal, Quebec to a French Canadian family.
He attended Selwyn House School and did his undergraduate studies at Sir George Williams University. Afterwards, he studied for a master's degree in archaeology at the University of Pennsylvania, but did not graduate.
In 1959 he created a record called "Songs of Murray Bay", which made fun of a summer resort town on the St. Lawrence which was widely popular locally. Because of this song, Choquette, at age 22, caught the interest of Cambridge-based musical satirist Tom Lehrer.
Along with Peter Elbling, Choquette was half of the comedy duo "The Times Square Two" from 1964 to 1970.
Choquette wrote for the Harvard Lampoon, and for National Lampoon magazine, where he was a contributing editor from 1970 to 1971, an associate editor during 1972, and a contributing editor from 1973 to 1974.
During the 1970s, Choquette put together The Someday Funnies, a large collection of original comics about the 1960s that were created especially for the book by 169 writers and artists. The book was released by Abrams on November 1, 2011.
In 1979 he played the bilingual tourist in the short satirical film Twice Upon a Time... (Il était deux fois).
Choquette presently teaches screenwriting, comedy writing and creative writing at McGill University and Concordia University in Montreal.
| 2.0625
| 0
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14333855
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny%20Arsenal
|
Allegheny Arsenal
|
The Allegheny Arsenal, established in 1814, was an important supply and manufacturing center for the Union Army during the American Civil War, and the site of the single largest civilian disaster during the war. It was located in the community of Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania, which was annexed by the city of Pittsburgh in 1868.
Today, the site is the location of the nine-acre Arsenal Park as well as Arsenal Middle School, a county health services complex, and a large condominium development.
In 2012, officials from the Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation began drawing attention to the deteriorating arsenal structures.
Origins
The Arsenal was established by the U.S. Army Ordnance Department near Pittsburgh in 1814. It was situated on of land bordering the Allegheny River in the community of Lawrenceville. The site was bounded by 39th Street, 40th Street, and Penn Avenue, and bisected by Butler Street, which was and still is the main thoroughfare of Lawrenceville.
The arsenal served as a supply and manufacturing center for the troops in the west. Its peak years came during the Civil War, especially when the manufacture of paper cartridges for rifles became a high priority. Civilian employment at the arsenal increased from a pre-war total of 308 to over 1100 workers. One of the busiest facilities was the main lab, which employed 158 workers, the majority of whom were women engaged in the making of cartridges.
| 2.8125
| 0
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14333855
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny%20Arsenal
|
Allegheny Arsenal
|
Explosion
On Wednesday, September 17, 1862, around 2 pm, the arsenal exploded. The explosion shattered windows in the surrounding community and was heard in Pittsburgh, over two miles (3 km) away. At the sound of the first explosion, Col. John Symington, Commander of the Arsenal, rushed from his quarters and made his way up the hillside to the lab. As he approached, he heard the sound of a second explosion, followed by a third. Fire fighting equipment as well as a bucket brigade tried to douse the flames with water. The volunteer fire company from Pittsburgh arrived and assisted in bringing the fire under control.
By the time the fire was put out, the lab had been reduced to a pile of smoldering rubble. 78 workers, mostly young women, were killed. 54 bodies were unidentified, and were buried in a mass grave in the nearby Allegheny Cemetery. Among those killed were 15-year-old munitions assembler Catherine Burkhart, who lived at 184 38th Street, and 17-year-old Margaret Turney, who lived at 160 43rd Street.
Investigation
The most commonly held view of the cause of the explosion was that the metal shoe of a horse had struck a spark which touched off loose powder in the roadway near the lab, which then traveled up onto the porch where it set off several barrels of gunpowder. A coroner's jury held that the accident had been the result of the negligent conduct of Col. John Symington and his subordinates in allowing loose powder to accumulate on the roadway and elsewhere. However, during a subsequent military inquiry into the conduct of Col. Symington, many of the same witnesses who had appeared before the coroner changed their testimony. There were so many discrepancies between the two hearings that most of the commonly held views of the explosion have been shown to be thoroughly discredited. In the end Col. Symington was found innocent of any wrongdoing by the army, and the court concluded that "the cause of the explosion could not be satisfactorily ascertained...."
| 2.28125
| 0
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14333855
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny%20Arsenal
|
Allegheny Arsenal
|
Col. Symington, in a letter to the Ordnance Department two days after the explosion, speculated that it had been caused "by the leaking out of powder when one of the barrels was being placed on the platform." In fact the problem of leaking barrels seemed to be the one point of agreement among all the witnesses. Alexander McBride, the Superintendent of the Lab, had repeatedly complained that the powder shipped by Dupont and Company was delivered in defective barrels with loose covers. Symington was suspicious that the "parties shipping powder may have used barrels more than once for the shipment of powder, as the barrels have been returned to them at their request." But in the end, the final word still belongs to the Army inquiry and the exact cause remains unknown. Col. Symington would be placed on medical leave after the hearings and retire the following year.
Aftermath
The explosion at the Arsenal was overshadowed by the Battle of Antietam, which occurred on the same day near the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland.
Monument
A monument to those killed in the explosion is located near the graves of the unidentified victims in Section 17 of Allegheny Cemetery. The monument was dedicated on May 27, 1928, replacing an earlier marble shaft placed shortly after the explosion which had become illegible by the 1920s. The monument lists the names of all 78 people killed in the blast along with a dedicatory text transcribed from the original monument.
Later history
Work at the Arsenal continued, and a new lab was constructed by the following year. After the war, the Allegheny Arsenal served primarily as a storage facility for the Ordnance Department and Quartermaster Corps.
| 2.25
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14333855
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny%20Arsenal
|
Allegheny Arsenal
|
In the early 1900s, the War Department consolidated its operations in the western half of the arsenal grounds. The other half, above Butler Street, became surplus property. Five acres at the east end were transferred in 1904 to build the Pittsburgh U.S. Marine Hospital, which is now the Allegheny County Health Department's Frank B. Clack Health Center. The remaining land was converted into Arsenal Park, which was dedicated on the Fourth of July, 1907. Arsenal Middle School was built at the west end of the park in 1932.
The western half of the arsenal remained in use through World War I but eventually became obsolete. It was sold to the H. J. Heinz Company in 1926 and subsequently used for various industrial and commercial purposes. The arsenal's former main gate was demolished in 1947 to make more room for delivery trucks, though it remained as a pile of rubble until the site was cleared for a new supermarket in 1961. Most of the western half of the arsenal site is now occupied by the Arsenal 201 condominium complex. Construction crews working on the condominiums uncovered caches of Civil-War-era cannonballs in 2017 and again in 2020.
Today the site of the explosion is in a ballfield in Arsenal Park. Most of the arsenal buildings were demolished, but there are four still standing: the powder magazine, now a maintenance shed for the park, two magazine buildings on the grounds of the Clack Health Center, and a former officers' quarters on 39th Street. A Quartermaster Corps insignia dated 1814 that was originally part of the gate was preserved and is now mounted on the old powder magazine. All of the surviving buildings, along with several sections of stone wall surrounding the former arsenal, became contributing properties to the newly created Lawrenceville Historic District in 2019.
| 2.515625
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14333879
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomath%2C%20Georgia
|
Philomath, Georgia
|
Philomath is an unincorporated community located in the southeastern corner of Oglethorpe County, Georgia, United States at an elevation of .
History
The area of Philomath was first called Woodstock in the 1790s and was briefly the county seat during that decade. It experienced a population decline after the move, but started to be settled again circa 1829. The nearest post office was a stage coach stop between Atlanta and Augusta about four miles away. The people of Woodstock wanted their own post office. When the approval for one came, the name had to be changed because there was another Woodstock in Georgia.
The city was home to an all-boys boarding school, Reid Academy, to which boys came from all over the South to attend. The school was known throughout the state as one of the finest educational institutions of its time. Robert Toombs and Alexander Stephens were frequent visitors to the city and often made speeches at the school. Stephens suggested that the city’s name should be changed to Philomath which means a place of learning, because the school was such an important aspect to the community. Much of the early history of Philomath was centered on the Academy. The school buildings were eventually torn down and replaced with a one-story building, which was used as a community school until recent years when the students began to be transported to larger schools. The building was then converted into a community center.
Philomath is mentioned in the 1985 R.E.M song "Cant Get There from Here", with singer Michael Stipe singing the lines "If you're needing inspiration, Philomath is where I go by dawn” and “Philomath they know the low-down.” However, Stipe claims he's never been there. The liner notes for the band's Eponymous compilation album identify Philomath as "located between Lexington and Crawfordville and used to have its own post office."
| 2.234375
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14333879
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomath%2C%20Georgia
|
Philomath, Georgia
|
Philomath is mentioned in John McPhee's essay "Travels in Georgia" which appeared in the collection "Pieces of the frame". At the time of that writing (1973), Philomath's zip code was 30659.
Historical buildings
A large number of cotton plantations were laid out in and around Philomath, the oldest of which is called "The Globe".
A Presbyterian church was erected circa 1840, which still stands.
On one plantation, there is a clay pit (called the Great Buffalo Lick) which was used by the Cherokee and Creek peoples as a boundary to transfer land to the state of Georgia during James Wright's term as governor. There was more recently an attempt to register the above mentioned Buffalo Lick as a Georgia Natural Area. Many Native American trails run through this land. William Bartram, a biological scientist, traveled through this area in his study of the plant life of the region.
The Parting of Soldiers
Philomath was the location of the final breaking up of the Confederate government east of the Mississippi. President Davis and his cabinet separated in Washington, Georgia because they thought it was best for him to travel inconspicuously. His cabinet met at the home of Captain John J. Daniel. General Breckinridge and General Duke, who were bodyguards to President Davis in his flight from Richmond, were in command. It was decided that it was a "needless expenditure of blood to continue the struggle and the Stars and Bars of the late Confederacy were forever furled." The last counsel of war took place in the parlor of the Globe and the generals and other officers dined with Captain Daniel. The parting addresses were delivered from the porch after the soldiers received their small paychecks and departed for their homes.
| 2.859375
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14333882
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachharadada
|
Vachharadada
|
Folklore also says that he was reborn seven times, and every time he would do Pheras, he would be interrupted by acts of dacoits taking away the cows. In his seventh life he successfully killed the dacoits. Thus he became a Shurveer in seven cycle of birth as per Hindu myths and became a demi-god after that.
Iconography
Vachhada Dada is shown sitting on a white Kathiawari horse with a snake at his feet and a flaming sword in his hands. He is worshiped by Khedut' (Gujarati word for a farmer) to protect their cattle and keep their crops thriving and also from protection of snake bites. Many temples and shrines can be found throughout Gujarat devoted to him.
Temples
The location where he became martyr is also named Vachhara Dada. It is located at edge of Little Rann of Kutch, 35 km from Kuda (near Dhrangadhra); 15 km from Vatsrajpur, and 8 km from Zinzuwadia. The place today is a pilgrimage centre and houses the main temple and samadhi of Vachra Dada. 407 km from Zinjuvada, the temple of vachradada is situated at bitta. Ta. Abdasa-kutch which is known as Jangirdada. The drive to this place along the little Runn itself is very adventurous and a unique experience.
Other major temples are located in Dundas, Mahuva, Narigam, Nari, Devada, Porbandar, Patan, Godhana, Bhanvad, Khambhalia, Dwarka, Mandvi, Anjar, Rangpur and Mahisa, Rajkot, Mauripur (Karachi, Pakistan) to name a few.
Culture
There are many folk songs, Bhajans in praise of Vachhara Dada, which are very popular in Kutch and Saurashtra regions of Gujarat, amongst which most noted are Dham dham dhame Nagara, Rajputo ma ek ladvayo, Rane chadyo veer, Jai Veer Vachhara Dada'', "Solanki Veer Che Dado" all in Gujarati language, sung by folk singers like Kirtidan Gadhvi and others.
| 2.078125
| 0
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14333939
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Castle%20High%20School%20%28Indiana%29
|
New Castle High School (Indiana)
|
When the current building opened, the school was renamed Walter P. Chrysler Memorial High School, after Chrysler Corporation founder Walter Chrysler. In 1979, the New Castle School Board voted to remove the Chrysler name from the school, but eventually decided to rename it New Castle Chrysler High School. The Chrysler name was eventually dropped from the school, but not until July 1, 2011. The name change had been approved by a 3–2 vote on November 12, 2007, restoring the school's original name, effective after that year's freshman class graduated in 2011.
The New Castle School Board began a $25 million project in 1998 to significantly renovate the high school, add air conditioning, and upgrade its technological infrastructure. The former business wing, or "C" wing, was demolished to make room for a new entrance and improved parking. A new three-story academic wing was built to provide more classroom space and improved science facilities. In 1999, freshmen students were moved from Parkview Junior High School to the newly expanded high school.
During the summer of 2011, most of the vocational (New Castle Area Career) programs that had been formerly housed at the Eder site in Knightstown (Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Children's Home campus) were moved primarily into the E and T-wings of New Castle High School. Only the student radio station, WKPW (90.7 FM), remained in Knightstown where it had been moved from the Eder site to Knightstown High School by early 2010.
| 2.140625
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14334021
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9baco
|
Cébaco
|
Cébaco island lies off the Pacific Coast of the Republic of Panama, in Montijo District, Veraguas Province. It is located near another island called Gobernadora, which is smaller. It has much wildlife within its forest and some large private properties that have teak plantations.
Economy and infrastructure
The island is located in the Gulf of Montijo and has a small town of approximately 30 homes on the northern coast of the island. Most locals live off commercial fishing and sell to the mainland. The only transportation to the island is by boat, but no commercial ferry operations are available. Local fisherman can be found on the mainland that are able to transport groups to various parts of the island. The town in Cébaco Island uses solar panels as an energy source that provides electricity to the community, and powers a local public phone and the public phone antenna.
Tourism
The Gulf of Montijo is well known for its sport fishing (tuna and wahoo), Scuba diving and whale watching. Besides the fishing, Cebaco offers surfing on the southern coast. In the main village of El Jobo, there are accommodations, Coiba Lost World EcoLodge, and offer activities around the area of Cebaco, Montijo Bay and Gobernadora .
Environment
Much of the western half of the island has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a significant population of brown-backed doves. The Derby's woolly opossum also occurs there.
| 2.34375
| 0
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14334029
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorismate%20synthase
|
Chorismate synthase
|
The enzyme chorismate synthase (EC 4.2.3.5) catalyzes the chemical reaction
5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate chorismate + phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate phosphate-lyase (chorismate-forming). This enzyme is also called 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate phosphate-lyase. This enzyme participates in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis.
Chorismate synthase catalyzes the last of the seven steps in the shikimate pathway which is used in prokaryotes, fungi and plants for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. It catalyzes the 1,4-trans elimination of the phosphate group from 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) to form chorismate which can then be used in phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan biosynthesis. Chorismate synthase requires the presence of a reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2 or FADH2) for its activity. Chorismate synthase from various sources shows a high degree of sequence conservation. It is a protein of about 360 to 400 amino-acid residues.
Biological and practical function
The shikimate pathway synthesises precursors to aromatic amino acids, as well as other aromatic compounds that have various involvement with processes such as "UV protection, electron transport, signaling, communication, plant defense, and the wound response". Because humans lack the shikimate pathway, but it is required for the survival of many microorganisms, the pathway and chorismate synthase in particular are considered to be potential targets for new antimicrobial treatments. For example, chorismate synthase is known to be essential to the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, making the enzyme an attractive antibiotic target for control of this pathogen.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 9 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , and .
| 2.21875
| 0
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14334029
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorismate%20synthase
|
Chorismate synthase
|
The crystal structure of chorismate synthase is a homotetramer with one
FMN molecule non-covalently bound to each of the four monomers.
Each monomer is made up of 9 alpha helices and 18 beta strands and the core
is assembled in a unique beta-alpha-beta sandwich fold. The active sites for FMN-binding are made up of clusters of flexible loops and the area around these regions have highly positive electromagnetic potential. There are two histidine residues located at the active site which are thought to protonate the reduced flavin molecule and the leaving phosphate group of the substrate.
Mechanism
The formation of chorismate from EPSP involves two eliminations, of phosphate and a proton (H+), from the substrate. In the first step of catalysis, phosphate is eliminated, assisted by proton transfer from a conserved histidine residue. At the same time, an electron is transferred from the FMN to the substrate, forming an FMN radical and a substrate radical. Next, the FMN radical rearranges, and then a hydrogen atom is transferred to FMN from the substrate, eliminating both radicals and generating the product. The reduced FMN then re-tautomerizes to its active form by donating a proton to a second conserved histidine. Although the chorismate synthase reaction is FMN-dependent, there is no net redox change between substrate and product; the FMN merely acts as a catalyst.
Two classes of chorismate synthase exist, differing in how the reduced state of the FMN cofactor is maintained. Bifunctional chorismate synthase is present in fungi and contains an NAD(P)H-dependent flavin reductase domain. Monofunctional chorismate synthase is found in plants and E.coli and lacks a flavin reductase domain. It depends on a separate reductase enzyme to reduce the FMN.
| 2.125
| 0
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14334048
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373%20New%20York%20Islanders%20season
|
1972–73 New York Islanders season
|
The fledgling Islanders, who were soon nicknamed the Isles by the local newspapers, had an extra burden to pay in the form of a $4 million territorial fee to the nearby New York Rangers. True to their name, the New York Islanders officially represent New York (city and state), with their nickname and logo denoting their current arena location and fan heartbed; but their support has also naturally come from the boroughs, upstate, Connecticut, and elsewhere in the metro area. This geographical backdrop set the stage for one of the NHL's fiercest and most celebrated regional rivalries.
While the Islanders secured veteran forward Ed Westfall from the Boston Bruins in the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft, junior league star Billy Harris in the 1972 NHL Amateur Draft, and a few other respectable players, several other draftees jumped to the WHA. Unlike most other expansion teams' general managers, Islanders' GM Bill Torrey didn't make many trades for veteran players in the early years. Rather than pursue a "win now" strategy of getting a few veterans to boost attendance (a tactic which proved disastrous for many teams in the long run), Torrey was committed to building through the draft.
In the team's first season, young players such as goaltender Billy Smith (the team's second pick in the expansion draft) and forwards Bob Nystrom and Lorne Henning were given chances to prove themselves in the NHL. However, this young and inexperienced expansion team posted a record of 12–60–6, one of the worst in NHL history. The lone highlight of the season came on January 18, when the lowly Islanders upset the defending Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins on the road 9–7.
Phil Goyette was fired midway through the season, and replaced with Earl Ingarfield.
Final standings
Record vs. opponents
Schedule and results
Player statistics
Forwards
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes
Defencemen
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes
| 2.203125
| 0
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14334072
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotonoyl-%28acyl-carrier-protein%29%20hydratase
|
Crotonoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) hydratase
|
In enzymology, a crotonoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydratase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] but-2-enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + H2O
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, [[(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]]], and two products, [[but-2-enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]]] and H2O.
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydro-lyase (but-2-enoyl-[acyl-carrier protein]-forming). Other names in common use include (3R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] hydro-lyase, beta-hydroxybutyryl acyl carrier protein dehydrase, beta-hydroxybutyryl acyl carrier protein (ACP) dehydrase, beta-hydroxybutyryl acyl carrier protein dehydrase, enoyl acyl carrier protein hydrase, crotonyl acyl carrier protein hydratase, 3-hydroxybutyryl acyl carrier protein dehydratase, beta-hydroxybutyryl acyl carrier, and protein dehydrase. This enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis.
| 2.015625
| 0
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14334085
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports%20tourism
|
Sports tourism
|
One aspect of sector sports tourism is the youth sports tourism market; this sector grew by a reported 55 percent from 2010 to 2017 and is worth an estimated $19 billion — more than the revenue of the NFL or NBA. Youth sports tourism is largely propelled by tournaments for travel teams; these include those put on by Little League Baseball, Amateur Athletic Union of the United States (AAU), United States Youth Soccer Association and others.
The economic impact of youth sports events can vary according to the number of participants; one of the largest recorded youth events in 2024 was the 51st AAU Junior National Volleyball Championships in Orlando, Florida, which made $760.8 million and used 95,000 room nights over the course of the 24-day tournament. The tournament attracted 117,000 athletes and coaches.
Sports Events and Tourism Association, a non-profit 501(c)3 trade association for the sport tourism industry in the United States, estimates that in 2023, the sports tourism sector had a total economic impact of $128 billion.
College Sports Tourism
Another sector of sports tourism industry is that of college sports. The National Collegiate Athletic Association, Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, National Junior College Athletic Association and others all offer competitive bid processes to cities interested in hosting. In October 2024, the NCAA announced more than 240 host sites for preliminary and final rounds of predetermined championships across Divisions I, II and III, primarily for the 2026-27 and 2027-28 seasons.
Entities Involved in Sports Tourism
Convention and visitors bureaus, chambers of commerce and sports commissions (destination marketing organizations designed to attract sports business) are examples of public/private partnerships that represent cities in the bidding process with event owners and rights holders.
| 2.78125
| 0
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14334205
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broward%20Health
|
Broward Health
|
Broward Health, formally the North Broward Hospital District, is one of the 10 largest public health systems in the U.S. Located in Broward County, Florida, Broward Health has the county's first certified stroke center and liver transplant program. Broward Health currently operates more than 30 healthcare facilities, including Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health North, Broward Health Imperial Point, Broward Health Coral Springs, Salah Foundation Broward Health Children's Hospital, and Broward Health Weston.
History of Broward Health
The beginnings of consolidated healthcare in Broward County
In the land boom of the 1920s, the Wallace Apartments were converted into the Edwards-Maxwell Hospital, which was the first hospital in Broward County. Soon, the land boom busted, followed by the September 1926 hurricane, one of the worst in county history. Due to lack of patients that were able to pay for care, the hospital was forced to close in 1929. It was reopened by Juanita Clay in 1932 and remained successful until it was purchased in 1937 by Medical Services, Inc., an insurance company owned by Dr. F.A. Brunson and M.L. Menger. Medical Services issued hospital and family insurance policies that required the use of their own hospital and doctors. The Broward County medical community rebelled, refusing to use the Medical Services hospital.
| 2.09375
| 0
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14334205
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broward%20Health
|
Broward Health
|
In May 1937, the Broward County Medical Association (BCMA) met to discuss plans to build a public hospital, feeling that private hospitals could not be relied upon for continuity of service and only a community-owned hospital would offer security. The consensus of the meeting was to build a hospital supported by the city, county, or a hospital district. The result of the meeting was a unanimous motion to form the Broward Hospital Association (BHA). From that point on, the BHA began its mission to raise the funds needed to build a hospital. The Chairman, James D. Camp, as well as the other members, explored every possibility of finding funds; however, government-assisted funding simply wasn't available. During this time, the county was experiencing such rapid growth, the need for facilities became critical.
Broward General Opens
After a long search, it was agreed that the Granada apartments could be remodeled into a hospital that would accommodate 45 patients, with room for acceptable operating rooms, delivery rooms, laboratories, and x-ray space.
Members of the community also joined in. Many donated their work at cost, contributing their fees to the "hospital fund." A "drive" was also implemented and equipment donated. The 45-bed hospital opened its doors as the new Broward General Hospital (now Broward General Medical Center) and admitted its first patient on January 2, 1938.
Between 1935 and 1940, the population of Broward County grew from 20,000 to approximately 30,000. To keep up with the growth, the addition of a new wing was crucial, but without funding the expansion was difficult. Camp approached the city commission in 1940 about the need for expansion and received a favorable response for a new wing. In 1942, a South Wing was added; in 1948, the East Wing was built, raising the bed total at Broward General to 142.
| 2.46875
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14334205
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broward%20Health
|
Broward Health
|
In 1949, the Hospital Board returned to the City Commission to ask for funds for another wing. This time the City Commission denied the request. As a result, Camp and all members of the Board resigned.
The birth of the district
In August 1950, the Broward General Hospital Board succeeded in obtaining approval of an expansion program. A legislative act for a North Broward Hospital District was approved in 1952 by referendum and a District Board was appointed by the governor with William J. Kelly as chairman.
Soon thereafter plans for a building on the west side were underway. The West Wing plans included two floors for patients, a new surgical unit, new kitchen and dining space to be connected to the North Wing of the hospital by a hallway. In 1955, a new lab was opened and on September 3, 1957, the City of Fort Lauderdale gave a deed of conveyance to the North Broward Hospital District. Its area of responsibility stretched the width of the county, from the Dania Canal north to the Palm Beach County line.
In 1961, an additional specialty wing brought the bed total to 468, plus 50 bassinets. The North Tower and ten-story elevator building opened in 1967; the South Tower in 1970.
Broward Health Today
Broward Health is one of the ten largest public hospital systems in the U.S. It has 7,592 employees, making it one of the largest companies in South Florida. Broward Health services all segments of the community through its four hospitals, a children's hospital, seven primary care centers, four Family Health Places, eight school-based clinics, specialty care programs, home-health services, health education programs, free and low-cost screenings, and business partnerships.
Facilities
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Broward Health
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Broward Health Community Health Services offers primary care and other services such as dental care, social services, behavioral care, immunizations, lab services, nutritional counseling, physicals, HIV research, and more. Community Health Services is composed of the following facilities; Annie L. Weaver Health Center, Bernard P. Alicki Health Center, Clínica de las Américas, Comprehensive Care Center, Comprehensive Care Center at Broward House, Cora E. Braynon Family Health Center, Lauderdale Lakes Health Center, Margate Health Center, Pompano Pediatric Primary Care Center, Pompano Prenatal Care Center, Children's Diagnostic & Treatment Center, and Specialty Care Center.
Broward Health Foundation
Established in 1999, The Broward Health Foundation is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is to support the programs, projects, and initiatives of Broward Health. Donations made to the Broward Health Foundation are regularly used for a number of "medical supplies and services, including: socks and hats for newborns at Broward General Medical Center, mammograms for women who cannot afford them at Coral Springs Medical Center, medication and medical equipment for patients of Gold Coast Home Health and Hospice, improved vein finding equipment for patients at North Broward Medical Center, and educational toys and materials for children with special needs at Coral Springs Medical Center".
The Foundation is governed by a Board of Directors.
Salah Foundation Children's Hospital
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20of%20the%20Defence%20Staff%20%28Sri%20Lanka%29
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Chief of the Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)
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The Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) is the most senior appointment in the Sri Lankan Armed Forces, and the highest-ranking military officer in service, outranking the heads of each service branch. The CDS does not, however, have operational command authority over service branches, but rather oversees inter-service co-operation and develops and implements the joint operations doctrine of the Sri Lankan armed forces. Coordination of inter-service joint operations are handled by the Office of the Chief of the Defence Staff, formally known as the Joint Operations Headquarters.
The CDS is the Chairman of a Committee made up of service commanders and is a member of the National Security Council.
It's subordinate command is known as the Overall Operational Command.
History
The post could be traced back to post of general officer commanding (GOC) of the Joint Operations Command when General T. I. Weerathunga was first appointed to it on November 2, 1985. The Joint Operations Command was created in 1985 due to a need to co-ordinate of joint operations among the tri-services and the police with the escalation of the Sri Lankan Civil War. The post itself was created in 1999 replacing the civilian post of chief of the Joint Operations Bureau which had existed briefly in 1999. Its powers expanded under the Chief of Defence Staff Act No. 35 of 2009.
In recent years, the Chief of the Defence Staff was appointed to the highest rank in the branch of the Sri Lankan armed forces to which he belonged (equivalent to a British "four-star" rank) being a General, an Admiral or an Air Chief Marshal. According to the new Bill, the president of Sri Lanka appoints to the post of Chief of Defence Staff any person presently serving as Commander of the Army, Navy or the Air Force, to function under the direction, supervision and control of the permanent secretary to the Ministry of Defence.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary%20Legion%20of%20Women
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Voluntary Legion of Women
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Voluntary Legion of Women () was a voluntary Polish paramilitary organization, created by women in Lviv in late 1918. At that time possession of the city was contested by the Poles and Ukrainians, and women decided to assist the Polish soldiers in all possible ways, including fighting on the front line.
Creation of the Legion, as this was original name of the organization, is attributed to Major Aleksandra Zagórska, who was the commander of female couriers during the Polish–Ukrainian War. During the fighting, Zagórska lost her teenage son, 14-year-old Jerzy Bitschan, who was killed by Ukrainian shells on the Lychakiv Cemetery, and about whom several songs were later written. Altogether, 66 Polish women died fighting in Lviv in late 1918.
During the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921, Ochotnicza Legia Kobiet, which grew to 2,500 members, helped the Polish Army in such places as Warsaw and Vilnius (from May 1919). In Vilnius, in mid-1920, Polish women under Wanda Gertz defended the city, facing the Mounted Corps of Gai Khan.
After the war, in 1923, the organization was dissolved. Five years later, members of the OLK created the organization Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet (Women's Military Training").
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashmer%20Whistler
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Lashmer Whistler
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General Sir Lashmer Gordon Whistler, (3 September 1898 – 4 July 1963), known as "Bolo", was a British Army officer who served in both the world wars. A junior officer during the First World War, during the Second World War he achieved senior rank serving with Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery in North Africa and North-western Europe from 1942 to 1945. Montgomery considered that Whistler "was about the best infantry brigade commander I knew". In peacetime, his outstanding powers of leadership were shown in a series of roles in the decolonisation process, and he reached the four-star rank of a full general, without having attended the Staff College, Camberley, then considered almost essential for an officer wishing to attain high rank, and which a significant majority of the British generals of the war had attended. This, in Richard Mead's words, was, "proof that lacking a Staff College qualification was no barrier to advancement for the right man."
Early life and military career
Whistler was the son of Colonel Albert Edward Whistler of the British Indian Army and his wife Florence Annie Gordon Rivett-Carnac, daughter of Charles Forbes Rivett-Carnac. The younger of two sons, he was born on 3 September 1898 in British India but went to England with his mother and elder brother soon afterwards, and was educated at St Cyprian's School, where he was an outstanding sportsman, and on the recommendation of the headmaster was awarded a sporting scholarship at Harrow School. He played cricket for Harrow, and was to remain a redoubtable batsman throughout his career.
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Lashmer Whistler
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Just over a month later, the German Army launched its long-awaited offensive on the Western Front. The battalion moved to the Belgian border and to Courtrai. Under constant German bombardment, Whistler had sent a famous message to Brigade Headquarters "Please may I have half a Hurricane for half an hour". As the Germans advanced during the Battle of France, the battalion took up a defensive position at Caestre. An officer, Peter Hadley, reported finding Whistler "standing in the middle of the street with a positive hail of explosives coming down all around". While his subordinates crouched by the side of the road, he, "stood there with his hands in his pockets, laughing at us." Although attacked by tanks, planes and heavy artillery, the stand at Caestre was so strong that the Germans decided to by-pass this pocket of resistance. Whistler was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his leadership of the battalion in France. Orders were issued to withdraw to Dunkirk and most of the battalion evacuated to England on 30 May. Whistler became known as "The Man who went Back to Dunkirk". Although secrecy surrounds this operation, however, Whistler's adjutant, then-Captain J. B. Ashworth (later to succeed Whistler as Colonel of the Royal Sussex Regiment), was convinced he returned to look for any missing men, and the records show that he came back separately to the United Kingdom with the 5th Battalion of the Manchester Regiment, part of the 127th Brigade of Major General William Holmes's 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, on 1 June. Ironically, the 127th Brigade was, at that time, commanded by Brigadier John Smyth, who was later to write Whistler's biography.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashmer%20Whistler
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Lashmer Whistler
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As the advance moved forward to Benghazi, Whistler was transferred to command the 131st Lorried Infantry Brigade on 19 December 1942. This brigade (composed of three TA battalions, the 1/5th, 1/6th and 1/7th, of the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) and often referred to as "The Queen's Brigade") had originally arrived in Egypt as part of the 44th Division but by this time was the mobile infantry element of the 7th Armoured Division, the famous "Desert Rats", after the 44th Division was broken up. The 7th Armoured Division, which also comprised the 22nd Armoured Brigade under Brigadier Philip "Pip" Roberts and supporting units, was then commanded by Major-General John Harding. Whistler led the 131st Brigade, which, because of its role with armour, was often in the forefront of events, through the rest of the fighting in North Africa until the surrender of the Axis forces in Tunisia in May 1943. Whistler led his troops through the Battle of El Agheila in December 1942, the capture of Tripoli in mid-January 1943, where the division's GOC, Major-General Harding, was severely injured by shellfire and replaced by Major-General George "Bobby" Erskine, and along the coastal strip, capturing Msallata, Zuwara, Zaltan and Pisida. The brigade then took part in the Battle of Medenine on 6 March 1943 and the Battle of the Mareth Line at the end of March. Whistler's frequent visits to the front line earned him the nickname of "Private Bolo".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashmer%20Whistler
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Lashmer Whistler
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Decolonisation
In January 1947 Montgomery selected Whistler to become General Officer Commanding British Troops in India. There was considerable communal violence prior to independence that required careful policing, but Whistler's main concern was the extraction of British units stationed in India. After final meetings with Lord Mountbatten and Jawaharlal Nehru, and a parade at the Gateway of India, Whistler left Bombay with the last British unit, the 1st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry, on 28 February 1948.
Whistler's next appointment on 1 June 1948 was Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) in the Sudan, which also gave him the title of Kaid Sudan Defence Force. He was also amused to find himself on the governing body of the country (the Governor General's Council), and also Minister of Defence answerable to the Legislative Assembly. He worked on Sudanising the Defence Force and within a year felt he had achieved what he had set out to do. In January 1950 he was appointed District Officer Commanding, Northumbrian District and GOC 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division, a TA formation, to take effect in June 1950, and he left Sudan on 9 May. His period of command was very short as on 5 January 1951 he was told he was to be appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) West Africa Command, to take effect on 10 May 1951. He was also promoted to lieutenant general from that date.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashmer%20Whistler
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Lashmer Whistler
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Retirement
In April 1957, just before Whistler's retirement, Field Marshal Sir Gerald Templer asked him to become Chairman of the Committee on the Reorganisation of British Infantry. Other members of the Committee included Lieutenant General Sir James Cassels. When this work was completed, Templer sent for him in January 1958 to chair another committee, "to investigate and report on all aspects of discipline, training and economy in units." Whistler introduced his report with a Latin quotation attributed to Horace but in fact of his own composition.
Whistler was appointed Deputy lieutenant for the County of Sussex in 1957.
In 1958 Whistler was appointed Colonel Commandant of the Royal West African Frontier Force, being the last British officer to hold the post as it ceased to exist on 1 August 1960. In 1959, the governments of Nigeria and Sierra Leone also invited him to become Honorary Colonel of the Royal Nigerian Military Forces, and the Royal Sierra Leone Military Forces. Whistler was on very friendly terms with Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, who sought his advice and judgement. Whistler was very concerned about the future of the Nigerian Army because it was split with the officers coming from the south of the country and the soldiers from the north.
Whistler's interest and ability in shooting led him to take an interest in small-bore rifle shooting. He became Vice-President of the National Smallbore Rifle Association in 1958 and chairman in 1959. He was also vice president of the National Rifle Association as well as the Sussex S.B.R.A. and he also managed the NRA overseas teams. He led the British team which competed in the World Championships in Moscow, winning titles in the small-bore prone 40 shots. He took great interest in the Chichester Rifle Club, opening its new range in 1961 and presented it with some of his medals. The Whistler Inter club trophy in his memory is still shot annually on the first Friday of April.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-%28apurinic%20or%20apyrimidinic%20site%29%20lyase
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DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase
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The enzyme DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase, also referred to as DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) 5'-phosphomonoester-lyase (systematic name) or DNA AP lyase (EC 4.2.99.18) catalyzes the cleavage of the C-O-P bond 3' from the apurinic or apyrimidinic site in DNA via β-elimination reaction, leaving a 3'-terminal unsaturated sugar and a product with a terminal 5'-phosphate. In the 1970s, this class of enzyme was found to repair at apurinic or apyrimidinic DNA sites in E. coli and in mammalian cells. The major active enzyme of this class in bacteria, and specifically, E. coli is endonuclease type III. This enzyme is part of a family of lyases that cleave carbon-oxygen bonds.
Other names for DNA AP lyase include: AP lyase; AP endonuclease class I; endodeoxyribonuclease (apurinic or apyrimidinic); deoxyribonuclease (apurinic or apyrimidinic); E. coli endonuclease III; phage-T4 UV endonuclease; Micrococcus luteus UV endonuclease; AP site-DNA 5'-phosphomonoester-lyase; and X-ray endonuclease III.
Structural studies
Since DNA AP lyase is a class of structures who have numerous target genes that encode for different variations of the enzyme, there is no one single enzyme structure that can be used as an example that encompasses all versions of the enzyme. As of March 2015, 99 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes. Examples from PDB are the accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-%28apurinic%20or%20apyrimidinic%20site%29%20lyase
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DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase
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Mechanism
AP lyase enzymes catalyze reactions analogous to β-elimination reaction. Initially, AP hydrolyses, such as apurinic or apyrimidinic endonuclease I contain a Mg2+ active site that cleaves the DNA on the 5'-side, yielding a 5'-deoxyribosephosphate and 3'-OH. An AP site in DNA appears when the glycosylic bond that connects the purine or pyrimidine base to the deoxyribose sugar is cleaved. This reaction is referred to as depurination or depyrimidination. The sugar at the AP site is a highly unstable cyclic carboxonium ion that undergoes rapid hydrolysis to yield a diastereomeric mixture of 2-deoxy-α-Dribose and 2-deoxy-β-D-ribose. AP lyase enzymes could be trapped on both pre-incised and unincised AP DNA by a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride. Furthermore, the catalytic mechanism of AP lyases, the β-elimination reaction, proceeds through an imine enzyme–DNA intermediate.
Biological function
In E. coli, DNA AP lyase (endonuclease III) helps repair oxidative damage to DNA bases by catalyzing the excision of the damaged pyrimidines and purines from ring saturation or opening from the DNA backbone. This damage can be caused by non-enzymatic hydrolysis, and/or exposure to ionizing radiation.
Both UV endonuclease V from bacteriophage T4 (UV endonuclease V) and UV endonuclease III from E. coli catalyze N- glycosylase and the 3‘-abasic endonuclease reactions. Bacteriophage T4 and Micrococcus luteus UV endonucleases were actually shown not to be under the class of "endonuclease," but rather were β-elimination catalysts for reactions at AP sites at the C3'-O-P bond—thus, classifying them as AP lyases. Phage-T4 UV endonucleases also catalyze the reaction of the δ-reaction, nicking C5'-O-P bond at AP sites, although this reaction is slow and the enzyme should still be classified as AP lyase. This open ring allows the substitution of the correct base by other enzymes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-%28apurinic%20or%20apyrimidinic%20site%29%20lyase
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DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase
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DNA AP lyase activity is documented to have similar function in both E. Coli and in humans. A homolog of endonuclease III, human endonuclease III homolog 1, or hNTH1 functions similarly in humans as its homolog does in E. Coli.
Disease relevance
DNA damage is ubiquitous amongst all forms of life. There is an estimated 1 x 10−4 to 1 x 10−6 mutations per human gamete, which follows to finding at least one mutation at a specific locus per one million gametes. DNA is the only biologic molecule that relies solely on repair of existing molecules, and is the largest molecule that can continue to function albeit numerous mutations; thus, mutations accumulate over time. However without this repair, conditions such as UV-sensitive syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, and Cockayne syndrome may arise.
Examples
The least severe of the three, people suffering from UV-sensitive syndrome experience UV-hypersensitivity. The syndrome arises from a mutation in the KIAA1530 protein. Unlike other severe conditions involving skin cancers and significantly reduced lifespan, this condition may result in freckles, and other skin blemishes, but does not increase likelihood of attracting a skin cancer. This condition is so rare that it has been documented to occur in seven individuals worldwide. However, it is speculated that this condition is understudied, and there are, in fact, more individuals living with the syndrome.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-%28apurinic%20or%20apyrimidinic%20site%29%20lyase
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DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase
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Xeroderma pigmentosum or XP is a rare genetic disorder that occurs worldwide. On affected people, exposure to UV radiation, especially from the sun is limited and solar pigmentations and xerosis occur. The affected may lose eyebrows, become bloodshot in the eyes, and in extreme, untreated cases, may result in extreme photo-damage resulting in skin cancers and decreased lifespan due to metastatic malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma. However, some studies report that experimental treatments with repair enzyme T4 endonuclease V and oral isotretinoin may be useful in preventing skin cancer acquired from the disorder.
If transcription-coupled repair is lost, it has little effect on mutagenesis; however, this has severe implications on progeroid syndromes, especially in genes encoding CSA and CSB proteins. Mutations in these genes cause Cockayne Syndrome, which is characterized by early cessation of growth and development, leading to severe and progressive neurodysfunction associated with demyelination, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts, cachexia, and frailty. The average lifespan of patients with the disease is 12 years. For CS Type II patients who have little neural growth after birth, the lifespan is significantly decreased to 7 years after birth. This condition can occur alongside xeroderma pigmentosum, resulting in xeroderma pigmentosum-cockayne syndrome (XP-CS).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20N.%20Meeker
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Mary N. Meeker
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Mary Nacol Meeker (1921–2003), was an American educational psychologist and entrepreneur. She is best known for her applying J. P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect theory of human intelligence to the field of education.
Meeker was born in Louisiana and grew up there and in Texas. She attended the University of Texas at Austin and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology. Meeker subsequently moved to California and began graduate studies in educational psychology at the University of Southern California, where she studied with J. P. Guilford, whose work would be central to her career. Meeker earned a Master of Science, a Master of Education and, in 1971, a Ph.D. in Education from USC.
SI and SOI
Meeker's doctoral dissertation focused on applying Guilford's Structure of Intellect theory ("SI") to creating assessments and curriculum materials for use in teaching children and adults. The premise of SI is that intelligence comprises many underlying mental abilities or factors, organized along three dimensions—Operations (e.g., comprehension), Content (e.g., semantic), and Products (e.g., relations). In this three-dimensional model, each intersection of the three dimensions represents as a unique intellectual ability, such as comprehension of semantic relations; that is, understanding analogies.
During Meeker's studies, she saw the potential of applying SI in the field of education, based on a twofold premise: 1) intelligence can be precisely measured using a test that identifies an individual's aptitude on the multiple intellectual abilities identified in the Structure of Intellect model; and 2) the individual's intellectual abilities can be remediated or improved using learning materials that target each particular ability. Meeker called her application of Guilford's theory "SOI."
SOI testing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20N.%20Meeker
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Mary N. Meeker
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SOI assessment materials, including the SOI Learning Abilities (or "SOI-LA") test instrument, measure intelligence corresponding to those intellectual abilities from Guilford's SI model that Meeker determined to be most closely correlated to educational and professional success. (She excluded other SI abilities from SOI due to their perceived difficulty of assessment or their lack of correlation to educational requirements.) After she normed and validated the SOI-LA instrument in the late 1970s and early 1980s, she began producing tests and corresponding remedial materials for school districts and private clinics. In many states, the SOI-LA is accepted for screening students for admission into gifted and special education school programs, and worldwide, SOI-LA is used in private clinics.
SOI training
SOI learning materials are useful in addressing learning disabilities in early childhood education. Basic school tasks such as reading or arithmetic are actually complex tasks that require application of multiple underlying abilities. Because children who fail at these classroom tasks often lack the underlying abilities to succeed at them, attempts to teach those children to perform such tasks are not successful. Some children who cannot read may lack the underlying intellectual ability to associate a word (i.e., a series of graphical figures) with its meaning (i.e., a semantic unit); and some children who cannot perform arithmetic may lack the underlying intellectual ability to associate a digit (a numeric unit) with its meaning (a symbolic unit). SOI training can remediate these underlying intellectual abilities to enable mastery of reading and arithmetic.
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Mary N. Meeker
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The SOI model is designed to address learning disabilities in stages. An SOI test assesses the individual's underlying intellectual abilities, including the constituent abilities enabling performance of the targeted task. Then, after the individual's SOI profile is compared against the intellectual abilities that enable the targeted task (such as reading or arithmetic), specific intellectual abilities are identified for remediation. Finally, SOI curriculum materials train the identified abilities so that, after the abilities are remediated, the individual may learn to perform the more complex task.
The SOI model can be useful in assessing learning styles, because the SOI-LA test includes separate measures of visual and auditory learning abilities. SOI has been related to the multiple intelligences theory promulgated by Howard Gardner.
Later work
In 1975, Meeker and her husband, Robert Meeker, opened the SOI Institute, a business producing SOI tests and educational materials and conducting training for educators and related research. During the 1980s and 1990s, Meeker developed a wide reputation in the field of educational psychology, and continued to run the SOI Institute. During this time, Meeker was engaged as a consultant for the state departments of education in California, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin.
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Mary N. Meeker
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Selected articles
Meeker, M. N. (1965). A procedure for relating Sanford-Binet behavior samplings to Guilford's Structure of the Intellect. Journal of School Psychology III(3), pp. 26–36.
Meeker, M. N. (1965). What about creativity for the preschool child? The Gifted Child Quarterly.
Meeker, M. N. (1969). Understanding the evaluation of gifted: A new method. The Gifted Child Quarterly, Vol. XIII(4).
Meeker, M. N. & Myers, C. E. (1971). Memory factors and school success of average and special groups of ninth-grade boys. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 83, 275-308.
Meeker, M. N. (1972). Are you gifted at handling the gifted? Gifted Child Quarterly.
Meeker, M. N. (1973). Individualized curriculum based on intelligence test patterns. In Coop & White (Eds.), Psychological Concepts in the Classroom. Harper & Row.
Meeker, M. N. & Meeker, R. J. (1973). Strategies for assessing intellectual patterns in Black, Anglo, and Mexican-American boys — or any other children — and the implications for education. Journal of School Psychology 11 (4).
Meeker, M. (1975). Planning curriculum using cognitive abilities from the Binet, WISC, and SOI-LA tests as the diagnostic basics. In M. Meeker (ed.), Collected Readings, Vol. I (pp. 2–3). El Segundo, CA: SOI Institute.
Meeker, M. N. (1978). Measuring creativity from the child’s point of view. Journal for Creative Behavior 12 (1), pp. 52–62.
Meeker, M. N. (1979). The relevance of arithmetic testing to teaching arithmetic skills. The Gifted Child Quarterly XXII(2), pp. 297–303.
Abroms, K. I. & Meeker, M. N.(1980). Learning disabilities: A diagnostic and educational challenge. Journal of Learning Disabilities 13 (9).
Meeker, M. N. (1981). The SOI Institute based on Guilford’s "Structure of the Intellect" model. Education 101(4), 302-309.
Meeker, M. N. (1985). Brain Research: The Necessity for Separating Site, Actions, and Functions. Presented to the Neurobiology Conference of Extraordinary Giftedness, New York City. Also in Gifted Education International Vol. 5, No 3, pp. 148–154.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTDP-glucose%204%2C6-dehydratase
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DTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase
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The enzyme dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase () catalyzes the chemical reaction
dTDP-glucose dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + H2O
Structure and mechanism of action
The first protein structures of a dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RmlB) were completed by Jim Thoden in the Hazel Holden lab (University of Wisconsin–Madison) and Simon Allard in the Jim Naismith lab (University of St Andrews). Further structural, mutagenic, and enzymatic studies by both groups, along with important mechanistic work by the W. Wallace Cleland and Perry Frey groups have led to a good understanding of this enzyme. In brief summary, the enzyme is a dimeric protein with a Rossmann fold; it uses the tightly bound coenzyme NAD+ for transiently oxidizing the substrate, activating it for the dehydration step.
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is dTDP-glucose 4,6-hydro-lyase (dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose-forming). Other names in common use include thymidine diphosphoglucose oxidoreductase, TDP-glucose oxidoreductase, RmlB, DESIV, and dTDP-glucose 4,6-hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in 4 metabolic pathways: nucleotide sugars metabolism, streptomycin biosynthesis, polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of vancomycin group antibiotics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20K.%20Okubo
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James K. Okubo
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James Kazuo Okubo (, May 30, 1920 – January 29, 1967) was a United States Army soldier. He was a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War II.
Early life
Okubo was born in Anacortes, Washington. and graduated from Bellingham High School. His parents were Japanese immigrant parents. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.
Following the signing of Executive Order 9066, the Okubo family was interned at the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in California; and then they relocated to the camp at Heart Mountain in Wyoming.
Military service
Okubo joined the US Army in May 1943.
Okubo volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.
For his actions in October 1944, Okubo was awarded the Army's third-highest decoration, the Silver Star. After the war, he became a dentist in Detroit, and was killed in a car accident on January 29, 1967.
In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the Silver Star during World War II. Okubo's award was one of those upgraded to the Medal of Honor and in a ceremony at the White House, on June 21, 2000, the formal presentation was made by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the nation's highest military honor during the ceremony, but unfortunately, only seven were still alive to receive it.
Okubo's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in eastern France in 1944.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Nitra
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Roman Catholic Diocese of Nitra
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The Diocese of Nitra (; ; ) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in western Slovakia, with its seat in Nitra. , the bishop is Viliam Judák.
History
The diocese was created as the first one on the territory of present-day Slovakia around 880 (from the Diocese of Regensburg), during the time of Great Moravia. Its first bishop was the Saint Methodius. Its destiny after the fall of Great Moravia isn't known. It was re-established in 1105 as part of the ecclesiastical province of Esztergom in the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1977, it was taken from the Archdiocese of Esztergom and attached into the newly established Diocese of Trnava. Before the reorganization in 2008, it was situated in the western parts of the Trenčín and Žilina regions (basically the former Trencsén County) with a strip connecting it to the city of Nitra. It had an area of 5,321 km2 and a population of that area was 838,861 of which around 84% were of Catholic faith (2004).
On 14 February 2008, the territory of the diocese was reorganized. The diocese lost northern parts to the newly created Diocese of Žilina, but gained territory around the "strip" and southern parts from the Archdiocese of Bratislava-Trnava.
Bishops through 1892
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14334406
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Highway%20169
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Ontario Highway 169
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The former route of Highway169 has remained relatively unaltered since it was downloaded in 1998. It begins at an intersection with Highway12 approximately north of the Trent Severn Waterway and east of the Atherley Narrows. It proceeds north at a point where Highway12 begins to curve west towards Orillia, passing through meadows and forests and the occasional ranch. It passes through the community of Udney, curves northeast and intersects the Monck Road while curving back northwards. The Mnjikaning First Nation territory backs onto the highway at this location, but primary access is via Simcoe County Road44. The route continues in a straight line through the communities of O'Connell and Fawkham, crossing the Black River immediately south of the latter. Gently curving to the northeast, it enters the village of Washago, after which it interchanges with Highway 11 south of the Severn River.
While Highway169 no longer exists a provincial route, Highway11 continues to travel north today as a divided four-lane expressway, crossing the Severn River into the Canadian Shield, where the terrain is rougher, rockier, and dotted with lakes and swamps. Former Highway169 splits from Highway11 at the southern entrance to Gravenhurst (Exit169), with the latter curving to the east. The route resumes independently, exiting the expressway and entering the town through a rock cut. It follows Bethune Drive, Brock Street and Bay Street through the town. Exiting Gravenhurst, the highway follows close to the western shore of Lake Muskoka, serving recreational cottages. The route passes north of the Devils Gap Trail, which follows the old Bala–Gravenhurst Colonization Road, then passes through the community of Torrance where it encounters a junction with District Road 13.
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14334406
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Highway%20169
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Ontario Highway 169
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Approximately northwest of Torrance, former Highway169 passes through Bala shortly after curving north at an intersection with District Road 38. The highway presses north, crossing both a Canadian National and Canadian Pacific railway in two separate locations. After intersecting Muskoka District Roads 29 and 26, it enters the community of Glen Orchard. Within that community, the route intersects the former western terminus of Highway 118 (which now ends at Highway11), then gradually curves west to hug the southern shore of Lake Joseph. After a winding drive west, the highway enters Foot's Bay and ends at the former route of Highway69. NB and SB Highway 11 exits for Simcoe Road 169 still shows Highway 169 signs at the intersection near the carpool area.
History
Highway169 was created in the mid-1970s as part of a renumbering plan of existing highways; it originally formed the southerly leg of Highway69. Due to the complex nature of that highway, only the history of the Brechin – Foot's Bay road is covered here.
Highway69 was first designated on August5, 1936. At that time, it connected Atherley and Washago along the Rama Road, now Simcoe County Road 44.
On April1, 1937, the Department of Northern Development merged into the Department of Highways (DHO) (the predecessor to the modern Ministry of Transportation), opening roads north of the Severn River for improvement. The road between Gravenhurst and Parry Sound, and on to Pointe au Baril, subsequently became an extension of Highway69, with the road between Washago and Gravenhurst becoming a concurrency with Highway11. The section of road between Washago and Gravenhurst was assumed by the DHO on June9, while the section between Gravenhurst and the Muskoka– Parry Sound boundary was assumed on August25.
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14334429
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Jenkins%20%28rugby%20union%29
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Albert Jenkins (rugby union)
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Albert Jenkins (11 March 1895 – 7 October 1953) was an international rugby player for Wales and played club rugby for Llanelli RFC between 1919 and 1928. Jenkins was one of the greatest backs to have played for Llanelli and is compared to later Scarlet heroes Lewis Jones and Phil Bennett. Jenkins was a strong tackler and was an extremely fast runner from a standing start. He was also an excellent kicker with either foot and could punt the ball half the length of the pitch. He was sometimes criticised for his decision making on the field, and wasn't at his best away from Stradey Park.
In the book Stradey Stories, author comments, "such was his drawing power that if by some quirk of fate, Albert could not take to the field because of injury or work commitment (he was a steelworker), the fans would leave the stadium in droves and not bother to watch the ensuing match."
Jenkins is seen as one of Llanelli's greatest players but he was at his peak when Welsh rugby was at one of its worst points in its history.
Club career
Jenkins played for Llanelli juniors but on the outbreak of the First World War Jenkins joined the British Army and served in France in the 38th Welsh Regiment.
The 38th Welsh Regiment fought at the Somme, Ypres and Epehy, three most gruelling, gruesome and vicious battles. He served his country with distinction in one of the most horrific and bloody conflicts in history.
On his return in 1919, Jenkins rejoined Llanelli and gained a position in the senior team. He would later play for Llanelli against the New Zealand All Blacks, losing in 1924, but beating them 3–0 in 1926.
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14334442
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Harvey%20%28Royal%20Navy%20officer%29
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Thomas Harvey (Royal Navy officer)
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Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Harvey, KCB (1775 – 28 May 1841) was a senior Royal Navy officer who saw service in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and died as commander-in-chief on the West Indies Station. The son of a senior Royal Navy officer and from a family with a long military tradition, Harvey distinguished himself under his father at the Glorious First of June and as a post-captain in his own right at Admiral John Thomas Duckworth's attempt to force the Dardanelles in 1807 and commanded numerous ships and stations in the post-war period.
Early career
Thomas Harvey was born in 1775, the fourth son of Admiral Sir Henry Harvey and Elizabeth (née Boys). Shortly after his birth, his father, then a captain, left for service on the North America and West Indian stations during the American Revolutionary War. Raised in Kent with his mother and elder brothers, Harvey was sent to join the Navy aged only 12, serving for the next seven years aboard HMS Ramillies. In 1793 Ramillies became his father's ship and under Captain Harvey, young Thomas participated in the battle of the Glorious First of June when his ship rescued the embattled HMS Brunswick commanded by his uncle John Harvey. John Harvey died later of his wounds, but Thomas benefited from the general promotion which followed the action and became a lieutenant.
Harvey moved from Ramillies to HMS Prince of Wales when his father raised his flag in her and both were aboard during the Battle of Groix where Prince of Wales was extensively engaged and three French ships of the line were taken. Remaining with his father during 1795 and the first half of 1796, Harvey benefited from family contacts to receive promotion to commander in July 1796 and take command of the brig and then HMS Pelican, his first independent commands aged just 21. In Pelican Harvey was present when his father captured Trinidad in 1797 and as a result was awarded with promotion to post-captain at the extremely young age of 22.
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14334460
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20C.%20Ogden
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Carlos C. Ogden
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Medal of Honor citation
Ogden's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On the morning of June 25, 1944, near Fort du Roule, guarding the approaches to Cherbourg, France, 1st Lt. Ogden's company was pinned down by fire from a German 88-mm. gun and 2 machineguns. Arming himself with an M-1 rifle, a grenade launcher, and a number of rifle and hand grenades, he left his company in position and advanced alone, under fire, up the slope toward the enemy emplacements. Struck on the head and knocked down by a glancing machinegun bullet, 1st Lt. Ogden, in spite of his painful wound and enemy fire from close range, continued up the hill. Reaching a vantage point, he silenced the 88mm. gun with a well-placed rifle grenade and then, with handgrenades, knocked out the 2 machineguns, again being painfully wounded. 1st Lt. Ogden's heroic leadership and indomitable courage in alone silencing these enemy weapons inspired his men to greater effort and cleared the way for the company to continue the advance and reach its objectives.
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14334462
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaungshwe%20Cultural%20Museum
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Nyaungshwe Cultural Museum
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Nyaungshwe Cultural Museum () is a history museum dedicated to the former Shan saopha of Yawnghwe Sao Shwe Thaik, as well as to other rulers of Shan states. Located in Nandawon Ward, Nyaungshwe, Shan State, Myanmar, the museum is known for its collection of royal costumes. The museum is housed in the former palace of Sao Shwe Thaik, known as the Nyaungshwe Haw (ညောင်ရွှေဟော်, ) in Burmese. The palace is one of few surviving examples of Shan palace architecture.
History
The local ruler of Yawnghwe State, Saw Maung, built the Nyaungshwe Haw in 1913, after the old palace was destroyed during a fire in 1908. Built over the course of 10 years at a cost of 300,000 Burmese kyats, the palace's design fused the design of both Mandalay Palace and traditional Shan palaces. The main building, which is crowned with a seven-tiered spiral roof called pyatthat, measures . The building consists of two floors and three main halls, including a main reception hall, an outer hall, and an inner hall. The palace grounds also contain separate halls housing the residences of the saopha's family.
In 1962, Ne Win staged the 1962 Burmese coup d'état and arrested Sao Shwe Thaik, who died in prison that November. In 1972, the palace was nationalised by the Burmese government and subsequently opened to the public as the Museum of Shan Chieftains. In 2003, it was renamed the Nyaungshwe Cultural Museum. In 2006, the museum's collections were transferred to Naypyidaw, the new national capital. In September 2007, the palace was reopened as the Buddha Museum. In 2014, the museum's administration was transferred from the Ministry of Culture to the Shan State government.
In 2019, the museum loaned 30 of its 138 royal costumes to the National Museum of Myanmar in Yangon, as part of a special exhibition.
Collections
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14334477
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endelient
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Endelient
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Endelient (also Endelienta, Edellienta or Endellion) was a Cornish saint of the 5th and 6th century. She is believed to be a daughter of the Welsh King Brychan, and a native of South Wales who travelled to North Cornwall to join her siblings in converting the locals to Christianity. Legend says that she was a goddaughter of King Arthur, and that she lived as a hermit at Trentinney where she subsisted on the milk of a cow. The saint is commemorated in the church and village of St Endellion which bear her name; Endellion being an Anglicised version of her name. Her feast day is 29 April.
Life
Tradition makes her a daughter of King Brychan, of Brycheiniog in South Wales. The village of Saint Endellion in Cornwall, named after her, is from where she is said to have evangelized the local population. Two former wells near the village were named after her.
She is called "Cenheidlon" in Welsh records, with Endelienta being a Latinised form of the name. Her feast day is 29 April. The saint is believed to have been a native of South Wales who crossed the Bristol Channel to join her siblings in converting the people of North Cornwall to Christianity. During her journey, she initially landed on the island of Lundy, where she is believed to have founded a small chapel, which would later be wrongly rededicated to Saint Helen. She subsequently moved on to the mainland where she stayed with her brother, Saint Nectan, at Hartland, before eventually choosing to settle at Trentinney, south-west of the present day village of St Endellion, although she would return to Lundy from time to time on retreat for meditation.
She lived at Trentinney as a hermit, where legend says that she subsisted solely on the milk of a cow, and the water from two nearby wells. Her sister, St Dilic (whose church is at Landulph), settled nearby and the two would often meet along a certain path whose grass would ever afterwards grow greener than elsewhere.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endelient
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Endelient
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The cow was killed by the Lord of Trentinney after straying onto his land. He in turn is said to have been killed by Endelienta's Godfather, reputed to be King Arthur, after Arthur was angered by the deed and sent his men to exact revenge. However, Endelienta was said to be unhappy that Trentinney had been killed in her name, and restored the nobleman back to life.
Following a vision of her death, the saint is said to have asked that upon her death, her body should be placed on a sledge or cart drawn by bullocks, and that she should be buried at the place where they stopped. She is thought to have died on 29 April some time in the 6th century, and possibly at the hands of Saxon pirates. She was buried at the top of a hill, and a church built over her grave. The present church at St Endellion stands on that site.
Legacy
According to local folklorist Nicholas Roscarrock, a chapel dedicated to Saint Endelienta survived on the site of her hermitage at Trenteney until the 16th century, while her shrine at the Church of St Endellion was a site of pilgrimage throughout the Middle Ages. It was virtually destroyed during the Reformation, but the base survives to the present day and can still be viewed.
The St Endellion Music Festivals take place at Easter and in the Summer every year in the St Endellion church.
Endellion is depicted in the Langdale rosary, a 16th Century work believed to have belonged to Lord William Howard; it is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
In 2005 a local iconographer was commissioned to produce an icon of Saint Endelienta, even though there were no known images of her on which to base the work.
On 25 August 2010 it was announced that British Prime Minister, David Cameron, and his wife Samantha had named their newborn daughter Florence Rose Endellion after the village of St Endellion, reflecting the fact she was born while the Cameron family were holidaying in Cornwall.
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14334494
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Highway%20103
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Ontario Highway 103
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King's Highway 103, commonly referred to as Highway 103, was a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. Located in the District Municipality of Muskoka and Simcoe County, the highway extended from Highway 12 at Waubaushene to Highway 69 at Foot's Bay. Established in 1944, it was originally a short gravel highway connecting Waubaushene to Port Severn. In 1950 it was chosen as the future route of the Trans-Canada Highway and extended to Foot's Bay. It existed until 1976, when a series of renumberings eliminated the designation, replacing it with Highway69; Highway 400 has since been built over the majority of the former route.
Route description
Highway103 followed much of the route that Highway400 now takes between Highway12 at Coldwater and the former Highway69 junction (Exit 189) south of Mactier. From there it followed what is now the east-west section of Lake Joseph Road to Foot's Bay, where it ended what was Highway 69, later Highway 169, and is presently Muskoka District Road169 and the north-south section of Lake Joseph Road. Between Highway 400 and Foot's Bay, it is now designated as both Lake Joseph Road and Muskoka District Road 169.
Between Coldwater and Waubaushene, the route was concurrent with Highway12 for a brief period in the mid-1960s. From there, it crossed over Matchedash Bay and circled around the south and eastern shoreline of Sturgeon Bay to Port Severn. North of Port Severn, the route travelled through wilderness within the District of Muskoka for . At Foot's Bay, it encountered Highway69, which continued east to Highway 11 in Gravenhurst and north to Parry Sound and Sudbury.
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14334494
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Highway%20103
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Ontario Highway 103
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History
Highway103 was first designated during as a stub route of Highway12 from Waubaushene to Port Severn. The highway was assumed on July19, 1944.
The original routing until the late 1950s followed what is now Pine Street, Coldwater Road and Duck Bay Road through Waubaushene. After crossing Matchedash Bay, the route turned onto Quarry Road, then turned north and followed what is now the northbound lanes of Highway400 straight into Port Severn. It turned west along Port Severn Road across the Trent–Severn Waterway and ended at Lone Pine Road. The entire route was gravel surfaced.
Beginning in 1956, Highway 501 continued west to Honey Harbour.
When Ontario signed the Trans-Canada Highway Agreement on April25, 1950, it had already chosen a Central Ontario routing via Waubaushene and Parry Sound;
Highway 17 through the Ottawa Valley was announced as a provincially-funded secondary route of the the following day.
The route of Highway103 was chosen as a jump-off point to connect the two places. Tenders for building the approximately extension from Port Severn to Highway69 at Foot's Bay were called on September25, 1953, and included bypasses of Waubaushene and Port Severn.
Construction was underway by the following year.
The new paved Highway103 was open by September 1958,
although the complex three-bridge Port Severn Bypass did not open until the following spring.
The old portions of the route through Waubaushene and Port Severn were transferred to Tay Township on January29, 1959.
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14334499
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Whitehorn
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Laura Whitehorn
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Townhouse explosion
The March 6, 1970 Greenwich Village townhouse explosion was a culmination of the political direction in which Weatherman had been headed, according to Whitehorn. "We were out of touch with what was going on, and we lost sight of the fact that if you're a revolutionary, the first thing you have to try to do is preserve human life." Three Weathermen died in the explosion, Terry Robbins, Diana Oughton, and Ted Gold.
Whitehorn said great care was taken during the numerous bombings to ensure that no one would be hurt, including the janitorial staff.
Feminist education
In 1971, Whitehorn helped organize and lead a takeover and occupation of a Harvard University building by nearly 400 women to protest the war in Vietnam and demand a women's center. One of the founders of the Boston/Cambridge Women's School, Whitehorn helped establish the school as an alternative source of feminist education. Operated and taught by a collective of female volunteers until it closed in 1992, Boston/Cambridge Women's School had gained the reputation as the longest running women's school in the United States at the time.
Climate of militancy
The dead end of militancy and violence for their own sake was obvious after the townhouse explosion, says Whitehorn. Events at the 1972 Republican National Convention protest led Whitehorn to question once more the need for militancy, confirming her belief that they should allow for militancy when guided by a political framework, but not militancy for militancy's sake.
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14334499
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Whitehorn
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Laura Whitehorn
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Battle of Boston
During the Boston busing crisis, which the WUO referred to as "the Battle of Boston," Whitehorn was among a small group of the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee (PFOC) activists in the Boston area who sat with baseball bats in people's homes, protecting families from local white supremacists who tried to attack with bats, Molotov cocktails and spray-paint. While Whitehorn and other members of the aboveground cadre carried out their vigilance for two years, the WUO engaged in only minor confrontational tactics in response to the Boston crisis.
Prairie Fire Organizing Committee
The Prairie Fire Organizing Committee, of which Whitehorn was a member, planned the Hard Times Conference (with WUO support and leadership) as a way to build a national multiracial coalition. The goal was to bring together a multiracial crowd of more than 2,000 people at the University of Illinois Circle Campus in Chicago, from January 30 to February 1, 1976. The slogan for the conference was "Hard Times are Fighting Times."
Even though attendance far surpassed what the WUO and PFOC had anticipated, the conference became a political disaster. Whitehorn was so nauseated by the politics of the conference that she became physically ill in the middle of it. "I hated it more than anything else I've ever done, she told Nicole Kief in an interview on October 20, 2002. She began to pull away from the WUO.
By the early 1980s, Whitehorn was active in a variety of radical organizations, in addition to the May 19 Communist Organization, including the John Brown Anti-Klan Committee and the Madame Binh Graphics Collective, a radical art group named for Nguyen Thi Binh, the Viet Cong's lead negotiator at the Paris Peace Talks. During this time, Whitehorn worked with subversive movements in Rhodesia, South Africa and Palestine.
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14334499
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Whitehorn
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Laura Whitehorn
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Years in prison
During the 14 years Whitehorn served in prison, she directed AIDS education and wrote numerous publications. When asked if her political work ended once she was in prison, she replied that it had consisted basically of three areas: being a political prisoner, organizing and being part of the struggles for justice inside the prisons, and being part of the fight against HIV and AIDS.
Whitehorn lost many friends while she was in prison during some of the worst years of the AIDS epidemic. While Whitehorn served time in a Federal women's prison at Lexington, Kentucky, her father, Nathaniel, "Tanny" Whitehorn died on January 3, 1992. Whitehorn identifies many consequences of being behind bars for fourteen years, including losing someone you love. She notes that not being with them while they are dying, or being able to go to the memorial service afterwards, is just one way families are destroyed by prison.
Life after prison
Since her release from prison in August 1999, Laura Whitehorn has been involved in a wide range of causes, including the release of political prisoners. She has contributed writings and art work to numerous books and articles, and has been a guest speaker at several universities, including an official guest of the African American Studies Department at Duke University in 2003, where she was presented as a human rights activist by Duke faculty. A past Senior Editor with POZ Magazine in New York City, much of her writing has to do with supporting AIDS healthcare providers and empowering patients through publications. Whitehorn is a member of the NY State taskforce on political prisoners, a group dedicated to supporting New York State "political prisoners" from the black liberation movement and anti-imperialist solidarity movement. In 2013, Whitehorn along with Kathy Boudin and Mujahid Farid founded the Release Aging People in Prison campaign.
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14334529
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan%20State%20Cultural%20Museum
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Shan State Cultural Museum
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Exhibition room (1) and exhibition room (2) are in the ground floor. In the exhibition room (1), the traditional costumes and the traditional instruments of Shan nationalities are displayed. In Shan State, over 30 Shan nationalities are still living and they have their own different cultures. The Shan nationalities have their intangible cultural heritage such as the traditional arts and crafts. Those arts and crafts such as weaving, lacquer wares, glazed wares and traditional Shan paper are displayed in association with explanatory texts in the exhibition room (2).
First floor
Exhibition room (3) and exhibition room (4) are on the first floor. In the exhibition room (3), it is shown about the Pinlon Agreement, the most important event not only in Shan State but also in the whole Myanmar country. On 12 February 1947, the Pinlon agreement leading by General Aung San had been signed by the leaders of the Nationalities of Myanmar in Pinlon, Shan State due to reveal the desire of all Myanmar nationalities to get the Independence altogether from British. The huge oil painting (5’x8’) illustrated the signing of Pinlon agreement, the copy of Agreement and the photos of the leaders of Nationalities who signed in the agreement, attached with their biography are displayed. Moreover, the colorful paintings illustrated the traditional cultures of nationalities are also displayed.
Exhibition room (4) showcased about the literature of Shan nationality such as palm leaves manuscripts and paper parchments. The photos of the Shan poets are also displayed together with their biography. Besides, it is also displayed to show that the Shan nationalities believe in Buddhism by showcasing the Buddha images made of bronze, wooden, lacquer and clay. And the traditional utensils used in the monasteries for offering the alms food are exhibited. It can reflect that the Shan nationalities deeply believe in the Buddhism. Moreover, the ancient artifacts that can identify the successive periods flourished in the Shan state are exhibited.
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14334551
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namak%20Lake
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Namak Lake
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Namak Lake (, i.e., salt lake) is a salt lake in Iran. It is located approximately east of the city of Qom and of Aran va bidgol at an elevation of above sea level.
The lake is a remnant of the Paratethys sea, which started to dry up from the Pleistocene epoch, leaving Lake Urmia and the Caspian Sea and other bodies of water. The lake has a surface area of about , but most of this is dry. Water only covers . The lake only reaches a depth between to .
Environmental characteristics
The air in this area is very dry and the temperature difference between day and night reaches 70 degrees Celsius. Due to the high rate of evaporation and very high salinity of the water, Qom's salt lake has a desert-like structure and is covered with thick layers of salt. Also, this lake is known as the habitat of some special plant and animal species that have the ability to live in the harsh and salty conditions of this region.
Aliabad Caravanserai, Red Castle, Desert National Park, Sefidab Caravanserai and Manzariyeh Caravanserai are some of the sightseeing places in Qom around Namak Lake.
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14334698
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP-mannose%204%2C6-dehydratase
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GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase
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The enzyme GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase () catalyzes the chemical reaction
GDP-mannose GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + H2O
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is GDP-mannose 4,6-hydro-lyase (GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose-forming). Other names in common use include guanosine 5'-diphosphate-D-mannose oxidoreductase, guanosine diphosphomannose oxidoreductase, guanosine diphosphomannose 4,6-dehydratase, GDP-D-mannose dehydratase, GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase, Gmd, and GDP-mannose 4,6-hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism. It employs one cofactor, NAD+.
GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase Reaction
The enzyme GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase is in the lyase family of enzymes, specifically the hydro-lyases. Other names in use include guanosine 5'-diphosphate-D-mannose oxidoreductase, guanosine diphosphomannose oxidoreductase, guanosine diphosphomannose 4,6-dehydratase, GDP-D-mannose dehydratase, GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase, GMD, and GDP-mannose 4,6-hydro-lyase. The enzyme is a part of the GDP-Fucose de novo synthesis pathway and catalyzes the first step in the process that gives us GDP-Fucose which is essential for the transfer of Fucose sugars. Its primary structure contains 372 amino acids. This is an essential enzyme in that fucose plays a major role in cell immunity and signaling. Currently GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase is not the target of any available drugs, however it is being experimentally targeted with the drug Guanosine-5'-Diphosphate. The chemical reaction of GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase is as shown:
GDP-mannose ↔ GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + H2O
Factors In The Reaction
The enzymes substrate, what the enzyme is acting on, is the GDP-Mannose substance. No other substrates are use this enzyme for reactions.
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14334698
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP-mannose%204%2C6-dehydratase
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GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase
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When the enzyme undergoes its catalyzing process the main product is gets is when it converts GDP-mannose to GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose which is then subsequently converted to GDP-Fucose which is crucial for the body to process correctly. It acts as an intermediate step between GDP-Mannose and GDP-Fucose.
In the reaction that the enzyme uses it requires only one cofactor, a compound required for activation, which is NADP(+) however it is uncertain if this compound truly activates the enzyme.
GDP-Fucose is an allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme.
GDP-Fucose Biosynthesis Pathway
The enzyme GDP-Mannose 4, 6-Dehydratase is only present in one pathway that we know of. This pathway is the GDP-mannose-dependent de novo pathway which provides most of the bodies GDP-Fucose whereas minor amounts come from fucose salvaging in the body.
In the pathway the enzyme is in an intermediate step that converts GDP-Mannose to GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose which is then converted into GDP-Fucose which is absolutely crucial to the body. The product of this pathway is fucosyltransferases which is then used in a different pathway that creates fucosylated glycans which is used for cell signaling and immunity in the body. Fucose is a deoxyhexose that is present in a wide variety of organisms. In most mammals, fucose-containing glycans have important roles in blood transfusion reactions, selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, host-microbe interactions, and numerous ontogenic events. Along with those the body uses fucose as signaling branches of a cell and also as identification systems in immunity. However the enzyme only works at its top levels under normal body conditions. Increased pH or heat could severely denature the protein causing the enzyme to malfunction.
GDP-Mannose 4, 6-dehydratase Structure
The enzyme contains four different subunits. Here is a link for a 3-D view of the enzyme http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/jmol.do?structureId=1RPN&bionumber=1
Structural studies
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14334762
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20School%20for%20Field%20Studies
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The School for Field Studies
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The School for Field Studies (SFS) is the United States' largest environmental study abroad program provider for undergraduate college students, offering fully accredited semester- and summer-long academic programs in over 10 countries around the world. SFS students and staff conduct field research, driven by strategic research plans, to address environmental issues which affect both the communities in which the organization operates and the world in general. More than 18,000 students have studied abroad with SFS since it was founded in 1980. SFS is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, currently based out of Beverly, Massachusetts.
Programs
SFS offers more than 20 semester and summer programs around the world. Programs are based out of SFS-operated permanent field stations which are located in areas of opportunity for academic study and community engagement. These field stations, known as Centers, are home to faculty, staff, and students; and anchor the strategic long-term research upon which the SFS mission is based. Each SFS Center has a particular academic focus and set of research themes to reflect the surrounding ecosystems and environmental issues. Semester program coursework generally covers ecology, environmental policy, natural resource management, and socioeconomics, while summer programs focus on more specific topics. The SFS website offers a full list of current programs.
Australia
The SFS Center for Rainforest Studies is located in Queensland, Australia, near the town of Yungaburra. Programs include the "Rainforest to Reef" semester program, and the "Rainforests of New Zealand and Australia" and "Watersheds of the Wet Tropics" summer programs. Research and coursework explore themes related to rainforest conservation and management, including downstream effects on the Great Barrier Reef.
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14334762
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20School%20for%20Field%20Studies
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The School for Field Studies
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Bhutan
The SFS Center for Himalayan Environment and Development Studies is located in the town of Paro, in western Bhutan. Programs include the "Himalayan Environment and Society in Transition" semester program, and the "Forests in the Land of the Thunder Dragon" summer program. Research and coursework explore themes related to mountain ecology, rural livelihoods, forest management, and the roles of religion and culture in environmental policy-making.
Cambodia
The SFS Center for Conservation and Development Studies is located in the city of Siem Reap, Cambodia. Programs include the "Conservation, Ethics, and Environmental Change" semester program, and the "Elephants of the Cambodian Highlands" summer program. Research and coursework explore themes related to elephant ecology at Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary and Elephant Valley Project (EVP) in Mondulkiri province, and Kulen Elephant Forest (KEF) in Siem Reap province, the impacts of climate change along the Mekong River, and the role of community governance in protecting natural resources.
Chile
The SFS Center for Climate Studies is located in the city of Puerto Natales, in Chilean Patagonia. Programs include the "Wild Patagonia: Fire and Ice" semester program. Research and coursework explore themes related to climate change, coastal and alpine ecology, glacial dynamics, and conservation.
Costa Rica
The SFS Center for Sustainable Development Studies is located in the town of Atenas, in Costa Rica's Central Valley. Programs include the "Sustainable Development Studies" semester program, and the "Coffee and Chocolate: A Taste of Sustainability" and "Fundamentals of Sustainability Research" summer programs. Research and coursework explore themes related to sustainable development, agriculture and permaculture, ecotourism, and biodiversity.
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14334762
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20School%20for%20Field%20Studies
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The School for Field Studies
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Kenya
The SFS Center for Water and Wildlife Studies is located in the town of Kimana, in Kenya's Rift Valley. Programs include the "Water, Wildlife, and Community" semester program, and the "Primates of the African Savanna" summer program. Research and coursework explore themes related to wildlife ecology, water quality and use, climate change, and national parks management.
Panama
The SFS Center for Tropical Island Biodiversity Studies is located in the town of Bocas del Toro, Panama. Programs include the "Tropical Island Biodiversity Studies" semester program, and the "Tourism and Tropical Island Ecosystems" summer program. Research and coursework explore themes related to tropical marine and terrestrial ecosystems, the impacts of tourism, and community livelihoods.
Peru
The SFS Center for Amazon Studies is located in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest, near the cities of Iquitos and Nauta. Programs include the "Biodiversity and Development in the Amazon" semester program. Research and coursework explore themes related to rainforest ecology, biodiversity, and land use and development in the Amazon.
Tanzania
The SFS Center for Wildlife Management Studies is located in Rhotia, Tanzania, near Lake Manyara National Park and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Programs include the "Wildlife Management Studies" semester program, and the "Fundamentals of Wildlife Management" and "Carnivores of the African Plains" summer programs. Research and coursework explore themes related to wildlife management and ecology, human-wildlife conflicts, national parks management, and climate change.
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14334788
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino%20Ciasca
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Agostino Ciasca
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Agostino Ciasca (secular name Pasquale) (born at Polignano a Mare, in the province of Bari, 7 May 1835; died at Rome, 6 February 1902) was an Italian Augustinian and Cardinal. He was a distinguished orientalist, and archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives.
Life
He received the habit of the Order of St. Augustine in 1856, made his religious profession in 1857, and in 1858 was ordained priest. He studied Oriental languages, especially Arabic and Coptic.
Pope Leo XIII entrusted to him several delicate missions. In his order, besides being professor of dogmatic theology, Sacred Scriptures and the Oriental languages, Ciasca also held the positions of prefect of studies, assistant general, and afterwards of procurator general.
In 1866 he obtained the chair of Hebrew in the College of Propaganda, and later took part in the First Vatican Council in the quality of theologian and as interpreter for the Oriental bishops. He also occupied the following positions: consultor of the Congregation of Propaganda for the affairs of Oriental Rites (1872); writer in the Vatican Library for Arabic (1876); pontifical interpreter at the Congregation of Propaganda; ordinary censor of Oriental books and professor of Oriental languages in the Roman Seminary (1878); dean of the faculties of Oriental languages and theology in the same seminary, and president of the college of interpreters at the Propaganda (1882); consultor of the Holy Office (1889).
In 1891 he was created Titular Archbishop of Larissa with the appointment to the office of prefect of the Vatican Archives; in the same year he was sent by the Holy See to preside over the Ruthenian synod at Lemberg. In 1892 he was named pro-secretary of the Congregation of Propaganda (1893). He was elevated to Cardinalate at the secret consistory of 19 June 1899, and given the titular church of San Callisto.
Works
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14334813
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%20State%20Cultural%20Museum
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Mon State Cultural Museum
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The Mon State Cultural Museum (Burmese: မွန်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုပြတိုက်), formerly Mon Ethnic Cultural Museum, is a museum located at No 50, Htawai Bridge Road & Baho Road, in Mawlamyine, Mon State in Myanmar. It was established in 1955. It is under the management of Department of Archaeology and National Museum (Myanmar).
Collections
Mon culture
The museum mainly displays traditional costumes, Buddhist artefacts, sculptures, palm-leaf manuscript, handicrafts, bronzeware, silverware, coins and figurines of the ethnic Mon people who founded one the earliest civilisations in Mainland Southeast Asia, and were responsible for the spread of Theravada Buddhism in Mainland Southeast Asia.
Essentially, the museum houses ceramic art of Mon kingdoms including Martaban jars and Mon musical instruments that can only be seen in the world famous museums.
Moreover, it exhibits a manuscript copy of Myazedi Stone Inscription (AD 1113) in Mon language and a replica of Ceremonial helmet of Queen regnant Shin Sawbu (the real one is at the V&A Museum, London).
Other cultures
The museum also displays artefacts of the Pyu people, Taungoo culture and Konbaung culture including the 19th century divans used by Konbaung dynasty's Queen Seindon and Princess Myat Phaya Galay, who resided in Mawlamyine in the late 19th century or the early 20th century.
Entry
Museum's opening hour is 09:30 AM – 04:30 PM (Tuesday to Sunday) except public holidays.
The museum entry fee are charged at 5,000 Kyats (approximately US$3) for foreign visitors, 500 Kyats for local adults and free-of-charges for school children.
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14334939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraband%20for%20Dead%20Lovers
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Saraband for Dead Lovers
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Background
The novel, by Australian author Helen Simpson, was first published in 1935. It was the "book of the month" for the Evening Standard. Simpson adapted the novel into a play but died in 1940 before any production took place.
Production
Film rights were bought by Ealing Studios, which announced in 1946 its plan to produce the film over the following year, with Basil Dearden to direct. The film was Ealing's first colour production.
Mai Zetterling was originally announced for the lead role, but she asked to be excused "on account of a domestic incident" (she was pregnant) and Lilli Palmer was selected to play the role in her place. However, Palmer could not travel to England in time, so Joan Greenwood was given the role.
Filming took place in June 1947, with exterior sequences shot in Prague and Blenheim Palace.
Stewart Granger later said:
Saraband was a sweet film... and it's one I'm quite proud of. But whereas Gainsborough loved stars, Ealing didn't like them; the production was the star. Saraband was their first big color film. I said I would do it, but I wanted Marlene Dietrich, whom I loved, for Clara. I felt I couldn't be brutal to Flora Robson. Flora was a great actress, but she'd never been beautiful and it was hard to be cruel to a woman who was never beautiful. That's why I wanted Dietrich for the part. The opening sequence was planned in great detail. Francoise Rosay wanted to rehearse... but in the end this wasn't used. You see, Koenigsmark, whom I played, was introduced as penniless, and this was cut out because it involved Jewish moneylenders.
In August 1947, Variety reported that the script was being rewritten in order to comply with the American production code.
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14334947
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Malatitze
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Battle of Malatitze
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The Battle of Molyatichi (Swedish: Malatitze), also known as the Battle of Dobroye, took place on August 31, 1708 at Molyatichi (present-day Belarus near the Russian border) during the Great Northern War. The Russian army of Peter the Great under the command of Mikhail Golitsyn launched a surprise attack on the isolated vanguard of Charles XII's Swedish Army, under the direct command of Carl Gustaf Roos, in order to destroy it. Their cavalry was unable to arrive in time to cut Roos' command off before Swedish reinforcements arrived, forcing the Russians to retreat.
Battle
The Russian attack-force consisted of 9,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry (including about 1,000 Cossacks and Kalmucks) under Mikhail Golitsyn and Gebhard von Pflug. The isolated command under Roos consisted of 4,000–5,000 men. The Russian objective was to cut off Roos' force and destroy it.
The fighting occurred in the swamp between the rivers Belaya Natopa and Chernaya Natopa. The Swedish force under Roos was surprised by the Russian attack in the morning fog and steadily withdrew towards the main Swedish army. The swampy landscape prevented the Russian cavalry to cut off the Swedish way of retreat. At least two Swedish regiments arrived as reinforcements during the course of the action, boosting their overall force to 6,000 men. The Russians were thus halted and put on the defensive. Since the attack of the main body of the Swedish army was not part of the Russian intentions at that moment, and to avoid a disastrous defeat, the Russians withdrew. Some Russian infantry got stuck in the swamps and were made easy targets to the pursuing Swedish forces.
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14335014
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene%20Thomas
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Irene Thomas
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Elsie Irene Ready (28 June 1920 – 27 March 2001) was a British radio personality, well known for her participation in quiz shows and panel games from the 1960s until shortly before her death.
Early life and education
Thomas was born in Feltham, Middlesex into a working-class family, the daughter of Edmund R Ready, a clarinetist in a military band. Her mother, born Ethel E. Crapnell, worked as a seamstress for 'Frederick Gorringe Limited', a large department store on Buckingham Palace Road.
She attended Ashford County Grammar School where she was considered to have the potential to win a scholarship to the University of Oxford, but she left at fifteen to work as a clerk at the Inland Revenue.
Career
Thomas's first full-time job, aged fifteen, circa 1936, was as a clerk at the Inland Revenue. During the Second World War she worked in the National Fire Service.
Music and broadcasting
In 1946 Thomas embarked on a career as a musician and singer when she joined the chorus at Covent Garden and took small roles as a light mezzo-soprano. She branched out into session singing, joined the George Mitchell Minstrels and became the familiar voice of many radio and television advertising jingles in the 1950s.
In 1959 while recovering from cancer surgery she applied to join Mensa: her IQ was rated at 160.
In 1961 she entered and won radio's Brain of Britain contest. This heralded a forty-year period as a mainstay of radio panel game quiz programmes. In 1967, after much lobbying of the producers, she joined the panel on Round Britain Quiz, regarded as the most erudite of the BBC's quiz shows, and rapidly became its most celebrated panellist.
In the 1970s she co presented a BBC daytime television programme entitled The 607080 Show with Roy Hudd.
Writing
Her autobiography, The Bandsman's Daughter, was published in 1979.
She was a columnist for Woman & Home magazine for many years.
Personal life and death
Thomas's first marriage, in 1940, was to John Wesley Baldry, but they divorced in 1949.
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14335052
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrotoxicosis%20factitia
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Thyrotoxicosis factitia
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Thyrotoxicosis factitia (alimentary thyrotoxicosis, exogenous thyrotoxicosis) is a condition of thyrotoxicosis caused by the ingestion of exogenous thyroid hormone. It can be the result of mistaken ingestion of excess drugs, such as levothyroxine and triiodothyronine, or as a symptom of Munchausen syndrome. It is an uncommon form of hyperthyroidism.
Patients present with hyperthyroidism and may be mistaken for Graves’ disease, if TSH receptor positive, or thyroiditis because of absent uptake on a thyroid radionuclide uptake scan due to suppression of thyroid function by exogenous thyroid hormones. Ingestion of thyroid hormone also suppresses thyroglobulin levels helping to differentiate thyrotoxicosis factitia from other causes of hyperthyroidism, in which serum thyroglobulin is elevated. Caution, however, should be exercised in interpreting thyroglobulin results without thyroglobulin antibodies, since thyroglobulin antibodies commonly interfere in thyroglobulin immunoassays causing false positive and negative results which may lead to clinical misdirection. In such cases, increased fecal thyroxine levels in thyrotoxicosis factitia may help differentiate it from other causes of hyperthyroidism.
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14335091
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20West%20Universities%20Association
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North West Universities Association
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The North West Universities Association (NWUA) was a representative body in the North West of England, intended to advance the development of the thirteen higher education establishments. The Association ceased operation on the 30th June 2012.
Role
The primary aim of the NWUA was to act as an organisation through which the universities of the North West can identify common goals, and thus move forward together through collaborative action, thereby maximising their contribution to the social, economic and cultural life of the North West of England and managing to develop partnerships with business, industry and public bodies in this process.
A more general aim of the NWUA was to attempt to foster better overall relations between the institutions of the North West, and establish a lasting relationship.
NWUA also ran the Leonardo da Vinci programme, the European Commission's vocational training programme which aims to facilitate student and staff mobility throughout Europe. The programme provided funding for students to undertake a work placement related to their academic study in another European country and for staff to visit European institutions and companies to exchange knowledge and develop vocational training.
The NWUA was affiliated with the UK Government, the North West Regional Assembly, the North West Regional Development Agency, the Chamber of Commerce, CBI, the North West Science Council, and other organisations, who assist in promoting the collective ambitions of the establishments.
Member institutes
NWUA had thirteen members:
University of Bolton
University of Central Lancashire
University of Chester
University of Cumbria
Edge Hill University
Lancaster University
University of Liverpool
Liverpool Hope University
Liverpool John Moores University
University of Manchester
Manchester Metropolitan University
Royal Northern College of Music
University of Salford
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14335180
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20cricket%20in%20the%20West%20Indies%20from%201990%E2%80%9391%20to%202000
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History of cricket in the West Indies from 1990–91 to 2000
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4th Test at Sabina Park, Kingston – Australia won by an innings and 53 runs. The final Test arrived with the scoreline one-all, and the crowd came out in force. "They were noisy, knew their cricket, and could be intimidating if you gave them room", Reiffel recalled. "[T]he bowl was resounding in anticipation [...]." The Australian strategy was to occupy the crease and compile as large a total as possible, fearing the fourth-innings pitch. Steve Waugh, coming in at 73 for three, joined his brother Mark, "batted magnificently and built a fortress strong enough to keep West Indies at bay. Mark nonchalantly scored a beautiful century before getting out, but by then he had helped Steve build a solid platform." Inspired by Waugh's intrepid double century and the West Indies' depleted psychological funds, Reiffel picked up three quick wickets on the second-last evening. By the reckoning of Reiffel, it was this match – and, more specifically, Waugh's century, "one of the greatest feats of batting I ever witnessed" – which signified the transition of cricketing supremacy from the West Indies to Australia. It also secured the Frank Worrell Trophy.
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14335246
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile%20Dreams%3A%20Farewell%20Ruins%20of%20the%20Moon
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Fragile Dreams: Farewell Ruins of the Moon
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As Seto, the player can use weapons found throughout the world to fight off ghosts, ranging from slingshots and golf clubs to crossbows and katanas. Each weapon can only take a certain amount of use: once a weapon reaches its limit, it will break after battle. The player can also find other usable and collectable items in the field, marked with fireflies. The player can only save their game by resting at small fire pits scattered throughout the world: used fire pits are marked with a bonfire. The player can also examine and identify Mystery Items, organize their inventory, as well as after encountering the Merchant, buy and sell items.
As stated by the producer of the game, Kentarō Kawashima, Fragile Dreams is not strictly a survival horror: rather, its story focuses on human drama. In Fragile Dreams, aside of the main story, the player can find and examine objects and graffiti throughout the world. Objects called memory items (ranging from origami and stones to cell phones and books) hold the memories of their former owners (only accessible at bonfires), while the graffiti contains messages only seen by pointing at them in first-person. By examining these messages, the player can piece together hints to the game's backstory.
Story
Setting and characters
Fragile Dreams is set in a post-apocalyptic version of Earth in the near-future. Almost all the world's population has vanished, leaving the surviving buildings and structures abandoned. The game is set in and near the ruins of Tokyo, Japan, where the event that nearly wiped out humanity may have originated.
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14335262
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate%20dehydratase
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Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase
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The enzyme imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase () catalyzes the chemical reaction
D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate + H2O
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol-3-phosphate hydro-lyase [3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl-phosphate-forming]. Other names in common use include IGP dehydratase, and D-erythro-1-(imidazol-4-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in histidine metabolism as it is involved in the 6th step of histidine biosynthesis as part of a nine step cyclical pathway.
There are two isoforms of IGPD; IGPD1 and IGPD2. The different isoforms are highly conserved with only 8 amino acids differing between them. These subtle differences however affect their activity but as yet it is unknown how.
In most organisms IGPD is a monofunctional protein of about 22 to 29 kD. In some bacteria such as Escherichia coli, it is the C-terminal domain of a bifunctional protein that include a histidinol-phosphatase domain. In E. coli, this is the protein encoded by the hisB gene.
Inhibition
Certain compounds that inhibit IGPD have been used as herbicides as animals do not have this protein. One of these inhibitors is 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT), which has also been used as a competitive inhibitor of the product of the yeast HIS3 gene (another IGPD), e.g. in the yeast two-hybrid system.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , and .
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14335296
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia
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Necrophilia
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Necrophilia, also known as necrophilism, necrolagnia, necrocoitus, necrochlesis, and thanatophilia, is sexual attraction or acts involving corpses. It is classified as a paraphilia by the World Health Organization (WHO) in its International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnostic manual, as well as by the American Psychiatric Association in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).
Origins of term
Various terms for the crime of corpse violation animate seventeenth- through nineteenth-century works on law and legal medicine. The plural term "nécrophiles" was coined by Belgian physician Joseph Guislain in his lecture series, Leçons Orales Sur Les Phrénopathies, given around 1850, about the contemporary necrophiliac François Bertrand:
Psychiatrist Bénédict Morel popularised the term about a decade later when discussing Bertrand.
History
In the ancient world, sailors returning corpses to their home country were often accused of necrophilia. Singular accounts of necrophilia in history are sporadic, though written records suggest the practice was present within Ancient Egypt. Herodotus writes in The Histories that, to discourage intercourse with a corpse, ancient Egyptians left deceased beautiful women to decay for "three or four days" before giving them to the embalmers. Herodotus also alluded to suggestions that the Greek tyrant Periander had defiled the corpse of his wife, employing a metaphor: "Periander baked his bread in a cold oven." Acts of necrophilia are depicted on ceramics from the Moche culture, which reigned in northern Peru from the first to eighth-century CE. A common theme in these artifacts is the masturbation of a male skeleton by a living woman. Hittite law from the 16th century BC through to the 13th century BC explicitly permitted sex with the dead. In what is now Northeast China, the ethnic Xianbei emperor Murong Xi (385–407) of the Later Yan state had intercourse with the corpse of his beloved empress Fu Xunying after the latter was already cold and put into the coffin.
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14335458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprivation%20index
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Deprivation index
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There are also examples of IMDs being created for smaller geographies within nations. This is particularly important in places with very high deprivation in almost all areas. For example, using English IMDs in Manchester is not useful for targeting local interventions since over half of the city is classed as being in England's most deprived decile. By using raw deprivation scores for small areas within the area of interest before they are ranked at the national level, a local IMD can be calculated showing relative deprivation within a place instead of its relative deprivation within England.
Applicability of IMDs to the analysis of very diverse areas
IMDs are the property of a small area and represent the average characteristics of the people living in that area. They are not the property of any single person living within the area. Research has demonstrated IMDs have low sensitivity and specificity for detecting income- and employment-deprived individuals. Failure by researchers to consider this can lead to misleading features in analysis based on IMDs. This is a particularly large risk in areas which are very diverse due to social housing and mixed community policies such as central London. In these settings, a mixed community with a mix of very low income families in poor health and very high income families in good health can return a middling IMD score that represents neither group well and fails to provide useful insight to users of analysis based on IMD data. Other groups not well represented by IMDs are mobile communities and people experiencing homelessness, some of the most deprived members of society.
National indices
Responsibility for the production of publication of IMDs varies by the nation that they cover. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) publishes IMDs for Northern Ireland. StatsWales publishes IMDs for Wales. The Scottish Government publishes IMDs for Scotland. The UK Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC) publishes IMDs for England.
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14335458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprivation%20index
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Deprivation index
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The Carstairs index makes use of data collected at the Census to calculate the relative deprivation of an area, therefore there have been four versions: 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011. The Carstairs indices are routinely produced and published by the MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit at the University of Glasgow.
Methodology
The components of the Carstairs score are unweighted, and so to ensure that they all have equal influence over the final score, each variable is standardised to have a population-weighted mean of zero, and a variance of one, using the z-score method. The Carstairs index for each area is the sum of the standardised values of the components. Indices may be positive or negative, with negative scores indicating that the area has a lower level of deprivation, and positive scores suggesting the area has a relatively higher level of deprivation.
The indices are typically ordered from lowest to highest, and grouped into population quintiles. In the 1981, 1991 and 2001 indices, quintile 1 represented the least deprived areas, and quintile 5 represented the most deprived. In 2011, the order was reversed, in line with the ordering of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation.
Changes to the variables
The low social class component of the 1981 and 1991 Carstairs index was created using the Registrar General's Social Class (later Social Class for Occupation). In 2001, this was superseded by the National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (NS-SEC). This meant that the definition of low social class had to be amended to reflect the approximate operational categories.
The definition of overcrowding was amended between 1981 and 1991, due to the inclusion of kitchens of at least 2 metres wide into the room count in the census.
Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000
The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD 2000) showed relative levels of social and economic deprivation across all the counties of England at a ward level, the first national study of its kind.
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14335458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprivation%20index
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Deprivation index
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Deprivation across the 8414 wards in the country was assessed, using the criteria of income, employment, health, education, housing, access, and child poverty.
Wards ranking in the most deprived 10 per cent in the country were earmarked for additional funding and assistance.
The most deprived wards in England were found to be Benchill in Manchester, Speke in Liverpool, Thorntree in Middlesbrough, Everton in Liverpool, and Pallister in Middlesbrough.
Indices of Deprivation 2004
IMD2000 was the subject of some controversy, and was succeeded by the Indices of Deprivation 2004 (ID 2004) which abandoned ward-level data and sampled much smaller geographical areas.
It is unusual in its inclusion of a measure of geographical access as an element of deprivation and in its direct measure of poverty (through data on benefit receipts). The ID 2004 is based on the idea of distinct dimensions of deprivation which can be recognised and measured separately. These are then combined into a single overall measure. The Index is made up of seven distinct dimensions of deprivation called Domain Indices. Whilst it is known as the ID2004, most of the data actually dates from 2001.
The Indices of deprivation 2004 are measured at the Lower Layer Super Output Area level. Super Output Areas were developed by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) from the Census 2001 Output Areas. There are two levels, the lowest (which the Index is based upon) being smaller than wards and containing a minimum of 1,000 people and 400 households. The middle layer contains a minimum of 5,000 people and 2,000 households. Earlier proposals to introduce Upper Layer Super Output Areas were dropped due to lack of demand.
In addition to Super Output Areas, Summaries of the ID 2004 are presented at District level, County level and Primary Care Trust (PCT) level.
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14335458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprivation%20index
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Deprivation index
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While each SOA is of higher resolution than the highest resolution ward index data of the IMD2000 and therefore better at identifying "pockets" of deprivation within wards the 2004 system has its problems. Some areas of deprivation can still be hidden because of the size of SOAs. Examples of this can be found by comparing central areas of Keighley using the Bradford District Deprivation Index (developed by Bradford Council produced at 1991 Census Enumeration District level) with the ID2004.
Additionally SOAs were tasked with providing complete coverage of England and Wales – this combined with the minimum population and household counts within each SOA means that large areas of agricultural, commercial and industrial land have to be included within a residential area that borders them – thus when some very deprived residential areas are mapped, a large area of supposed deprivation emerges, however most of it may not be so but rather has a wide area of relative affluence around it – these can appear to be a greater problem than many smaller completely residential SOAs in which higher concentrations of deprived people live but mixed with more affluent neighbours.
Indices of Deprivation 2007
The Indices of Deprivation 2007 (ID 2007) is a deprivation index at the small area level was released on 12 June 2007. It follows the ID2004 and because much of the datasets are the same or similar between indices, it allows for a comparison of 'relative deprivation' of an area between the two indices.
While it is known as the ID2007, most of the data actually dates from 2005, and most of the data for the ID2004 was from 2001.
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14335458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprivation%20index
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Deprivation index
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Indices of Deprivation 2010
The Indices of Deprivation 2010 (ID 2010) was released on 24 March 2011. It follows the ID2007 and because much of the datasets are the same or similar between indices allows a comparison of "relative deprivation" of an area between the two indices.
While it is known as the ID2010, most of the data actually dates from 2008.
The ID 2010 found that 5 million people lived in the most deprived areas in England in 2008 and 38 per cent of them were income deprived. The most deprived area in the country is in the village of Jaywick on the Essex coast. The local authorities with the highest proportion of lower layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs) were in Liverpool, Middlesbrough, Manchester, Knowsley, the City of Kingston upon Hull, Hackney and Tower Hamlets. 98% of the most deprived LSOAs are in urban areas but there are also pockets of deprivation across rural areas. 56% of local authorities contain at least one LSOA amongst the 10 per cent most deprived in England. 88% of the LSOAs that are the most deprived in 2010 were also amongst the most deprived in 2007.
Indices of Deprivation 2019
The Indices of Deprivation 2019 (ID 2019) was published in September 2019. It has seven domains of deprivation: income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services, and living environment.
These domains each have multiple components. For example the Barriers to Housing and Services considers seven components including levels of household overcrowding, homelessness, housing affordability, and the distance by road to four types of key amenity (post office, primary school, supermarket, and GP surgery).
Department of Environment Index
The Department of Environment Index (DoE) is an index of urban poverty published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and designed to assess relative levels of deprivation in local authorities in England. The DoE has three dimensions of deprivation: social, economic and housing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Moral%20Reckoning
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A Moral Reckoning
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A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair is a 2003 book by the political scientist Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, previously the author of Hitler's Willing Executioners (1996). Goldhagen examines the Roman Catholic Church's role in the Holocaust and offers a review of scholarship in English addressing what he argues is antisemitism throughout the history of the Church, which he claims contributed substantially to the persecution of the Jews during World War II.
Goldhagen recommends several significant steps that might be taken by the Church to make reparation for its alleged role. A Moral Reckoning received mixed reviews and was the subject of considerable controversy regarding allegations of inaccuracies and anti-Catholic bigotry.
Background
Goldhagen, the son of a Holocaust survivor, first engaged in serious academic discourse concerning the Holocaust following a lecture he attended as a student at Harvard University in 1983. He gained prominence in the field with the publication of 1996's Hitler's Willing Executioners, which met acclaim and controversy, particularly in Germany. The Journal for German and International Politics awarded him the Democracy Prize in 1997. In awarding the prize for the first time since 1990, the Journal wrote "Because of the penetrating quality and the moral power of his presentation, Daniel Goldhagen has greatly stirred the consciousness of the German public."
Invited by The New Republic to review several books concerning Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust, Goldhagen was inspired to write a review of the literature concerning the question of the "culture of antisemitism" in the Catholic Church prior to Vatican II and its impact on the Holocaust. His impressions first appeared as a lengthy essay in the January 21, 2002, edition of The New Republic entitled "What Would Jesus Have Done? Pope Pius XII, the Catholic Church, and the Holocaust" before their publication by Knopf in extended book form as A Moral Reckoning.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Moral%20Reckoning
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A Moral Reckoning
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Overview
In The New York Times, book reviewer Geoffrey Wheatcroft said that A Moral Reckoning (2003) presents an indictment of the Roman Catholic Church comparable to Goldhagen's indictment of Germany in Hitler's Willing Executioners (1996), saying: "both as an international institution under the leadership of Pope Pius XII (1939–58), and at national levels in many European countries, the Church was deeply implicated in the appalling genocide.... Just as Germans had been carefully taught to hate the Jews, to the point that they could readily torment and kill them, so had Catholics"; that author Goldhagen "sees a deep vein of Jew-hatred ingrained within Catholic tradition; and he does not think that there was any difference of kind, between that old religious Jew-hatred and the murderous racial antisemitism of the twentieth century".
In 2003, in The Atlantic magazine, interviewer Jennie Rothenberg Gritz quoted Goldhagen saying that "moral issues" are the "principal substance" of A Moral Reckoning, that his concern was a "consideration of culpability and repair". In a letter to the editor of The New York Times, Goldhagen said that "the book's real content" is in "setting forth general principles for moral repair from which I derive concrete proposals for the Church". Donald Dietrich, author of God and Humanity in Auschwitz: Jewish-Christian Relations and Sanctioned Murder, and a Boston College professor of Theology specializing in Holocaust studies, said that Goldhagen "asks the Catholic Church a question: 'What must a religion of love and goodness do to confront its history of hatred and harm, to make amends with its victims, and to right itself so that it is no longer the source of hatred and harm that, whatever its past, it would no longer endorse?' He has attempted to analyze the moral culpability of Catholics and their leaders, to judge the actors, and to discern how today's Catholics can make material, political and moral restitution."
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14335493
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevicoryne%20brassicae
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Brevicoryne brassicae
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Brevicoryne brassicae, commonly known as the cabbage aphid or cabbage aphis, is a destructive aphid (plant louse) native to Europe that is now found in many other areas of the world. The aphids feed on many varieties of produce, including cabbage, broccoli (especially), Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and many other members of the genus Brassica, but do not feed on plants outside of the family Brassicaceae. The insects entirely avoid plants other than those of Brassicaceae; even though thousands may be eating broccoli near strawberries, the strawberries will be left untouched.
Cabbage aphids, from the genus Brevicoryne of the family Aphididae, are grayish-green, but a waxy covering gives them a grayish-white to powdery blue appearance.
Predator defense mechanism
Cabbage aphids produce a myrosinase (beta-thioglucoside glucohydrolase) enzyme in head and thoracic muscles; the aphids also uptake glucosinolates, particularly sinigrin, from the plants on which they feed, storing the glucosinolates in their haemolymph. (Glucosinolates are natural defenses for plants in the order Brassicales against pests and herbivores.) The combination of the glucosinolates and the myrosinase enzyme produces a violent chemical reaction that releases the mustard oil chemical allyl isothiocyanate. The defense mechanism has a dramatic negative effect on the survival of the larval ladybird predator Adalia bipunctata. The chemical defence of the aphids has been likened to a "walking mustard oil bomb".
The myrosinase from Brevicoryne brassicae appears to have evolved separately from myrosinases found in plants, possibly a case of convergent evolution. Aphid myrosinase appears to have greater similarity to animal beta-O-glucosidases than to plant myrosinases.
Pest control
Different varieties of cultivars have varying resistance to Brevicoryne brassicae.
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14335614
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylglyoxal%20synthase
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Methylglyoxal synthase
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The enzyme methylglyoxal synthase () catalyzes the chemical reaction
glycerone phosphate 2-oxopropanal + phosphate
Attempts to observe reversibility of this reaction have been unsuccessful.
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is glycerone-phosphate phosphate-lyase (methylglyoxal-forming). Other names in common use include methylglyoxal synthetase, and glycerone-phosphate phospho-lyase. This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism and is constitutively expressed.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , and .
Methylglyoxal synthase (MGS) is a 152-amino acid homohexamer that has a molecular weight of approximately 67,000 kD. The total solvent-accessible surface area of the MGS homohexamer is 18,510 square Angstroms, roughly 40% of the total possible surface area if the subunits were separated. Each monomer consists of five alpha helices surrounding five beta sheets. Of these, two antiparallel beta sheets and one alpha helix are located in a subdomain where the N-terminus and C-terminus are in close juxtaposition. The homohexamer exhibits a threefold axis perpendicular to a twofold axis. Within the wide V-groove, there are twelve hydrogen bonds and six salt bridges between the monomers in the presence of phosphate binding. In the absence of phosphate binding, ten hydrogen bonds and two salt bridges hold the monomers together. At the peak interfaces, ten hydrogen bonds and no salt bridges connect the monomers regardless of phosphate binding.
The MGS homohexamer is slightly asymmetrical. All three monomers within the asymmetrical region contain a formate molecule within their respective actives sites. Only one of the monomers within the asymmetrical region is additionally bound to a phosphate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylglyoxal%20synthase
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Methylglyoxal synthase
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In situations when glycolysis is restricted by phosphate starvation, the switch to MGS serves to release phosphate from glycolytic metabolites for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and to produce methylglyoxal, which is converted to pyruvate via lactate with the uncoupling of ATP synthesis. This interplay between the two enzymes allows the cell to shift triose catabolism between the formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and methylglyoxal based on available phosphates.
Other applications
For fuel ethanol production, complete metabolism of complex combinations of sugars in E. coli by synthetic biocatalysts is necessary. Deletion of the methylglyoxal synthase gene in E. coli increases fermentation rate of ethanogenic E. coli by promoting the co-metabolism of sugar mixtures containing the five principal sugars found in biomass (glucose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, and mannose). This suggests that MGS production of methylglyoxal plays a role in controlling expression of sugar-specific transporters and catabolic genes in native E.coli.
MGS also has industrial importance in the production of lactate, hydroxyacetone (acetol), and 1,2-propandiol. Introduction of the MGS gene in bacteria that natively lack MGS increased useful production of 1,2-propandiol by 141%.
For biotechnological and synthetic applications, phosphate binding helps to stabilize and protect the enzyme against cold- and heat-induced denaturation. His-His interaction via the insertion of one histidine residue between Arg22 and His23 is also known to confer greater thermostability by increasing its half-life 4.6-fold.
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14335622
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss%20of%20United%20Kingdom%20child%20benefit%20data%20%282007%29
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Loss of United Kingdom child benefit data (2007)
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The loss of United Kingdom child benefit data was a data breach incident in October 2007, when two computer discs owned by HM Revenue and Customs containing data relating to child benefit went missing. The incident was announced by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling, on 20 November 2007. The two discs contained the personal details of all families in the United Kingdom (UK) claiming child benefit, of which takeup in the UK is near 100%.
The loss
The discs were sent by junior staff at HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) based at Waterview Park in Washington, Tyne and Wear, to the National Audit Office (NAO), as unrecorded internal mail via TNT on 18 October. On 24 October the NAO complained to HMRC that they had not received the data. On 8 November, senior officials in HMRC were informed of the loss, with Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling being informed on 10 November. On 20 November Darling announced:
The lost data was thought to concern approximately 25 million people in the UK (nearly half of the country's population). The personal data on the missing discs was reported to include names and addresses of parents and children and dates of birth of the children, together with the National Insurance numbers and bank or building society details of their parents.
The "password protection" in question is that provided by WinZip version 8. This is a weak, proprietary scheme (unnamed encryption and hash algorithms) with well-known attacks. Anyone competent in computing would be able to break this protection by downloading readily-available tools. WinZip version 9 introduced AES encryption, which would have been secure and only breakable by a brute-force attack.
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14335781
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectate%20lyase
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Pectate lyase
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Pectate lyase () is an enzyme involved in the maceration and soft rotting of plant tissue. Pectate lyase is responsible for the eliminative cleavage of pectate, yielding oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-α-D-mann-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. The protein is maximally expressed late in pollen development. It has been suggested that the pollen expression of pectate lyase genes might relate to a requirement for pectin degradation during pollen tube growth.
This enzyme catalyzes the chemical reaction
Eliminative cleavage of (1→4)-α-D-galacturonan to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-α-D-galact-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends
The structure and the folding kinetics of one member of this family, pectate lyase C (pelC)1 from Erwinia chrysanthemi has been investigated in some detail,. PelC contains a parallel beta-helix folding motif. The majority of the regular secondary structure is composed of parallel beta-sheets (about 30%). The individual strands of the sheets are connected by unordered loops of varying length. The backbone is then formed by a large helix composed of beta-sheets. There are two disulphide bonds in PelC and 12 proline residues. One of these prolines, Pro220, is involved in a cis peptide bond. The folding mechanism of PelC involves two slow phases that have been attributed to proline isomerization.
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14335781
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectate%20lyase
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Pectate lyase
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Some of the proteins in this family are allergens. Allergies are hypersensitivity reactions of the immune system to specific substances called allergens (such as pollen, synthetic materials, dust, stings, drugs, or food) that, in most people, result in no symptoms. A nomenclature system has been established for antigens (allergens) that cause IgE-mediated atopic allergies in humans. This nomenclature system is defined by a designation that is composed of the first three letters of the genus; a space; the first letter of the species name; a space and an Arabic number. In the event that two species names have identical designations, they are discriminated from one another by adding one or more letters (as necessary) to each species designation.
The allergens in this family include allergens with the following designations: Amb a 1, Amb a 2, Amb a 3, Cha o 1, Cup a 1, Cry j 1, Jun a 1.
Two of the major allergens in the pollen of short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) are Amb a I and Amb a II. The primary structure of Amb a II has been deduced and has been shown to share ~65% sequence identity with the Amb a I multigene family of allergens. Members of the Amb a I/a II family include Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, Common tobacco) pectate lyase, which is similar to the deduced amino acid sequences of two pollen-specific pectate lyase genes identified in Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato); Cry j I, a major allergenic glycoprotein of Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar)—the most common pollen allergen in Japan; and P56 and P59, which share sequence similarity with pectate lyases of plant pathogenic bacteria.
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14335797
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Alchemist%20%28novel%29
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The Alchemist (novel)
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The Alchemist () is a novel by Brazilian author Paulo Coelho which was first published in 1988. Originally written in Portuguese, it became a widely translated international bestseller. The story follows the shepherd boy Santiago in his journey across North Africa to the Egyptian pyramids after he dreams of finding treasure there.
Plot
An Andalusian shepherd boy named Santiago dreams of a treasure while in a ruined church. He consults a Gypsy fortune-teller about the meaning of the recurring dream. The woman interprets it as a prophecy, telling the boy that he will discover a treasure at the Egyptian pyramids.
After Santiago sets out, he meets Melchizedek, the king of Salem, who tells him to sell his sheep so as to travel to Egypt and accomplish his "Personal Legend". Early on his arrival in Africa, a man who claims to be able to take Santiago to the pyramids instead robs him of the money he had made from his flock. Santiago then has to work for a crystal merchant to earn enough to continue his journey.
Along the way, the boy meets an Englishman who has come in search of an alchemist who can turn any metal to gold, and continues his travels with his new companion. When they reach an oasis, Santiago meets and falls in love with an Arabian girl named Fatima, to whom he proposes marriage. She promises to marry him only after he completes his journey. Frustrated at first, he later learns that true love will not stop nor must one sacrifice one's destiny to it, since to do so robs it of truth.
The boy then encounters the wise alchemist, who teaches him to realize his true self. Together, they risk a journey through the territory of warring tribes, where Santiago is forced to demonstrate his oneness with the "Soul of the World" by turning himself into a dust storm before he is allowed to proceed.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Alchemist%20%28novel%29
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The Alchemist (novel)
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When he reaches the pyramids and begins digging, he is robbed by thieves, who ask him what he is digging for; he replies that a dream has led him to buried treasure. The thieves scoff, and the leader remarks about a dream he once had about treasure under a tree at a ruined church. Santiago realizes the treasure he sought was where he had his original dream all along.
Theme
The plot of the novel builds on the international folktale type classified as no. 1645 ("The Treasure at Home") in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index of folktales: "A man dreams that if he goes to a distant city he will find treasure on a certain bridge. Finding no treasure, he tells his dream to a man who says that he too has dreamed of treasure at certain place. He describes the place, which is the first man's home. When the latter returns home he finds the treasure." The earliest known version of this tale type is a poem by the 13th-century Persian poet Rumi, and a variant of the tale appears in the One Thousand and One Nights collection of Arabic folktales.
The book's main theme is about finding one's destiny, although according to The New York Times, The Alchemist is "more self-help than literature". The advice given to Santiago that "when you really want something to happen, the whole universe will conspire so that your wish comes true" is the core of the novel's thinking. Coelho originally wrote The Alchemist in only two weeks, explaining later that he was able to work at this pace because the story was "already written in [his] soul."
Adaptations
In 1994, a comic adaptation was published by Alexandre Jubran. HarperOne, a HarperCollins imprint, produced an illustrated version of the novel, with paintings by the French artist Mœbius, but failed to convince Coelho "to consent to the full graphic-novel treatment". The Alchemist: A Graphic Novel was published in 2010, adapted by Derek Ruiz and with artwork by Daniel Sampere.
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14335802
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20History%20of%20the%20German%20Baptist%20Brethren%20in%20Europe%20and%20America
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A History of the German Baptist Brethren in Europe and America
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A History of the German Baptist Brethren in Europe and North America is a book by Martin Grove Brumbaugh, A.M., Ph.D., written in 1899, published by the Brethren Publishing House at Mount Morris, Illinois. On the cover it is referred to only as A History of the Brethren. It was republished in 1961 by L. W. Shultz from North Manchester, Indiana and Carl A. Wagner from Union Road, Clayton, Ohio, printed in February, 1961, and June, 1969.
Historical context
Throughout the 1800s, the Brethren were skeptical of histories and record-keeping, as they were not to emulate their ancestors, but rather Jesus Christ, the Apostles, and the Early Church. However, by the end of the century enough changes were occurring that the Brethren, having great respect for the Brethren that came before them, were interested in Brethren history. At the German Baptist Brethren Annual Conference, a motion was passed approving the writing of a history of the Brethren, however, the motion did not specify an author. Martin Grove Brumbaugh (M.G.) was the first to complete the task in 1899. His book had great impact, based upon the value of tradition, and the lack of knowledge about Brethren history.
Bias
Contemporary Brethren historians generally consider this history quite biased. Martin Grove Brumbaugh (M.G.) was a strong advocate for several progressive positions, especially education, participation in politics, and reconsidering plain dress, positions which the Brethren had long opposed. These historical positions are not so clear, and sometimes contradicted in M.G.'s history.
Editions
1899 books
American history books
19th-century history books
Schwarzenau Brethren
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14335809
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin%20lyase
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Pectin lyase
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Pectin lyase is a polysaccharide enzyme with a complex structure that is present in plant cell walls. It has a significant role in pectin degradation and different biotechnological and industrial applications. It can be found in many different organisms.
EC number
The Pectin lyase is an enzyme whose EC number is (EC4.2.2.10). It is a numerical classification system for enzymes based on their catalyzed chemical reactions.
Pectin pathway
Pectin lyase is a component that is found in plant cell walls. This enzyme creates unsaturated products by breaking the glycosidic bonds that are inside. Pectin lyase is critical for several biological processes, such as the maturation of fruits and reshaping of plant cell walls. The enzyme's reaction pathway contains binding to the substrate and active site, splitting of glycosidic bonds, unsaturated products forming, and product release. Pectin lyase is crucial to decaying plant materials and is commonly used in the food industry and biotechnology.
Organisms and function
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14335809
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin%20lyase
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Pectin lyase
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There are many organisms that contain the pectin lyase enzyme such as plants (Fruits and Vegetables), especially, during fruit maturation, some plants produce internal pectin lyases that lead to the analysis of pectin in cell walls, such as citrus, apples, and Pumpkin. The waste residues of citrus, apple, and pomelo and their peels are the major raw resources of pectin production because they are considered by-products of producing juice in the food industry. Also, it helps protect the plants from the damage that is caused by pathogenic microorganisms due to its rigidity and flexibility. In plant cell culture, it is combined with the enzyme cellulase to produce protoplasts by breaking down the plant cell walls. Pectin exhibits versatility in its chemical behavior depending on the conditions it is exposed to. It can undergo ester hydrolysis or glycosidic bond cleavage to produce galacturonic acid and alcohol when acid, alkali, or pectinase is present. When Pectin is subjected to specific conditions, such as low pH and high sugar concentration, it has the ability to form gel in the presence of sugar, acid, or calcium ions. This gel-forming property of pectin is commonly used in medication industries and food, where it acts as a thickening substance, stabilizer, and emulsifying agent in various food processing applications. Not only this but also, pectin is essential in medicine, cosmetics, and other industries, including the production of health-related products aimed at preventing and treating conditions such as diabetes and obesity are of concern.
Crystal structure
The crystal structures of pectin lyase A (PNLA) from two different strains of Aspergillus niger which are N400 and 4M-147. PNLA shows that they have a parallel β sheet structure and share several structural features with pectate lyases such as amino acid stacks and an asparagine ladder. The three-dimensional structure has been used to identify the Pectin lyase B (PNLB) from Aspergillus niger structure with a resolution of 1.7Å.
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14335809
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin%20lyase
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Pectin lyase
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This image of crystal structure of pectin lyase represents the structural features of both pectin lyase (PNLA and PNLB). Letter A indicates (PNLA) from strain 4M-147. In (A), we see an overview of the pectin lyase A structure, depicted with arrows for β strands and coils for helices. The parallel β sheet 1 (PB1) is colored yellow, the green color refers to PB2, the color red refers to PB3 and the blue color indicates the antiparallel β sheet has a long T3 loop. Moving on to (PNLB), the letter B shows the backbone of pectin lyase with pink coils showing helices and arrows indicating β structures. The yellow color refers to parallel β sheet PB1, the blue color refers to PB2, and the red color refers to PB3. The orange indicates the antiparallel β structure in the first T3 turn and a short β strand in the third T3 loop. Additionally, the thick black lines represent the position of disulfide bonds.
Active site
Every enzyme has an active site which is a specific area where a substrate binds and experiences a chemical reaction. This area of pectin involves special amino acid remnants that are attached to pectin, catalyze the splitting of glycosidic bonds, guarantee substrate specificity, and stabilize the reaction intermediate. The active site is pivotal to the ability of pectin lyase to efficiently break pectin which is known as a complex polysaccharide present in plant cell walls.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is (1→4)-6-O-methyl-α-D-galacturonan lyase. Other names in common use include:
endo-pectin lyase,
pectin methyltranseliminase,
pectin trans-eliminase,
pectolyase,
PL,
PMGL,
PNL, and
polymethylgalacturonic transeliminase.
Biotechnology applications
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14335809
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin%20lyase
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Pectin lyase
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The pectin lyase is playing a crucial role in many biotechnological uses including the textile industry, paper manufacturing, wastewater pretreatment of pectin, clarifying of the juice, and extraction of oil. It has the ability to efficiently break the pectin molecule's back bone by β-eliminating in order to form pectin-oligosaccharide. As a result, this method led to not producing a high level of toxic methanol and this process has the advantage of high efficiency, good enzymatic selectivity, and few by-products.
In addition, the presence of undesirable enzymatic activity in commercial pectinases may be detrimental to aroma because they are responsible for producing unpleasant volatile off flavor. There are many reports of fruit juice clarification by pectin lyases.
The alkaline pectinase is inappropriate for use in the food industry due to the acidic pH of fruit juices. However, they have a very high demand in the textile industries. They are used for retting of plant fibers such as ramie, sunn hemp, jute, flax and hemp. The first report on retting of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) by pectin lyase produced by Aspergillus flavus MTCC 7589 was published in 2008 but this aspect of pectin lyases needs to be extensively investigated further.
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14335854
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Massaia
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Guglielmo Massaia
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Guglielmo Massaia, OFM Cap. (born Lorenzo; 9 June 1809 - 6 August 1889) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as a missionary and a Capuchin friar.
Pope Francis named him Venerable on 1 December 2016.
Life
Guglielmo Massaia was born on 9 June 1809 in Piedmont as Lorenzo Antonio Massaia.
He was first educated at the Collegio Reale at Asti under the care of his elder brother Guglielmo who served as a canon and precentor of Asti Cathedral. On the death of his brother he passed as a student to the diocesan seminary in 1824; but at the age of sixteen entered the Capuchin Franciscan Order, receiving the habit on 25 September 1825. He completed his studies at the seminary in 1826. He took the name "Guglielmo" around this time.
Massaia was ordained to the priesthood on 16 June 1832 in Vercelli and served as a spiritual director at a hospital in Turin from 1834 to 1836. He served also as the confessor and advisor of Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo - future saint.
He was appointed as a lector of theology; but even whilst teaching he acquired some fame as a preacher and was chosen confessor to Prince Victor Emmanuel, afterwards King of Italy, and Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa. The royal family of Piedmont would have nominated him on several occasions to an episcopal see, but he wanted to join the foreign missions of his order.
He obtained his wish in 1846. That year the Congregation of Propaganda, at the instance of the traveller Antoine d'Abbadie, determined to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Galla for the Oromo in Ethiopia. The mission was confided to the Capuchins, and Massaia was appointed as the first vicar-apostolic. He received episcopal consecration in Rome on 24 May of that year in the church of San Carlo al Corso.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Massaia
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Guglielmo Massaia
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On his arrival in Ethiopia in 1856, he found the country in a state of religious agitation. The titular head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Abuna Qerellos III, had been dead for about 20 years and there was a movement amongst the native Christians towards union with Rome. Massaia, who had received plenary faculties from Pope Pius IX, ordained a number of native priests for the Coptic Rite; he also obtained the appointment by the Holy See of a vicar-apostolic for the Copts, and himself consecrated the missionary Justin de Jacobis to this office. But this act aroused the enmity of the Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria, who sent a bishop of his own, Abuna Salama III, to Ethiopia.
As a result of the ensuing political agitation, Massaia was banished from the country and had to flee under an assumed name. In 1850 he visited Europe to gain a fresh band of missionaries and means to develop his work: he had interviews with the French Minister of Foreign Affairs in Paris, and with Lord Palmerston in London. On his return to the Oromos, he founded a large number of missions; he also established a school at Marseille for the education of Oromo boys freed from slavery; besides this, he composed a grammar of the Oromo language which was published at Marseilles in 1867.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo%20Massaia
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Guglielmo Massaia
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Legacy
In 1940 his native village of Piovà was renamed Piovà Massaia in his honour. In 1952, Italy issued a commemorative stamp celebrating his mission to Ethiopia. Many streets and buildings in Italy are named after Guglielmo Massaia, for example, the Via Cardinale Guglielmo Massaia in Rome and Turin or the Museo Etiopico Guglielmo Massaia in Frascati (Rome).
He was the subject of the 1939 biopic Cardinal Messias directed by Goffredo Alessandrini and starring Camillo Pilotto as Massaia. It was awarded the Mussolini Cup at the 1939 Venice Film Festival.
Cause for beatification
The process for beatification had its origins as far back as 1914 when documents were collected in a diocesan process. The cause was formally opened on 5 December 1941, granting Massaia the title of Servant of God.
The Positio was submitted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in 2014 while historians voiced their approval of the cause in a vote undertaken on 21 October 2014. Pope Francis titled him as Venerable on 1 December 2016 upon the confirmation of his life of heroic virtue.
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14335899
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%20of%20Osteopathic%20Medicine
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Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
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Osteopathy, the older form of osteopathic medicine, began in the United States in 1874. The term "osteopathy" was coined by the physician and surgeon Andrew Taylor Still, who named his new discipline of medicine "osteopathy", reasoning that "the bone, osteon, was the starting point from which [he] was to ascertain the cause of pathological conditions". He founded the American School of Osteopathy (now A.T. Still University of the Health Sciences) in Kirksville, Missouri, for the teaching of osteopathy on May 10, 1892. While the state of Missouri granted the right to award the MD degree, he remained dissatisfied with the limitations of conventional medicine and instead chose to retain the distinction of the DO degree. In 1898 the American Institute of Osteopathy started the Journal of Osteopathy (presently known as the Journal of Osteopathic Medicine) and by that time four states recognized the profession.
The osteopathic medical profession has evolved into two branches: non-physician manual medicine osteopaths, who were educated and trained outside the United States; and US-trained osteopathic physicians, who conduct a full scope of medical and surgical practice. The regulation of non-physician manual medicine osteopaths varies greatly between jurisdictions. In the United States, osteopathic physicians holding the DO degree have the same rights, privileges, and responsibilities as physicians with a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. Osteopathic physicians and non-physician osteopaths are so distinct that in practice they function as separate professions.
As originally conceived by Andrew Still, the letters "DO" stood for "Diplomate in Osteopathy" and the title conferred by the degree was "Doctor of Osteopathy". Subsequently, the degree also came to be entitled "Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine". Since the late 20th century, the AOA has preferred that this title be used exclusively. Its members resolved at a 1960 conference:
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14335899
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%20of%20Osteopathic%20Medicine
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Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
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A minority of DOs continue to use the old terms, and the American Academy of Osteopathy retains the old usage in its name.
Demographics
In 2018, there were 114,425 osteopathic medical doctors in the United States and 145,343 total DOs and osteopathic medical students. The proportion of females in the profession has steadily increased since the 1980s. In 1985, about 10 percent of DO physicians were female, compared with 41 percent in 2018. Between 2008 and 2012, 49 percent of new DO graduates were females.
During the 2011–12 academic year, the osteopathic medical student body consisted of: 69 percent white/non-Hispanic, 19 percent Asian or Pacific Islander, 3.5 percent Hispanic, 3 percent African-American, and 0.5 percent Native American or Alaskan. The remainder were listed as "other or not entered". The five-year change in osteopathic medical student enrollment by ethnicity has increased by 19 percent for white/non-Hispanic students, 36 percent for Asian-American students, 24 percent for Black/African American students, and 60 percent for Hispanic/Latino students.
Education, training and distinctiveness
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%20of%20Osteopathic%20Medicine
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Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
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Osteopathic medical school curricula are equivalent to those at schools granting the MD degree. Both US-granted MD and US-granted DO programs are listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools as medical schools. Furthermore, the accreditation agencies for both degrees, LCME and COCA for MD and DO, respectively, are recognized by the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME). Per WFME, "Recognition Status is awarded by WFME to an accrediting agency working to an internationally accepted high standard, and confers the understanding that the quality of accreditation of undergraduate medical schools is to an appropriate and rigorous standard." Once admitted to an osteopathic medical school, students study for four years to graduate. The schooling is divided into the pre-clinical and clinical years. The pre-clinical years, the first and second years, focus on the biomedical and clinical sciences. The clinical years, the third and fourth years, consist of core clinical training and sub-internships in the clinical specialties.
Osteopathic medical school accreditation standards require training in internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, family medicine, surgery, psychiatry, emergency medicine, radiology, preventive medicine, and public health. According to Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, "the training, practice, credentialing, licensure, and reimbursement of osteopathic physicians is virtually indistinguishable from those of physicians with MD qualifications, with 4 years of osteopathic medical school followed by specialty and subspecialty training and board certification".
DO schools provide an additional 300–500 hours in the study of hands-on manual medicine and the body's musculoskeletal system, which is referred to as osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM). Osteopathic manipulation is a pseudoscience.
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14335899
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%20of%20Osteopathic%20Medicine
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Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
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Before entering osteopathic medical school, an applicant must complete a four-year undergraduate degree and take a national standardized exam called the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT). Some combined undergraduate/medical programs exist. Some authors note the differences in the average MCAT scores and grade point average of students who matriculate at DO schools compared to those who matriculate at MD schools within the United States. In 2021, the average MCAT and GPA for students entering US-based MD programs were 511.5 and 3.73, respectively, and 504.0 and 3.55 for DO matriculants. DO medical schools are more likely to accept non-traditional students, who are older and entering medicine as a second career, or coming from non-science majors.
DO medical students are required to take the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensure Examination (COMLEX-USA), which is sponsored by the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners (NBOME). The COMLEX-USA is a series of three osteopathic medical licensing examinations. The first two Cognitive Evaluations (CEs) of the COMLEX-USA (Level 1 and Level 2) are taken during medical school and are prerequisites for residency programs, consisting of 352 multiple-choice questions (items) each. Finally, COMLEX Level 3 is usually taken during the first year of residency, and consists of 420 multiple-choice questions and 26 Clinical Decision-Making (CDM) cases.
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14335899
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%20of%20Osteopathic%20Medicine
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Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
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International practice rights
The International Labour Organization (ILO), an agency of the United Nations, issued a letter affirming that US-trained osteopathic physicians are fully licensed physicians who prescribe medication and perform surgery. The acknowledgment draws a clear separation between American DOs, who are medical doctors, and non-physician osteopaths trained outside of the United States. Within the international standards that classify jobs to promote international comparability across occupations, US-trained DOs are now categorized with all other physicians as medical doctors. This event took place in June 2018 and started a relay of events and opened doors for DOs as more countries started to understand and give full recognition to US-trained medical doctors with the DO degree. The Association of Medical Councils of Africa (AMCOA) approved a resolution in 2019 granting the AOA's request that AMCOA recognize US-trained DOs as fully licensed physicians with practice rights equivalent to MDs, opening its 20 member countries, which include Botswana, Eswatini, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe to DOs. (Note: Some of the member African countries of AMCOA had independently licensed DOs before; however, this recognition unifies those who did or did not).
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14335931
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmacnoise%20and%20West%20Offaly%20Railway
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Clonmacnoise and West Offaly Railway
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The Clonmacnoise and West Offaly Railway was a former tourist attraction based on a narrow-gauge industrial railway in the Midlands of Ireland.
Origins and structure
Adapted from an industrial line constructed for hauling newly-cut peat, this narrow-gauge railway was operated by the peat-harvesting company Bord na Móna and conveyed visitors over a (5.5 mile) 9-km line running through Blackwater Bog, near Shannonbridge, County Offaly. The tour was described as a "journey across this desert of modern cutaway" ... "like a journey through time". A small diesel locomotive hauled a single 53-seat passenger coach.
Facilities included a small shop with art and craft goods, a cafe and a museum of machines.
Closure and plans
The railway was an important tourist attraction in County Offaly. However, it closed permanently at the end of 2008 as operation of the line was interfering with the heavy flow of peat traffic bound for the Electricity Supply Board's West Offaly Power Generation Station. Given the historic importance of peat as an indigenous Irish fuel, the railway and associated visitor services aimed to show visitors how milled peat is produced and transported to power stations, and Bord na Móna is investigating the provision of an alternative tourism facility for the area.
Naming and promotion
The railway was also sometimes known (and described on road signs) as the Blackwater Railway, the Shannonbridge Bog Railway, and the Bog Railway. It was promoted as "the only one of its kind in Europe".
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14335960
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannuronate-specific%20alginate%20lyase
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Mannuronate-specific alginate lyase
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The enzyme mannuronate-specific alginate lyase (, formerly called poly(β-D-mannuronate) lyase) catalyzes the degradation of alginate into various monosaccharide and polysaccharide products:
Eliminative cleavage of alginate to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-α-L-erythro-hex-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends and β-D-mannuronate at their reducing end.
Alginate lyase cleaves the glycosidic bonds of alginate via a β-elimination mechanism, in which it first converts alginate into several oligosaccharides containing unsaturated uronic acids at their non-reducing ends. It then cleaves the oligosaccharides, forming 4-deosy-L-erythro-5-hexoseulose uronic acid.
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on polysaccharides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is alginate β-D-mannuronate—uronate lyase. Other names in common use include alginate lyase I, alginate lyase, alginase I, alginase II, and alginase. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism.
Substrate specificity
Alginate is a linear polysaccharide that has been isolated from a variety of organisms, ranging from viruses and bacteria to fungi. It is also a major component of the cell wall in brown algae and a major source of fixed carbon for other organisms. Many organisms from which alginate lyase has been isolated are found in close association with brown algae. For example, some strains of bacteria from the Paenibacillus genus were isolated from L. japonica and S. siliquatrum, and these strains were discovered to excrete alginate lyase.
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14335960
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannuronate-specific%20alginate%20lyase
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Mannuronate-specific alginate lyase
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While all alginate lyases have similar function, there are some variations in the type of product they form. This variation depends on the substrate specificity of the enzyme, as alginates can have M-M, G-G, or alternating M-G bonds. Therefore, some alginate lyases are G block specific, only degrading the homo-polymeric G blocks of alginate, and others are M block-specific, only degrading the homo-polymeric M blocks of alginate. Some are able to degrade both, but they may preferentially degrade one over the other. Alginate lyases can also be categorized based on their modes of action. Many are endolytic, generally allowing them to degrade alginate into unsaturated oligosaccharides. An exolytic mode of action, on the other hand, allows the enzyme to degrade alginate into monosaccharides.
Structure
As of late 2019, 15 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , 1VAV, 1UAI, 4OZX, 37PY, 4BE3, 3GNE, 5GMT, 1QAZ, 4OZV, 380O, 4NEI, and 5GKD.
Alginate lyases can be categorized into different polysaccharide lyase families based on their amino acid sequences. There are 24 families, ranging from Pl-1 to PL-24, but alginate lyases are generally only found in seven: PL-5, PL-6, PL-7, PL-14, PL-17, and PL-18. The structure and amino acid sequence can help elucidate the activity of the enzyme, indicating whether it is endolytic or exolytic. Endolytic alginate lyases, like those found in the PL-7 family, have active sites which are wide open. Exolytic alginate lyases, like those found in the PL-15 family, have a catalytic groove which is blocked on one end, forming a pocket.
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