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75619948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leproplaca%20cirrochroa	Leproplaca cirrochroa	Leproplaca cirrochroa is a widespread and common species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It grows up to 5 cm across, featuring a thallus with narrow, finger-like that adhere closely to the surface, showing intricate division and ranging in colour from dirty orange to brownish orange, often with paler, orange ends. Taxonomy The species was first scientifically described by Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1814, as a member of the genus Lecanora. Ulf Arup and colleagues transferred it to the genus Leproplaca in 2013, following a molecular phylogenetics-based restructuring of the family Teloschistaceae. Description Leproplaca cirrochroa is a distinctive lichen species that can grow up to across. Its thallus is , forming narrow, finger-like that are closely against the . These lobes are intricately divided and arranged in irregularly rounded formations or sometimes as small, scattered, or contiguous thalli. The colouration of Leproplaca cirrochroa ranges from dirty to brown-orange, with the ends of the lobes often having a and paler orange hue. The lobe ends are typically about 0.2–0.5 mm wide, rounded, and occasionally forked. They are shallowly convex and elongated, often lying contiguous to each other and separated by almost parallel-aligned furrows. Soralia are usually present on the laminal surface and are scattered across the thallus. These soralia are small and flat, rounded, and can be up to 0.8 mm in diameter. The soredia produced are and lemon-yellow in colour.	2.734375
75620023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissurina%20insidiosa	Fissurina insidiosa	Fissurina insidiosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in the Southern Hemisphere, it has been recorded from mainland Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific region, the Caribbean, and India. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species by Charles Knight and William Mitten in 1860. They proposed to transfer it to the genus Graphis in 1867. Description The thallus of Fissurina insidiosa is characterised by its dull grey to dingy olive-grey colour and glossy appearance. Typically, it forms widespread, diffuse patches that can extend up to approximately wide. The thallus is usually continuous but often displays cracks and is between 20 and 100 μm thick. It contains crystals of calcium oxalate. The of this species are scattered and typically very numerous. They range in shape from simple to occasionally forked and can be straight, curved, or sinuous, extending up to 2.5 mm in length. Initially, they appear as cracks in the thallus, with the cortex edges curving upwards to form a pseudo-margin. Over time, these develop into a pair of swollen, pale beige-brown lips, which are often cracked and rough, measuring 0.3 to 0.9 mm in width. The of the lirellae remains obscured. The , visible in cross-section, is poorly differentiated from adjacent tissues and measures 10 to 30 μm thick. It has a yellow colour, which reacts K+ (orange-red). The are seldom observed and are approximately 3 μm thick without any warty features. The layer is relatively thin, ranging from 10 to 20 μm in thickness. The hymenium layer is more substantial, measuring between 90 and 120 μm thick. The asci typically contain 6 to 8 spores and measure 85 to 110 by 18 to 25 μm, although intact asci are rarely observed. The paraphyses are slender, about 1 to 1.5 μm wide, with tips that are neither expanded nor adorned with warts or spines.	2.3125
75620038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra%20Tariff	Palmyra Tariff	The Palmyra Tariff is an ancient bilingual limestone inscription discovered in Palmyra, Syria. Dating to the 2nd century CE, the inscription provides valuable insights into the economic and political structure of the city and the wider Roman Empire. It is the longest lapidary Aramaic inscription ever found. It was discovered in 1881 by Semyon Abamelek-Lazarev, and in 1901 was gifted by the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to Tsar Nicholas II and is now in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg. Historian John Matthews described the tariff as "one of the most important single items of evidence for the economic life of any part of the Roman Empire". The inscription is known as PAT 0259, CIS II 3913, NSI 147 and TSSI IV 37. Economic Regulation The primary focus of the Palmyra Tariff Inscription is to outline the tariffs and duties imposed on a range of goods and commodities passing through Palmyra. These tariff rates were established to regulate trade and generate essential revenue for the city. The detailed information on specific tariffs offers a comprehensive view of the economic activities that contributed to Palmyra's prosperity. The inscription also enumerates the names of officials responsible for overseeing trade matters. This provides valuable insights into the administrative structure of Palmyra during the period. Layout	2.703125
75620124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewell%20Hobart%20Graves	Rosewell Hobart Graves	Rosewell Hobart Graves (1833–1912) was a Christian medical missionary from Baltimore, Maryland. He served the communities of Southern China for 56 years. He was the longest-serving Southern Baptist missionary in the area, and made his impact by spreading western medicine and religion to women, inspiring the founding of the Woman's Missionary Union, and founding 42 schools. His literary work described his impact on the communities he visited. Early life and family Rosewell Hobart Graves was born on May 29, 1833, in Baltimore, Maryland. His father was a medical doctor, and became the reason why Graves decided to study medicine. His mother, Ann Baker Graves was an author who supported Christian missionaries. Throughout his career, Graves was constantly writing to his mother, primarily about his strategy of converting the women of China. Taking inspiration, Ann went on to meet with women in Maryland to do the same thing, effectively founding Woman's Mission to Woman, now known as the Woman's Missionary Union. At age 15, Graves began to develop his faith in Christ due to pastor Richard Fuller of the Seventh Baptist Church in Baltimore, Maryland. He graduated from St. Mary's College in 1853, with aspirations of becoming a doctor. He listened to the talks of J. Lewis Shuck and T. J. Bowen, missionaries who spoke at the Baptist General Convention in Baltimore in 1853. Mission work In March 1855, Graves was formally appointed to serve in China. In April 1856, Graves got an honorary medical license from the University of Maryland, and was ordained as a Southern Baptist missionary at the Seventh Baptist Church, Baltimore. He left for China in April 1856, and began to learn Chinese from the people on his boat.	2.015625
75620144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrothelium%20aeneum	Astrothelium aeneum	Each ascus typically contains eight ascospores. These spores are (spindle-shaped), with a size range of 20–27 μm in length and 7–10 μm in width. They are hyaline (translucent) and have three septa (internal partitions). They do not react to staining with iodine (IKI−). Chemically, both the thallus and ascomata of Astrothelium aeneum react to ultraviolet light by fluorescing red (UV+ red) and produce a purple reaction when treated with potassium hydroxide (K+ purple). This is indicative of the presence of an anthraquinone, a type of chemical compound. Distribution Astrothelium aeneum is found in a wide range of tropical regions globally. Its presence has been recorded in various countries including the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, the Revillagigedo Islands, the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, the Galápagos Islands, Bolivia, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Malaysia (specifically in Sarawak and Sabah). Additionally, it is found in Papua New Guinea and Australia.	2.6875
75620212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissurina%20elixii	Fissurina elixii	Fissurina elixii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is found in New South Wales and Tasmania in Australia. Taxonomy The lichen was first described in 1998 by the lichenologist Alan W. Archer; he initially classified it as a species of genus Graphis. The type specimen was collected from Monga National Park in New South Wales at an elevation of ; there it was found growing on Eucryphia moorei in a rainforest. The botanical name honours John Elix, who collected the type. Archer transferred the taxon to the genus Fissurina in 2005. Description Fissurina elixii has a pale olive-grey, glossy, continuous, and cracked thallus that is 40–100 μm thick and forms irregular, diffuse patches up to 60 mm wide, without crystals of calcium oxalate. Its (elongated, slit-like reproductive structures) are scattered, unbranched, straight or slightly curved, measuring 0.5–2 mm long, appearing as cracks in the thallus with the cortex forming a pair of lips that gape slightly, revealing the upper edge of the slightly (blackened) , which usually obscures the . In cross-section, the exciple is poorly differentiated from adjacent tissues, varying in thickness and colour from hyaline (translucent) to yellowish laterally and basally to brown-black or olive-black apically, with numerous (hair-like structures) at the margins.	2.28125
75620212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissurina%20elixii	Fissurina elixii	The (tissue layer beneath the hymenium) of the lichen is 10–20 μm thick, while the hymenium (spore-bearing layer) measures 80–120 μm. The asci (spore-containing structures) typically contain 6–8 spores, measuring 70–100 by 17–25 μm, with (filamentous structures in the hymenium) that are 1.5–2 μm wide and have minutely spinous apices. The ascospores are broadly ellipsoid with rounded apices, transversely 3-septate (with three cross-walls), typically measuring 16–26 by 8–11 μm, and has a pale blue staining reaction to iodine when mature. Chemically, the lichen primarily contains 2–methoxypsoromic acid and a minor amount of 2'–O–demethyl–2–methoxypsoromic acid. Although the thallus is generally too thin to reliably conduct chemical spot tests, a P+ (yellow) reaction is possible at the lirellae. Identification of these chemical compounds typically requires high-performance liquid chromatography, as they appear similar to psoromic and conpsoromic acids on thin-layer chromatography plates. Habitat and distribution Fissurina elixii has been documented growing on the trunks of Anopterus glandulosus and Tasmannia lanceolata trees within relic stands of Atherosperma-dominated rainforest located in southeastern Tasmania. Additionally, this species is found in eastern New South Wales, although it is relatively rare there. What sets Fissurina elixii apart from other Tasmanian species within its genus is its unique chemical composition, specifically the presence of substances structurally related to psoromic acid.	2.609375
75620243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempholemma%20polycarpum	Lempholemma polycarpum	Lempholemma polycarpum is a little-known species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Lichinaceae. It was first described from Yemen and is characterised by its blackish thallus, abundant small apothecia (fruiting bodies), and cyanobacteria from the genus Nostoc as its . The lichen is found on inclined limestone boulders in sun-exposed habitats with open forest vegetation. It also occurs in Madagascar and in Aldabra. Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described by the German lichenologist Matthias Schultz. The type specimen of Lempholemma polycarpum was collected in Shah-ot, Damkaur, Al Mahrah Governorate, Yemen, on small inclined limestone boulders at an elevation of . The species epithet polycarpum refers to the abundantly produced, small apothecia. Description The thallus of Lempholemma polycarpum is blackish, dull, and rarely slightly , with a gelatinous texture when wet. Thalli consist of individual, regular, - rosettes measuring 3–6 mm in size. are radiating, free, tongue-shaped, and convex, with short lengths of 1.5–2.5 mm, widths of 0.5–0.6 mm, and thicknesses of 0.25–0.45 mm. The surface of the lobes is smooth but becomes when numerous small apothecia are produced.	1.96875
75620254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysothrix%20tchupalensis	Chrysothrix tchupalensis	Chrysothrix tchupalensis is a little-known species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), powdery lichen in the family Chrysotrichaceae. It occurs in north Queensland, Australia. The lichen forms a powdery, bright yellow thallus that grows on sheltered, humid rocks in a tropical rainforest environment. Taxonomy Chrysothrix tchupalensis was formally described as a new species in 2006 by the lichenologists John Alan Elix and Gintaras Kantvilas. The type specimen was collected in Wooroonooran National Park, Tchupala Falls, Queensland, Australia. The specific epithet tchupalensis refers to the type locality. Description This lichen has a crustose and leprose (powdery), bright lemon yellow thallus. Chrysothrix tchupalensis is very loosely , and forms small, irregularly roundish, convex cushions 0.5–1 cm wide, eventually coalescing into patches up to wide. The soredia are , with individual granules measuring 60–160 μm wide. Its is , spherical, and measures 10–18 μm wide. The is pale grey-white to black. Apothecia and pycnidia have not been observed to occur in this species. On standard chemical spot tests, the thallus of Chrysothrix tchupalensis tests K−, C−, KC−, and PD−. It contains leprapinic acid as a major secondary metabolite (lichen product) and 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone as a minor component. Chrysothrix tchupalensis is similar to Chrysothrix granularis but is distinguished by its thallus being loosely adnate, having larger , and containing leprapinic acid. Habitat and distribution At the time of its original publication, Chrysothrix tchupalensis was known only from its type locality in north Queensland, Australia. It grows on sheltered, humid rocks in tropical rainforest environments. It co-occurs with Porina crassa and Sagenidiopsis subconfluentica.	2.203125
75620282	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20aliciae	Caloplaca aliciae	Caloplaca aliciae is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Australia. It is characterised by a thallus that can grow up to 2 cm wide, featuring colours from dull pink to dull brown, with small, dispersed, flat that are irregularly shaped and occasionally dissected by cracks, displaying a whitish, dull pink, or dull orange-brown surface. Its apothecia (fruiting bodies) are in form, initially immersed but often rising above the areoles, with each areole containing one or two apothecia that have a margin matching the thallus colour. Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described in 2007 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and John Alan Elix. The type specimen was collected from Native Gap in Hann Range (Northern Territory) at an elevation of , where it was found growing on south-facing rock ledges. The species epithet refers to its type locality, Alice Springs. Description Caloplaca aliciae has a thallus that can reach up to 2 cm in width, with a colour ranging from dull pink to dull brown. The thallus is typically indistinct and , comprising small, dispersed, flat and minute apothecia that are immersed in the thallus. The areoles, measuring 0.4–0.7 mm wide and 120–150 μm thick, are irregularly shaped, often elongated, and sometimes dissected by tangential cracks up to 75 μm wide. These areoles are typically dispersed, occasionally aggregated, and separated by broad cracks, revealing the rock surface beneath. The surface of the areoles is characterised by a whitish, dull pink, or dull orange-brown colouration and has a or slightly eroded texture.	2.171875
75620299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20astonii	Caloplaca astonii	Caloplaca astonii is a rare species of crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Described in 2007, is known for its distinct appearance and very limited distribution in Australia. The lichen has a thin thallus measuring 3–8 mm wide, with confluent spots that are thicker and cracked in the centre, showing a dull rose-orange or dull brown-orange colour, and apothecia that transition from being immersed in the thallus to raised above it, revealing a bright reddish-brown . Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described in 2007 by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type material was found in Northwest New South Wales about south-southwest of Kayrunners and roughly west of White Cliffs. In this location, a glaring white quartz stone plain, it is common on stones. This species is akin to Caloplaca montisfracti, but is distinguished by its apothecia with a very thin hymenium and small with attenuated tips. Among Australian Caloplaca species, Caloplaca astonii is unique due to its thin hypothallus, a dull pink thallus, and lecanorine apothecia with a bright red or pink-red . It is further characterised by a large , a lax palisade cortex, and a loose medulla. The species is named in honour of Helen Aston, who collected the type material in 1966. Description Caloplaca astonii features a thallus with a width of 3–8 mm, consisting of confluent spots. It is crustose, very thin, and closely adheres to the substrate, especially at the periphery. The thallus is thicker and cracked in the central part and has a dull rose-orange or dull brown-orange colour. The lecanorine apothecia are initially immersed in the thallus and become raised as they mature, revealing a bright reddish-brown disc.	2.609375
75620299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20astonii	Caloplaca astonii	The is extremely thin in the peripheral zone, expanding to 0.5–1.5 mm wide and up to 100 μm thick. The central part of the thallus features areoles measuring 0.6–1.3 mm wide and 0.3–0.4 mm thick, with cracks that are not the naked rock surface, ranging from 25 to 50 (up to 75) μm wide. In section, areoles are 220–350 μm thick, with numerous vertical, lax bundles of hyphae. The is 30–35 μm thick, composed of large, rounded cells, and the is dispersed and discontinuous. The medulla, consisting of loose short hyphae, reaches a thickness of 70–100 μm. Apothecia are 0.3–1.0 mm in diameter, initially immersed and then raised as they mature, with a flat, , and bright reddish-brown . Each areole typically contains 1–5 apothecia. The thalline margin is quite thick, and the disc has an uneven surface. The is 30–35 μm thick, with elongated hyphae. The hymenium is 40–45 μm high, and the is 60–100 μm thick. Ascospores are very small, distinctly widened at the septum, and attenuated towards the tips, typically measuring 8–9 by 4.5–6 μm with a septum thickness of 2.5–3 μm. Habitat and distribution Caloplaca astonii occurs on quartzite rocks and is considered a very rare inland species. At the time of its original publication, it had only been recorded from the type collection in New South Wales, Australia.	2.46875
75620309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20filsonii	Caloplaca filsonii	Caloplaca filsonii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It has a crust-like thallus that is uneven and warty around the edges and more distinctly wart-like in the centre, coloured in shades of grey and brownish-grey near its reproductive structures (apothecia), but lacking a developed prothallus. Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described in 2007 by lichenologists Josef Hafellner, Sergey Kondratyuk, and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type specimen was collected in 1979 by Neville Scarlett from Mud Island (Moreton Bay, Queensland), where it was found growing on Avicennia marina in a mangrove. The species epithet honours Australian lichenologist Rex Bertram Filson, who has contributed significantly to the study of Australian lichens, particularly within the family Teloschistaceae. Description Caloplaca filsonii has a crustose thallus. In its peripheral zone, the thallus is uneven to somewhat , wrinkled, and warty, transitioning to a more strictly verrucose appearance in the central area. The are single, measuring 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter or width, and are coloured grey, whitish-grey, or brownish-grey near the apothecia. The prothallus is not developed in this species. The apothecia of Caloplaca filsonii are 0.3–1 mm in diameter, abundant, and typically rounded. Initially, they are in form but become distinctly as they mature. The is whitish, measuring about 50–150 μm thick. The is hyaline-greyish, ranging from 50 to 75 μm in width, with the appearing brownish, brownish-grey, or dark grey without . The hymenium is 90–100 μm high and hyaline, with a straw-yellowish and a 50–70 μm-thick, brownish underlined by an 60–90 μm thick. are long and narrow, measuring 11–16 by 3–5.5 μm, with a septum of 1–2 (up to 5) μm. The species contains caloploicin as a major secondary metabolite, vicanicin and atranorin as minor metabolites, and several unknown anthraquinones. Chemical spot tests of the thallus and apothecia yield K+ (red), C−, and I− reactions.	2.53125
75620309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20filsonii	Caloplaca filsonii	Similar species Caloplaca filsonii is characterized by its verrucose whitish-grey thallus, lecanorine then zeorine apothecia with a hyaline-greyish true exciple and brownish-grey disc. It is distinguished from similar species like the New Zealand Caloplaca homologa by having much smaller, ascospores. Compared to the European boreal lichen C. suspiciosa, C. filsonii has a well-developed whitish thallus, larger apothecia, thicker thalline margin and true exciple, a higher hymenium, paraphyses not widened at the tips, and longer, narrower ascospores with a much narrower septum. The eastern Asian species Fauriea yonaguniensis is similar to Caloplaca filsonii but has several key differences. It has exclusively lecanorine apothecia, compared to those of C. filsonii, which transition from lecanorine to zeorine. It has slightly wider ascospores (11–14 by 4–6 μm versus 11–16 by 3–5.5 μm) with a wider ascospore septum (2–4 μm thick versus 1–2 μm wide), has a different chemical spot test reaction (K− versus K+), and contains different secondary metabolites. Habitat and distribution Caloplaca filsonii is only known to grow on the bark of Avicennia marina, a mangrove species. Its distribution is limited to several localities in Queensland, Australia.	2.296875
75620310	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20haematommona	Caloplaca haematommona	Caloplaca haematommona is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It has a very thin, whitish, crust-like thallus dotted with black, spanning about 10–18 mm in width, and apothecia (fruiting bodies) ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 mm in diameter, and becoming yellow-orange to brownish-orange as they mature. The lichen is known only from its type locality in Western Australia. Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described in 2007 by the lichenologists John Alan Elix and Sergey Kondratyuk. The type specimen was collected by the first author from Yilliminning Rock in Western Australia, which is situated to the east of Narrogin. Discovered on a dead shrub in a crevice of a rock and coexisting with an unclassified Caloplaca species, the specimen was located in a vast, open granite outcrop encircled by arid Eucalyptus forests, at an elevation of . The species name refers to the presence of haematommone, a rare metabolite in the genus Caloplaca. Description Caloplaca haematommona has a crustose thallus that is very thin or almost absent, measuring approximately 10–18 mm in width. It is somewhat uneven and continuous, with a whitish appearance dotted with black, and is about 15 μm thick. The species features apothecia that range from 0.2 to 0.8 mm in diameter. Initially, these are or rarely , with a very thin or absent . They become distinctly sessile as they mature, featuring a well-developed approximately 50–75 μm thick, usually coloured yellow-orange to dull, brownish-orange. The ranges from brownish-orange to orange-red. The hymenium is about 60–70 μm high, underlain by a hyaline (translucent) . Paraphyses (filament-like support structures in the hymenium) in Caloplaca haematommona are distinctively septate, slightly wider towards the tips, and richly branched. have a thick cell wall at the poles, measuring 9–14 by 5–7 μm, with a septum 4–6 μm thick.	1.984375
75620312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20streimannii	Caloplaca streimannii	Caloplaca streimannii is a little-known species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in New South Wales, Australia, it is characterised by its powdery soredious mass and numerous tiny apothecia (fruiting bodies). Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described in 2007 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type specimen was collected in New South Wales, specifically at Blue Waterholes in the Caves Creek area, located west-northwest of Adaminaby. The specimen, found at an altitude of , was growing on a semi-exposed rock face in limestone outcrops within a grassland. The species epithet honours Heiner Streimann, a prominent and prolific collector lichen collector in Australia. Description The thallus of Caloplaca streimannii typically appears as large citrine-yellow spots on rock surfaces. It is primarily (powdery-like with soredia) with poorly developed that soon become covered by a soredious mass. These areoles are very small, measuring 0.1–0.3 mm wide, and quickly become convex, eventually disintegrating into -like formations approximately 60–75 μm wide. The convex areole-like formations within the soredious mass are 0.5–1.5 mm wide, divided by cracks 0.1–0.2 mm wide, and vary in colour from yellow to whitish or greenish-yellow, sometimes appearing bluish-grey. Apothecia are numerous in this species; they measure 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter. They are in nature, with a that is somewhat shiny and dull brownish-green-yellow or greenish-yellow with white inclusions. The is brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow, occasionally with sparse whitish . The hymenium is approximately 60 μm high, underlain by a very thin, hyaline . are narrowly ellipsoid, with a relatively thin septum, typically measuring 11–13 by 4–5.5 μm, with the septum being 2–3 μm thick. Conidiomata have not been observed to occur in this species.	2.1875
75620331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysothrix%20palaeophila	Chrysothrix palaeophila	Chrysothrix palaeophila is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Chrysotrichaceae. It is endemic to Tasmania, Australia. The lichen grows in bark fissures that rarely have other lichens. It has an immersed thallus that slightly bleaches the bark it grows on, and tiny apothecia (fruiting bodies) that are densely covered with yellow to yellow-green . Taxonomy Chrysothrix palaeophila was formally described as a new species in 2007 by the lichenologists Gintaras Kantvilas and John Alan Elix. The type specimen was collected by the first author from Weindorfers Forest, near Cradle Mountain in Tasmania in 1988. The species epithet palaeophila refers to its preference for ancient (Greek, palaeos) trees. It is closely related to C. chrysophthalma, found in the temperate climates of the Northern Hemisphere, but differs primarily in its chemical composition. Description The species is characterised by an (immersed) thallus, barely visible as a bleaching of the bark . It has a unicellular green algal , with their spherical cells dispersed or aggregated in chains. The of the lichen are scattered, measuring 0.1–0.3 mm wide, convex to more or less spherical in shape, and typically densely covered with yellow to yellow-green . The are (spindle-shaped) to ellipsoid, contain three septa, and measure 10–15 by 2.5–4 μm. Chrysothrix palaeophila contains vulpinic acid as a major secondary metabolite (lichen product), along with pulvinic dilactone in minor or trace amounts. Habitat and distribution This species has a restricted distribution, known only from a few collections in Tasmania. It is found in cool temperate rainforest or wet eucalypt forest, predominantly on ancient conifers such as Lagarostrobos franklinii and Athrotaxis selaginoides, as well as on Eucalyptus obliqua. In 2012, Chrysothrix palaeophila, described as "very rare", was known to occur in four locations.	2.3125
75620345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixjohnia%20bermaguiana	Elixjohnia bermaguiana	The thalline margin is about 80 μm thick, with an extending to the middle of the hymenium level, measuring 50–60 μm thick. The cortex of this margin is 7–10 μm thick and composed of algal plectenchyma. The hymenium of Elixjohnia bermaguiana is 80–90 μm high, with an that is 10–15 μm thick and brightly yellow. Paraphyses are 1.5–2 μm in diameter at the lower part, distinctly septate and attenuated at the septum, and thin towards the tips at about 2–3 μm thick. These paraphyses are richly branched, often featuring oil cells as intermediate 2–3 segments together, typically measuring 4–6 μm in diameter, and occasionally very widened at 7–8 μm in diameter. The is approximately 50 μm thick and contains oil droplets. Asci typically contain 8 (less commonly 6 to 4) spores, with mostly of the same size. These ascospores are relatively long, with a wide septum, measuring 9–14 by 4.5–7 μm, with the septum usually 4–6 μm thick. Habitat and distribution Elixjohnia bermaguiana is predominantly found in coastal environments, where it establishes itself on a diverse range of rocky substrates, including granite, mudstone, and quartzite. This lichen typically grows in open, sun-exposed settings and is often found cohabiting with species like Sirenophila eos and Xanthoria ligulata. As a common yellow coastal lichen within the genus Elixjohnia, its presence has been recorded across various regions in Australia, including Western Australia, New South Wales, and Tasmania.	2.015625
75620381	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixjohnia%20gallowayi	Elixjohnia gallowayi	Elixjohnia gallowayi is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It has a vividly coloured thallus, ranging in hues from bright red to reddish-orange. It is found in Australia. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2007 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and Rex Filson. The type specimen was collected by the second author from west of Wynyard on Boat Harbour Beach in Tasmania, where it is locally abundant on coastal rocks. The authors initially classified it in the genus Caloplaca. The species epithet honours David J. Galloway. In 2013, Ulrik Søchting and colleagues proposed a transfer to the genus Sirenophila. The species was finally moved to genus Elixjohnia in 2017. Description Caloplaca gallowayi has a vividly coloured thallus, ranging in hues from bright red to reddish-orange. This colouration remains consistent throughout the thallus, without any distinct zonation, though it can appear as a mix of reddish spots combined with orange to whitish tones. The prothallus is well-developed, with an undulating margin that can vary significantly in size, from a slender 0.1 mm up to a broader 1 mm. There are additionally marginal fragments present, ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 mm (up to 1 mm in some cases), with varying shades of orange, red-orange, or yellowish-orange. The surface of the thallus is either continuous or shows narrow cracks, with the marginal areoles often elongating and occasionally housing conidia. The thallus thickness is up to 100 μm and features a cortex.	1.921875
75620408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsoniana%20australiensis	Filsoniana australiensis	Filsoniana australiensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Australia. The lichen forms patches up to 9 cm wide, with dull pink to brownish pink and a central area. It has distinctive, raised reddish-orange (fruiting bodies). Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as Caloplaca australiensis in 2007 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and Rex Filson. The type specimen was collected by the second author in Western Australia at Merredin Peak in Merredin. This particular specimen was found growing on sun-exposed rocks located in an area dominated by scrub vegetation on shallow soils. The collection site is a mount consisting entirely of monolithic granite. In 2013, the taxon was transferred to Filsoniana, a newly proposed genus that was segregated from Caloplaca. Description Filsoniana australiensis has a thallus that typically spans wide, but also forms larger patches up to . The thallus has distinct , usually dull pink to dirty brownish pink, with marginal lobes measuring long. These lobes are thin and convex, often with white at the tips and are interspersed with deep fissures. The central thallus area is characterised by irregularly shaped, convex ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 mm in width, forming a or texture. Apothecia of Filsoniana australiensis range from 0.3 to 0.9 mm, occasionally up to in diameter. They are prominently raised above the and have a reddish-orange . The is thick and rose-coloured, while the is orange. The hymenium and layers are distinct, with the former measuring 50–70 μm in height and the latter containing oil droplets. are variable in size, generally long with a wide septum. In terms of standard chemical spot tests, it is K+ (violetish). Similar species	2.28125
75620408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsoniana%20australiensis	Filsoniana australiensis	Filsoniana australiensis shares some resemblance with the Asian species Caloplaca scrobiculata in terms of its overall appearance and dull colouration. It can be distinguished by its eroded () surface texture and a brighter thallus hue, which is attributed to the exposure of its white medullary layer. Unlike C. scrobiculata, F. australiensis lacks marginal lobes and has a different type of ascospores, along with a distinct geographical distribution. When compared to the species Tarasginia tomareeana, F. australiensis is characterised by its dull pink thallus and thalline margin. The two species also differ in the morphology of their marginal and central thallus areas, as well as in the nature of their apothecia, with F. australiensis having lecanorine apothecia as opposed to the form in T. tomareeana. Additionally, F. australiensis can be differentiated from the more commonly found species Filsoniana scarlatina and Filsoniana rexfilsonii. While these species share similar palisade inclusions in the cortical layer, F. australiensis sets itself apart with its almost rounded hyphal cells and unusually wide measuring 4–5 μm. Habitat and distribution Filsoniana australiensis is typically found on various rock types including granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and schist, preferring sun-exposed locations. This species is recognised as the most prevalent among the pinkish-coloured inland variants of the genus Caloplaca (in the broad sense). Its presence has been recorded across a range of inland regions in Australia, including Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, and South Australia.	2.546875
75620442	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsoniana%20kiamae	Filsoniana kiamae	In cross-section, the thallus of Filsoniana kiamae is about 150–350 μm thick. It has a cortex approximately 20–30 μm thick, with cells measuring 4–9 μm in width. The can be up to 200 μm thick but is not continuous. The blastidious mass, slightly brighter in colour, ranges from yellow to dull yellow. are typically about 25–30 μm in diameter, originating from the underside along laterally dissected portions and sometimes on terminal portions, occasionally evolving into isidia up to 100 μm in diameter. In larger rosettes, the blastidious mass is confined to the central part, with a peripheral zone of 1–2 mm typically lacking blastidia. The apothecia of Filsoniana kiamae are relatively rare, measuring 0.3–0.7 mm in diameter. They are sessile, round, flat, and can be either or in type, with brownish-orange thalline and , and a reddish to reddish-brown . The is approximately 80 μm thick, while the is 70–100 μm thick at its uppermost lateral portion, reducing to 15–20 μm in the lower lateral and basal portions. The exciple is scleroplectenchymatous with a matrix and cell of 1–1.5 μm in diameter. The hymenium is 75–80 μm high, and the , which can contain oil droplets up to 3 μm in diameter, is about 50 μm thick. Paraphyses are slightly expanded towards their tips, reaching up to 7 μm in diameter, often containing oil droplets in the upper cells. The spores of Filsoniana kiamae are characteristically wide with slightly expanded septa, measuring 10–16 by 6–8 μm, with a septum of 1–4 μm. Chemically, the thallus and apothecia are K+ (red), C−, and I−. The species contains parietin as its major lichen product, along with minor amounts of fallacinal, traces of parietinic acid, and teloschistin. Habitat and distribution	1.914063
75620479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neobrownliella%20montisfracti	Neobrownliella montisfracti	The apothecia, measuring 0.2–0.3 (sometimes up to 0.7) mm in diameter, are found in the central portion or throughout the thallus. They are entirely immersed in the areoles and occasionally slightly rise above the level of the areole. Typically, there are 1–2 apothecia per areole, although sometimes more (up to 4–5). The of the apothecia is usually not visible, but when apparent, it is about 50 μm thick, hyaline (translucent) or somewhat rose. The of the apothecia are initially slightly concave, soon becoming flat and are rose or dull reddish-brown in colour, turning yellowish-orange when overmature. The in cross-section is about 30 μm thick at the uppermost lateral portion, reducing to about 10 μm in the middle lateral portion and 15–20 μm at the basal portion. The hymenium stands 60–70 μm high, with a subhymenium 15–20 μm thick. The paraphyses are well branched in the upper portion, almost not widening towards the tips, measuring about 2–3 μm in diameter. Asci typically contain eight , which are small and elongated to almost spherical, with a wide septum measuring 7–12 by 5–6.5 μm and a septum thickness of 2.5–3.5 μm. Conidia are narrowly , measuring 4 by 1–1.1 μm. Habitat and distribution Neobrownliella montisfracti grows predominantly on a variety of siliceous substrates such as quartzite, schist, granite, and sandstone rocks. It is occasionally found on calcareous and man-made substrates like asphalt. This species often coexists with other members of the Caloplaca genus (in the broad sense), such as Filsoniana australiensis and Nevilleiella cfr. lateritia. At the time of its original publication, Neobrownliella montisfracti had been recorded in scattered locations across Western Australia, New South Wales, and South Australia. It was reported to occur on Kangaroo Island in 2016.	2.328125
75620675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Kinne	Helen Kinne	Helen Kinne (January 31, 1861 – December 29, 1917) was an American home economist. She was a professor of domestic science at Teachers College, Columbia University, and she wrote several college textbooks in her field. She was "a pioneer worker and national leader in the development of home economics." Early life and education Kinne was born in Norwich, Connecticut, and raised in Providence, Rhode Island, the daughter of Henry Clay Kinne and Helen Waterman Kinne. She graduated from Teachers College, Columbia University in 1891. Career Kinne was an instructor at Teachers College, Columbia University from 1891 to 1898, and from 1898 until her death in 1917 she was a professor of domestic science there. She was head of the household arts education department. She attended the first Lake Placid Conference on Home Economics in 1899, and organized the Home Economics Association of Greater New York in 1908; she was president of the latter organization for its first three years. She was one of the founders of the American Home Economics Association in 1909, and associate editor of the association's journal. Kinne was active in the Woman's Club of Woodbury, Connecticut. She also maintained a small farm, called Uplands, in Connecticut. Publications Kinne wrote several textbooks with her colleague Anna M. Cooley. "School Luncheons" (1905) "The Vocational Value of the Household Arts" (1910) Equipment for Teaching Domestic Sciences (1911) Shelter and Clothing: a Textbook of the Household Arts (1913, with Anna M. Cooley) Foods and Household Management: A Textbook of the Household Arts (1914, with Anna M. Cooley) Clothing and Health: An Elementary Textbook of Home Making (1916, with Anna M. Cooley) Food and Health: an Elementary Textbook of Home Making (1916, with Anna M. Cooley) The Home and the Family: an Elementary Textbook of Home Making (1917, with Anna M. Cooley) Personal life Kinne was on an extended sabbatical for health reasons when she died from acute colitis in 1917, at the age of 56, in New York City.	2.359375
75620689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roccella%20albida	Roccella albida	Roccella albida is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), fruticose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. It is found on the Galápagos Islands. The lichen is characterised by its distinctively shaped, cylindrical or slightly depressed branches that vary in length from 5 to 20 cm and are white to white-greyish in colour, with infrequent soredia. The lichen has a cottony medulla, commonly white or sometimes pale yellowish-brown, and has frequent ascomata (fruiting bodies) with wavy margins. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2009 by the mycologist Anders Tehler. The species epithet albida is derived from its whitish thallus, distinguishing it from the more brownish-grey thalli of its closely related species such as Roccella galapagoensis, R. margaritifera, and R. nigerrima. Description Roccella albida has a distinctively shaped thallus, which forms branches that are (cylindrical and smooth) or slightly (marked with small depressions). These branches generally range in length from 5 to 20 cm and have a colouration that varies from white to white-greyish. Soredia, which are reproductive structures for asexual reproduction, are infrequently found in this species and show a negative reaction to the C spot test. The medulla, the inner tissue of the thallus, is or nearly byssoid, meaning it has a fibrous or cottony texture. Its colouration is predominantly white, though it can sometimes appear pale yellowish-brown, especially in the lower parts of the lichen. Ascomata, the spore-producing structures, are a common feature in Roccella albida. They often appear sessile (directly attached without a stalk) and have strongly undulating margins, which give them a knotty appearance. The of Roccella albida measure between 22 and 26 μm in length and 5 to 6 μm in width, with an average size of approximately 23.8 by 5.5 μm.	2.40625
75620700	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenophila%20cliffwetmorei	Sirenophila cliffwetmorei	Sirenophila cliffwetmorei is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Australia. Its thallus can reach up to 1 centimetre in width, has a whitish to whitish-grey colour, and is very thin, sometimes almost merging with the , and has paler edges with a darker grey centre. Its numerous tiny apothecia (fruiting bodies) give the thallus a yellow-orange appearance. Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt. The type specimen was collected from Tasmania's Furneaux Group in the Bass Strait. The exact location was Flinders Island, at Yellow Beach, approximately 80 metres from the western end of the beach. The specimen was found on both living and dead branches of a large Acacia longifolia var. sophorae tree situated at the head of Yellow Beach. The species epithet honours American lichenologist Clifford Wetmore. Kondratyuk transferred the taxon to the genus Sirenophila in 2015. Description Sirenophila cliffwetmorei has a thallus that can grow up to 1 cm in width, with a whitish to whitish-grey colouration. The thallus is very thin, sometimes almost merging with the underlying substrate (), and tends to be paler around the edges, with a darker grey hue near the centre. There is no developed .	1.9375
75620700	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenophila%20cliffwetmorei	Sirenophila cliffwetmorei	The apothecia of Sirenophila cliffwetmorei are the most prominent feature of this species, and give the entire thallus a yellow-orange appearance. They range from 0.2 to 0.6 mm in diameter and up to 0.17 mm thick. They are usually numerous and somewhat clustered, initially immersed within the thallus but becoming more prominent (sessile) over time. The apothecia start as in form with a distinct yellowish margin, eventually transitioning to a form with a slightly indented edge. The of the apothecia are usually slightly concave or flat and have a dull orange to brownish colour, often covered with a yellow . The is formed by a palisade cortical layer, while the is . The hymenium stands at about 80 μm in height and the is brownish-orange, turning gradually brownish when treated with a solution of potassium hydroxide (K). The are thin and quite branched, with oil cells that form apical "oil chains" and become brownish or greyish-brown; these structures are especially visible in potassium hydroxide. The layer measures 50–60 μm in thickness. The asci often contain golden or brownish contents, or golden , and are typically contain eight spores, though some spores may be aborted. The ascospores are ellipsoid with tapering ends, typically measuring 10–13 by 5–6 μm. The septa (internal partitions) are wide, about 4–5 μm, and the cell wall is approximately 1 μm thick. Chemically, the epithecium reacts with potassium hydroxide to turn brownish purple, becoming dull rose or hyaline, while the ascospore and the contents of the asci turn crimson-purple or violet. This species contains parietin as a major secondary metabolite, along with minor amounts of emodin, and trace amounts of fallacinal, teloschistin, and parietinic acid.	2.484375
75620722	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenophila%20maccarthyi	Sirenophila maccarthyi	The of the apothecia is typically slightly concave and dull orange or brownish in colour. As the apothecia mature, they become , with a distinct or faint yellowish that may appear notched. The hymenium (spore-bearing tissue layer) is about 60 to 70 μm high. The (sterile filaments within the hymenium), are barely expanded at their tips, measuring approximately 2 to 3 μm in diameter. These filaments are quite branched, with some branches containing oil cells that are about 7 to 9 μm wide. These oil cells can form chains and vary in colour from hyaline (translucent) to brownish. The , the layer beneath the hymenium, is 20 to 30 μm high and clear, without oil droplets. The asci (spore-bearing cells) typically contain eight spores. The are relatively large, ellipsoid, and slightly pointed at the ends, measuring 10 to 14 μm in length and 7 to 8 μm in width. The septa (internal divisions within the spores) are wide, about 5 to 7 μm. Chemically, the lichen reacts to a solution of potassium hydroxide (K+) by turning the epihymenium, the outer layers of the true exciple, and the thalline exciple purple. The major lichen product present in Sirenophila maccarthyi is parietin. Habitat and distribution Sirenophila maccarthyi can be found in a variety of habitats, both along the coast and inland. This lichen typically grows on the bark and dead wood of various trees and shrubs. It has been identified on many species, including Acacia sophorae, Araucaria excelsa, Arthrocnemum arbusculum, Atriplex cinerea, Avicennia marina, Bursaria spinosa, Casuarina stricta, several types of Eucalyptus, Leptospermum laevigatum, Leucopogon parviflorus, Lycium ferocissimum, Melaleuca, and Myoporum insulare. Sirenophila maccarthyi is often found growing in association with other lichen species, including Caloplaca hanneshertelii, Caloplaca jackelixii, Caloplaca kalbiorum, Teloschistes, and Xanthoria cf. ligulata. Some specimens of this lichen have shown signs of damage caused by the fungal genus Vouauxiella.	2.484375
75620742	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthocarpia%20erichansenii	Xanthocarpia erichansenii	Xanthocarpia erichansenii is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in southwest Greenland, where it grows on loess (a type of soil) among mosses. Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Arne Thell, Ingvar Kärnefelt, and John Elix; it was initially classified in the genus Caloplaca. The species epithet honours the Danish lichenologist Eric Steen Hansen, who, according to the authors, "has made enormous contributions to our knowledge of lichens in Greenland". Patrik Frödén and colleagues transferred the taxon to the genus Xanthocarpia in 2013. Description Xanthocarpia erichansenii features a thallus that typically measures between 3 and 15 mm in width. The thallus is generally composed of tiny, scattered that are convex in shape and range from yellow to a dull yellow-orange colour. These areoles are mostly rounded, varying in size from about 0.3 to 1.2 mm in width, or occasionally elongated up to 1.5 mm in length. The surface of these areoles is almost entirely covered by a mass of soredia, which are coarse, powdery reproductive structures measuring 60–100 μm in width. These soredia often appear eroded and have a dull brownish-orange hue. Additionally, the thallus sometimes has smaller powdery spots, about 30–50 μm wide, which are partly dull reddish-orange. Apothecia rarely occur in this species, but when they do they can be numerous, with 2 to 7 typically found per areole. They measure 0.4 to 0.9 mm in diameter and up to 0.3 mm in thickness. The apothecia are initially in form, meaning they have a noticeable , but can become , with this margin becoming less distinct. The thalline margin is usually bright yellow or yellow-green, about 0.05 to 0.1 mm wide, but may become excluded or covered by an expanded that can be up to 0.2 mm wide. The of the apothecia is flat and varies in colour from dull dark orange to brownish-orange.	2.5
75620823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauriea%20trassii	Fauriea trassii	Fauriea trassii is a lichen species in the family Teloschistaceae, described in 2011. It is primarily found in the Far East of Russia, particularly in the Primorsky Krai region. Taxonomy Fauriea trassii was identified and formally description by the lichenologists Irina Galanina and Sergey Kondratyuk. The type specimen was collected by the first author near the Kiewka settlement in the Lazo district in a Quercus mongolica forest. The species is named in honour of Estonian lichenologist and phytosociologist Hans Trass, acknowledging his contributions to the knowledge of Eurasian lichens and plant communities. The taxon was transferred to the genus Fauriea in 2020 by Kondratyuk and Yoshikazu Yamamoto. Description The thallus of Fauriea trassii ranges from 5–10 mm in width, with a somewhat uneven surface, and can have highly elevated . The thallus is dark grey or brownish-grey, and each verruca typically houses 3–5 apothecia. The is usually not visible, but a black line may be present when bordering other crustose lichens. Apothecia are 0.3–0.7 mm in diameter and about 0.17 mm thick. They are usually immersed in thalline verrucae, later becoming sessile and with a grey or brownish-grey margin. The of the apothecia is brown to dark brown or cherry-blossom brown. The is up to 72 μm wide, and the is 24–36 μm wide in the upper portion, thinning out towards the base. The hymenium is 70–80 μm high, and the is brownish or dirty yellowish-brown. have an elongated ellipsoidal shape, and typically measure 12–17 by 5.5–7.5 μm. The thallus and epihymenium of Fauriea trassii do not react to the potassium hydroxide (K) spot test, or show a greenish-brown reaction that becomes paler over time.	2.140625
75620868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpidium%20gavilaniae	Harpidium gavilaniae	Harpidium gavilaniae is a little-known species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Harpidiaceae. It is found in the Northern Cape Province in South Africa. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as new to science in 2011 by Guillermo Amo de Paz, Sergio Pérez-Ortega, and Ana Crespo. The type collection was collected east of Springbok in Namaqualand (Northern Cape province) at an elevation of . There it was found growing on quartzite in vertical furrows that are seasonally inundated with water. The species epithet honours the Spanish botanist Rosario Gavilán, who accompanied the authors during their fieldwork in South Africa. Description The lichen species Harpidium gavilaniae has a crustose, thallus that can be rounded or ellipsoid and spans up to 2.5 cm in diameter. The , which are the small, distinct patches of the thallus, are independent and vary in shape from flat to (blister-like) or nearly stalk-like. These areoles are typically adhered to the substrate over most of their lower surface, with the peripheral zone often free and with a maroon-purple to copper-red colour. The peripheral areoles extend outwards, forming that are about 0.4–0.9 mm wide, sometimes reaching up to 1.3 mm. In contrast, the central areoles are more rounded and typically bear immersed apothecia, measuring 0.3–0.6 mm in diameter. Structurally, the areoles are layered, with heights ranging from 0.2 to 0.7 mm. The tissue of the upper cortex is (made of hyphae are oriented in all directions) and is approximately 25 μm high. Below this, the , consisting of Trebouxia-like (spherical green algae) cells measuring 6–15 μm in diameter, is continuous and spans 90–200 μm in height.	2.359375
75620993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalospora%20galapagoensis	Megalospora galapagoensis	The species' apothecia are round, measuring 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter and reaching up to 0.6 mm in height. The apothecial start as concave in young specimens, flattening or becoming slightly convex as they mature. These discs are grey-black to black, glossy, and lack any . The margins of the apothecia are prominent and thick, with a black colouration. The is brownish, with the having a reddish-brown colour and a thickness of 10–20 μm. The brown stands at a height of 100–130 μm. The hymenium of the species reaches a height of 200–250 μm, is hyaline (translucent), strongly , and has an amyloid reaction. As for the , they are singular, hyaline, contain from 3 to 5 septa (internal partitions), and measure 45–75 by 15–25 μm. The secondary chemistry of Megalospora galapagoensis includes usnic acid and zeorin. Habitat and distribution At the time of its original publication, Megalospora galapagoensis had only been identified in the Galápagos Islands, specifically on both Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal Islands. It is typically found in areas transitioning to, and within, the humid zones of these islands. Before its description as a new species, it had been recorded as Megalospora tuberculosa in checklists of Galápagos lichens.	2.296875
75621034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwackhiomacromyces	Zwackhiomacromyces	Zwackhiomacromyces is a genus of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungi in the family Xanthopyreniaceae. It has two species. The genus is distinguished by its black, pear-shaped fruiting bodies () with large, nipple-shaped ostioles that have a surface, and a dark, multi-layered wall made up of hyphal cells forming a structure. The genus is closely related to the similarly named genus Zwackhiomyces. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed in 2014 by the lichenologists Javier Etayo and Pieter van den Boom, with Zwackhiomacromyces constrictocarpus assigned as the type species. A second species, Z. hyalosporus, was transferred to the genus from Pyrenidium in 2016. Description Zwackhiomacromyces has black, pear-shaped ascomata (), which are fungal reproductive structures. These ascomata have relatively large, (nipple-shaped) ostioles—openings through which spores are released. The surface of these ostioles is and opens radially. The wall of the ascomata is dark and multi-layered, made up of hyphal cells that form a structure, with the outermost layer sometimes having extracellular pigment. The internal structure of the hymenium (the ) of these fungi is characterised by branching and interconnected , which are filamentous structures within the ascomata. However, they lack and , which are other types of filaments found in some fungi. The central part of the ascomata does not react to staining with iodine. The asci (spore-producing cells) of Zwackhiomacromyces are elongated and club-shaped, with a thickened wall on the side and at the tip, where an ocular chamber is present. The ascospores are ellipsoid and typically have three septa (internal partitions), though they can range from having two to three. These spores are hyaline (translucent) and smooth-walled, lacking any subapical germ pore-like spot.	2.3125
75621211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allographa%20anguilliradians	Allographa anguilliradians	Allographa anguilliradians is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It has been found in Trinidad and Tobago and Central-West Brazil. Its thallus covers an area of 3 to 7 cm in diameter with a slim profile and a variable surface texture, with a distinct metallic pale grey-olive colour without a prothallus. Its reproductive structures, known as , form a star-like pattern with black, outer layers and clear, colourless hymenium (fertile spore-bearing tissue), while its are oblong and segmented, reacting violet-blue to iodine-based stains. Taxonomy Allographa anguilliradians was initially described as Graphis anguilliradians by Robert Lücking in 2009. However, this was a nomen invalidum designation, meaning the taxon was not validly published. The species was formally described and validly published in the genus Allographa by Lücking in 2018. Description The thallus of Allographa anguilliradians has a corticolous (tree-bark dwelling) and crustose (crust-like) form. It extends over an area measuring between in diameter and maintains a slim profile with a thickness ranging from 50 to 100 μm. The surface texture of the thallus is variable, ranging from smooth to slightly irregular, and it has a distinct metallic pale grey-olive colouration. This lichen lacks a , which is a characteristic growth edge found in some lichen species. Upon examining a cross-section of the thallus, several key features are observable. The uppermost layer, known as the cortex, is , providing a somewhat tough and rubbery texture. Beneath this layer lies an irregularly distributed , essential for the lichen's photosynthetic activity. Additionally, the thallus contains clusters of calcium oxalate crystals.	1.914063
75621333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placolecis%20sublaevis	Placolecis sublaevis	Placolecis sublaevis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Catillariaceae. It is found in Yunnan and Sichuan, China. The crust-like, radiating body of the lichen forms irregular patches or clumps and includes numerous false , a type of asexual reproductive structure, within its thallus. Its , dark brown and slightly flattened at the top, form larger groups at the edges and contain an upper layer composed of loosely interwoven cells and a lower inner tissue that varies from reddish-orange to white. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2019 by An-Cheng Yin and Li-Song Wang. The type specimen was collected by Wang and colleagues on the way from Lijiang to Ninglang (Lijiang City, Yunnan province) at an elevation of . This specimen was found growing on limestone. The species name sublaevis alludes to the somewhat flattened shape of the at their tips. Description Placolecis sublaevis has a crustose (crust-like) to (radiating) thallus. In the centre, it has an - (divided into small, scale-like sections) structure, forming irregular patches or clumps. The thallus incorporates numerous (false , a type of asexual reproductive structure) that are immersed within it. The of this lichen distinctively form larger aggregations at the margins, measuring 2–3 (occasionally up to 4) mm long and 0.1–0.3 mm wide in the middle, slightly widening towards the tips to 0.15–0.4 mm. These lobes are dark brown and slightly flattened at the apex, often with secondary branching from the main lobes and reaching 1–2 mm in length.	2.125
75621366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20patagoniensis	Caloplaca patagoniensis	Caloplaca patagoniensis is a species of lignicolous (wood-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Chile. It forms small thallus patches, with distinctive that change from whitish or greyish-yellow to deep orange or brownish-orange, often covered by a bright orange mass. Its fruiting bodies (apothecia) are dark reddish-orange and initially immersed in the , while its spores are ellipsoid to elongated, and the species contains parietin, turning purple when exposed to a potassium hydroxide solution. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2020 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Jae-Seoun Hur. The type specimen of Caloplaca patagoniensis was collected from Cordillera Paine in Patagonia, Chile. This specimen, found at an altitude of about , was found growing on a dead tree along with the lichen Massjukiella candelaria. Description Caloplaca patagoniensis has a thallus that typically ranges from 2–9 mm across, often forming larger aggregations. This thallus is , with measuring up to 0.6 mm across. Initially, these areoles appear whitish to greyish-yellow, featuring on a few sides. These blastidia stand out in their deep orange to dark brownish-orange or dull brownish-yellow colour, with a vividly orange blastidious mass. The and apothecia of the species are dark, dull reddish-orange. Areoles in Caloplaca patagoniensis vary in size from 0.2 to 0.8 mm across and 0.1–0.6 mm in height/thickness, especially noticeable in the centre where they are almost entirely covered by blastidious mass. Soredia and blastidia, measuring 20–25 μm in diameter, have a brownish-orange surface. Conblastidia, comprising several blastidia, can reach up to 40–50 μm in diameter. In cross-section, the thallus reveals a very narrow cortical layer, about 5–7 μm thick, with cells elongated along the areole's surface. An , somewhat greyish, can be up to 10 μm thick.	2.453125
75621373	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20ulleungensis	Caloplaca ulleungensis	Caloplaca ulleungensis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in South Korea, particularly on Ulleungdo and Jeju Islands. Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described in 2020 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, László Lőkös, and Jae-Seoun Hur. The type specimen was collected by the first two authors from Jeodong-ri (Ulleung County, North Gyeongsang Province) at an elevation of , where it was found growing on a rock wall. The species is named after its type locality, Ulleungdo Island in the Republic of Korea. Description The thallus of Caloplaca ulleungensis is crustose, overgrowing rock surfaces and sometimes bryophyte thalli and plant remnants. It appears dull yellowish, greyish, or whitish-grey and is often cracked into very small portions, creating a rough granulated surface texture. The thallus lacks vegetative propagules and has a black prothallus line along its edge. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are 0.2–1.1 mm in diameter and up to 0.35 mm thick. They have a dark brown with a dull yellow or yellow-orange margin, resembling the types found in Brigantiaea or Letrouitia. The apothecia are , with the being and the hymenium reaching 100–180 μm in height. The are (spindle-shaped) with attenuated ends, often becoming yellowish, orange, or brownish, and vary in size and septum width. Pycnidia are immersed in the thallus, with conidia measuring approximately 2.6–3.0 by 1.0–1.1 μm.	2.234375
75621435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura%20inscriptions%20and%20hero%20stones	Singapura inscriptions and hero stones	Singapura is a historic locality in northwestern Bengaluru, with evidence indicating human habitation dating back to 2,500 to 3,000 years. Singapura is renowned for the Varadarajaswamy Temple. Historically, it was referred to as the Tiruvengalanatha Temple. This revered temple has a history spanning over 500 years, documented in inscriptions found in neighboring villages of Chikkabettahalli and Harohalli, dating to the 16th century. These inscriptions, along with others from Singapura itself, record grants made to the Ramanujakoota, a prominent Sri Vaishnavite religious organization established in honor of Ramanujacharya. The 1915 map shows Singapura as a vast revenue village, encompassing two lakes, a pond, eight wells, three water holes, and five hillocks. Covering seven kilometers in perimeter and 3.3 square kilometers(815 acres), the village was substantial. The 1871 Mysore state Census recorded 34 homes and 133 residents in Singapura. Today, this historic area is home to over 40,000 people. Significance Early History The early historic evidence of Singapura points to earlier settlements, with discoveries in nearby areas providing deeper insights. A microlithic tool factory in Jalahalli indicates human presence dating back 2,500 to 3,000 years, and the discovery of Roman coins in Yeswanthpur suggests ancient trade connections in the area thousands of years ago.	2.515625
75621479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie%20Mae	Winnie Mae	The Winnie Mae is a modified Lockheed 5C Vega flown by Wiley Post during the 1930 National Air Races, winning first place with a time of 9 hours, 9 minutes, and 4 seconds, as well as setting records for the fastest around-the-world flight in 1931, with a time of 8 days, 15 hours, and 51 minutes, the first solo around-the-world flight in 1933, and the flight altitude record in 1934, reaching 50,000 feet. The Winnie Mae was sold to the Smithsonian Institution after Wiley Post's death, where it is currently being displayed at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C. History The Winnie Mae was built in 1930 by the Lockheed Corporation in Burbank, California, with the serial number 122 as a Lockheed 5B model. In June of 1930, Florence C. Hall, an oil baron based in Chickasha, Oklahoma, purchased the Winnie Mae for $22,000 and named it after his daughter. The plane had been intended for personal use and Hall's personal pilot, Wiley Post, would pilot the aircraft. On August 27th, 1930, with permission from the plane's owner Florence C. Hall, Wiley Post entered the Winnie Mae in the National Air Races. Winning first place in the men's non-stop cross-country derby securing a cash prize of $7,500 and setting a record time of 9 hours, 9 minutes, and 4 seconds; an achievement which was painted on the plane's fuselage.	2.15625
75621479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie%20Mae	Winnie Mae	On June 23rd, 1931, Wiley Post along with Australian aviator Harold Gatty acting as navigator departed New York in an attempt to beat the record for the fastest around-the-world flight. After 14 refueling stops they landed back in New York on July 1st, 1931, having completed the circuit in 8 days, 15 hours, and 51 minutes. Being the first to complete an around-the-world flight in a fixed-wing aircraft and beating Hugo Eckener's previous record of 21 days, 5 hours, and 31 minutes in a Zeppelin. After completing the flight, Wiley Post acquired Winnie Mae from Florence C. Hall. On July 8th, 1931, Wiley Post competed in the National Air Races again with the Winnie Mae, being beaten by Jimmy Dolittle in a Laird Super Solution. In 1932, Wiley Post converted the Winne Mae from a Lockheed 5B to a Lockheed 5C model and installed various other modifications. Its Wasp C engine was upgraded with cylinders from a Wasp C1, increasing the horsepower from 420 to 500. Its fixed-pitch propeller was upgraded to a Smith 450-SI variable-pitch propeller, and the wing's angle of incidence was decreased by 10 degrees to increase the plane's airspeed by approximately 10 MPH (16 KPH). In 1933, Wiley Post installed a Sperry gyroscopic autopilot, a fairly new invention at the time, and added six auxiliary fuel tanks in preparation for his solo around-the-world flight, giving the Winnie Mae a fuel capacity of 645 gallons.	2.484375
75621625	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Malawi	Climate change in Malawi	Drought and heavy rains pose challenges for Malawi, disrupting conventional farming practices and posing a threat to crop yields. As a response, farming families are implementing adaptive measures to address climate change, emphasizing the importance of resilience in the agriculture sector. Both droughts and floods have the potential to devastate crops and soil, which in turn jeopardizes farmers' harvests and agricultural sustainability. The rise in temperatures contributes to increased evapotranspiration and decreased soil moisture, having a detrimental impact on maize farming and food security. Climate change projections indicate that there will be changes in the suitability of crops, which will affect both staple and cash crops in Malawi. Moreover, Malawi is witnessing a rise in the frequency and intensity of climate-related events, further exacerbating the impact on the agriculture sector. Climate change results in a reduction in the availability of feed and forage, thereby impacting the nutritional resources for livestock. The Alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns give rise to water scarcity, thereby affecting the availability of water for livestock. The Escalating temperatures contribute to heat stress in livestock, thereby impacting their health and productivity. Climate change influences the prevalence of livestock diseases, thereby presenting additional challenges to animal health. In Malawi, climate change poses a significant threat to food security, necessitating farming families to adapt their production methods to mitigate the impacts of the changing climate.	2.5625
75621639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Lean	Eric Lean	Eric Gung-Hwa Lean (; born 11 January 1938) is a Taiwanese electrical engineer specializing in optoelectronics. Education and career Lean graduated from National Cheng Kung University in 1959 with a bachelor's of science degree in electrical engineering, and furthered his education in the subject at the University of Washington, where he earned a master's degree in 1963, followed by a doctorate in the same field at Stanford University in 1967. After completing his Ph.D., Lin worked at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center until 1992. During the 1980s, Lean was recruited by Pan Wen-Yuan to contribute his expertise in optoelectronics to the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI). Lean formally joined the ITRI in 1992 as director of its Institute of Optoelectronics, and retired in 2000. Lean was elected a fellow of the Optical Society of America in 1990, to an equivalent honor by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1997, and elected to academician status in Taiwan's Academia Sinica in 1998.	1.96875
75621774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD%20prisoner%20massacre%20in%20Zolochiv	NKVD prisoner massacre in Zolochiv	As in other instances of prison massacres, the local Jewish community got blamed for the actions of the NKVD. As per the antisemitic canard of Jewish Bolshevism, non-Jewish inhabitants perceived Jews as synonymous with the Soviet regime and its policies of terror. Furthermore, acts of violence against the Jews of Zolochiv were probably inspired by members of one of the subunits of Einsatzgruppe C, who were in the city in the first days of July. After occupying the city, the Germans, supported by young Ukrainians, drove a group of Jews to the Zolochiv castle, where they forced them to exhume the bodies of murdered prisoners. Captured Red Army soldiers were also forced to take part. During this work, both Jews and POWs were abused and killed. On July 4, the Germans carried out a mass execution of Jews in the castle. Only after two days, and not without difficulties, the riots were suppressed by the Wehrmacht. By then, hundreds of Zolochiv Jews had fallen victim to the pogrom. The Germans estimated the number of murdered Jews at approximately 300–500 people. The massacre in Zolochiv prison also served as a pretext for the Nazis to carry out mass and more systematic executions of Jews. On July 10, the Feldgendarmerie shot approximately 300 members of the Jewish intelligentsia in the city.	2.328125
75622165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20S.%20Elliott	E. S. Elliott	Emily Steele Elliott (Emily Elliott Godsmark after marriage; 1836–1897), better known by the pen name of E. S. Elliott, was an English religious writer of poetry, hymns, and novels, as well as the editor of a missionary magazine. Several of her hymns were used at St Mark's Church, Brighton, where her father, Rev. Edward Bishop Elliott, served as incumbent, and several were contributed to the Church Missionary Juvenile Instructor, of which, for six years, she was the editor. Her hymns were translated into various languages, including Chinese, German, Portuguese, Sinhala, and Spanish. Elliott was also the author of numerous well-known books. Early life Emily Elizabeth Steele Elliott was born in Brighton, Sussex, England, 22 July 1836. She was the third daughter of the Rev. Edward Bishop Elliott, author of the Horae Apocalypticae. Rev. Elliott's siblings included the divine, Henry Venn Elliott, and the hymnist, Charlotte Elliott; their maternal grandfather was Henry Venn of Clapham Sect; and their uncle was John Venn, Rector of Clapham. Emily's maternal grandfather was Sir Richard Steele, 3rd Baronet (1775–1850). Career Among Christmas hymns designed for children, two popular ones were written by Elliott. One begins with the line, "There came a little child to earth," which was popular in England, but was not known to many singing congregations in the U.S.. The second hymn was just as suitable for adults as for youth. It was privately printed in 1864 for the use of the choir and school of St. Mark's Church, Brighton. The hymn has passed into almost every standard hymnal published in the U.S. at the turn of the 20th century. It starts with, "Thou didst leave Thy throne and Thy kingly crown", and is usually sung to the music by Barnby or Matthews.	2.375
75622422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna%20Zerbini	Susanna Zerbini	Susanna Zerbini (born 1948) is an Italian geophysicist, geodesist, and geodynamicist. She is known as a pioneer in developing and applying satellite geodesy for research in geodynamics and Earth system sciences. Education and career Zerbini completed classical secondary school education (including Latin and Greek) and then decided to become a scientist. In 1972 she graduated from the University of Bologna with a Ph.D. (Laurea) in physics. From 1973 to 1981 she was supported by fellowships from the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italian National Council of Research) and Zonta International. From 1975 to 1976 and again from 1978 to 1979 she held appointments as a visiting scientist in geoastronomy at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. At the University of Bologna, she was from 1981 to 1987 a research associate, from 1987 to 2011 an associate professor of geodesy, and from 2011 to 2018 a full professor in the department of physics. In 2018 she retired as professor emerita. Zerbini played a key role in explaining anomalous orbital effects for PAGEOS (PAssive Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) — a balloon satellite was launched by NASA in June 1966. PAGEOS was important in research on direct solar radiation and terrestrial albedo radiation. She identified the flux of micrometeoroids in the near-Earth environment as the cause of unexpected oblateness and precession of PAGEOS. She developed models for precise computations of the orbits of LAGEOS-1 and LAGEOS-2. Her research was important for using the LAGEOS data for precisely determining Earth's crustal motion, especially for the Mediterranean region and the San Andreas Fault. She was the leader for Italy's science participation in the LAGEOS-2 mission jointly sponsored by the USA (via NASA) and by Italy.	2.390625
75622622	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavanttalornis	Lavanttalornis	Lavanttalornis is an extinct genus of duck from the Miocene of Austria. The genus is known from a nearly complete specimen preserved across multiple rock slabs and stems from a locality which may represent a possible lagerstätte. It currently includes only a single species, L. hassleri. History and naming The remains of Lavanttalornis were discovered in the Lavanttal of Carinthia in the south of Austria, which is known for the preservation of a diverse fauna dating back to the Miocene. Although not the first nor only fossil duck discovered in Austria, Lavanttalornis stands out as being the best preserved and is counted among the few nearly complete fossil ducks known worldwide. The fossil is preserved in four slabs, designated LMK-Pal 7453a to LMK-Pal 7453d, which are housed in the paleontological collection of the Landesmuseum Kärnten (also known as the kärnten.museum). The scientific name Lavanttalornis means "bird from the Lavanttal", combining the German name for the area it was discovered in with the Ancient Greek word ornis for bird. The species name derives from its discoverer, Andreas Hassler, a professional veterinarian and amateur paleontologist.	2.734375
75622622	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavanttalornis	Lavanttalornis	Classification Lavanttalornis is recognized as a distinct genus on the basis of several traits which includes not just the features unique to this animal and the fact that it displays a mix of features otherwise observed in different types of modern ducks, but also the fact that it dates to the middle Miocene. This is significant due to the fact that modern genera of ducks only came to dominance during the late Miocene, with earlier Miocene ducks being typically recognized as distinct. It is however more difficult to determine which modern ducks Lavanttalornis was most closely related to. Bochenski and colleagues argue, on the basis of the animal's anatomy, that it is unlikely to have belonged to any group of diving duck, effectively meaning that Lavanttalornis wasn't a member of the whistling ducks, Oxyurinae and Aythyni. The team also argues that it can be excluded from the Tadornini or shelducks, a group of non-diving ducks. Things are uncertain beyond that. While Lavanttalornis shares some traits with modern members of Anatini, these could be purely superficial similarities and one of the most diagnostic regions of the humerus is not preserved.	2.8125
75622871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors%20Against%20Animal%20Experiments	Doctors Against Animal Experiments	Doctors Against Animal Experiments (DAAE; Ärzte gegen Tierversuche) is an animal rights organization based in Cologne, which campaigns for the complete abolition of animal testing under the motto "Medical progress is important - animal testing is the wrong way". Foundation and mode of operation The organization was founded in 1979 by the neurologist couple Margot and Herbert Stiller along with other doctors in Hamburg. Two years earlier, Mr. and Mrs. Stiller had already published the book "Animal Experiment and Animal Experimenters". They were among the first to question animal experiments from a scientific point of view and to shed light on the harm that animal experiments cause to humans. Educating the public about the methodological fallacy of animal testing has been the focus of the association from the very beginning. In the pre-digital era, the board members and active members mainly shared publications, wrote letters to decision-makers, gave lectures both in Germany and abroad, published books and articles, and answered questions from the media. In 1990, the first edition of the book "The Myth of Animal Testing" by Dr. Bernhard Rambeck was published. The author dispels and refutes the ten most common reasons repeatedly put forward for animal experiments. The core of the association’s work raising awareness for animal testing and educating the public on the multiple fallacies of the system. Their publications, campaigns, and projects are based on in-depth research by a team of scientists. In addition to educating the public, DAAE also organizes its own congresses, gives lectures to interested specialist audiences, connects with political decision-makers, and takes legal action on behalf of animals in laboratories. Their numerous nationwide working groups propagate the association’s standpoints and research by regularly organising information stalls, action days, and demonstrations.	2.453125
75623259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture%20of%20Palestro%20%281871%29	Capture of Palestro (1871)	The Capture Of Palestro was a battle that happened during the Mokrani Revolt between the Algerian insurgents and the French in 1871. Background As the uprising extended along the coastal areas initially and later into the eastern mountains of Mitidja, reaching as far as Constantine, it continued its progression into the Belezma mountains. It interlinked with indigenous revolts, extending all the way down to the Sahara desert. The momentum of these events moved steadily towards the city of Algiers itself, Eventually they reached Lakhdaria. Battle A gathering of Algerian Insurgency leaders was made and it was in this assembly that the decision to attack the village of Palestro was made, occurring on April 20 and lasting forty-eight hours. Following this, the city presented a woeful sight houses partially destroyed, belongings scattered haphazardly on the ground. A heart-wrenching detail: 46 French victims lay lifeless, while others vanished without a trace ever being found, The city was then captured by the insurgents. Aftermath Marching from Palestro towards Algiers, the insurgents faced a halt at Boudouaou on April 22, 1871, thwarted by Colonel Alexandre Fourchault under the leadership of General Orphis Léon Lallemand. This encounter on May 5 resulted in a devastating defeat for Cheikh Mokrani.	2.484375
75623467	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmidea%20allobakeri	Malmidea allobakeri	Malmidea allobakeri is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Venezuela. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the lichenologists Klaus Kalb and Marcela Cáceres. The type specimen was collected by the second author from the Centro de Pesquisa do Cacao (Itabuna) in Atlantic Forest. The species epithet alludes to its similarity of Malmidea bakeri. Description Malmidea allobakeri is a crustose lichen with a continuous thallus that is 40–70 μm thick. The surface of the thallus is , with measuring 0.075–0.1 mm in height and 0.07–0.1 mm in width. The thallus has a dull appearance, showing shades of greenish-grey to brownish, and is devoid of soralia and isidia (reproductive propagules). The medulla, both of the verrucae and the thallus, is white to faintly yellow and reacts to a solution of potassium hydroxide (i.e., the K spot test) with an orange to reddish colour. The lichen hosts a (green algal) photobiont, whose cells measure 6–8 μm in diameter.	1.976563
75623468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmidea%20allopapillosa	Malmidea allopapillosa	Malmidea allopapillosa is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Venezuela. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected by the author in 1980 from a cloud forest in the surroundings of Tovar, Páramo de Mariño, (Mérida) at an altitude of . The species epithet refers to its resemblance to Malmidea papillosa. Description Malmidea allopapillosa is a crustose lichen with a thallus that is either continuous or cracked and measures 50–100 μm in thickness. The surface of the thallus is smooth and dull, with warts that are 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter and with a whitish-grey colour. This species lacks both isidia and soralia. The of the thallus reacts to a solution of potassium hydroxide (i.e., the K spot test) with a yellow colouration, while the medulla of the thallus is white is K−. The medulla of the warts is peach-coloured to pink, with an orange-red reaction with K+, which soon changes to lemon-yellow. The of this species is , with cells measuring 6–8 μm in diameter. The apothecia of Malmidea allopapillosa are sessile and rounded, measuring 0.3–0.8 mm in diameter and 0.4–0.5 mm in height. The apothecial are flat and range in colour from light to dark brown. The margin of the apothecia is thin, approximately 0.05 mm thick, and varies in colour from whitish-grey to dark brownish-grey. As the lichen ages, the margin is excluded, forming a piperis-type excipulum that is more or less hyaline (translucent) or brown at the periphery, with the inner part being hyaline and lacking hydrophobic granules. The is about 15 μm high and varies from hyaline to light brown, while the centrally located is 70–90 μm high, narrowing towards the margin, and has a reddish to dark brown colour unreactive to K. The is brown, and the hymenium is hyaline, measuring 130–150 μm in height. The base of the apothecia is partially filled with opaque granules that react K+ (greenish-yellow).	2.21875
75623470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmidea%20atlanticoides	Malmidea atlanticoides	Malmidea atlanticoides is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Brazil. Taxonomy It was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the lichenologists Klaus Kalb and Marcela Cáceres. The type specimen was collected by the authors from the (Sergipe) at an elevation of . The species epithet alludes to its resemblance to Malmidea atlantica, the species to which it was initially referred. Subsequent analysis revealed its chemical differences with this species. Malmidea atlanticoides is only known to occur at its type locality. Description Malmidea atlanticoides is a crustose lichen with a continuous thallus measuring 75–100 μm in thickness. The thallus surface is (warty), featuring more or less spherical that are 0.1–0.25 mm in diameter. The colour of the verrucae ranges from dull ash-grey to greenish-grey and light olive. Both soralia and isidia are absent in this species. The medulla of the verrucae and the thallus is orange-yellow, showing spot test reactions of K+ (orange to reddish) and P+ (vermilion). The is with cells measuring 6–8 μm in diameter. The apothecia of Malmidea atlanticoides are sessile and rounded, with a diameter of 0.5–0.8 mm and a height of 0.3–0.4 mm. The apothecial are flat to slightly concave, and their colour varies from beige to light brownish. The is of the granifera-type, initially and becoming with age. It is whitish to cream-coloured, bulging, and towers over the disc. The is hyaline, while the medullary excipulum is filled with orange-yellow hydrophobic granules that are nubilous and dissolve in KOH, producing a lemon-yellow efflux. The base of the apothecium reacts to K with an orange-red colour. The is approximately 25 μm high and light brown, while the centrally located is 80–100 μm high, narrowing towards the margin, and dark brown without reacting to K. The is indistinct and the hymenium is hyaline, measuring 100–110 μm in height.	2.15625
75623472	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmidea%20hechicerae	Malmidea hechicerae	Malmidea hechicerae is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Venezuela. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected from Monte Zerpa (Distr. Libertador, Mérida) at an elevation of , where it was found growing in a cloud forest. The species epithet refers to its type locality, known as La Hechicera. Description Malmidea hechicerae is a crustose lichen with a continuous thallus that is 40–60 μm thick. The thallus surface is , with the being more or less spherical and measuring 0.1–0.25 mm in diameter. These verrucae have a dull, whitish-grey appearance. The species lacks both soralia and isidia (reproductive propagules). The medulla of the verrucae and thallus is white, reacting K+ (lemon-yellow), occasionally showing a slightly orange-yellow hue, and P+ (orange), best observed in sections under a light microscope. The of Malmidea hechicerae is with cells measuring 6–8 μm in diameter. The apothecia are sessile and rounded, ranging from 0.6–1.3 mm in diameter and 0.3–0.4 mm in height. The of the apothecia are more or less flat and vary in colour from beige to brownish or dark brown. The is of the granifera-type, remaining , and is whitish to cream-coloured, bulging, and elevated above the disc. The is hyaline (translucent) to brownish, particularly at the edges, while the medullary excipulum is filled with colourless opaque that partly dissolve in potassium hydroxide, producing a greenish-yellow efflux.	2.1875
75623473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmidea%20hernandeziana	Malmidea hernandeziana	The medulla of the thallus is white and does not react to a potassium hydroxide solution (i.e., the K spot test). The of Malmidea hernandeziana is , with cells measuring 6–8 μm in diameter. The apothecia are sessile and rounded, varying from 0.5 to 1.3 mm in diameter and 0.4–0.5 mm in height. Initially, the of the apothecia are flat, but they become slightly convex over time and are beige in colour. The margin of the apothecia is thin, approximately 0.1 mm thick, slightly prominent, and whitish grey in colour. The is of the piperis-type and is more or less hyaline (translucent), lacking hydrophobic granules. The is around 10–15 μm high and ranges from hyaline to light brownish. The centrally located is 80–100 μm high and is chocolate-brown in colour, showing no reaction to K. The of the species is indistinct, while the hymenium is hyaline and measures 110–130 μm in height. The asci are 90–110 μm long and 15–22 μm wide, each containing 6 to 8 broadly ellipsoid to ascospores. These ascospores lack septa (internal partitions), with walls that are often slightly thickened at the ends, and are surrounded by a measuring 1–1.3 μm. The measure 14–22 by 8–10 μm. Chemically, Malmidea hernandeziana lacks detectable lichen products when analysed using thin-layer chromatography.	2.15625
75623475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmidea%20leucopiperis	Malmidea leucopiperis	Malmidea leucopiperis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Malmideaceae. It is found in Brazil. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2021 by the German lichenologist Klaus Kalb. The type specimen was collected from Itatiaia National Park (Rio de Janeiro) at an altitude of . The species epithet alludes to its resemblance to Malmidea piperis, with a key difference in the 's colour—light greyish to beige compared to the dark brown in M. piperis. Description Malmidea leucopiperis is a crustose lichen with a continuous thallus measuring 50–80 μm in thickness. Its surface is smooth and dull, appearing grey or greenish grey, and can turn orange-red when abraded. Neither isidia nor soralia (reproductive propagules) are present on this species. The medulla of the thallus is orange-red and has a K+ (purple) chemical spot test reaction. The of this species is , with cell dimensions of 6–8 μm in diameter. The apothecia of Malmidea leucopiperis are sessile and rounded, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 mm in diameter and 0.15 to 0.2 mm in height. The apothecial is initially flat, becoming slightly convex, with colours ranging from light beige to brown-grey or brown. Its margin is thin, about 0.1 mm, slightly raised, and varies in colour from whitish grey to dark brownish grey or black. The is of the piperis-type and mostly hyaline (translucent), though it can appear brownish or blackish at the upper periphery, and lacks hydrophobic granules. The is about 10 μm high and hyaline, while the centrally located is light greyish to beige, measuring 40–50 μm in height and is K−. The of Malmidea leucopiperis is either indistinct or slightly , and the hymenium stands 60–70 μm high and is hyaline. Asci within this species measure 40–50 by 8–10 μm, each containing 6–8 . These spores are broadly ellipsoid to , non-septate, and have a uniformly thickened wall with a of approximately 1 μm. Their size ranges from 9–12 by 4–6 μm.	2.15625
75623642	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20Artillery%20Regiment%20%22Cacciatori%20delle%20Alpi%22	1st Artillery Regiment "Cacciatori delle Alpi"	World War I At the outbreak of World War I the regiment was assigned to the IX Army Corps as the corps' artillery regiment. At the time the regiment consisted of a command, three groups with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, and a depot. During the war the regiment's depot in Foligno formed the commands of the 37th Field Artillery Regiment and 55th Field Artillery Regiment. The depot also formed the commands of the 101st Mountain Battery, 266th Siege Battery, and 609th Siege Battery and in 1917 it provided troops to help form the 56th Field Artillery Regiment. During the war the regiment fought in the Dolomites: in 1915 on the summits of the Tofane, on Col di Lana, and in the area of the San Pellegrino Pass, while in 1916 the regiment was deployed in the Val Travignolo and on the ridges of the Monte Castelletto, before fighting at Costabella for the mountains of Cima Bocche and Colbricon. In 1917 the regiment was deployed on the glaciers of the Marmolada, before being moved to the Monte Sief, and then falling back to the Monte Grappa massive after the Battle of Caporetto. During the battles of Monte Grappa the regiment was in November 1917 on Monte Tomba and at Monfenera and in January 1918 on Monte Asolone. In May and June 1918 the regiment fought on Col della Berretta and Col Caprile, before returning to the Monte Grappa, where the regiment remained until the end of the war.	2.421875
75623679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20nothoholocarpa	Caloplaca nothoholocarpa	Caloplaca nothoholocarpa is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in Chile. Taxonomy The species was formally described by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Jae-Seoun Hur in 2020. The type specimen was collected in Chile, specifically from the areas around Lake Balmaceda and Lake Pinto in Patagonia, a region close to the seaside. This specimen was found growing on rock, cohabiting with other lichens, namely Caloplaca nothocitrina and an unidentified Caloplaca species. The species name nothoholocarpa alludes to its distribution in the Southern Hemisphere and its resemblance to Athallia holocarpa, a species found in the Northern Hemisphere. Description Caloplaca nothoholocarpa has a thallus that can extend up to 1.5–2 cm in diameter or form larger aggregations. The thallus presents in shades of greyish, whitish, or whitish-grey, often appearing dull orange or brownish-orange due to the profusion of apothecia. Under high magnification, the thallus appears either continuous or , with areoles measuring 0.2–0.8 mm across. These areoles, separated by cracks up to 0.04 mm wide, can be indistinct, often being completely obscured by apothecia or showing signs of exfoliation. The upper surface of the thallus is typically whitish or whitish-grey, occasionally with yellowish spots or verrucae, which are likely young apothecia. The apothecia of Caloplaca nothoholocarpa are quite numerous and typically aggregate, measuring 0.15–0.6 mm in diameter. In cross-section, they are 0.12–0.2 mm thick. Each areole generally hosts 2–5 apothecia. These apothecia are rounded or irregular in shape, initially or immersed in the thallus, but predominantly become and sessile. The margin of the apothecia is very thin, dull yellow or dull yellow-orange, contrasting with the disc's dull brownish-yellow or brownish-orange colour. The of the apothecia is 30–40 μm thick, with a matrix and cell of 3–4 μm in diameter.	2.078125
75623731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch%20Minh%20Tu%E1%BB%87	Thích Minh Tuệ	Minh Tuệ (born 1981), birth name Lê Anh Tú , is a Vietnamese Buddhist monk. After briefly practicing at a pagoda after giving up his job as a land surveyor, Minh Tue decided to "learn and follow the Buddha's teachings" by observing the 13 ascetic practices of Theravada Buddhism and walking for alms across the country for many years. His 2024 walking journey attracted the attention of the Vietnamese public, attracting thousands of people to meet him and at times up to hundreds of people to follow him, leading to many social and security disturbances, and turning him into an "unwilling" Internet celebrity. Minh Tue started his pilgrimage to India in December 12th 2024, after a period of seeking support from people familiar with the relevant administrative procedures. He plans to walk through Laos, Cambodia,Thailand, Myanmar and Bangladesh before entering India. In the volunteer group accompanying him were backpacking vlogger Le Kha Giap and Dr.Doan Van Bau, Deputy Head of the Department of Psychology People's Security University, along with a number of other mendicants. His legitimacy is also a widely discussed topic. The Vietnam Buddhist Sangha does not accept calling him a "Buddhist monk", but the Unified Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam recognizes this and praises him for having the virtues to qualify for that title. Agreeing with calling Minh Tue a monk, although he himself does not identify himself as such, observers say that determining whether an individual is a monk or not does not depend on the consent of any organization. Biography Lê Anh Tú was born in 1981 in Ky Van commune, Ky Anh district, Ha Tinh province, Vietnam. He was the second child in a family of four children. In 1994, he moved with his family to Ia To commune, Ia Grai district, Gia Lai province.	2.046875
75623738	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buellia%20cravenii	Buellia cravenii	Buellia cravenii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is found in Australia. The lichen spreads up to 3.5 cm wide thick, forming a continuous, grey-white cracked pattern of . Taxonomy The lichen was formally described in 2020 by the Australian lichenologist John Elix. The type specimen was collected near Glen Helen Tourist Camp (MacDonnell Ranges, Northern Territory), at an elevation of , where it was found growing on sandstone rocks with a southerly aspect in mulga scrub. The species epithet cravenii is named in honour of the late Lyndley Craven, a co-collector, friend, and colleague of the author. Description Buellia cravenii is a crustose lichen with a thallus spreading up to 35 mm wide and 0.6 mm thick, forming a continuous, cracked pattern of irregular, angular segments (). Its surface is grey-white, dull, and lacks a powdery covering (), with the symbiotic algae cells within the thallus measuring 8–20 μm wide. The inner layer of the thallus is white, does not contain calcium oxalate, and the reproductive structures () are numerous, small, roundish, and vary from flat to convex. The outer layer surrounding the apothecia is thick and black, becoming less noticeable in older structures. The layer above the spore-producing tissue () is deep blue-green to black, while the supporting tissue below () is dark brown and thick. The actual spore-producing layer (hymenium) is clear, and the layer above it () is pale brown.	2.609375
75623775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsbetriebe%20Schaffhausen	Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen	It is intended to replace all diesel powered buses currently operating within the city with battery electric buses in the near future. The preconditions in Schaffhausen are useful for the operation of an electric bus fleet. The advantages are twofold: The twelve charging stations are located in the forecourt of Schaffhausen railway station, which is at or near the lowest point of altitude on most routes, while the terminal bus stops are situated higher up on the surrounding hills. Buses can therefore charge their batteries before continuing their journey uphill and partially recharge their batteries through regenerative braking on their way back to Schaffhausen station The Rhine hydro-electric power plant (), located near the charging stations, provides enough electricity to power the buses throughout the year History The Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen was created on January 1, 2019, from the merger of two existing companies: the , which served the city of Schaffhausen, and the , which served the canton. The two companies had coordinated operations for many years prior to the merger.	2.015625
75623808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buellia%20lordhowensis	Buellia lordhowensis	Buellia lordhowensis is a little-known saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen species in the family Caliciaceae, first described in 2020. It is only known to occur on Lord Howe Island, Australia. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described in 2020 by the Australian lichenologist John Elix. It is named after its type locality, Lord Howe Island in New South Wales. Description Buellia lordhowensis is characterised by a crust-like body (thallus) that varies in texture from cracked () to a cracked-tile appearance (rimose-areolate), spreading up to 55 mm wide. The individual tile-like segments, called , are either tightly clustered or spread out, ranging in size from 0.2 to 0.8 mm, with an irregular, angular, and flat shape. The surface of the thallus is a pale yellow-grey, with a dull appearance. It has a well-defined, black border (prothallus) around the edges and between the areoles. The inner layer of the thallus (the medulla) is white and lacks calcium oxalate, as it does not react to sulphuric acid and iodine tests. The cells of the green algae living in symbiosis with the fungus ( cells) are relatively small, measuring 6–11 μm in diameter.	2.1875
75623862	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Field%20Artillery%20Regiment%20%28Italy%29	11th Field Artillery Regiment (Italy)	The 11th Field Artillery Regiment () is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Cremona in Lombardy. The regiment was formed in 1884 by the Royal Italian Army and served during World War I on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 3rd Infantry Division "Monferrato" and designated as 11th Artillery Regiment "Monferrato". In 1939 the division became the 3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna" and consequently the regiment was renamed 11th Artillery Regiment "Ravenna". In June 1942 the Ravenna division was ordered to deploy to the Eastern Front of World War II and before departing Italy the division exchanged artillery regiments with the 104th Infantry Division "Mantova". Consequently, the regiment was renamed 11th Artillery Regiment "Mantova". After allied forces landed on the Italian peninsula and the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943 the Mantova division joined the Italian Co-belligerent Army. On 26 September 1943 the regiment was transferred to the I Motorized Grouping, which had been formed with units of the 58th Infantry Division "Legnano". The regiment was once more renamed and now designated 11th Motorized Artillery Regiment. In April 1944 the I Motorized Grouping joined the Italian Liberation Corps, whose II Brigade became the Combat Group "Legnano" in September 1944. The regiment joined the combat group, which was assigned to the II Polish Corps for the Italian campaign. In 1945 the Combat Group "Legnano" was reorganized as Infantry Division "Legnano" and the regiment, now designated 11th Field Artillery Regiment, remained with the division until 1975, when it was reduced to 11th Field Artillery Group Monferrato. The group was assigned to Mechanized Brigade "Legnano" and disbanded at the end of the Cold War in 1991. The regimental anniversary falls, as for all Italian Army artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.	2.09375
75623875	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buellia%20phillipensis	Buellia phillipensis	Buellia phillipensis is a little-known species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae, described in 2020. It is only known to occur on Phillip Island in the Southwest Pacific. Taxonomy Buellia phillipensis was formally described as a new species by the Australian lichenologist John Elix in 2020. It is named after its type locality on Phillip Island, which is one of three islands that collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island. Description The thallus of Buellia phillipensis is crustose and has a to rimose-areolate texture, spreading up to 15 mm wide. The are crowded, measuring 0.3–1 mm wide, irregular, angular, and flat. The upper surface is white, shiny, with a prominent black at the margins. The medulla is white, does not contain calcium oxalate, and the cells measure 10–16 μm in diameter. The apothecia are small, 0.1–0.4 mm wide, initially then changing to or , and separate or grouped. The of the apothecia ultimately becomes excluded with age. The is black, non-powdery (), and either weakly concave or flat. The is thin, persistent, and black, with an outer zone that is aeruginose-black, 25–30 μm thick. The is dark brown to aeruginose, while the beneath is brown to deep brown and 50–86 μm thick. The hymenium is 50–60 μm thick, colorless, and the beneath it is pale brown, 10–15 μm thick. Paraphyses are 1.5–2 μm wide, sparsely branched, with dark brown capped tips. The asci are of the Bacidia type, containing eight spores. The are Buellia-type, brown, ellipsoid, measuring 9–13 by 5–8 μm, and the outer spore-wall is microrugulate. The pycnidia are brown to black, immersed, with measuring 4–5 by 0.7–1 μm. Chemically, the medulla contains no lichen substances. Buellia phillipensis shares similarities with Buellia cranwelliae, but is distinguished by having apothecia and the absence of calcium oxalate in the medulla.	2.203125
75623884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baculifera%20confusa	Baculifera confusa	Baculifera confusa is a species of lignicolous (wood-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It is found in Australia. Taxonomy Baculifera confusa was formally described as a new species in 2020 by Australian lichenologist the John Elix. The species name confusa follows from its previous confusion with Baculifera xylophila. The type locality of Baculifera confusa was collected in South Australia at Murray Park Flora and Fauna Reserve, Murray Bridge. It was found at an altitude of , growing on dead wood in remnant mallee scrub with Callitris and Eucalyptus. The holotype was collected by the author on 31 December 2005. Description The thallus of Baculifera confusa is crustose, and not apparent, or , extending up to approximately 15 mm wide. It varies in colour from pale grey to dark brown and is up to 100 μm thick. The lichen has a or rimose-areolate texture, with measuring 0.1–0.4 mm wide. The lichen does not produce soredia, and the is , black when abutting other lichens, or not apparent. The lacks calcium oxalate, and the cells are 10–20 μm wide. The species is similar to Baculifera xylophila, but it can be distinguished by its colourless to pale yellow-brown , smaller measuring 11–17 by 6–8 μm, and shorter , 5–6 μm long. Habitat and distribution Baculifera confusa is found on dead wood in inland areas of southern Western Australia, South Australia, and New South Wales. It often coexists with other lichen species such as Amandinea extenuata, Austromelanelixia piliferella, Austroparmelina conlabrosa, A. pseudorelicina, Buellia reagenella, Flavoparmelia rutidota, Japewiella variabilis, Physcia jackii, Ramboldia brunneocarpa, and Usnea inermis.	1.953125
75623920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandinea%20pilbarensis	Amandinea pilbarensis	The brown (uppermost layer of the apothecium) measures 5–8 μm thick. Colourless to pale brown, the (layer beneath the hymenium) has a thickness of 40–60 μm. With a thickness of 38–48 μm, the colourless hymenium (spore-bearing layer) is not , and the (layer beneath the hymenium) shares similar characteristics, being 10–15 μm thick and colourless. Sparsely branched paraphyses (filament-like structures in the hymenium) have a width of 1.2–2 μm, with apices 3–5 μm wide and brown caps. The Bacidia-type asci typically contain eight spores. Mature (spores produced in asci) are Buellia-type, pale brown to brown, ellipsoid, measuring 8–13 by 5–7 μm, and show constriction at the septum (division); the outer spore-wall is smooth. Immersed (asexual reproductive structures) have a black ostiole (opening). Measuring 12–20 by 0.7 μm, the (asexual spores) are filiform (thread-like), curved. Amandinea santantaoensis is somewhat similar in appearance to A. pilbarensis, but differs in having a pale yellow to pale yellow-brown surface colour; longer, curved conidia measuring 22–32 by 0.7 μm; and in containing 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone instead of thiophanic acid. Chemistry The thallus surface of Amandinea pilbarensis is UV−, and the thallus medulla does not react to potassium hydroxide (K−). The pseudostroma surface is UV+ (pink to orange), and pigmented parts of pseudostroma react K+ (blood red). Thin-layer chromatography analysis reveals the presence of an anthraquinone, likely parietin. Habitat and distribution At the time of its original publication, Amandinea pilbarensis was known only from the type collection in Australia. Associated lichen species include Australiaena streimannii, Buellia kimberleyana, and Caloplaca leptozona.	2.34375
75624194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoplaca%20sol	Flavoplaca sol	Flavoplaca sol (formerly Caloplaca sol) is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found on limestone and basic siliceous rocks along the southern and western shores of Great Britain. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2018 by the lichenologist Alan Orange. The species epithet sol, derived from the Latin word for "sun", was chosen to reflect the rich yellow colour of its often circular , and its preference for growing on dry, sun-exposed rocks. In 2024, based on molecular phylogenetics analysis, the species was transferred to the genus Flavoplaca by Ulf Arup and Ulrik Søchting. The analysis showed that F. sol forms part of a sister clade to most other Flavoplaca species, alongside F. navasiana and F. itiana. Description The lichen features a prominent, crust-like, non-, orange-yellow body with cracks, and fruiting bodies (apothecia) that are up to about 0.66 millimetres in diameter. Its spores are approximately 11.0 to 13.0 micrometres in length, with a septum (a dividing wall or partition) about 0.4 times the length of the spore. The species is found exclusively near coastal areas in southern and western Britain, with known locations ranging from Dorset and Cornwall up to North Wales. Similar species Flavoplaca sol, with its well-defined, cracked-, completely thallus and sessile apothecia the same colour as its thallus, can be easily confused with other species in the field. It is often mistaken for a morph of Flavoplaca marina, which typically has a darker orange colour and more convex areoles. Flavoplaca marina is commonly found in the splash zone of seashores, sometimes extending above the high-water mark on sea-facing slopes. Its areoles are usually thicker and strongly convex near the shore, but those found above the splash zone may resemble F. sol more closely, presenting challenges in distinguishing individual specimens based solely on morphology.	2.59375
75625089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobariella%20reticulata	Lobariella reticulata	Lobariella reticulata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It is found in Colombia. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2013 by the lichenologists Bibiana Moncada and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected by the first author in Zona de Amortiguación, Mundo Nuevo, La Calera, Cundinamarca (Colombia) at elevations ranging from . Description Lobariella reticulata is known for its growth on thin trunks, stems, and branches. The thallus of this species can reach up to in diameter and is loosely attached to its . Its is the green alga Dictyochloropsis. The individual of Lobariella reticulata can grow up to long and are characterized by their irregular shape with incised apices and irregularly incised margins, measuring 5–10 mm in width. These lobes are irregularly branched, forming circular to irregular thallus rosettes. The upper surface of the lichen is pale green when hydrated, turning pale grey when dry, and often becomes pale yellowish grey in herbarium conditions. This surface is marked by dense, linear forming a reticulate, white network, weakly contrasting with the surrounding thallus surface. The species lacks pseudocyphellae but often forms reticulate cracks towards the centre. Isidia are absent in this species.	2.203125
75625211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erioderma%20borbonicum	Erioderma borbonicum	Erioderma borbonicum is a little-known species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It is endemic to Réunion, an island in the Indian Ocean. The lichen forms a dense, cushion-like thallus with a diameter of 3 to 4 cm, with flat, slightly overlapping with a grey-brown upper surface and cream-coloured underside. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2009 by the lichenologists Per Magnus Jørgensen and Pieter P.G. van den Boom. The type specimen was collected from the northwest side of , specifically along the trail leading from Gîte de Bélouve. The collection site was about southwest towards Caverne Mussard, at an elevation of above sea level. Description Erioderma borbonicum forms a dense, cushion-like structure, typically spanning 3 to 4 cm in diameter. It has flat that are slightly overlapping, each measuring up to 3 mm in width with wavy edges. Some of these lobes tend to curl upwards, especially when dry, revealing the cream-coloured underside of the lichen. The upper surface has a grey-brown colour and is covered in clusters of simple, soft, and colourless hairs. When examined in a cross-section, Erioderma borbonicum is about 200 to 250 μm thick. It has a well-structured upper (the outer layer of the lichen) that is about 60 μm thick. The inner layer, known as the medulla, is densely packed with vertical chains of Scytonema, a type of cyanobacteria, with individual cells roughly 10 μm in diameter. This lichen lacks a lower cortex.	2.28125
75625435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladonia%20monomorpha	Cladonia monomorpha	Cladonia monomorpha is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling), fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It is part of the Cladonia pyxidata group, known for brown apothecia on cup-shaped podetia. Taxonomy Cladonia monomorpha was first described in 2001 by lichenologists André Aptroot, Harrie Sipman, and Kok van Herk, marking its addition to the diverse Cladonia pyxidata group. This group, which includes the Cladonia chlorophaea species complex, is characterized by brown apothecia on cup-shaped podetia and has been a focus of research due to its wide chemical and morphological variation. The taxonomy of the Cladonia pyxidata group has been contentious, with divergent practices observed in various floras and checklists. Early treatments, such as those by Elbert Hennipman in 1969, recognized only a few members like Cladonia chlorophaea and C. fimbriata. Subsequent chemical and morphological studies, like those by Sipman in 1973, expanded the group to include several distinct species and varieties. In more conservative views, particularly in local floras, a limited number of taxa within this group have been acknowledged. This approach was exemplified in the list of names in current use compiled by Teuvo Ahti in 1993. This list presents relevant species epithets at various taxonomic levels, reflecting the broad spectrum of taxonomic interpretations within the group. Cladonia monomorpha itself was identified as a distinct taxon during renewed morphological studies focusing on non-sorediate species in the Cladonia pyxidata group. Initially, Dutch populations that were classified as C. pyxidata were later recognised to belong to a separate species, leading to the description of Cladonia monomorpha.	2.1875
75625435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladonia%20monomorpha	Cladonia monomorpha	Similar species Cladonia monomorpha is similar to C. pocillum and C. pyxidata but can be distinguished by its larger, bullate plates on the cups, distinctively recurved squamule margins, and the absence of soredia or granules on the podetia. The primary squamules are erect with narrowly recurved margins and are never coalescent. The species has dark green to brown thalli when fresh, with pale whitish bare parts on the scyphi, contrasting with the brownish hues of similar species. The apothecia, though rare, differ in their development compared to related species. Habitat and distribution Cladonia monomorpha has been found predominantly in European countries, including Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. It has not been recorded from Great Britain. The species is commonly found in acidic inland sand dune areas, directly growing on sand. It is particularly abundant in areas like Kootwijkerzand and Caitwickerzand in the Netherlands, which have conservation programs for terrestrial lichen vegetation. It has also been recorded from the United States, Greenland, and Mongolia. The lichen was reported from Ardahan Province in north-east Turkey in 2011.	2.53125
75625568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocyphellaria%20haywardiorum	Pseudocyphellaria haywardiorum	The lichen's margins are sinuous, rising weakly with an irregular formation ranging from finely to coarsely jagged. The underbelly of the lichen occasionally presents soredia – small reproductive propagules – and has a greyish-white, eroded appearance. The upper surface showcases a spectrum of colours from dark grey-blue to brown-black, particularly becoming darker at the lobe tips when moist. When dry, the central area can vary from dark olive-brown to a pale yellowish tint with greyish edges. The surface texture can be flat or slightly wavy, with the tips more wrinkled and the remainder distinctly dotted. Additionally, the upper surface is , ranging from smooth to minutely spiderweb-like in parts. Depending on its state, it feels either leathery to brittle when dry or soft and limp when wet. It is sorediate, and it lacks or pseudocyphellae. Small, irregular light buff-coloured spots () can be seen, forming a mesh-like patterns towards the lobe tips. Sometimes, these spots form larger patches that lack . The soredia of the lichen is dark brownish-blue, transitioning to a pale grey, and often appears to erode to white. These are coarse and resemble crowded, false isidia. The soredia clusters, which can be up to 0.5 mm in diameter, can either be dispersed, densely packed, or even merge to form extensive sorediate to crusts. The lichen's inner layer (medulla) is white, and its photosynthetic partner is from the cyanobacterial genus Nostoc.	2.671875
75625618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Plan%C3%A7on	Gabriel Plançon	Childhood and adulthood Gabriel Plançon, son of Jules Irénée known as René (1891-1959) and Jeanne Marie Angèle Georgette Caire (1891-1974), was born on July 10, 1916 in Besançon, a town in the Franche-Comté region of France, during, World War I. Nevertheless, the city was not involved in the conflict, and his father was discharged from the army, giving Gabriel, nicknamed Bibi at the time, a "normal" life. His parents owned property in the Tilleroyes district to the west of the city, where he grew up. He attended the Arsenal elementary school, then scouted during 1928 as a patrol scout with the Éclaireurs de France, before attending the École nationale d'horlogerie (National Watchmaking School), now the Lycée Jules-Haag. At the age of 15, he gave up his watchmaking studies, which did not interest him, and lived in the family home, entertaining many friends, most of them from the worlds of art and culture. A lover of nature and animals, he planted an Atlas Cedar in the vicinity of his house, a tree that still stands on the premises today. In 1931, his little sister Janine, nicknamed Nino, was born, and Gabriel, despite some initial emotional misgivings towards her, ended up showing great brotherly love and becoming a role model for her. Later, he decided to work as a typist in the family workshop, specializing in the sale and repair of typewriters. At the same time, he became a self-taught intellectual, with a particular interest in literature, including a great deal of poetry.	2.359375
75625960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycauliona%20coralloides	Polycauliona coralloides	Polycauliona coralloides, the coral firedot lichen, is a species of small fruticose (bushy), saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. First formally described in 1866, it was later shuffled to a few different genera in its taxonomic history before ending up in Polycauliona, a genus resurrected from taxonomic obscurity in the molecular phylogenetics era. The lichen occurs on seaside rocks in the intertidal spray zone of California and northwestern Mexico. The species is readily recognized due to its distinctive coral-like form–its thallus grows as a tangle of orange, filamentous branches. Taxonomy Polycauliona coralloides, originally described as Placodium coralloides by Edward Tuckerman in 1864, has experienced several taxonomic revisions. It has been reclassified under various genera, including Polycauliona, Thamnoma, and Caloplaca. This species, along with Caloplaca thamnodes, is part of a group of dwarf-fruticose species that formerly belonged to the section Gasparrinia of genus Caloplaca. It had been suspected, even before the advent of molecular phylogenetics, that this group was not monophyletic, implying that these species have evolved separately from different ancestors within the genus. The presence of a microfruticose species in a predominantly crustose genus is unusual, and has led to historical disagreement as to its proper classification. In 2001, Irwin Brodo suggested that the fruticose growth form of the lichen hinted at a possible relationship to Teloschistes, but further pointed out that the North American representatives of this genus were either corticolous or terricolous, and more abundantly branched.	2.25
75625960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycauliona%20coralloides	Polycauliona coralloides	Polycauliona coralloides is often confused with Xanthoria cf. candelaria and Caloplaca thamnodes. X. cf. candelaria differs by having flat lobes with an upper and lower surface and is mostly sorediate, which C. coralloides never is. C. thamnodes, while closely related, can be distinguished by its little branched thallus, slightly thicker branches, darker orange color, and a more southern distribution. The New Zealand endemic Austroplaca erecta has some similarities to P. coralloides. Austroplaca erecta is distinguished by its less prominent pseudocyphellae, differing lobe anatomy, wider ascospores with longer septa, and larger conidia. Caloplaca thamnodes, found in Baja California, is a species similar to Polycauliona coralloides but is distinguishable by its less branched thallus, marginally thicker branches, and a more pronounced dark orange hue. Habitat, distribution, and ecology Polycauliona coralloides is a strictly littoral species, found close to the seashore, predominantly on hard rocks and mainly on vertical surfaces. It typically grows in the lower part of the supralittoral zone within a narrow vertical range. The species often occupies locations closer to the shore than Caloplaca rosei and Caloplaca brattiae and avoids sites exposed to bird manuring. As might be expected for a littoral species, it is quite tolerant to sea salt. The distribution of P. coralloides extends from northern Baja California, Mexico, to northern Oregon. Its presence further south is possible, but not likely further north due to unsuitable habitats in these regions. It has also been documented in Channel Islands National Park. Stigmidium hesperium is a lichenicolous fungus, first described in 2009, that parasitises Polycauliona coralloides. Infection by the fungus results in erosion and bleaching of the thallus and apothecia.	2.65625
75626066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycauliona%20bolacina	Polycauliona bolacina	Polycauliona bolacina, the waxy firedot lichen, is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is found in western North America. Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described as a new species in 1866 by American botanist Edward Tuckerman in 1866, as Placodium bolacinum. Ulf Arup and colleagues transferred the taxon to the genus Polycauliona in 2013, as part of a molecular phylogenetics-based restructuring of family Teloschistaceae. The species is commonly known as the "waxy firedot lichen". Description Polycauliona bolacina is characterized by a thallus that has a yellow-orange color, often with a somewhat waxy texture. Its structure is primarily made up of thick or convex , which are either scattered or situated closely together. These components can extend up to 2 mm across and are slightly . The apothecia (fruiting bodies) range from 0.7 to 2 mm in diameter, with orange and margins that are slightly paler in comparison. The tissues of the apothecia, including the and cortex, consist of elongated cells arranged in an irregular pattern. Within the medulla, there are few crystals present. The of Polycauliona bolacina measure between 12.5 and 17.5 μm in length and 5.5 to 8.5 μm in width, with a septum that is 3 to 5.2 μm thick. Species interactions Sclerococcum knudsenii is a lichenicolous fungus that has been recorded growing on P. bolacina in California.	2.109375
75626087	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelleys%20Island%20Land%20Field	Kelleys Island Land Field	The Kelleys Island Land Field airport (FAA LID: 89D) is a publicly owned, public use airport located on Kelley's Island, Ohio. The airport serves many tourists visiting Kelleys Island State Park. Griffing Flying Service offers charter flights to and from the airport. Facilities and aircraft The airport has one runway, designated as runway 9/27. It measures 2202 × 50 ft (671 × 15 m) and is paved with asphalt. In September 2019, the airport received over $100,000 to improve its drainage system. In August 2021, the airport received $360,000 to perform an environmental assessment. In September 2022, the airport received nearly $500,000 to reconstruct runway lighting. It received a further $113,000 in 2023. For the 12-month period ending September 27, 2021, the airport had 25,550 aircraft operations, an average of 70 per day. This included 66% general aviation and 34% air taxi. For the same time period, there were two aircraft based at the airport, both single-engine airplanes. Airlines and destinations Accidents and incidents On July 31, 1954, a Ford Tri-Motor lost control and crashed while taking off from Kelleys Island Land Field airport. On September 3, 2007, a Cessna 172 Skyhawk crashed after departure from Kelleys Island Field Airport. Officials say the aircraft veered off the runway while taking off and went into Lake Erie. The aircraft was found submerged in 20 feet of water less than 1,000' from the departure end of the runway, and only one of three people onboard survived.	1.96875
75626462	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Campbell%20%28Westmoreland%20politician%29	John Campbell (Westmoreland politician)	Westmoreland County voters first elected Campbell as one of their representatives in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1803, and he won re-election twice, serving several terms alongside veteran Stephen Bailey until 1806, when Baldwin Lee succeeded him. Campbell succeeded Revolutionary War veteran George Garner (d.1809), who was also a local justice of the peace and whose family estate (then called "China Hall") Campbell would purchase in 1822 and make his home. After John Hungerford won election to the U.S. House of Representatives, Campbell ran for Hungerford's former seat in the Virginia Senate, and won re-election, thus representing Westmoreland and adjacent King George and Stafford counties until 1817, when John Hooe of King George county succeeded to the seat. Virginia legislators elected Campbell as a judge, and he adjudicated cases in the Northern Neck area until his death. A cradle Episcopalian, Campbell was also active in his church, despite its decline following its disestablishment by the Virginia General Assembly and ratification of that law by Virginia's highest court (then known as the Court of Appeals). After Campbell bought Kirnan in 1822, he was active in Cople parish. Although health problems of Virginia's bishop James Madison (also president of the College of William and Mary) also complicated Virginia Episcopalians' involvement in the national Episcopal Church, Campbell and Cople parish's rector attended the 1822 General Convention of the Episcopal Church. Personal life Campbell married twice. His first wife gave birth to one daughter before her death. On December 7, 1808, Campbell married Eliza Fergusen Murphy, who survived her husband by more than a decade. They had at least one son (another Archibald Campbell) and at least 5 daughters before his death. Death and legacy	2.171875
75626706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20H.%20Richardson	Bobby H. Richardson	Richardson's time in the Kentucky House of Representatives is notable for his collaboration with fellow representatives, such as George Street Boone, Nick Kafoglis, and Bill Kenton, among others, on improving the Kentucky General Assembly's legislative independence from the Governor of Kentucky. Allies in the Kentucky State Senate included Joe Wright, John M. Berry Jr., Mike Moloney, David Karem, Lowell Hughes, Danny Meyer, Ed O'Daniel, and John A. Rose, known collectively as the "Black Sheep Squadron," a reference to the television show Black Sheep Squadron. Prior to the election of John Y. Brown Jr. in 1979, along with Kenton's ascension to Speaker of the House of Representatives and Richardson's ascension to Majority Leader of the House of Representatives, the governor played a large role in the election of leadership and the prioritization of bills in both chambers of the General Assembly. Often, the governor used a series of quid pro quo agreements to guarantee leadership positions and opportunities for bills written by legislators to be heard, receiving votes on their own agenda in the process. Richardson and allies began their movement under the tenure of Governor Julian Carroll, but were unsuccessful. They used newly elected Governor Brown's "outsider" status and shallow involvement in Kentucky's political machine, relative to his predecessors, to launch a successful offensive to increase the legislative autonomy afforded to them by the sitting Governor.	2.0625
75626734	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20kiewkaensis	Caloplaca kiewkaensis	Similar species Caloplaca kiewkaensis is similar to the arctic species Austroplaca sibirica, but it differs in having a more developed thallus, larger and thicker apothecia with much darker discs, a higher hymenium, and a broader ascospore septum. It also shows similarities to C. letrouitioides but differs in having thicker, distinctly zeorine apothecia and a scleroplectenchymatous true exciple. The morphology of C. kiewkaensis is somewhat reminiscent of species in the genus Letrouitia but differs in having bipolar ascospores. Its hymenium and characteristics, particularly the presence of numerous oil droplets, are similar to Franwilsia bastowii and Caloplaca kilcundaensis from Australia but differ in apothecia thickness, thallus colour, and ascospore dimensions. Habitat and distribution At the time of its original publication, Caloplaca kiewkaensis had been found in several locations within the Primorsky region in the Russian Far East. Caloplaca kiewkaensis is found on the wood and bark of Quercus mongolica. It often coexists with other lichen species, including Opeltia flavorubescens.	2.15625
75626857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirinaria%20applanata	Dirinaria applanata	Dirinaria applanata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Caliciaceae. It has a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species, Parmelia applanata, by Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée in 1825. Dharani Dhar Awasthi transferred it to the Dirinaria in 1970. Chemistry Chemical analysis of Dirinaria applanata lead to the discovery of nine unique compounds. This includes a novel hopane derivative known as 1β-acetoxy-21α-hopane-3β,22-diol. Alongside this, researchers have identified six phenolic compounds: divaricatinic acid, methyl divaricatinate, methyl-β-orcinolcarboxylate, methyl haematommate, divarinol, and ramalinic acid A. Additionally, two xanthones, namely lichexanthone and 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone, were also isolated. Species interactions A fungus newly described in 2023, Cylindromonium dirinariae, was reported as a lichenicolous fungus with Dirinaria applanata as its host. This nectrioid fungus forms a pinkish colony with mainly solitary phialides producing ellipsoid, aseptate conidia in mucoid packets.	2.390625
75626871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebouxia%20gelatinosa	Trebouxia gelatinosa	Trebouxia gelatinosa is a common symbiotic species of green alga in the family Trebouxiaceae. Formally described as new to science in 1975, it is usually found in association with different species of lichen-forming fungi. Taxonomy The alga was originally isolated in 1960 by lichenologist Vernon Ahmadjian from the foliose lichen species now known as Flavoparmelia caperata. Patricia Archibald formally described the species in 1975. The alga was later found to be a in Anzia, another genus of foliose lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. Description Trebouxia gelatinosa is characterised by its vegetative cells which are typically spherical, though occasionally they may be oviform (egg-shaped). During the log phase of growth, these cells measure between 5 and 16 micrometres (μm) in diameter and are encased in walls that are 1 μm or less in thickness. As the cells enter the stationary phase of their growth cycle, they do not increase significantly in size, but instead develop a gelatinous sheath around each individual cell, measuring 1.5 to 2 μm in thickness. The chloroplast within these cells is notable for containing a single, angular, and central pyrenoid, which appears to be encircled by a continuous sheath of starch, and each cell is uninucleate, meaning it contains a single nucleus. The ultrastructure of the pyrenoids of most Trebouxia species has been catalogued and found to fall into eight different type based on the arrangements and forms of thylakoid lamellae within the pyrenoid matrix. The gelatinosa- type pyrenoids are traversed by thin parallel-arranged tubules. Knowing the pyrenoid structure sometimes enables the identification of some Trebouxia species in the lichen thallus without the need to culture the alga.	2.78125
75626891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloplaca%20akbarica	Caloplaca akbarica	Caloplaca akbarica, a species of lichen saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen described in 2002. Found in Tajikistan, it has a rosette-shaped, thallus, and apothecia that are distinctly . It was formally described as a new species in 2002 by the lichenologists Imomnazar Kudratov and Oleksandr Khodosovtsev. Description Caloplaca akbarica has a rosette-shaped thallus, expanding to 2–3 cm in size. The of this lichen are yellow to orange, flattened, thin, and range in length from 1.5 to 3 mm, with a width of 0.5 to 1.0 mm and a thickness of about 0.2 mm. These lobes widen towards the tips and are closely placed or overlapping without apparent fissures, covered with a yellowish . The central part of the thallus comprises smaller lobes, measuring 0.3–1.0 by 0.2–0.3 mm, which are flat to slightly convex, orange, and may have small fissures or cracks. The cortex consists of several layers of cells. Apothecia in C. akbarica are , measuring 0.5–1.0 mm in width, and numerous. They are sessile to constricted at the base and have a thick, bright yellow pruina. Initially, they develop as distinctly pruinose , contrasting with the orange thallus. The of the apothecia is concave to plane, covered with thick yellow pruina, and has a slightly margin. The cortex is paraplectenchymatous, measuring 20–25 μm thick. The is well developed and consists of slightly elongated large cells. The is yellow, about 7–10 μm high, and the hymenium is hyaline, measuring 70–95 μm in height. The is also hyaline, standing 48–60 μm tall. Asci contain eight spores, with ascospores being ellipsoid and measuring 10.7–16.8 by 5.1–9.6 μm, having septa (internal partitions) of 1.4–2.8 μm.	1.945313
75626909	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizocarpon%20timdalii	Rhizocarpon timdalii	Rhizocarpon timdalii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Rhizocarpaceae. Identified and described as a new species in 2002, this lichen is characterized by its brown thallus composed of convex . It occurs in Europe and North America. Taxonomy The species was formally described by the lichenologists Per Gerhard Ihlen and Alan Fryday in 2002. The type specimen of Rhizocarpon timdalii was collected near Sawbill Lake in Cook County, Minnesota, USA. This collection was made in a mixed conifer-hardwood forest near a lake, suggesting a preference for acidic rock habitats. The species epithet honours Einar Timdal of the University of Oslo for his contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Rhizocarpon. Description The thallus of Rhizocarpon timdalii is brown and , with each areole being convex. The apothecia are rounded and black, initially flat but become distinctly convex as they mature. The is coloured dark blue-green and reacts negatively to standard lichen spot tests. The is brown, and the hymenium is hyaline in the lower part, turning dark orange-brown to brown in the upper part. The are ellipsoid, eumuriform, and hyaline. Chemically, the thallus of Rhizocarpon timdalii does not react to standard lichen spot tests. It contains an unidentified fatty acid or lacks lichen products detectable by thin-layer chromatography. Habitat and distribution Rhizocarpon timdalii is found in both Europe and North America. In Europe, it prefers exposed, wet rocks, often near lakes. In North America, it is found in various forest types, including coniferous and mixed forests, often near lakes or coasts. Associated lichen species vary by region, including Acarospora species, Lecanora polytropa, and Rhizocarpon geographicum in North America, and Ephebe lanata, Lepraria neglecta, and Umbilicaria deusta in Nordic countries. The species has been recorded at elevations up to in Fennoscandia and up to in Wales, with a range extending to in the USA.	2.203125
75626928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Cerutti	Bill Cerutti	William Hector Cerutti (7 May 1909 – 3 July 1965) was an Australian rugby union international during the 1920s and 1930s. He was inducted into the Rugby Australia Hall of Fame in 2013. Biography Cerutti, known as "Wild Bill", was born and raised in Sydney. His father, an Italian immigrant, had his own woodturning business. Raised in the inner-city, Cerutti was educated at Newtown Public School and Central Technical High School, Ultimo. Initially a soccer player, he got started in grade rugby in 1925 at the YMCA club, making it into the first XV the following year. He made his New South Wales representative debut in 1927. A front-row forward, Cerutti was capped 21 times for Australia between 1928 and 1937. On the 1928 New South Wales tour of New Zealand, he featured in four matches which were retrospectively given Test status, as Australia's only representative team at that point in history. His actual Wallabies debut didn't come until the 1929 New Zealand tour of Australia. He was a permanent fixture in the Australian team until 1933, with sporadic appearances afterwards, before his international career was ended by his surprise omission from the 1939–40 tour of Britain and Ireland. Cerutti played a then record 247 first-grade games in Sydney rugby, bettering the previous record held by Cyril Towers. He spent his career with YMCA, Glebe-Balmain, Parramatta, Eastern Suburbs and St. George, before retiring in 1946.	2.234375
75626951	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikeing%20Well	Pikeing Well	The Pikeing Well, occasionally known as Lady Well, is a well in the city of York, in England. The well lies on New Walk, which runs along the east bank of the River Ouse, Yorkshire, running south from the city centre. The walk was laid out in the 1730s, as an attraction for visitors to the city. By the 1750s, mineral water spas were popular places to visit. York did not have mineral water springs, so the city council instead decided to commission a decorative wellhead over an existing well. It claimed that the water was useful for healing illness related to the eye. The wellhead was designed by John Carr of York, its form inspired by grottos. He reused Mediaeval stonework, which is sometimes said to have come from the chancel of All Saints' Church, but must have come from another source, as the chancel was not demolished until 1782. The commission was for £88 13 shillings, but Carr's fee was reduced by £25 in exchange for granting him the Freedom of the City. The building is small and rectangular, with a semicircular niche at the rear, and a round-headed door facing the river. It is built of a mixture of limestone and sandstone. There is a parapet, which incorporates a broken 12th-century capital. There is a barrel roof, now covered in asphalt. Inside, the floor is covered in flagstones, and in the centre is a stone-lined pool, with steps down to it. The well was closed by the Ministry of Health in 1929, at which time, an iron gate was placed over the pool. The building was Grade II* listed in 1954, and it was restored in 2000.	2.234375
75626982	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufourea%20angustata	Dufourea angustata	Dufourea angustata is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is widely distributed across Australia. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described in 2009 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt; they initially placed it as a member of genus Xanthoria. The type specimen was collected by the authors from rocky outcrops south of Batemans Bay in New South Wales. The species epithet angustata, derived from the Latin ("narrow"), alludes to the shape of the thallus . Description Dufourea angustata is a lichen that typically forms a reddish-orange to brick orange thallus, spanning 2–3 cm in width. It features narrow and distinct that often interconnect to form a net-like pattern. These lobes are usually 0.4–1 (up to 1.2) mm wide and 5–6 mm long, with frequent and irregular branching. Including the secondary , the lobes can reach up to 3.5 mm in width. The apothecia of Dufourea angustata are small, measuring 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Initially, they appear flat and (with a ) and later become slightly convex and (without a thalline margin). The apothecia are stipitate (having a stalk-like base) and constricted at the base. The cortex of the (the outer layer of the apothecium) is composed of densely packed, palisade-like cells and is up to 15 μm thick. The (the inner tissue layer of the apothecium) has a well-developed matrix, ranging from mesodermatous to somewhat in structure. The hymenium, or spore-bearing layer, is very pale yellow and measures up to 65 μm in height. The is about 15 μm thick. The paraphyses (filamentous structures in the hymenium) often have one or two uppermost cells containing oil droplets or oil cells and widen to about 5–6 μm in diameter. The asci (spore-bearing cells) typically contain eight spores. The ascospores are small and ellipsoid, measuring 7–12 by 5.5–6 μm, with a relatively narrow septum of about 3–4 μm. Habitat and distribution	2.296875
75626982	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufourea%20angustata	Dufourea angustata	Dufourea angustata is predominantly found in the coastal regions of Australia. It thrives on exposed and water-washed rocks such as schists, basalt, rhyolite, quartzite, and granite, particularly on outcrops and pebbles along the shoreline. Though less frequently, it can also be found on calcareous or limestone sea-cliffs and occasionally on man-made structures. It is rare for this species to grow on bark or dead wood, but such occurrences have been noted, for example, on the dead wood of Leptecophylla juniperina and the bark of dead Albizia lophantha. In its natural habitats, Dufourea angustata often coexists with other lichen species such as Xanthoria ligulata, Filsoniana kiamae, and various members of the Parmeliaceae, as well as other foliose lichens. This species is sometimes affected by lichenicolous fungi including Arthonia sytnikii, Pyrenidium actinellum, and Stigmidium species. Dufourea angustata is widely distributed across several regions in Australia, including Western Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, and Tasmania.	2.78125
75627033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaernefia%20kaernefeltii	Kaernefia kaernefeltii	Kaernefia kaernefeltii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is widely distributed in Australia. Taxonomy The species was first formally described by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, John Alan Elix, and Arne Thell. The type specimen was collected at the edge of Chittering Lake in Western Australia, where it was found growing on Melaleuca rhaphiophylla and Eucalyptus rudis. The species epithet honours the Swedish lichenologist Ingvar Kärnefelt. In 2013, Ulf Arup and colleagues transferred the taxon was to the newly circumscribed genus Kaernefia, in which it is the type species. Description Kaernefia kaernefeltii is characterised by a subtle and underdeveloped thallus, typically consisting of minute , warts, or granular-isidia formations. This thallus may appear orange, greenish-orange, or brownish-orange and occasionally presents large, reddish apothecia, which can be either sparsely scattered or densely aggregated. The thalline granules or warts are very small, measuring about 0.05–0.08 mm in width, and range in shape from flat to raised, sometimes clustering into larger formations up to 0.2 mm wide. These granules are typically , with a dull orange to greenish or brownish-orange colour. The soredia themselves are spherical, measuring around 25–30 μm in diameter, and match the colour of the thalline granules. In rare cases, a brownish is developed. The apothecia of Kaernefia kaernefeltii are notably distinctive, measuring 0.4–2 mm in diameter and 0.25–0.3 mm in thickness. They have a form, with a disc that is flat to somewhat concave and coloured in shades of red, rose, or brownish-red. The is quite thick, varying from to in form, and is often with a whitish tone, occasionally eroded, displaying colours ranging from rose to rose-yellow or greenish in shaded areas. This margin can be up to 0.4 mm wide.	2.046875
75627055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Library%20cyberattack	British Library cyberattack	Attack methods The Library stated that the attackers probably used a phishing, spear-phishing or brute-force attack facilitated by a compromise of third-party credentials as well as a lack of use of multi-factor authentication by third-party contractors. After gaining access, Rhysida used three methods to identify and copy the 600GB of documents during the attack, including personal details of Library users and staff. These were: A targeted attack that copied full sections of network drives of the Library's Finance, Technology and People teams, which made up 60% of all content copied. A keyword attack which scanned for files and folders that used sensitive keywords in their names, including 'passport' or 'confidential', which constituted 40% of the copied data and included files from corporate networks and personal drives used by staff. A hijacking of native utilities, which were than used to forcibly create backup copies of 22 databases of data including contact details of external users and customers. Furthermore, Rhysida and its affiliates destroyed servers to inhibit system recovery and forensic analysis.	2.28125
75627600	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena%20Combat	Arena Combat	Arena Combat is a closed-end, computer-moderated play-by-mail (PBM) gladiatorial combat game. History and development Arena Combat was a closed-end, computer-moderated PBM game of gladiatorial combat run by Schubel & Son of San Jose, California. Gameplay According to the publisher, Arena Combat was set in the world of The Tribes of Crane. Combat was in a "Roman-style" gladiatorial arena. Players customized fighters for personal combat by allocating limited points to character attributes such as strength, and precision. Players could also select weapons and equipment. Four helmets, nine armors and 23 different weapons were available. Combat took place over five rounds. Players recorded tactics choices on a computerized orders sheet. Reception and legacy Bob McLain reviewed the game in the November–December 1983 issue of Paper Mayhem. He stated that, given its focus, it would be "good for combat buffs, but probably won't hold anyone's attention for long". Richard Derham provided a review in the Summer–Fall 1984 issue of Gaming Universal. He thought it had potential but needed various revisions to reach full potential.	2.0625
75627653	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar%20Ejecta%20and%20Meteorites%20Experiment	Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment	Apollo 17 The LEAM experiment was deployed along with the rest of the ALSEP experiments near the Apollo 17 landing site in the Taurus-Littrow valley. The instrument was placed northeast of the ALSEP, away. The east sensor axis of the LEAM was aligned to a bearing of 025° to more readily capture interstellar dust particles. The instrument ran for 60 hours during the lunar day and 60 hours during the lunar night with the sensor covers in place to establish a baseline. After this calibration period, the covers were removed by a squib system. During the first attempt to operate the instrument for a full lunar day, the instrument experienced temperatures that far exceeded its design rating and meant the instrument had to be regularly turned off for short periods of time. An investigation by Bendix Corporation hypothesised that the instrument was absorbing a large amount of heat from the environment via the east sensor opening. The instrument continued operations with shutdown time during lunar noon (~8 Earth days) to protect its long-term functionality. As ALSEP was scheduled to be deactivated, the Principal Investigator requested for LEAM to operate through the whole lunar day. On July 8, 1976, the instrument started to overheat and by July 16, 1976, the instrument only returned static data. The instrument did not return any further data after this time. The instrument found that most of the mobile dust particles were low energy particles of lunar origin and detected no potential high energy interstellar dust particle candidates.	2.546875
75628159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilkolakis%20Theatre	Vilkolakis Theatre	Style The theatre incorporated elements of Lithuanian folklore, Italian commedia dell'arte, Russian cabaret (specifically in Saint Petersburg and La Chauve-Souris in Moscow). The performances combined elements of parody, caricature, grotesque, pantomime. However, the humor was rather crude and perhaps better described as buffoonery and farce. The performers wore exaggerated make up, performed comic tricks, and frequently improvised. In addition to entertaining and amusing performances, Vilkolakis prioritized the social and political commentary. According to theatre historian Antanas Vengris, Vilkolakis wanted to "play a fun game and at the same time tell the painful truth". However, besides general descriptions, Vilkolakis' plays received little attention from theatre historians. Many of the performances were improvised and not recorded making it impossible to recreate them. Of the scripted plays, only two plays were published, several survived in manuscripts, while many others were lost. Personnel The plays were directed by Antanas Sutkus. He was assisted by Vytautas Pranas Bičiūnas, , . Performers included , Potencija Pinkauskaitė, , , , , Elena Žalinkevičaitė-Petrauskienė. Musicians included and Balys Dvarionas. The theatre was supported by priest Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas who positively reviewed its plays in the press. For this, Tumas faced criticism from his superiors.	2.296875
75628565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeongwol%20Elementary%20School	Myeongwol Elementary School	Myeongwol Elementary School () is a former school and now cafe and gallery in Myeongwol-ri, Hallim-eup, Jeju City, Jeju Province, South Korea. The school operated as a local elementary school from 1955 until March 1993. After the school closed, the facilities were used for events and celebrations. In 2018, the local Myeongwol-ri Village Association acquired an interest-free loan to renovate the facilities. It was permanently converted into a cafe and gallery that maintained the original name of the school, as a tribute to its role in the community. It opened in September 2018, and has since become a popular tourist attraction. Each room is named as if it is a classroom; as an example, the cafe room is called "Coffee Class" (). Other rooms include a stationary store and a gallery. Nostalgic goods and candies from the times that the school operated are sold. Each Monday, a flea market is held on the facilities. Pop-up stores have been hosted in the building, with one from the company Polaroid being hosted in March 2022. Outside the main building, there is a garden and playground. Profits from building are used to improve the overall village. Gallery	1.976563
75628589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20B.%20Harwood	John B. Harwood	John B. Harwood (born January 14, 1952) is an American politician and lawyer in the state of Rhode Island. Biography Harwood was born in Providence in 1952 and attended Mount Saint Charles Academy where he played ice hockey and baseball, earning multiple all-state team selections in both, and twice winning the Interscholastic League scoring title in ice hockey. He earned degrees from University of Pennsylvania (BSc 1974), University of Miami (MBA 1976) and Boston College (J.D. 1978). Harwood also played collegiate hockey at the University of Pennsylvania where he served as captain and was selected for the All-Ivy hockey team. He briefly worked as professor at Nathaniel Hawthorne College in New Hampshire in the 1970s before practicing law in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Harwood married Patricia May Lynch and has two sons. A Democrat, Harwood was first elected to the Rhode Island House of Representatives in 1980, representing Pawtucket. He was chosen to serve as Speaker of the House from 1993, serving until 2002. He is a member of the Penn Baseball Hall of Fame, Rhode Island Hockey Hall of Fame and Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame.	2.046875
75628655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyaretaon%20negrosanon	Trachyaretaon negrosanon	Way of life and reproduction As with all Obrimini, the eggs, which are mm long, mm wide and high, are laid in the ground using the laying spine at the end of the abdomen (ovipositor) deposited at a depth of only . Their shell is mostly grey-brown. The upper quarter and operculum are dark gray to black and densely covered with short bristles. The micropylar plate has three wings, like in most Obrimini. The poterolateral wings are arched below and then strongly drawn upwards. Such upwardly curved side wings are otherwise only known from Trachyaretaon mangyan and Trachyaretaon tumandok. The micropyle lies in a notch in the lower middle wing. The nymphs hatch from the eggs after about three months. The almost white abdominal spot typical of the adult females can already be clearly seen on the otherwise bright green L1 nymphs. It still occurs here in both genders. The body surface of the younger nymphal stages is significantly spinier than that of the imagines. On the sides and middle of their abdominal segments there are large, triangular lobes that extend backwards. Males need five months and females around six months to become adults. Another five to six weeks later they begin laying eggs. Taxonomy	2.890625
75629083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20black-throated%20trogon	Northern black-throated trogon	Like most trogons, the northern black-throated has distinctive male and female plumages with soft colorful feathers. This relatively small species is about long and weighs . Adult males have a black face and throat with a pale blue ring of bare skin around their eye. They are metallic green on their crown, back, lesser wing coverts, and rump. Their uppertail coverts are bluish. Their flight feathers, primary coverts, and secondary coverts are various patterns of black and white. The upper side of their central pair of tail feathers is bluish with wide black tips. The next two pairs are similar with the addition of black inner webs. The outermost three pairs have black bases, white tips, and black and white bars between. The underside of their tail has black and white bars and a wide white tip. Their upper breast is metallic green and their lower breast and belly are yellow, sometimes with a thin white band below the upper breast. Adult females have mostly brown upperparts; their crown is darker and their rump and uppertail coverts lighter. Their face is brown with a whitish to pale blue ring of bare skin around their eye. Their primaries are mostly fuscous-black with a narrow white edge on their outer webs. Their secondaries and their greater and median coverts are copper with a dusky tinge. Their lesser wing coverts are black with brown tips. The upper side of their central pair of tail feathers is rufous-brown to chestnut with narrow black tips and a faint cinnamon-buff band between the colors. The next two pairs are black with rufous-brown edges. The outermost three pairs have black bases, white tips, and black and white bars between. The underside of their tail has black and white bars and a wide white tip. Their throat and upper breast are a paler brown than their back with a white band below the upper breast. Their lower breast and belly are yellow. Males have a mostly bright yellow to yellow-green bill; females' bills are highly variable from black with some yellow to dusky yellow with some black	2.703125
75629083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20black-throated%20trogon	Northern black-throated trogon	Most of the information about the northern black-throated trogon's breeding biology comes from Costa Rica. Its breeding season begins with nest cavity excavation as early as mid-February; egg laying can be as late as June and July near sea level. Both members of a pair excavate a nest cavity in a decaying tree or stump, siting it as high as above the ground. They make no nest but can leave some wood chips at the cavity bottom. The clutch is two slightly glossy white eggs. Both parents incubate the clutch, typically the male for much of the day and the female at night. The incubation period is about 18 days and fledging occurs 14 to 15 days after hatch. Both parents provision and brood the nestlings. Vocalization The northern black-throated trogon's song is "low, weak, mellow notes delivered in series of two or three, sometimes four, rarely up to six notes: cow cow or cow cow cow". The species' call is a "churr". Status The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has assessed the undivided black-throated trogon rather than separately assessing the northern black-throated trogon.	2.921875
75629123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrisius%20de%20Peche	Warrisius de Peche	Warrisius de Peche was one of the first generation of Norman colonisers in Ireland. In 1219, the Norman landowners, Warrisius de Peche, of the Manor of Lucan and Adam de Hereford, Lord of Leixlip, (Strongbow's right-hand man, and the Norman knight responsible for the construction of Leixlip Castle in 1172) granted to the brethren known as the order of the canons of St. Victor, the lands of St Katherine's, the Prior John Warrisius, Bishop of Meath Simon Rochfort and the Archbishop of Dublin Henry de Loundres are mentioned in the documents. Warrisius de Peche is referenced also in the in some books as a Norman landowner. Probably the son of Bishop Robert Peche, Dugdale and Banks claim that Robert of Peche (died 1126), medieval bishop of Coventry, had two sons, one of whom was the future Bishop of Lichfield, Richard Peche. The book History of Ireland of 1885, mentions him as lord of the lands of St. Catherine, with the knight Adam de Hereford and lord of Leixilip, with the nobleman John Warrisius (probable son of Warrisius de Peche) prior of St. Catherine and lord of Lucan. The book tells that they had to find six chaplains to celebrate the divine offices forever in St. Catherine's Priory, for the souls of all their ancestors. Citations	2.359375
75629170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choco%20black-throated%20trogon	Choco black-throated trogon	Distribution and habitat The Choco black-throated trogon is found in the Chocó–Magdalena region. Its range extends from the lower Magdalena River Valley west and then south along the Pacific slope of Colombia into northwestern Ecuador as far as Pichincha Province. It inhabits humid primary forest and mature secondary forest. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to in Ecuador and in Colombia. Behavior "Trogons and quetzals perch erectly with tail hanging downward, and they may remain motionless and quiet for protracted periods." (emphasis in original) Movement The Choco black-throated trogon is a year-round resident throughout its range. Feeding The Choco black-throated trogon feeds primarily on insects and also includes fruit in its diet. Nothing else is known about its diet or feeding behavior. Breeding Details of the Choco black-throated trogon's breeding biology are scarce. Its nesting season in Columbia includes at least February to May. It nests in a cavity it excavates in a decayed tree or stump. The few observed clutches were of two eggs. Both parents contribute to the excavation, clutch incubation, and nestling care. Other details are assumed to be similar to those of its formerly conspecific northern black-throated trogon, which see here. Vocalization Male trogons' song is "far-carrying and hollow...many more will be heard than seen". (emphasis in original) That of the Choco black-throated trogon is "a slow, regularly spaced series of 4–10, typically 7 nasal, overslurred coo notes". The species' call is a "churr". Status The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has assessed the undivided black-throated trogon rather than separately assessing the Choco black-throated trogon.	2.96875
75629198	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20black-throated%20trogon	Atlantic black-throated trogon	The Atlantic black-throated trogon (Trogon chrysochloros) is a bird in the family Trogonidae, the trogons and quetzals. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Taxonomy and systematics What is now the Atlantic black-throated trogon was long treated as one of six subspecies of the then "black-throated trogon" (Trogon rufus sensu lato). Starting in 2022, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (AOS), the International Ornithological Congress, and the Clements taxonomy split the black-throated trogon into four species, one of them being the Atlantic black-throated trogon. In this split Trogon rufus was renamed the Amazonian black-throated trogon. However, as of 2024 the North American Classification Committee of the AOS and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) have not recognized the split, retaining the six-subspecies black-throated trogon. The Atlantic black-throated trogon has two subspecies, the nominate T. c. chrysochloros (Pelzeln, 1856) and T. c. muriciensis (Dickens, Bitton, Bravo & Silviera, 2021). The latter had been proposed as a full species. The Atlantic black-throated trogon's specific epithet chrysochloros derives from the Greek / meaning gold, and / meaning green. Description	2.96875

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