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75629198	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20black-throated%20trogon	Atlantic black-throated trogon	The Atlantic black-throated trogon's breeding season in the southern part of the nominate subspecies' range includes at least October and November. Few nests are known, and only from Argentina. They were cavities excavated in decayed trees or stumps. The only known clutch was of three eggs. Both parents incubate the clutch and care for nestlings. The incubation period of the one clutch was at least 18 days; the time to fledging is not known. Other details of the species' nesting biology are assumed to be similar to those of its formerly conspecific northern black-throated trogon, which see here. Vocalization Male trogons' song is "far-carrying and hollow...many more will be heard than seen". (emphasis in original) The song of the nominate subspecies of Atlantic black-throated trogon is "a series of melancholic, monotonous notes delivered in series of four to eleven, but typically six or seven: pau pau pau pau pau pau". That of T. c. muriciensis is slower and has fewer notes. The species' call is a "churr". Status The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has assessed the undivided black-throated trogon rather than separately assessing the Atlantic black-throated trogon. "If the Alagoas population is eventually awarded species status, [as originally proposed]], then urgent conservation measures likely will be needed to ensure its survival. This population was already considered rare in 1986 and remains so to this day [2023]."	2.953125
75629393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jir%C3%B3n%20Ucayali	Jirón Ucayali	Jirón Ucayali is a major street in the Damero de Pizarro, located in the historic centre of Lima, Peru. The street starts at its intersection with the Jirón de la Unión and continues until it reaches Jirón Paruro. Its route extends to the west along Jirón Ica. Its last block is known as Capón Street, and is the location of the city's Chinatown. The street has numerous food businesses selling Asian products, chifas and tea rooms. History The road that today constitutes the street was laid by Francisco Pizarro when he founded the city of Lima on January 18, 1535. In 1862, when a new urban nomenclature was adopted, the road was named jirón Ucayali, after the Department of Ucayali. Prior to this renaming, each block (cuadra) had a unique name: Block 1: Plateros de San Pedro, after its function as mandated by Vicreroy Francisco de Toledo: it was the location of silversmiths that worked with gold and silver. Block 2: Villalta. Block 3: San Pedro, after the convent of the same name. Block 4: Estudios, after a study room of the Jesuit Church of San Pablo. Block 5: Zavala, after the noble family of the same name. Block 6: Capón Primera, for reasons unknown. Originally one street, it was divided into two in 1911 under the government of Guillermo Billinghurst. Block 7: Capón Segunda, now simply known as Capón Street. The "exercise house" of the Sacred Heart was inaugurated in 1725, originally occupying the finca inherited by María Fernández de Córdova y Sande from her father, Lorenzo Fernández de Córdova y Sande, and the building next door (destroyed by the 1746 earthquake). Also located in the street is the Palacio de Goyeneche, a 959.20 m2 two-storey building that dates back to the 1760s–1770s once leased to the Seminario de Lima and auctioned two years later to Colonel . It was remodeled in 1863 by architect under the Doric order. It was ultimately acquired by the Banco de Crédito del Perú in 1971.	1.992188
75629608	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Vi%E1%BB%87t%20War	Ming–Việt War	The rapid conquest of Đại Ngu in 1406–1407 was a unique event in the history of Sino-Vietnamese conflicts from the 10th to the 20th century. Unlike previous conflicts where Vietnam successfully defended its independence, this time they were unable to do so. Despite careful preparations since 1401, several factors led to the collapse of the Viet defense. On the defenders' side, there was a strong aversion to the new dynasty, low morale, and poor leadership by Hồ Quý Ly. On the other hand, the attackers had capable generals, particularly Zhang Fu, and well-equipped Ming armies with superior firearms and artillery. These weapons were particularly effective against both Viet infantry and elephants, which had been a formidable force in the past. The Ming artillery also played a crucial role in defeating the Viet fleet in river battles. Ming province Đại Ngu became a part of the Ming dynasty as the Jiaozhi Province, on equal footing with the other provinces. The province was divided into 41 sub-prefectures and 208 counties. The province was led by former minister Huang Fu, but his relationship with the Ming court was problematic. An administration was established, consisting of both Chinese and Viet officials. Future officials were educated in Confucian schools taught by Chinese teachers. The population was subject to taxes and labor duties similar to those in China. Colonies of hereditary soldiers were also formed, but they were unable to produce enough food to sustain the army stationed in Jiaozhi. As a result, food, weapons, and equipment had to be imported from China at a high cost. In contrast, the Viet experts were sent to China, with 7,600 merchants and craftsmen being sent to Nanjing in 1407. Additionally, the Viet eunuch Nguyễn An played a major role in designing the new Ming capital of Beijing.	2.875
75629608	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Vi%E1%BB%87t%20War	Ming–Việt War	Now the army of Lê Lợi had strengthened and was not inferior in weaponry to the Ming forces. The army was largely composed of Viet soldiers led by Chinese officers. In the winter, Lê Lợi attacked the Ming garrisons and defeated them in several battles, causing the Ming forces to lose tens of thousands of soldiers. In January 1427, the emperor decided to send strong reinforcements to Jiaozhi, appointing Liu Sheng as their commander. At the same time, he sent Huang Fu to Jiaozhi. In April 1427, after a months-long siege, the Viets captured the fortress of Xương Giang. This victory marked a turning point in the war–a shift from guerrilla tactics to a regular army capable of openly confronting the enemy. In September 1427, when Liu Sheng's army of 150,000 men approached the borders, Lê Lợi unexpectedly sent a message to the Ming court, proposing to recognize Trần Cảo, a descendant of the Trần dynasty, as the ruler of Đại Việt if the Chinese guaranteed autonomy. A few days later, Liu Sheng's army was defeated and lost 70,000 men. Wang Tong then agreed to Lê Lợi's terms and began to retreat to China. The Ming court only learned of Lê Lợi's offer on 16 November, a month after Liu Sheng's defeat. The ministers were still divided in their opinions on the conflict, but the emperor accepted Lê Lợi's proposal to restore the Trần dynasty and in the first months of 1428, both the military and civilian personnel of the Ming court left Jiaozhi. However, after his victory, Lê Lợi informed the Chinese envoys that Trần Cảo had died and he would rule alone. He also refused to repatriate the remaining Chinese soldiers and officials.	2.90625
75629996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald%20Hamilton%20Rutherford	Archibald Hamilton Rutherford	Archibald Hamilton Rutherford (1811 – December 8, 1888) was a public official, state legislator, and Treasurer of Arkansas. Political career In 1837 he succeeded Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives John Wilson who was expelled after killing J. J. Anthony. He was subsequently elected to two terms. In 1858, he and William M. Gouge, state accountants, prepared a report on the State Bank of Arkansas for Arkansas governor Elias Conway. In 1860 he was Superintendent of the Arkansas State Penitentiary. He was a state official charged with confiscating land and property during the Civil War. After the war he suffered the economic loss of those he enslaved being freed and property losses to pay taxes. He moved several times. Journalist career He was an editor of the Arkansas Democratic Banner. He was put in charge of the Arkansas Banner in Little Rock, a Democratic Party publication promoting its interests in competition with the Whigs. In 1866 he was an editor of the Tri-Weekly News in Little Rock. Personal life Rutherford lived in Sebastian County, Arkansas. Sandford C. Faulkner was a guest at his home in Fort Smith and Rutherford was friends with Edward Payson Washburn. He kept a journal of some of his travels including to parts of Texas.	1.984375
77238083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buq%20Buq%20labor%20camp	Buq Buq labor camp	The labor camp at Buq Buq was a forced labor camp for Libyan Jews, operated by Italy between August and November 1942 at the Egyptian-Libyan border in Buq Buq () in Egypt's Matrouh Governorate. The camp was established in the context of the Axis occupation of Egypt in World War II. Buq Buq's 350 prisoners were exclusively Libyan Jewish men between the ages of 18 and 45, mostly from Tripoli and the surrounding area, who were transferred to Buq Buq from the Libyan Sidi Azaz labor camp. Selection of prisoners and establishment The 350 Sidi Azaz laborers at Buq Buq were selected by Moshe Hadad, a Jewish engineer from Tripoli who acted as the senior overseeing prisoner (). Hadad had also overseen the transfer of Jews to Sidi Azaz and ensured that no heads of families were deported to labor. The selection process was conducted entirely by Jews, without Italian involvement, which Rachel Simon writes made the ordeal easier for the Jews. The camp opened at the end of August 1942, and the prisoners were sent to Buq Buq to build and repair roads to transport supplies for Axis forces between Cyrenaica and Egypt. Life in the camp The camp was operated under the command of the commandant of Sidi Azaz, and had no permanent guard force, with an Italian military doctor being the only permanent official at the camp. The prisoners were poorly supervised, with the commandant visiting the camp to inspect it only once every few weeks. Although the camp had no fence, escape was impossible due to its location, with a road heavily trafficked by Axis troops on one side and the desert on the other.	2.25
77238231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchasnist	Suchasnist	Suchasnist (; also written as Sučasnist) was a Ukrainian monthly literary and artistic journal published from 1961 to 2013. Founded by members of the Ukrainian diaspora in Munich, West Germany, Suchasnist was frequently smuggled into the Soviet Union and it was generally regarded as one of the preeminent magazines of Ukraine's emerging nationally-conscious population. Following the 1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution and the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine Suchasnist moved its operations to the city of Kyiv. There, it continued to exert significant cultural influence despite financial difficulties until it eventually permanently closed in 2013. History Suchasnist was founded by a group of Munich-based intellectuals from the Ukrainian diaspora in January 1961. It combined two existing publications, and . Although it was closely connected to the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council, a committee comprising members of the far-right Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, the editorial staff of Suchasnist took an apolitical stance and included diverse public opinions from Ukrainian and Western authors.	2.21875
77238550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe%20and%20Secure%20Innovation%20for%20Frontier%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20Models%20Act	Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act	In May 2023, hundreds of tech executives and AI researchers signed a statement on AI risk of extinction, which read "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war." It received signatures from the two most-cited AI researchers, Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Bengio, along with industry figures such as OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, Google DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis, and Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei. Many other experts thought that existential concerns were overblown and unrealistic, as well as a distraction from the near-term harms of AI, for example discriminatory automated decision making. Famously, Sam Altman strongly requested AI regulation from Congress at a hearing the same month. Several technology companies have made voluntary commitments to conduct safety testing, for example at the AI Safety Summit and AI Seoul Summit. Governor Newsom of California and President Biden issued executive orders on artificial intelligence in 2023. State Senator Wiener said SB 1047 draws heavily on the Biden executive order, and is motivated by the absence of unified federal legislation on AI safety. California has previously legislated on tech issues, including consumer privacy and net neutrality, in the absence of action by Congress. History The bill was originally drafted by Dan Hendrycks, co-founder of the Center for AI Safety, who has previously argued that evolutionary pressures on AI could lead to "a pathway towards being supplanted as the Earth's dominant species." The center issued a statement in May 2023 co-signed by Elon Musk and hundreds of other business leaders stating that "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority alongside other societal-scale risks such as pandemics and nuclear war."	2.046875
77238550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe%20and%20Secure%20Innovation%20for%20Frontier%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20Models%20Act	Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act	Public opinion polls The Artificial Intelligence Policy Institute, a pro-regulation AI think tank, ran three polls of California respondents on whether they supported or opposed SB 1047. A YouGov poll commissioned by the Economic Security Project found that 78% of registered voters across the United States supported SB 1047, and 80% thought that Governor Newsom should sign the bill. A David Binder Research poll commissioned by the Center for AI Safety, a group focused on mitigating societal-scale risk and a sponsor of the bill, found that 77% of Californians support a proposal to require companies to test AI models for safety risks, and 86% consider it an important priority for California to develop AI safety regulations. On the other hand, the California Chamber of Commerce has conducted its own poll, showing that 28 % of respondents supported the bill, 46 % opposed, and 26 % were neutral. The framing of the question has however been described as "badly biased". SB 1047 Governor Veto Governor Gavin Newsom vetoed SB 1047 on September 29, 2024, citing concerns over the bill's regulatory framework targeting only large AI models based on their computational size, while not taking into account whether the models are deployed in high-risk environments. Newsom emphasized that this approach could create a false sense of security, overlooking smaller models that might present equally significant risks. He acknowledged the need for AI safety protocols but stressed the importance of adaptability in regulation as AI technology continues to evolve rapidly. Governor Newsom also committed to working with technology experts, federal partners, and academic institutions, including Stanford University's Human-Centered AI (HAI) Institute, led by Dr. Fei-Fei Li. He announced plans to collaborate with these entities to advance responsible AI development, aiming to protect the public while fostering innovation.	1.992188
77239143	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%20Chambers%20Suites	Maxwell Chambers Suites	Description The four-storey building has a 528 ft-long frontage, with 570 ft corridors on every floor. It features timber louvre windows, with those at its rear being "designed to be smaller than usual, located higher on the walls, and sheltered with a canopy hood." It was designed as a safety precaution against fires, as the communal kitchens were located at the rear of the building. Its exterior also features pediments with ornamental plasterwork and floral patterns, as well as drainpipes and gutters made of cast iron, which were manufactured by Walter MacFarlane & Co. of Scotland. The building also includes four "open-to-sky" courtyards. After the Red Dot Design Museum was established within the building, a concrete-slab roof was built over the courtyards. This was removed after the museum vacated the building. The doors and vents of the building were made with timber, with glazed glass having since been installed into around half of the doors to "make them more appropriate for office use". It is currently painted with "white mineral silicate paint compatible with the historic brick walls." History	2
77239208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian%20campaign%20%281646%E2%80%931647%29	Bavarian campaign (1646–1647)	The city fell to the Swedes, who destroyed all of the fortifications until March. The plunder taken from the city was very rich, amounting to 40 barrels of gold. The amount taken was also "more than the Swedish army had taken before." The reason for there being so many valuables is mainly because many nobles and bishops throughout upper Swabia had sought refuge in the city and took their valuables with them. Wrangel would then claim the title "Admiral of Lake Constance" which was likely a mocking retaliation for the appointment of Wallenstein as "General of the Oceanic and Baltic Seas" in 1628. However, there was some substance to the title, as Wrangel had captured 13 ships that were stationed in Bregenz, which he rearmed for operations on the Lake Constance. With this new fleet, Wrangel managed to capture the island of Mainau in February 1647. He also attempted, but ultimately failed, to capture Lindau. In opposition to the Swedish fleet on Lake Constance, Imperial vessels also sailed in it, actively engaging in fighting with the Swedes throughout 1647. Aftermath In spring of 1647, Maximilian of Bavaria asked for a truce, and in March he signed together with the Elector of Cologne, the Truce of Ulm between him and Sweden, France, and Hesse–Kessel. Wrangel and Turenne would then suspend their operations in Bavaria.	2.65625
77239406	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agladrillia%20nakazaense	Agladrillia nakazaense	Agladrillia nakazaense is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae. Description The length of the shell attains , its diameter . (Original description) The shell is medium to moderately inflated with rounded whorls. The protoconch is missing in the type specimen. The aperture is less than half the length of the shell and extends anteriorly to form a short, well-defined siphonal canal. The parietal callus is thin except for a small bulge adjacent to the anal sinus. The sculpture consists of moderately heavy axial ribs, about 5 to 6 visible from an angle, crossed by narrow but sharp raised threads. These threads are somewhat narrower on the subsutural slope and often have secondary threads on the lower part of the columella. The anal fasciole is not distinct because the axial ribs reach nearly to the subsutural collar, and the collar dips gently between the axial ribs. Distribution This extinct marine species was found in Miocene or Pliocene strata on Okinawa, Japan.	2.0625
77239534	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph%20Martin%20von%20Degenfeld	Christoph Martin von Degenfeld	Christoph Martin Freiherr von Degenfeld (1599–1653) was a German military commander who served the Habsburgs, Sweden and France (1634–1640) during the Thirty Years War, and the Republic of Venice during the Cretan War against the Ottoman Empire. The descendant of an old Swabian noble family, he was orphaned at a young age but received an excellent education at German universities, before beginning his military career in 1621 in the Habsburg army. As a cavalry commander he distinguished himself in Habsburg service under Wallenstein and Tilly, being promoted, knighted, and restored to his family's old title of . With his regiment disbanded and his older brothers dying without offspring, Degenfeld left military service in 1630 to devote himself to his family estates. In 1632 he entered Swedish service and raised two cavalry regiments, serving with distinction but falling out with the Swedes before the Battle of Nördlingen, after which he lost all his estates to the victorious Habsburg forces. Degenfeld left with his family for France, where he was soon appointed as commander-in-chief of all foreign cavalry regiments. Again he served with distinction, before court intrigues forced him to abandon French service in 1642. He then entered Venetian service, and fought in Dalmatia against the Ottoman Empire. His six sons also followed a military or courtly career, while his daughter Loysa was the morganatic second wife of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine.	2.078125
77239534	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph%20Martin%20von%20Degenfeld	Christoph Martin von Degenfeld	Degenfeld arrived at Venice on 14 December 1642. At the time, Venice was embroiled in the conflict around possession of the Duchy of Castro, supporting the claims of Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma, against Pope Urban VIII. Degenfeld assumed the post of general of the cavalry in the Venetian army led by the Giovanni Pesaro. The war was not especially resolutely pursued by either side, and the Venetian army was not involved in major combat before the conflict was finally ended with French mediation in 1644, whereupon the Venetians quickly disbanded their forces. After the war concluded, Degenfeld was sent both Imperial and French offers to return to their employ; given that his contract with Venice ran until 1649, Degenfeld refused. Shortly after, in June 1645, the war with the Ottoman Empire broke out, which allowed Degenfeld to show his skill and cement his military reputation. The Venetian Leonardo Foscolo was sent as for Dalmatia and Venetian Albania, with Degenfeld as a professional soldier at his side. Although starved of resources and men and confounded by the suspicious and parsimonious Venetian administration, the two men would prove to be capable and resolute, and exploited the geography of the region to its advantage: the coastal towns and fortresses were linked into a network of strongpoints, that could be reinforced at any time with troops and heavy artillery by sea to counter any Ottoman attacks, thanks to Venice's undisputed mastery of the Adriatic.	2.59375
77239607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20occupation%20of%20West%20Sumatra	Japanese occupation of West Sumatra	In December 1941, the Japanese 14th Army, under the command of Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō, successfully defeated U.S. military forces on Luzon Island, facilitating the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Concurrently, the Imperial Japanese Navy, in cooperation with the Japanese 25th Army for intelligence sharing, sank the British battleships Prince of Wales and Repulse in Singaporean waters on December 10, 1941. The defeat of the British naval forces significantly weakened British defenses and morale in the region, enabling Japanese forces to advance on British-controlled Malaya with relative ease, with much of the British Pacific Fleet unreinforced until March 1942 and withdrawn to Ceylon and scattered across the Dutch East Indies. Following these operations, the 16th Army, led by Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura, and the 25th Army, under the command of General Yamashita Tomoyuki, began their sights to take control of Indonesia. From its intelligence reports, the Netherlands was well aware of Japan's intention to expand its influence to Indonesia. Therefore, the Dutch tried to organize a limited militia, including education such as the Military Academy in Breda and the formation of Vaandrigs. Sumatra itself hosted the second-largest concentration of Dutch East Indies troops, following Java. The island's defense was overseen by Major General Roelof T. Overakker, who served as the commander of the Sumatra High Command. Approximately 4,500 KNIL (Royal Netherlands East Indies Army) soldiers, including both garrison and militia forces, were stationed on the island.	2.625
77239607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20occupation%20of%20West%20Sumatra	Japanese occupation of West Sumatra	In January 1942, there were notably two Japanese flying boat attacks on the city of Padang. The first attack was carried out by a flying boat by dropping only one bomb in front of Padang station, near the railroad workshops. This was the first bombing to ever occur in West Sumatra. The second attack in January was also launched by seven Japanese flying boats over the port of Emmahaven. After a few circles over the city of Padang, the flying boats dropped bombs on ships at anchor in the docks and warehouses were also targeted. As a result, about three large ships were sunk, parts of the warehouses and wharves were burned, and the bridge for loading coal onto ships was damaged. By February 1942, as part of their preparations for war, the Dutch organized various auxiliary and militia units to support the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL). These included the Stadswacht, Landswacht, and Luchtbeschermingsdienst (LBD), alongside other militia preparations. The Stadswacht was responsible for localized protection in larger towns, focusing on maintaining order and guarding critical areas. Similarly, the Landwacht was established on estates, consisting of estate personnel tasked with defending their properties and, if required, assisting neighboring estates. Additionally, other auxiliary and conscript units were formed, such as the Landstorm, a militia comprising Europeans over the age of 32. However such preparations were insufficient when the Japanese arrived, as efforts to form groups such as the Vernielingscorps (designed to implement a scorched-earth policy), Militieplicht (a militia obligation meant to maintain Dutch control), and organizations like Landswacht, Staatswacht, and Hulppolitie received little support from the public. Only civil servants under duress showed minimal compliance.	2.59375
77239607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20occupation%20of%20West%20Sumatra	Japanese occupation of West Sumatra	Direct control over Information Press Before the war, the press in Indonesia had experienced significant growth despite operating under the restrictive "rubber laws" imposed by the colonial government. However, during the Japanese occupation, this progress was severely disrupted and practically halted. Prior to the Japanese arrival, Padang had several active dailies: Persamaan, the only national daily in West Sumatra; Sinar Sumatera; the Malay/Chinese Dagblad Radio; and Sumatra Bode, the only Dutch-language newspaper in the region. However, Sinar Sumatera and Sumatra Bode disbanded just days before Japanese forces entered Padang, leaving only Persamaan and Dagblad Radio, both of which faced significant challenges. Cut off from global news, they could no longer rely on the Dutch news agency Aneta, which had ceased operations, nor did the Japanese Dōmei Tsushin agency have a branch in the area. Controlled by various difficulties and shortcomings, the national daily Persamaan, with Marah Nurdin as its director, struggled steadfastly and tenaciously to survive. The Japanese soon took issue with the remaining publications, particularly Persamaan, which had published a report about local men who collaborated with the Japanese secret service, openly wearing an "F" on their sleeves to signify their allegiance. These individuals were known to exploit their positions, often seizing property and even robbing village treasuries, with one robbing a Wali Nagari's safe, under the guise of loyalty to Japan. As editor-in-chief, Mulkan was accused of defaming the Japanese army, leading to an immediate ban on both remaining newspapers until they were reviewed by authorities. This marked the first censorship imposed by the new Japanese administration.	2.453125
77239607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20occupation%20of%20West%20Sumatra	Japanese occupation of West Sumatra	Before the outbreak of World War II, Sumatra had only one radio transmitter, operated by the Dutch in Medan. However, after the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in March 1942, the Japanese military established several additional radio studios and transmitters in strategic locations across Sumatra. Most notably in Bukittinggi, utilizing low-power transmitters. As the war intensified, with battles escalating on land, sea, and air, the Japanese sought to strengthen their propaganda efforts. The Bukittinggi studio was designated as the central broadcasting hub for Sumatra, known in Japanese as Sumatora Chūō Hōsō Kyoku (Sumatra Central Broadcasting Bureau). In September 1944, the Japanese constructed the largest radio transmitter on the island of Sumatra, intending to use it as a way to serve as a propaganda tool to raise the spirits of the people and garner support for the Japanese war effort. The new central transmitter with a power of 1.5 kW was inaugurated in Bukittinggi, alongside the older, smaller transmitter. This central transmitter coordinated and distributed programs to regional stations for relay at scheduled times. In anticipation of possible air raids, the Japanese military also constructed large bomb shelters to protect the radio infrastructure and personnel.	2.625
77239607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20occupation%20of%20West%20Sumatra	Japanese occupation of West Sumatra	Due to wartime circumstances, broadcasting schedules were frequently adjusted to align with the prevailing military situation. Daily communication between the central studio in Bukittinggi and regional studios was required to disseminate updates and implement changes. To control information, the Japanese authorities did not publicly announce the frequencies of the Bukittinggi transmitters, and all radio receivers were sealed to only receive broadcasts from Bukittinggi. Similarly, in other regions, it was prohibited to tune into any foreign broadcasts, particularly those from Allied forces. Even studio personnel were forbidden from accessing enemy broadcasts to prevent the spread of counter-propaganda. As Bukittinggi was the center of Japanese military administration in Sumatra, the broadcasting strategy of the central Bukittinggi studio was dictated by the Japanese military government through its propaganda office (Sendenbu). The studio head received daily instructions from Sendenbu, which guided all technical and editorial decisions. Broadcasts were divided into two categories; Japanese-language broadcasts and Indonesian-language broadcasts. When simultaneous bilingual broadcasts were needed, Japanese broadcasts took precedence. According to the Indonesian Department of Information, the overarching goals of Japanese propaganda were: To secure Indonesian support for Japan's Greater East Asia War (Dai Tōa Sensō). To instill confidence in Japan's victory over Allied forces. To promote Shōwa Statism as a superior ideologue to democracy. To encourage the use of the Japanese language. To integrate Japanese culture into Indonesian society.	2.546875
77239607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20occupation%20of%20West%20Sumatra	Japanese occupation of West Sumatra	When the locals of Padang ventured out early morning, well-armed Japanese troops were seen on the streets of Padang, occupying strategic locations. Some were on foot, while others were on bicycles. Initially, there was no display of fear; many even greeted the soldiers with gratitude. Shortly thereafter, the city saw an influx of people from neighboring areas who wanted to observe the newly arrived Japanese troops. The arrival of the Japanese army in Padang was initially hailed by the people, who chanted "Merdeka!" (Freedom), "Banzai!", and "Long live Japan!". The people had been convinced that the Japanese were coming to liberate the nation from the rule of Western Imperialism. The Japanese invoked the slogan of "Asia for Asians" as a liberator of Asia from imperialism. However, the situation soon changed, and tensions increased as the soldiers began to arrest people and confiscate bicycles. Anyone who attempted to resist was met with physical force. Consequently, people started hiding possessions that might attract a soldiers' attention. Watching how the soldiers act, many began to have the courage to rob the contents of Dutch and Chinese houses in remote isolated events. This later spiraled uncontrollably into forming a "bumi angkat" movement across the region, with many justifying their act as revenge. Dutch residences were ransacked and looted, and violence, including murder, became inevitable. The Chinese community, which had been seen as favored by the Dutch, became another target for the people's wrath. In every city in West Sumatra, the Chinese quarters, which were both residential and commercial hubs, were attacked, as few Dutch remained in the area. Chinese shops were looted and destroyed, and in some cases, killings occurred. The term "Cina Mengamuk" emerged during this time, as the Chinese community retaliated in an attempt to defend themselves against the attacks.	2.578125
77239607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20occupation%20of%20West%20Sumatra	Japanese occupation of West Sumatra	Initially exiled to Bengkulu for his disruptive political activities, Sukarno was marched, bussed, and trucked to Padang with the intention of transporting him to Australia to be kept as a prisoner. Sukarno was supposed to be transported further by ship, but it was rumoured that the ship broke up near Enggano island, with no other means of transportation were available. When word spread about the impending Japanese landings in Padang, the Dutch abandoned Sukarno to save themselves. Dutch resistance eventually collapsed across West Sumatra as reports of Japanese landings arrived not only in Padang, West Sumatra, but also across the East Indies archipelago. After the Dutch failed to take Sukarno to Australia, he was stuck in West Sumatra for a period of three to five months, from February 1942 to July 1942. Hizbul Wathan members, an Islamic scouts association associated with Muhammadiyah at the time based out of Ganting, went to retrieve Sukarno and bring him to Padang by cart, later being held under the protection of the local Japanese garrisons stationed in the cities and villages of Sumatra mistaking him for a local town figure. Initially, the Japanese had files on Sukarno and decided that his return to Java was necessary to stabilize Indonesia. This decision was explicitly made and arranged by the Japanese 16th Army Headquarters after receiving numerous letters from Indonesian youths and student groups requesting the Army to find Sukarno and allow him to return to Java. However, during the first months of occupation, the Military Administration in Djakarta had no clue about his whereabouts, prolonging his stay in West Sumatra. In an attempt to locate Sukarno, the commander of the Japanese army in the city of Padang, Major Itoh, asked a liaison named Jahja Djalil to deliver Captain Sakaguchi to Sukarno. Jahja Djalil had previously established contacts with the Japanese Consulate in Batavia on behalf of the Harian Persamaan newspaper in Padang as tensions rose in the Pacific.	2.390625
77239607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20occupation%20of%20West%20Sumatra	Japanese occupation of West Sumatra	Women under the occupation During the Japanese occupation, many West Sumatran women were victims of Japanese army violence, especially sexual exploitation. Acts of violence against women have occurred since the first days of the Japanese army's arrival. The rules of values that respect women were violated by acts such as coercion, kidnapping, and rape, to forcibly making comfort women or Jugun ianfu. Japan could no longer bring in comfort women from their own country so instead, Japan made a policy to force women to serve as comforters for the needs of its soldiers in the brothels they set up. A government directive issued in 1938 stipulated that every battalion should have access to brothels, so that Japanese soldiers could concentrate on the war. Local leaders sought ways to protect Minangkabau women from coercion, as Minangkabau culture holds women in high regard within its social structure and is one of the world's largest matrilineal societies. In 1942, while in Padang, Sukarno discussed with several ulama and gave permission to practice prostitution for Japanese soldiers. "Solely as an emergency measure, in order to protect our girls, I intend to make use of the prostitutes in this area. In this way, foreigners can satisfy their desires and the girls should not be disturbed, "explained Sukarno. The granting of this permit is marked by the existence of brothels in several places in West Sumatra such as Padang, Bukittinggi, and Payakumbuh. Generally, sex workers come from non-West Sumatran women, most of them come from women who were brought by the Dutch to work and their lives were neglected. Sukarno acknowledged that it was his administrative act as the de-jure leader of the Indonesian people. He congratulated himself on "simultaneously enhancing the women's income, sating the lust of the invaders, and thereby protecting virtuous Minangkabau maidens."	2.71875
77239607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20occupation%20of%20West%20Sumatra	Japanese occupation of West Sumatra	During his tenure as Governor of West Coast Sumatra, Yano established the Kerukunan Minangkabau (Gui Gan) as a consultation body between himself and Minangkabau leaders. The Kerukunan Minangkabau was established by Yano on 1 October 1942. Kerukunan Minangkabau met regularly at the governor's residence. Represented from each district, subdistrict, head of nagari, head of adat, scholars, youth, and the intelligentsia, its members consisted of 10 to 20 people. Its members were representatives of ulama, politicians, traditional leaders (including datuks), and academics who acted as an informal advisory board to the shūchōkan. Gusti Asnan referred to Kerukunan Minangkabau as the early House of Representatives (DPR). When the 25th Army Command issued an order for the establishment of a regional representative councils () in each shū on 8 November 1943 for the Central Advisory Council, the civilian government of West Sumatra continued the existing Kerukunan Minangkabau as a Shū Sangi-kai and Muhammad Sjafei was appointed chairman, supported by the 25th Army The primary distinction in its new form as a Shū Sangi-kai was its formal integration into the government apparatus and the expansion of membership, which now included 20 to 30 members, with the Japanese carefully balancing the representation of pergerakan (popular movements, both political and religious) with that of the pamong praja (civil administration) and keradjaan (traditional rulers). Within the council, Yano Kenzo allowed and even insisted on sending criticism of any policy enacted by the local Japanese government for insight in governance, unheard-of within occupied Asia. Some prominent figures of West Sumatra who became its members were Chatib Sulaiman, Dt. Majo Urang, Syekh Jamil Jambek, Fachruddin H.S. Dt. Majoindo and Darwis Dt. Majolelo. Meeting twice a year, the Shū Sangi-kai also answers a list of politically innocuous questions by the shūchōkan.	2.328125
77239607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20occupation%20of%20West%20Sumatra	Japanese occupation of West Sumatra	Within a year of the occupation, the Japanese shifted the focus of their policy from consolidating power and controlling the occupied areas in Southeast Asia to preparing to defend the region from Allied attack. Sumatra with its rich oil fields in Palembang and North Sumatra was particularly important in this regard. Strategically, Sumatra was also considered important due to its geographical position facing the Indian Ocean, especially the northern part of Sumatra's West Coast being the most vulnerable area from the two allied attacks of India and Ceylon. To implement these objectives, it was necessary to guarantee security and order from physical force, violence, and political conciliation. Admiral Nakamura, a high-ranking officer of the Imperial Japanese Navy, once remarked, "Retreat from Sumatra means losing the entire East Indies." From mid-1943, the Japanese strategic plan anticipated an Allied counter-attack from Ceylon through the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Japanese military implemented a multi-layered defense strategy in Sumatra, focusing on coastal, lowland, and highland defenses. Facilities were constructed using local materials and natural features. For example, in Padang and Gunung Pangilun, defensive installations included bunkers and pillboxes strategically positioned along the coastline to prevent Allied amphibious landings. These structures utilized natural rock formations and materials such as reinforced concrete and coconut logs to withstand air raids and blend into the environment. These structures still exist today as the Mount Pangilun Japanese Bunker. Gun emplacements were also installed at key points, including the Mentawai Islands, which served as a forward defensive line. Consequently, the defense of Sumatra centered around the west coast, particularly the northwest coast, and on the islands of Nias and Sabang. Sumatra was then divided into four main military operational areas, each supported by its respective local garrison	2.90625
77239916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamashiro%20Market	Tamashiro Market	Tamashiro Market is a family-run seafood market located in Downtown Honolulu on North King Street for over 60 years. It was founded by Walter Tamashiro after a tsumani hit Hilo in 1946, where the Tamashiro family previously lived. Fresh fish sales are 75 percent of the market's business. The market also sells prepared poké, fish jerky, various sea vegetables and edible seaweeds, and a range of tropical fruits. History In 1913, Chogen Tamashiro emigrated to Hawaii from Okinawa, Japan. He was 14 years old at the time, and came to Hawaii to work on a sugar plantation, which he eventually purchased some decades later. Tamashiro and his wife Iris Yohiko had a son, Walter, on December 11, 1929 in Hilo. The elder Tamashiro first opened Tamashiro Market in 1941, a farm store in Hilo, however after a 1946 tsunami destroyed much of Hilo, he and his family moved to Oahu, to open the market in Honolulu. In 1954, his son, Walter, considered the viability of focusing the market on fish and seafood. The market began selling live crab and varieties of fresh fish from metal buckets. Once the day's catch sells out, customers must wait until the next day to make fish purchases. Walter Tamashiro died on August 15, 2002. The market is now run by Walter's three sons, Cyrus, Guy and Sean, making it a three-generation family business. Description The market building is painted bright pink, and features a large pink crab near the roofline. It is located on North King Street, approximately one mile from the largest fish auction house in the United States, the Honolulu Fish Auction. Each morning the Tamashiro brothers purchase the seafood and fish they will sell that day. The market offers more than 20 varieties of freshly made poké including nairagi, kajiki, tako, ahi with onions, spicy poké with tobiko, and kawa kawa among others. Tamashiro's king crab with nori poké won the Honolulu PokéFest contest in 2018.	1.9375
77240014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzy%20Baroud	Ramzy Baroud	Ramzy Baroud (born 1972) is an American-Palestinian journalist and writer. He is the author of several books on the Israel-Palestinian conflict. Early life and background His father came from the village of Bayt Daras, just south of Jaffa. In 1948, when his father was 9 years old, the Baroud family was driven out and finished up as refugees in the Gaza Strip. His father became an autodidact with a particular passion for Russian literature. Baroud was born in 1972 and raised in the Nuseirat refugee camp in the Gaza Strip, where from age 6, he attended an UNWRA Elementary School for Boys. The school was separated from Bureiji refugee camp by an Israeli military encampment, whose soldiers frequently handcuffed and detained students for displaying pictures of the Palestinian flag. One of his UNWRA schoolmates, Raed Muanis, was shot dead by Israeli soldiers when they sighted him running with one such small flag. As a high-school student he joined other youths in throwing stones when the First Intifada broke out and IDF soldiers would shoot their way. He grew up resenting that his Palestinian identity was denied. His Israeli-issued travel document described him as having an "undefined" nationality. He later acquired American citizenship. He has recounted much of his family's history, within the wider historical context of the creation of the Palestinian refugee problem since 1948, in his memoir, My Father was a Freedom Fighter which has been highly praised by Richard Falk and by Gilad Atzmon who called it a "heartbreaking" "masterpiece" which narrates "a tragic journey of a rural self-sufficient population that is driven into total dispossession, humiliation and absolute poverty".	2.28125
77240097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parco%20naturale%20lombardo%20della%20Valle%20del%20Ticino	Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino	Particularly important is the vegetation that covers the banks of Ticino, continuously renewed by the river with its floods and composed of willows, poplar, alders and, further from the river, elm and oak woods; Ticino is probably the last river in southern Europe where these extraordinary natural phenomena occur, thanks to the possibility of freely wandering in its stream bed. These woods are the undisputed kingdom of the herons, identifiable by visitors for their unmistakable shapes, the largest species are the Grey heron and the Great egret, followed by the Purple Heron, the Black-crowned night heron and the Little egret. During the nidification period many Herons prefer to group in colonies, heronries on the highest branches of willows and poplars; in the Park there are about ten, some of international interest. The presence of herons is also linked to the rich fish fauna that lives in the river and in the waterways that cross the territory of the Park. Among the most valuable species are the Salmo marmoratus (once the king of this river), the Pigo and the Adriatic sturgeon, also the subject of numerous projects aimed at their conservation.	2.484375
77240097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parco%20naturale%20lombardo%20della%20Valle%20del%20Ticino	Parco naturale lombardo della Valle del Ticino	The animal component of the Park is particularly rich and interesting. There are numerous species of birds that nest in the foliage of the trees and in the bushes of the reserve, including tawny owls, eurasian blackcaps, little owls, Eurasian sparrow hawks, woodpeckers, common kingfisher, Cetti's warblers, pheasants, mallards, common moorhens and many others. There are several species of mammals that populate the park, including brown long-eared bats, edible dormouses, squirrels, hares, badgers, foxes, weasels and wild boars. Since 1997, a project to reintroduce the otter has been implemented, using specimens from England. These were thought to be European otters (Lutra lutra), but the genetic analysis has revealed, in reality, crossings between European otters and Canadian otters. The repopulation project has been suspended, but otters continue to breed in the river’s oxbows. Since 2017 groups of Italian wolves have been sighted several times in the territory of the park, a presence that, in recent years, has become increasingly present also because wolves, like other animal species, are using the park as an ecological corridium to reach, starting from the northern Apennines, the Alps. Being a river park, the fish fauna can only have a relevance. In the waters of Ticino were counted 47 fish species, of which 17 exotic and 30 native. Among the latter there are Italian endemics that are in a state of decline and that the law requires to protect. Among the native species can be counted: European eels, brook barbels, Italian barbels, Eurasian carp, Lombardy lampreys, Padanian gobies, Italian chub, Italian nases, European graylings, tenchs, European bullheads, northern pikes, Adriatic sturgeons. Among the species coming from abroad are: Wels catfishes, Asps, Pumpkinseeds, Zanders, Rainbow trouts and largemouth basses. Main sights	2.890625
77241049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta%20Corbett%20Thomas	Alta Corbett Thomas	Alta "Teta" Corbett Thomas (May 26, 1918 – August 28, 2017) was an American pilot for the Women Airforce Service Pilots, class 43-W-4. She was the fourth of five daughters born to Elliott R. and Alta S. Corbett in Portland, Oregon. Youth and education She attended Riverdale High School (Portland, Oregon) and Smith College where she graduated with a Bachelors of Arts in History. Nature was important in her life. She was a horseback rider, fly fisher and poet. In her early twenties she made solo ascents of the Pacific Northwest's mountains, Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Mount Adams, the Three Sisters and Mount St. Helens. She then acquired her private and commercial pilot licenses at Swan Island Airport in Portland, Oregon. War service During World War II, Alta first worked in the US War Department for Air Branch G-2 and on its formation she transferred to the Women Airforce Service Pilots, the WASP, in 1943 where she flew as a Squadron Leader. In the WASP Corbett would tow targets primarily at Camp Davis Anti-Aircraft Artillery Training Center in North Carolina, and later flying from Camp Stewart Anti-Aircraft Artillery Training Center Georgia which prepared anti-aircraft gunners and searchlight crews for all the wartime fronts abroad. One of her assignments at these training camps was to fly above the anti aircraft guns firing at the targets towed behind her aircraft. Corbett also participated in night flying missions to train searchlight aircrews in detecting and tracking other aircraft. Post-war After the WASPs disbanded, Alta "Teta" Corbett was a ground to aircraft controller with the Civil Aeronautics Administration in Gustavus, Alaska after being unable to find a civilian commercial pilot's position in the then male dominated commercial airline world.	2.171875
77241289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20Croft	Long Croft	Long Croft is a historic house in Cowling, a village in North Yorkshire, in England. The building was constructed in about 1700 as a farmhouse. The farmhouse has a parlour cross-wing, a common feature further south, but in Craven only Long Croft and Halton West Auld Hall possess one. The building has an attached barn which is at least as old and may be earlier, although it has no readily-dated features. It was little altered over the following centuries, and due to this was Grade II* listed in 1984. The farmhouse and barn are built of stone with quoins and a stone slate roof. The house has two storeys and attics, three bays, and a gabled cross-wing projecting at the rear. In the centre is a two-storey porch, the upper storey jettied over a moulded string course. It contains a doorway with a chamfered surround, and above it is a double-chamfered window with five stepped lights and a hood mould. The other windows are chamfered with mullions. Inside, there is a baffle entry, to the side of a large fireplace, and there is a similar fireplace in the kitchen. There is a spiral staircase built of stone, and repaired in places with slate. The roof has a king post truss, while the roof in the barn is queen post.	1.960938
77241569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20Broad%20Bass	Yamaha Broad Bass	The Yamaha Broad Bass (often abbreviated as BB), is the third model of bass originally produced by Yamaha, first released in 1977. Description The BB Bass is differentiated from the Yamaha Super Bass, a Yamaha version of Fender's Fender Jazz Bass, and the Yamaha Precision Bass, which is Yamaha's version of Fender's Fender Precision Bass by the neck-through body, and the pick-up and body shape. The Broad Bass was conceived to pander to a western audience, after the SB and PB basses almost only sold in Japan. History The Broad Bass 1200 was first released in 1977, the first model of BB, as the premium version of the BB Bass, the BB1000 and BB800 models were also released in different price ranges. All three models of the original BB only had a single-coil split pick-up, similar to the Fender Precision, although this pickup was reverse mounted. One year later, Yamaha released the BB2000, a higher-end model, with an added "Blade" Jazz-Bass style pick-up. A fretless version was released also. Four years later, in 1982, Yamaha released the BB3000, an even higher end BB, and the reverse "P" pickup was changed to a regular "P" pickup. Two years after, in 1984, Yamaha released the BB5000, one of the first mass-produced five string basses. Broad Basses are still produced today, under models like the P34, or 734.	2.15625
77241621	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Anticevic	Alan Anticevic	Alan Anticevic is a Croatian neuroscientist known for his contributions to the fields of cognitive neuroscience, computational psychiatry, and neuroimaging studies of severe psychiatric illnesses. He was the first individual in the field of psychiatry and the first Yale faculty to be awarded the NIH Director's Early Independence award in 2012. His work is focused on developing clinical and pharmacological neuroimaging biomarkers that inform neural mechanisms leading to neuropsychiatric disorders. Early life and education Alan Anticevic earned his Bachelor's degree in Psychology and Neuroscience from Drake University in 2004. Following his undergraduate studies, he obtained a Master's degree in Clinical Psychology in 2007. Anticevic completed his Ph.D. at Washington University in St. Louis, in 2011, where he trained in Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. Later, Anticevic pursued post-doctoral training in Clinical Neuropsychology at Yale University. Career Alan Anticevic was appointed an associate research scientist from 2011 to 2013 at Yale University School of Medicine and during this period he served as the Administrative Director for the Center for Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism (CTNA). In 2013, he was appointed Assistant Professor at Yale University. He was the Glenn H. Greenberg Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Psychology at the Yale School of Medicine, where he directed the division for Neurocognition, Neurocomputation and Neurogenetics (N3) at the Department of Psychiatry.	2.203125
77241651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr%20Head%20Hall	Carr Head Hall	Carr Head Hall is a historic house in Cowling, a village in North Yorkshire, in England. The house was probably built in the 1750s for Richard Wainman. It was enlarged later in the century with the addition of a hall and a new staircase, and was refurbished in 1851, from which time the decoration of the ground floor rooms other than the hall survives. The building was slightly altered in the early 20th century. It was Grade II* listed in 1954. During the 2010s, the building was restored by its owner, who ran a business making paintbrushes and running painting classes from the hall. The house in built of stone on a plinth, with rusticated quoins, a floor band, a cornice, and a hipped slate roof. There are two storeys, and the south front has five bays. In the centre is a doorway with Doric pilasters, rosettes and triglyphs, and a pediment The east front has five bays, the middle three bays canted out, and the north front contains a Doric porch, distyle in antis. The windows are sashes in architraves. Inside, the three first floor rooms on the south front all retain their decoration from the 1750s, and the ceiling of the central lobby is also early.	2.09375
77241655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro%20Dom%20Bosco	Centro Dom Bosco	Furthermore, the organization is diametrically opposed to any form of voluntary abortion, even in those cases allowed by Brazilian law, often exerting pressure on elected representatives to advocate for their interests on this issue. In accordance with Catholic doctrine, they oppose Freemasonry, having released a series of five critical videos to the organization on their YouTube channel. Other topics they oppose include secularism, Protestantism, leftism, Marxism, socialism, globalism, feminism, and so-called "gender theory". Some researchers argue that Olavo de Carvalho's thought has deeply influenced Centro Dom Bosco's modus operandi, including Carlos Nougué, who was once involved with the organization in its early years. The group's connection to "olavism" could be seen not only in their adherence to the concept of cultural war but also through their network of relationships with figures close to Olavo, such as Bernardo Küster and Ítalo Marsili. However, the group has never commented on whether or to what extent Olavo's philosophy serves as a theoretical basis for their actions. Christ the King League In addition to offering courses related to the Catholic faith, editorial publication, and audiovisual production, Centro Dom Bosco also engages in spreading its organizational model, providing resources for those interested in establishing lay Catholic centers for leadership formation. By 2016, after successfully intermediating the opening of centers in a number of capitals, the group organized the Christ the King League (Portuguese: Liga Cristo Rei), bringing together newly founded centers for mutual support and training, and envisioning periodic forums for idea exchange.	1.921875
77242711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20hipposiderids	List of hipposiderids	Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the hipposiderid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. Classification The family Hipposideridae consists of seven genera: Anthops, with one species; Asellia, containing four species; Aselliscus, containing three species; Coelops, containing two species; Doryrhina, containing two species; Hipposideros, containing 70 species; and Macronycteris, containing four species. Family Hipposideridae Genus Anthops (flower-faced bat): one species Genus Asellia (trident bats): four species Genus Aselliscus (trident bats): three species Genus Coelops (tailless leaf-nosed bats): two species Genus Doryrhina (roundleaf bats): two species Genus Hipposideros (roundleaf bats): 70 species Genus Macronycteris (leaf-nosed bats): four species Hipposiderids The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.	2.453125
77242836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20the%20Great%27s%20trust%20in%20Doctor%20Philip	Alexander the Great's trust in Doctor Philip	Background and academic contest Between 1864 and 1870, Henryk Siemiradzki undertook his studies at the Academy of Arts in St Petersburg. Initially, he was a free listener until April 1866, after which he became a permanent pupil. His mentors were Carl Wenig and Bogdan Willewalde. In the 1866-1867 academic year, Siemiradzki was awarded one small and two big silver medals for drawings and studies from nature. In 1868, he was awarded the Small Gold Medal of the Academy of Arts for his painting Diogenes Shattering the Bowl. The plot of this painting was based on one of the stories from the life of the ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes. This award granted him the right to participate in the competition for the big gold medal. The theme of the competition for the large gold medal was announced in early 1870: "Alexander the Great's trust in Doctor Philip during a serious illness". It was not the first academic competition on a similar theme. In 1830, historical painters were given the following task: "To depict Alexander the Great at the moment when he, being in illness and having received a delation, as if his doctor Philip wants to poison him, not trusting this delation, takes from Philip the medicine, and drinks it, meanwhile handing to Philip the marked delation for reading." The gold medal of the second merit in the 1830 competition was awarded to the artist Jan Ksawery Kaniewski for his painting entitled Alexander the Great's Confidence in his Physician Philip. Furthermore, in 1836, Taras Shevchenko, who was then pursuing his studies in St. Petersburg, created a drawing on this theme.	2.40625
77242836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20the%20Great%27s%20trust%20in%20Doctor%20Philip	Alexander the Great's trust in Doctor Philip	In 2017, an in-depth article about the painting Alexander the Great's trust in Doctor Philip, written by art historian Nadezhda Usova, an employee of the National Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus, was published to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the painting's presence in the museum's collection. It put forth the argument that despite the numerous alterations that had occurred over the past six decades in the halls housing works of Russian art, Siemiradzki's painting remained one of the few that "did not change its location and never once left the walls of the museum for exhibitions". Five years after the article was published, this "tradition" was broken. From 28 April to 3 July 2022, the painting Alexander the Great's trust in Doctor Philip was exhibited at the New Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val at the exhibition, titled Henryk Siemiradzki. The exhibition was timed to coincide with the 180th anniversary of the artist's birth. The canvas was transported to Moscow in advance for restoration work, during which, according to the exhibition curator Tatiana Karpova, "the painting was cleaned of impurities, the varnish was levelled, edges were corrected, toning was done; some stains, decomposition of varnish, all this was also corrected, and now it is in a shining form". Subject, characters and composition From the second half of the 17th century onward, subjects related to various episodes from the life of Alexander the Great became popular in Western European and then Russian art. One important source was the Histories of Alexander the Great, a biography written in the first century AD by the Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus, which was repeatedly published in Russian. In addition, a facsimile of the Old Russian novel Alexandria was published in 1861.	2.140625
77242836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20the%20Great%27s%20trust%20in%20Doctor%20Philip	Alexander the Great's trust in Doctor Philip	Siemiradzki thoroughly studied the "world of things" of Alexander the Great's time, probably aided by visits to the Hermitage and the Public Library. On his canvas, he accurately depicted antique fabrics, garments, footwear, and armour worn by warriors, as well as ornaments on carpets, and a black-figure vase placed on a table. The exoticism of the Persian campaign is reflected in the oriental opal held by the boy and the tiger skin spread on the bed. At the right edge of the canvas is a statue, at the very top of which is a bronze sculpture of the goddess Nike with a laurel wreath. On the left edge is an antique chair on which royal armour is stacked. On the table is Alexander's helmet, the prototype of which may have been Minerva Giustiniani's helmet. Apparently, when painting it, Siemiradzki used a similar helmet from the academic collection created on the initiative of Alexey Olenin, president of the Academy of Arts from 1817 to 1843. In 1980, the helmet was transferred to the museum collection at the Priyutino estate. The art historian Pyotr Gnedich noted the harmonious colouring of Siemiradzki's canvas, dominated by light violet and orange tones. According to the art historian Svetlana Ignatenko, in this work the artist demonstrated his own style, which was already well developed at the time, "expressed itself in an excellent knowledge of anatomy, soft, "fluid" silhouettes, light and shadow modelling, lighting effects and, in general, in impeccable technical skill".	2.203125
77243101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20G.%20Ross	Claude G. Ross	Ross was appointed the second US Ambassador to the Central African Republic (CAR) by John F. Kennedy in 1963. During Ross' time in the CAR, the country was legally independent of France but France remained deeply entrenched in the CAR's government and foreign policy. In 1966, there was a brief coup d'état which broke the CAR's relations with communist China. A year after the coup, Ross was nominated to the ambassadorship in Haiti by Lyndon B. Johnson. Haiti's president and an infamous despot, François Duvalier or Papa Doc, reported liked Ross despite his orders to maintain "correct but cool relations." In 1969, Ross received a call from John H Burns, the US Ambassador to Tanzania, asking him if he wanted the job. Ross preferred a position in Latin America, but reluctantly agreed. A few months later, an informal offer came for the ambassadorship to Venezuela, but by then it was too late, and Ross went to Tanzania instead. He was the US Ambassador to Tanzania until 1972. After his tour as US Ambassador to Tanzania came to an end, Ross returned to Washington and was promoted to Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs. During his time in this position, the big problem for the Bureau of African Affairs was Idi Amin, the brutal dictator of Uganda. They made the decision to pull the American Ambassador out of Uganda during Amin's rule. Ross retired from the Foreign Service in 1974 but continued to work for the State Department as a senior inspector of embassies for twelve years.	2.140625
77243530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%20%28gang%29	Set (gang)	In gang terminology, a set refers to a subgroup within a larger gang alliance. Sets vary in size and internal structure, and different sets within the same gang are known to fight one another. Structure and activities A large gang alliance, such as the Crips or Bloods, is usually composed of many smaller subgroups known as "sets". Despite being part of the same gang alliance, sets differ from one another in terms of internal structure, membership, and gang symbols. Hierarchy Within the same gang alliance, different sets have been known to have varying levels of hierarchy. For example, some Bloods sets have been noted for having various ranks within the set, while other Bloods sets have little to no hierarchy. Membership Sets vary considerably in membership size. For example, some of the larger Crips sets, such as the Rollin' 60s Neighborhood Crips have over 1,000 members and are present in multiple cities across the United States. In comparison, smaller sets such as the Butler Block Crips have 8-10 members and are limited to a particular neighborhood. Gang signs and colors Sets within the same gang alliance may differ in their gang sign and colors. For example, even though Bloods sets will often used red as a gang color, some Bloods sets use other colors, such as the Lime Hood Piru, who use green. Relationship with other sets Each set in a gang has a unique relationship with every other set within the overarching gang. Sets within the same gang have been known to fight one another. For example, the Rollin 60's Neighborhood Crips and the Eight Trey Gangster Crips have been rivals since 1979, despite both being Crip sets. Furthermore, the relationship between two sets from the same gang can change over time. For example, the Mob Piru Bloods and the Lueders Park Piru Bloods were allies until April 2009, when a feud erupted between the two Bloods sets.	2.734375
77244137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FURA%20Gems	FURA Gems	In March 2021, the company conducted its first Colombian emerald auction, followed by auctions for the Mozambique ruby in September 2021 and the Australian sapphire in November 2021. In 2021, the Australian sapphires auction took place in Bangkok, displaying 900,000 carats of natural rough sapphire in rare colors. On June 8, 2023, Sotheby's "Magnificent Jewels" sale took place in New York. The largest gem-quality ruby, Estrela da FURA, was sold for $34.8 million, making it the largest and most expensive ruby ever to be auctioned. Sotheby's auction house officially declared Estrela de FURA the most valuable ruby ever offered for sale. Public activities FURA has several community projects in Colombia, Mozambique, and Australia. A project in Mozambique included the construction of a primary school in Napula to support local education. The implementation of the FURA Training Academy allows its employees and members of the mining community to develop mining-related skills such as geology, gemology, and engineering. FURA Gems established an all-female wash plant at its Coscuez emerald project in Boyacá, Colombia. This initiative is the first for both the mining and gemstone industry. FURA Gems is focused on environmentally and socially responsible mining. The company implemented the use of blockchain technology developed by Gübelin Gem Lab and Everledger to maintain traceability for the ethical origins of gemstones it mines. FURA has implemented water management and waste recycling practices to protect the surrounding environment of its mines. The company undertakes reforestation and land reclamation following mining activities.	2.015625
77245017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly%20Ordway	Holly Ordway	Hannah Bitner, for The Christian Librarian, writes that as a child, Ordway longed to immerse herself in the imagined worlds of Anne McCaffrey and Gene Roddenberry. The joy of these worlds faded, but that of Tolkien did not, even though Ordway was an atheist, unwilling to accept the Christianity behind Middle-earth. She became a Catholic when a Christian friend enabled her "to see The Lord of the Rings and The Chronicles of Narnia with fresh eyes." Tolkien's Modern Reading Maureen Mann, responding to Tolkien's Modern Reading in Journal of Tolkien Research, called it "a surprising book", presenting authors that he had read "in some unexpected ways". Mann was surprised in particular by the "polemical style of rhetoric", including an "extended diatribe" against Tolkien's official biographer, Humphrey Carpenter. Further, Mann considers that Ordway has made an "exaggerated claim" to be the first to study "Tolkien's interest in modern literature". Mann acknowledges Ordway's "substantial" research, and finds "valuable" the study of children's books read by Tolkien: she notes that, like fantasy, the area has often been "dismissed in ... scholarly study". She wonders what Tolkien's "nod" to Beatrix Potter's "dark and ruthless animal fantasy" might mean, mere homage not being the only possibility. On authors of adult fiction mentioned later in the book, Mann writes that many are merely listed, and that Ordway does not attempt to show that they influenced "the Middle-earth works or Tolkien's creative imagination" in any way. Mann suggests that "Not everything identified in this article is necessarily attributable to her [Christian] apologetics, but many things can be." Mann concludes that Ordway has the ambition to establish "a new narrative about Tolkien the man, the growth of the writer's mind". In Mann's view, Ordway's "polemical method tarnishes her work" and crosses the boundary "between literary criticism and apologetics".	2.15625
77245017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly%20Ordway	Holly Ordway	Kris Swank, reviewing the book for Mythlore, praises Ordway for her "deep dive into sources" and for studying just a specific period (after 1850) and only books Tolkien certainly "read, owned, or mentioned", but regrets the book's limited fact-checking. Swank finds some claims of resemblance "unsubstantiated, such as Tolkien's and G. K. Chesterton's uses of the word "shire". Swank agrees there is "some similarity" between Tolkien's painting The Hill: Hobbiton-across-the-Water and William Russell Flint's The Fir-Topped Hurst. Ordway notes that Tolkien took a print of this from Matthew Arnold's 1910 book The Scholar Gipsy & Thyrsis and framed it. Swank observes however that John Garth has shown its close resemblance to Shell Oil's 1936 advertisement which depicts Faringdon Folly. Otherwise, Swank writes, Ordway's conclusions will not come as "news to Tolkien scholars", though they may be of interest to fans. The claim that Tolkien was significantly influenced by his modern reading was, Swank notes, demonstrated by Anna Vaninskaya in 2006, and by Ralph C. Wood in 2015. On the other hand, Swank endorses at least part of Ordway's "welcome corrective to Humphrey Carpenter's outsized effect over Tolkien biography." Tolkien's Faith Steven Umbrello, in Literature and Theology, writes that Ordway "rigorous[ly] explor[es] Tolkien's spiritual development" to uncover how his faith influenced his writing. He writes that the biography provides "a holistic view of the man behind Middle-earth", incorporating evidence from Tolkien's letters, unpublished documents, and "the socioreligious context of his time". In Umbrello's view, the book "neither critiques nor endorses Tolkien's religious beliefs but presents them with an academic rigor that allows readers to form their [own] interpretations."	1.953125
77245161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing%20loss%20in%20diabetes	Hearing loss in diabetes	Screening for hearing loss in adults with diabetes Recent studies highlight the lower odds of hearing aid use in older adults with diabetes or hypertension, emphasizing the need to identify and address hearing impairment in this population. Even subclinical hearing loss can lead to cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms, with a minimal increase in the pure-tone audiometry (PTA) hearing threshold linked to higher risks of social isolation and cognitive decline. Timely diagnosis and hearing aid use can significantly improve quality of life, reduce depression, and mitigate cognitive decline. Despite its prevalence, hearing loss is under-diagnosed and under-treated, particularly in older adults who may underestimate their impairment. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for better compliance and treatment outcomes in diabetic patients. Up to 75% of adults who could benefit from hearing aids do not use them, despite evidence showing that hearing aid users experience less depression and social isolation, better cognitive function and improved relationships. The CDC recommends baseline hearing evaluations upon diabetes diagnosis, followed by comprehensive audiological evaluations at least every two years, with more frequent evaluations for high-risk patients. The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) suggests screenings once per decade for adults, increasing to once every three years after age 50. The World Health Organization also recommends hearing loss screening and amplification for older adults. However, the American Diabetes Association does not currently recommend routine hearing screening for diabetic patients.	2.578125
77245498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldomero%20Pestana	Baldomero Pestana	Baldomero Pestana (Castroverde, – Bascuas, Province of Lugo in Galicia, ) was a Spanish photographer, painter, and figurative artist. Biography He emigrated in his childhood to Argentina and began studying photography there as a teenager. He married Velia Martínez in 1951 and remained with her until her death in 2003. In the 1950s, he started working as a photographer in Buenos Aires, where one of his first photo sessions was with Dizzy Gillespie at the Teatro Casino. In 1957, he moved to Peru where he worked as an advertising photographer for the weekly Caretas and the cultural magazine Fanal. There, he met numerous personalities of the great Latin American literary boom such as Mario Vargas Llosa, Jorge Luis Borges, and Sebastián Salazar Bondy. During his years in Peru, he published for magazines like Esquire, Time, and Life. He also took photos of the Villa Miseria for the United Nations. In 1967, he moved to Europe and, after a brief stay in Madrid, finally settled in Paris where he continued photographing not only Latin American artists such as Gabriel García Márquez and Carlos Fuentes, but also artists like Man Ray, Roman Polanski, and Fernando Arrabal. By the mid-1970s, he began to abandon photography to focus on painting, working in a style close to hyperrealism. In 2008, he returned to live in Galicia, where he had spent brief periods throughout his life. He dedicated himself to drawing and painting. Exhibitions and recognitions Pestana regularly exhibited his painting and photography, both in America and Europe. He exhibited works in Peru, Argentina, France, Yugoslavia, Venezuela, South Korea, the United States, among others. Notable is his solo exhibition in Brussels at the Fred Lanzemberg gallery in 1979. In Galicia, there were no exhibitions of his work until his return to Lugo. There was one in Vigo in 2010, featuring only painting and drawing, at the Garcia Barbon Theatre.	1.914063
77245648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi%20Tobacco%20Company	Burundi Tobacco Company	The Burundi Tobacco Company (BTC) manufactures cigarettes under the Supermatch brand in Burundi. It is a subsidiary of the Pan African Tobacco Group (PTG). History Around 1970 the company's Rwandan founder, Tribert Rujugiro Ayabatwa ( – 2024), started to import wheat, flour, salt and cigarettes into Burundi from Tanzania. By 1974 cigarettes were becoming his main import. In 1978 he decided to use his profits to manufacture cigarettes in Burundi rather than importing them. BTC was founded in 1979. In 1982 it made an agreement with farmers in Cibitoke Province and Kirundo Province to supply seed, fertilizer, pesticides, crop extension services, drying and processing, and to buy their tobacco at a price agreed upon in advance. The result was rapid growth in the number of tobacco farmers and the quantity produced. In the 1980s the Burundi Tobacco Company (BTC) started to clear large areas of forest in Kirundo Province to supply wood to the ovens used to dry tobacco, but did not undertake reforestation. In 1987 President Pierre Buyoya ovethrew Colonel Jean-Baptiste Bagaza and Ayabatwa was imprisoned in Bujumbura. He was charged with aiding the previous government. BTC was the most important agro-industrial firm in Burundi until 1989, when it was placed under government trusteeship. BTC struggled with high taxes on both its imports and its exports, which damaged its profitability. Later the government of Burundi restored BTC, intact, to Ayabatwa. A 2013 World Health Organization report noted that the company had in the past given subsidies to tobacco farmers in Burundi for production and selling, but it was no longer doing so. Only of land was being used for cultivation of tobacco, and this was being used by farmers to make hand-rolled cigarettes for personal use.	2.21875
77245690	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Alice	The Adventures of Alice	The Adventures of Alice is a 1960 TV play starring Sonia Dresdel as the evil Red Queen. It was made by BBC Television and screened on 23 December 1960. Cast Sonia Dresdel as Red Queen Marian Spencer as White Queen Ernest Milton as The Mad Hatter Peter Sallis as Tweedledee Gillian Ferguson as Alice Gordon Davies as Lewis Carroll Cyril Shaps as the March Hare Carla Challoner as The Dormouse Arthur Ridley as The Gryphon/The Unicorn Eric Shilling as The Mock Turtle Erik Chitty as The Caterpillar/The Lion Barrie Cookson as Tweedledum Frederick Treves as Red King Vivienne Chatterton as The Sheep David March as Humpty Dumpty Philip Ray as White King Geoffrey Bayldon as White Knight John Murray Scott as The Creature with a Long Beak Plot The play is based of the book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. Production Following the success of Antony Hopkins's opera, "Hands Across the sky" last February, The BBC commissioned him and Charles Lefeaux to write the opera The Adventures of Alice based on the stories by Lewis Carroll. Reception Mary Crosier wrote in The Guardian about "the dreamlike fantasy" but called the production "curiously uneven". The film got a lot of praise from critics and audiences when it was released on 23 December 1960 so much so that the film was shown again on television on 7 August 1961 and it wasn't shown again and now the film lies in the TV Archive.	2.203125
77246033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325%20FA%20Cup%20qualifying%20rounds	2024–25 FA Cup qualifying rounds	The 2024–25 FA Cup qualifying rounds opened the 144th edition of the FA Cup, the world's oldest association football single knockout competition, organised by The Football Association, the governing body for the sport in England. 653 teams in the 5th to 9th tier of English football competed across six rounds for 32 spots in the 2024-25 FA Cup first round proper. Eligibility The qualifying rounds are the point of entry into the FA Cup for all "non-League" teams—teams below the top four tiers of English football, and therefore outside the English Football League (EFL). These teams compete in leagues below the EFL which constitute the National League System. The number of teams entered in the FA Cup overall rose from 732 in 2023-24 to 745 the following season due to an increase in the number of teams in the 9th tier. Because of this increase, teams from 10th tier were no longer accepted into the competition, so the 2024-25 qualifying rounds encompassed all teams that entered from the 5th to 9th tiers—steps 1 to 5 of the National League System. Calendar Extra preliminary round The draw for the extra preliminary round was made on 5 July 2024.	1.953125
77246077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen%20Lofthouse	Doreen Lofthouse	In 1948, Cowell married James's son, Alan, taking his surname. Alan was severely deaf and shy by nature. The couple opened their own chemist shop in Fleetwood and lived above it. Recognising the fragility of the glass bottles that Fisherman's Friend was dispensed in, she developed a lozenge format in the 1950s. The lozenge contained menthol, liquorice extract, and eucalyptus oil, and its shape derived from the buttons of a dress Lofthouse often wore to work. Doreen sold the lozenges from a kiosk on Fleetwood promenade and they proved popular with holidaying Lancashire mill workers, visiting during Wakes week, whose work and living conditions gave rise to chest complaints. Before this time, the product was virtually unknown outside of the fishing community. Running Lofthouse of Fleetwood In 1963, Doreen Lofthouse became managing director of Lofthouse of Fleetwood. She was alerted to the growing popularity of the Fisherman's Friend lozenges by letters from holidaymakers asking if the product was sold outside of Fleetwood. Lofthouse collated these letters and used them to persuade retailers of the popularity of her product; once a stockist had been found, Lofthouse wrote back to her enquirer to advise them of this. The expansion beyond the traditional market was key to the product's survival, as the fishing industry in the town was in decline. By 1969, she had managed to persuade the Lofthouse family that the lozenges were a key growth market and to invest in a manufacturing site and packaging equipment. The business first expanded into a former tram shed but, in 1972, established in a industrial unit. In the same year, Lofthouse introduced distinctive black and red packaging.	2.15625
77246086	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicellophilus%20carniolensis	Dicellophilus carniolensis	Dicellophilus carniolensis is a species of soil centipede in the family Mecistocephalidae. This centipede is well known and found in central Europe. This species features 43 pairs of legs, a number rarely found in the family Mecistocephalidae and recorded in only one other genus in this family: In the genus Tygarrup, an undescribed species found in the Andaman Islands also has 43 leg pairs. Distribution This species has been recorded in hundreds of locations in mountainous regions and adjacent areas in Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Italy, Croatia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. In particular, this species has been found in the central and eastern Alps, the Dinarides, the Western, Eastern, and Southern Carpathians, and the Dobrogea region. On occasion, introduced specimens have also been recorded in Great Britain. Taxonomy The German zoologist Carl L. Koch first described this species in 1847 based on type material found in Carniola in Slovenia. Koch originally described this species under the name Clinopodes carniolensis. The Italian zoologist Filippo Silvestri assigned this species to the genus Dicellophilus in 1919, and authorities have followed this assignment universally since the 1960s. In 1880, the Hungarian zoologist Ödön Tömösváry described Mecistocephalus hungaricus as a new species. Since 1889, however, authorities have deemed M. hungaricus to be a junior synonym of D. cariolensis and have considered these centipedes to be the same species. Similarly, in 1886, the Danish zoologist Frederik Meinert described Geophilus austriacus as a new species, and in 1898, the German zoologist Karl W. Verhoeff described Geophilus apfelbecki as a new species, with Geophilus apfelbecki diversiporus as a subspecies. Since 1901, however, authorities have deemed G. austriacus, G. apfelbecki, and G. apfelbecki diversiporus to be junior synonyms of D. cariolensis and have considered all these centipedes to be the same species.	2.5625
77246403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontenay%20aqueduct	Fontenay aqueduct	The aqueduct on the banks of the Cher In the commune of Bléré, starting from the masonry basin collecting water from the Grandes Fontaines springs, the aqueduct runs down the western slope of the Fontenay valley towards the Cher; it was here that water supply works in 1968, followed by an operation to clear a pond in 1981, enabled us to identify part of its route. At the bottom of the valley, the aqueduct canal bends slightly westwards towards Tours; it is at this point, to the east of the Château de Fontenay, that it receives water from the Fontaines Saint-Martin spring. After crossing the Fontenay valley on a bridge in the château grounds, it then cuts into the chalky hillside on the left bank of the Cher. In the Athée-sur-Cher area, the aqueduct is either buried or overhead as it crosses the valleys of the streams flowing into the Cher after cutting into the hillside. The aqueduct has been identified at La Boulaye, but has been destroyed, as well as at La Boissière and Chandon, where remains remain. It was then observed at Nitray but, to the west of this locality, its trace is lost over a length of 600 meters. The Fontenay aqueduct has been identified at several points in Azay-sur-Cher: in the parks of the Châteaux de Leugny and Coteau, where the most imposing aerial remains remain, and along the hillside, even if segments were destroyed when cellars were dug, as well as near the communal washhouse.	2.234375
77246403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontenay%20aqueduct	Fontenay aqueduct	To enable the aqueduct to cross the Cher's major floodplain, three crossing structures are conceivable: a pipe on a dyke seems unlikely, as the dyke would oppose the river's current in the event of high water; a bridge-aqueduct could have been built, but this would have been a large-scale structure; a sub-fluvial siphon seems more plausible, but this hypothesis can in no way be attested. Within Tours itself, no remains have been found that can be attributed with certainty to this aqueduct. Aqueduct chronology The valley on the left bank of the Cher, along which the aqueduct runs, is rich in remains from the ancient period: several enclosures and villas have been identified along the entire route from Bléré to Saint-Avertin; an ancient road (from Bourges to Tours) was established in the alluvial plain on either or both banks of the Cher and three possible milestones have been found. One final factor may explain the importance of the ancient stations in this region: the Cher was most likely navigable, at least between Chabris – Gièvres (50 kilometers upstream from Bléré) and Tours. At the time of the aqueduct's construction, there were no major settlements on or near its route, except for Tours, all foundations being later, as far as can be ascertained from the information available at the beginning of the 21st century; however, a mutatio (truck stop) may have existed at Larçay, along the ancient route. Construction	2.625
77247180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper%20Readers%20in%20Naples	Newspaper Readers in Naples	Subsequently, the painting Newspaper Readers in Naples was exhibited at a number of exhibitions, including Kiprensky's personal exhibitions held in 1936 at the State Russian Museum in Leningrad and in 1938 at the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, as well as at the jubilee exhibition dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the artist's birth, held in 1982–1983 in Leningrad, Moscow and Kyiv. In 1999, the canvas was included in the exhibition "The Birth of Time. The History of Images and Concepts" and in 2004–2005 at the exhibition "Russia — Italy. Through the Ages. From Giotto to Malevich" in Rome and Moscow (the Moscow part of the exhibition took place in the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts). In 2011–2012, the painting was included in the exhibition "'O dolce Napoli'. Naples through the eyes of Russian and Italian artists of the first half of the 19th century", held in the Engineering Building of the Tretyakov Gallery, and then in the Yaroslavl Art Museum and the Omsk Regional Museum of Fine Arts named after M. A. Vrubel. Kiprensky's canvas was also one of the exhibits in the exhibition "Dreams of Freedom. Romanticism in Russia and Germany", held from April to August 2021 at the New Tretyakovka in Krymsky Val and then from October 2021 to February 2022 at the Albertinum in Dresden.	1.976563
77247180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper%20Readers%20in%20Naples	Newspaper Readers in Naples	Art historian Valery Turchin, discussing Kiprensky's work of the 1830s, believes that the artist continued to use preparatory sketches during this period. According to Turchin, this is particularly evident in the analysis of the canvas "Newspaper Readers in Naples," which reveals the composition of the painting from individual sketches, "due to the poor arrangement of which there is neither pictorial nor psychologically motivated connection between the depicted. Turchin also noted that Kiprensky apparently used a previously written landscape with a view of Mount Vesuvius as the background for the group portrait. Art historian Dmitry Sarabianov noted the "genre elements" of the group portrait Newspaper Readers in Naples, while acknowledging that the dominant concept in Kiprensky's painting is portraiture, and "the beginning of genre is only hinted at." According to Sarabianov, the plot introduced by the artist "seems to counteract the fact that each character is revealed in his natural inner being", as a result of which "neither the possibilities of the genre nor the potency of portraiture remain unrealized in the painting". On the other hand, according to Sarabianov, a significant advantage is that the images of the people portrayed in the painting are "treated truthfully, without glossing over", and the subject chosen by the artist "does not provoke that sentimental idealization so typical of his later 'Italian genres'".	2.109375
77247456	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Clark%20%28singer%29	Helen Clark (singer)	Helen Clark was an American contralto and soprano singer, known for her recordings of popular songs such as "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles." Early life Clark was born in Rochester, New York. She began singing in church choirs at the age of nine. She moved to New York City at seventeen and studied under Madame Jaeger of the Metropolitan Opera House. She had several small parts in operas at that time. Career Clark began her career in 1910, recording with Zonophone and moved to the Victor label where she mostly recorded through 1930. Clark had an early success on Victor with "My Trundle Bed." She was also an early recording artist on the Edison label, being recorded on both cylinders and discs. She would perform live accompanying her own recorded voice on a New Edison phonograph as a promotion for the device. Clark charted four times as a singer. "When I Waltz with You" hit #5 (1913) "Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit Bag and Smile, Smile, Smile" hit #8 (1917) "One for All and All for One" hit #7 (1918) "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles," a duet with George Wilton Ballard hit #10 (1919) Clark was notable for her pairings with many male baritones singing romantic duets in the late 1910's. She recorded duets with baritone Joseph Phillips on the OKeh label and Walter VanBrunt and Henry Burr on Victor. She also sang duets with Bruce Wallace, Lewis James, Charles Hart and Roy Roberts in the 1920s. She had a lull in recordings and then in 1924 made what Record Research called "a spectacular comeback" recording with Elliot Shaw and Lewis James and again becoming a leading popular recording artist. Her solo career was mainly wrapped up by the late 1920s and she sang mainly in group and orchestral arrangements after that.	2.078125
77247747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20miscegenation	History of miscegenation	The majority of the population of Réunion is defined as mixed race. In the last 350 years, various ethnic groups (Africans, Chinese, English, French, Gujarati Indians, Tamil Indians) have arrived and settled on the island. There have been mixed race people on the island since its first permanent inhabitation in 1665. The native Kaf population has a diverse range of ancestry stemming from colonial Indian and Chinese peoples. They also descend from African slaves brought from countries like Mozambique, Guinea, Senegal, Madagascar, Tanzania, and Zambia to the island. There have been several cases of Chinese merchants and laborers marrying black African women as many Chinese workers were employed to build railways and other infrastructural projects in Africa. These labour groups were made up completely of men with very few Chinese women coming to Africa. In Réunion and Madagascar, intermarriage between Chinese men of Cantonese origin and African women is not uncommon. Most population of Réunion Creoles who are of mixed ancestry and make up the majority of the population. Mixed unions between European men and Chinese men with African women, Indian women, Chinese women, Madagascar women were also common. In 2005, a genetic study on the racially mixed people of Réunion found the following. For maternal (mitochondrial) DNA, the haplogroups are Indian (44%), East Asian (27%), European/Middle Eastern (19%) or African (10%). The Indian lineages are M2, M6 and U2i, the East Asian ones are E1, D5a, M7c, and F (E1 and M7c also found only in South East Asia and in Madagascar), the European/Middle Eastern ones are U2e, T1, J, H, and I, and the African ones are L1b1, L2a1, L3b, and L3e1.	3.15625
77247747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20miscegenation	History of miscegenation	For paternal (Y-chromosome) DNA, the haplogroups are European/Middle Eastern (85%) or East Asian (15%). The European lineages are R1b and I, the Middle Eastern one E1b1b1c (formerly E3b3) (also found in Northeast Africa), and the East Asian ones are R1a (found in many parts of the world including Europe and Central and Southern Asia but the particular sequence has been found in Asia) and O3. Madagascar There was frequent intermixing between the Austronesian and Bantu-speaking populations of Madagascar. A large number of the Malagasy today are the result of admixture between Austronesians and Africans. This is most evident in the Mikea, who are also the last known Malagasy population to still practice a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. In the study of "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages" shows the Bantu maternal origin to be 38% and Paternal 51% while the Southeast Asian paternal to be 34% and maternal 62%. In the study of Malagasy, autosomal DNA shows the highlanders ethnic group like Merina are almost an even mixture of Southeast Asian and Bantu origin, while the coastal ethnic group have much higher Bantu mixture in their autosomal DNA suggesting they are mixture of new Bantu migrants and the already established highlander ethnic group. Maximum-likelihood estimates favour a scenario in which Madagascar was settled approximately 1200 years ago by a very small group of women of approximately 30. The Malagasy people existed through intermarriages between the small founding population.	2.640625
77247747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20miscegenation	History of miscegenation	From the mid 19th century to the 20th century, the several hundred thousand Chinese men who migrated were almost entirely of Cantonese origin, mostly from Taishan. Anti-miscegenation laws prohibited Chinese men from marrying white women in many states. After the Emancipation Proclamation, many intermarriages in some states were not recorded and historically, Chinese American men married African American women in proportions that were higher than their total marriage numbers due to the fact that few Chinese American women lived in the United States. After the Emancipation Proclamation, many Chinese Americans migrated to the Southern United States, particularly to Arkansas, to work on plantations. For example, in 1880, the tenth US Census of Louisiana alone noted 57% of all interracial marriages were between Chinese men and black women and 43% of them were between Chinese men and white women. Between 20 and 30 percent of the Chinese who lived in Mississippi married black women before 1940. In a genetic study of 199 samples from African American males found one belong to haplogroup O2a ( or 0.5% ) It was discovered by historian Henry Louis Gates, Jr in the African American Lives documentary miniseries that NASA astronaut Mae Jemison has a significant (above 10%) genetic East Asian admixture. Gates speculated that the intermarriage/relations between migrant Chinese workers and black, or African-American slaves or ex-slaves during the 19th century might have contributed to her ethnic and genetic make-up.	3.171875
77247747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20miscegenation	History of miscegenation	Costa Rica The Chinese in Costa Rica originated from Cantonese male migrants. Pure Chinese make up only 1% of the Costa Rican population but, according to Jacqueline M. Newman, as much as ten percent of the people in Costa Rica are Chinese, if counting the people who are Chinese, married to a Chinese, or of mixed Chinese descent. Most Chinese immigrants since then have been Cantonese, but in the last decades of the 20th century, a number of immigrants have also come from Taiwan. Many men came alone to work, married Costa Rican women, and speak Cantonese. However, the majority of the descendants of the first Chinese immigrants no longer speak Cantonese and think of themselves as full Costa Ricans. They married Tican women (who are a blend of European, Castizo, Mestizo, Indian, Black). A Tican is also a white person with a small amount of non-white blood, like Castizo. The 1989 census shows about 98% of Costa Ricans were either White, Castizo, Mestizos, with 80% being White or Castizo. Up to the 1940s men made up the vast majority of the Costa Rican Chinese community. Males made up the majority of the original Chinese community in Mexico and they married Mexican women. Many Africans in Costa Rica also intermarried with other races. In late colonial Cartago, 33% of 182 married African males and 7% of married African females were married to a spouse of another race. The figures were even more striking in San Jose' where 55% of the 134 married African males and 35% of the 65 married African females were married to another race (mostly mestizos). In Cartago itself, two African males were enumerated with Spanish wives and three with Indian wives, while nine African females were married to Indian males. Spaniards rarely cohabited with mulatto women except in the cattle range region bordering Nicaragua to the north. There as well, two Spanish women were living with African males. Jamaica and Haiti	2.859375
77247784	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny%20Emily%20Penny	Fanny Emily Penny	Fanny Emily Farr Penny (December 29, 1847 – December 22, 1939) was a British novelist. She lived for twenty-four years in India and most of her forty-four novels are set there. Fanny Emily Farr was born in 1847 in Covehithe, Suffolk, England, the daughter of the Rev. John Farr, rector in Gillingham, Norfolk, and Emily Caroline Cobbold Farr, daughter of brewer John Cobbold and poet Elizabeth Cobbold. She was educated at Queen's College and Bedford College in London. In 1877, she married the Rev. Frank Penny. The Rev. Penny was a chaplain for the Indian Ecclesiastical Establishment and she accompanied him to India, where they lived until his retirement in 1901. They retired to Ealing. A number of her novels feature the clash between western and Indian culture, and while Penny favors her Christian British culture her depiction of Indian culture is not unsympathetic. The Outcaste (1912) features a Western-educated Christian Indian ostracized by Indian culture. A Mixed Marriage (1903) features an interracial marriage between an upper class white British woman, Lorina Carlyon, and a wealthy Indian Muslim aristocrat, Mir Yacoob. A number of her novels feature magical elements, such as divination and men changing into animals. She also wrote several works of non-fiction, including Southern India (1914), featuring illustrations of a wide variety of Indian people by Lady Lawley. Fanny Emily Penny died on 22 December 1939 in Ealing. Bibliography	2
77247905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyaltsenglossus	Gyaltsenglossus	Gyaltsenglossus (; from Gyaltsen, the discoverer's father's name, and the Greek glossa, meaning "tongue", a common generic suffix for hemichordates; the species name senis derives from the Greek senex meaning “old”) is a monospecific hemichordate known from the Burgess Shale of Canada that is notable for advancing the understanding of the early evolution of the phylum Hemichordata. Its discovery has been hailed as a "breakthrough" due to featuring both Pterobranch-like feeding tentacles and an Enteropneust-like proboscis-tipped elongate body, thus uniting the two morphologically disparate orders of the Hemichordata. A phylogenetic analysis recovered Gyaltsenglossus senis as the first known stem group hemichordate. Gyaltsenglossus was able to both attach to a substrate for upright suspension feeding and crawl along the seafloor for deposit feeding, suggesting that bimodal feeding may have been an early feature of the hemichordates. Its bulbous posterior structure is similar to Cambrian enteropneusts, making it likely that this structure, as well as paired feeding arms derived from the dorsal collar, were likely present in the hemichordate last common ancestor. In addition to characteristics from both major hemichordate clades, Gyaltsenglossus had a row of short, thin appendages projecting from a small elevated platform behind the collar. These have no clear homologs within Hemichordata. The contrast between the short, broad nature of Gyaltsenglossus's attachment structure and the long, narrow stalks of both pterobranches and the possible stem-echinoderm Yanjiahella has been held to imply a slender, stolon-like structure for earlier stem hemichordates. The nature of early attachment structures has implications for the debate over whether the earliest bilaterian was sedentary. While no tubes were found associated with Gyaltsenglossus, it is possible that they might exist.	2.75
77247948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierella%20hyalinus	Pierella hyalinus	Pierella hyalinus, the glassy pierella or the hyalinus pierella, is a species of butterfly in the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. It was first described by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1790. Description Pierella hyalinus is visually similar to the related Pierella lena. Early researchers applied the moniker Pierella hyalinus to the insects found in the Amazon and Trinidad. M.P. Clifton was of the opinion that there existed a species complex between P. hyalinus and P. lena. P. hyalinus is differentiated from P. lena by the M3 terminal branch of the dorsal hindwing being prolonged, forming a sickle projection on the outer margin, and the marginal region with bluish scales. Subspecies There are four known subspecies of Pierella hyalinus: Pierella hyalinus hyalinus (Gmelin, [1790]) (Suriname, Trinidad) Pierella hyalinus extincta Weymer, 1910 (Brazil) Pierella hyalinus schmidti Constantino, 1995 (Amazon Trapeze of Brazil, Colombia, and Peru) Pierella hyalinus velezi Constantino, 1995 (Guainía, Colombia)	2.5625
77247960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation%20in%20Asia	Miscegenation in Asia	In Central and South Asia, inter-ethnic marriages were common, with Central Asians descending from a mix of Mongols, Turks, and Iranians. The Hazara people of Afghanistan have Mongolian ancestry due to Turco-Mongol invasions. India saw significant intermarriage, especially in Goa, with Portuguese men marrying Indian women. The Anglo-Indian community emerged from British-Indian unions, which declined post-1857 rebellion due to anti-miscegenation laws. History Inter-ethnic marriage in Southeast Asia dates back to the spread of Indian culture, Hinduism and Buddhism to the region. From the 1st century onwards, mostly male traders and merchants from the Indian subcontinent frequently intermarried with the local female populations in Cambodia, Burma, Champa, Central Siam, the Malay Peninsula, and Malay Archipelago. Many Indianized kingdoms arose in Southeast Asia during the Middle Ages. From the 9th century onwards, a large number of mostly male Arab traders from the West Asia settled down in the Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, and they intermarried with the local Malay, Indonesian and female populations in the islands later called the Philippines. This contributed to the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia. From the 14th to the 17th centuries, many Chinese, Indian and Arab traders settled down within the maritime kingdoms of Southeast Asia and intermarried with the local female populations. This tradition continued among Portuguese traders who also intermarried with the local populations. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese people also travelled to Southeast Asia and intermarried with the local women there.	3.0625
77247960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation%20in%20Asia	Miscegenation in Asia	Ernest John Eitel controversially claimed that most "half caste" people in Hong Kong were descended exclusively from Europeans having a relationship with Tanka women. The theory that most of the Eurasian mixed race Hong Kong people are descended only from Tanka women and European men, and not ordinary Cantonese women, has been backed up by other researchers who pointed out that Tanka women freely consorted with foreigners due to the fact that they were not bound by the same Confucian traditions as the Cantonese, and having a relationship with a European man was advantageous for Tanka women, but Lethbridge criticized it as "a 'myth' propagated by xenophobic Cantonese to account for the establishment of the Hong Kong Eurasian community". Carl Smith's study in the late 1960s on the protected women seems, to some degree, to support Ernest John Eitel's theory. Smith says that the Tankas experienced certain restrictions within the traditional Chinese social structure. Being a group marginal to the traditional Chinese society of the Puntis (Cantonese), they did not have the same social pressure in dealing with Europeans. The ordinary Cantonese women did not sleep with European men, thus the Eurasian population was formed mostly from Tanka and European admixture.	2.25
77247960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation%20in%20Asia	Miscegenation in Asia	Rarely did Chinese women marry Portuguese; initially, mostly Goans, Ceylonese (from today's Sri Lanka), Indochinese, Malay, and Japanese women were the wives of the Portuguese men in Macau. Japanese girls would be purchased in Japan by Portuguese men. Many Chinese became Macanese simply by converting to Catholicism, and had no ancestry from Portuguese, having assimilated into the Macanese people. The majority of the early intermarriages of people from China with Portuguese were between Portuguese men and women of Tanka origin, who were considered the lowest class of people in China and had relations with Portuguese settlers and sailors. Western men were refused by high class Chinese women, who did not marry foreigners. In fact, in those days, the matrimonial context of production was usually constituted by Chinese women of low socio-economic status who were married to or concubines of Portuguese or Macanese men. Very rarely did Chinese women of higher status agree to marry a Westerner. As Deolinda argues in one of her short stories, "even should they have wanted to do so out of romantic infatuation, they would not be allowed to. Macanese men and women also married with the Portuguese and Chinese; as a result, some Macanese became indistinguishable from the Chinese or Portuguese population. Because the majority of the Chinese population who migrated to Macao was Cantonese, Macao became a Cantonese speaking society, and other ethnic groups became fluent in Cantonese. Most Macanese had paternal Portuguese heritage until 1974." It was in the 1980s that Macanese and Portuguese women began to marry men who defined themselves ethnically as Chinese, which resulted in many Macanese with Cantonese paternal ancestry. Literature in Macao was written about love affairs and marriage between the Tanka women and Portuguese men, like "A-Chan, A Tancareira", by Henrique de Senna Fernandes.	2.40625
77247960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation%20in%20Asia	Miscegenation in Asia	After the handover of Macao to China in 1999 many Macanese migrated to other countries. Of the Portuguese and Macanese women who stayed in Macao, many married local Cantonese men, and so many Macanese also now have Cantonese paternal heritage. There are between 25,000 and 46,000 Macanese, but only 5,000–8,000 live in Macao, while most live in Latin America, the U.S., Portugal. Unlike the Macanese of Macao who are strictly of Chinese and Portuguese heritage, many Macanese living abroad have intermarried with the local population of the U.S. and Latin America and have only partial Macanese heritage. India Although the Indian subcontinent is virtually endogamous with wedding practices in India overwhelmingly occurring within the same caste and religion, interracial relationships have occurred predating recorded history and have been historically recorded since antiquity. Inter-marriage in the Indian subcontinent has historically been applied between different ethnolinguistic groups, varna, caste, and religions. One of the critical aspects of inter-marriage in India is inter-caste marriage, which is based around the construct of caste. Various groups of people have been intermarrying between ethnolinguistic groups for millennia in the Indian subcontinent, including speakers of the Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, Austroasiatic, and Tibeto-Burman languages. This has often formed syncretic languages and regional dialects. Intermarriage rates in India varies greatly among the states and union territories of India. In modern India, intermarriage is most likely to occur involving spouse from the same socioeconomic strata.	2.703125
77247960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation%20in%20Asia	Miscegenation in Asia	International marriages now make up 13% of all marriages in South Korea. Most of these marriages are unions between a Korean male and a foreign female usually from China, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, United States, Mongolia, Thailand, or Russia. On the other hand, Korean females have married foreign males from Japan, China, the United States, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines, and Nepal. Between 1990 and 2005, there have been 159,942 Korean males and 80,813 Korean females married to foreigners. South Korea is among the world's most ethnically homogeneous nations. Koreans have traditionally valued unmixed blood as the most important feature of Korean identity. The term "Kosian", referring to someone who has a Korean father and a non-Korean mother, is considered offensive by some who prefer to identify themselves or their children as Korean. Moreover, the Korean office of Amnesty International has claimed that the word "Kosian" represents racial discrimination. Kosian children, like those of other mixed-race backgrounds in Korea, often face discrimination.	2.75
77247960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation%20in%20Asia	Miscegenation in Asia	In the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, intermarriage is common between Chinese and native tribes such as the Murut and Dusun in Sabah, and the Iban and Bisaya in Sarawak. This has resulted in a potpourri of cultures in both states where many people claiming to be of native descent have some Chinese blood in them, and many Chinese have native blood in them. The offspring of these mixed marriages are called 'Sino-(name of tribe)', e.g. Sino-Dusun. Normally, if the father is Chinese, the offspring will adopt Chinese culture and if the father is native then native culture will be adopted, but this is not always the case. These Sino-natives are usually fluent in Malay and English. A smaller number are able to speak Chinese dialects and Mandarin, especially those who have received education in vernacular Chinese schools. The Eurasians in West Malaysia and Singapore are descendants of Europeans and locals, mostly Portuguese or British colonial settlers who have taken local wives. Myanmar (Burma) Burmese Muslims are the descendants of Bengalis, Indian Muslims, Arabs, Persians, Turks, Pathans, Chinese Muslims, and Malays who settled in Burma and married members of the local Burmese population as well as members of other Burmese ethnic groups such as the Rakhine, Shan, Karen, and Mon. The oldest Muslim group in Burma (Myanmar) are the Rohingya people, who some believe are descended from Bengalis who settled in Burma and married native females in Rakhine State after the 7th century, but this is just a theory. When Burma was ruled by the British India administration, millions of Indians, mostly Muslims, migrated there. The small group of people who are the mixed descendants of Indian males and local Burmese females are called "Zerbadees", a term which is frequently used in a pejorative way in order to imply that they are people of mixed race. The Panthays, a group of Chinese Muslims descended from West Asians and Central Asians, migrated from China and also intermarried with local Burmese females.	3
77248644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Goldin	Ken Goldin	Kenneth Goldin (born August 18, 1965) is an American auctioneer, television personality, and sports card collector. He has sold over $1.3 billion in memorabilia related to sports, history, and pop culture in his career, including through his company, Goldin Auctions. He is featured on the Netflix TV series King of Collectibles: The Goldin Touch. Early life and career Goldin was born in Philadelphia and grew up in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. He grew up as a fan of the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball and began collecting baseball cards. He began selling them in 1978. His parents, Paul Goldin and Carole Goldin, supported his passion for collectibles. His sister, Sharon Goldin, shares his interest in this field. Goldin graduated from Friends Select School in Philadelphia, earned a Bachelor of Business Administration from Drexel University, and pursued a marketing degree at George Washington University School of Business. In 1985, in a trial overseen by Maryanne Barry, Goldin pleaded guilty to wire fraud after using credit card numbers he had fraudulently obtained by rummaging through garbage in order to play the MegaWars online game at a cost of up to $12 an hour. He was sentenced to three years of probation and ordered to pay a $500 fine and $3,750 in restitution to CompuServe, the game's provider; he could have faced five years in prison and fines of $250,000. Goldin formed The Score Board, Inc., with his father in 1986, which became known for creating the classic brand of trading cards. They also signed athletes to exclusive autograph contracts. The company went public in 1987 and made $1 million in sales. They sold $20 million in 1989. Goldin left The Score Board in 1997 and, from 1998 to 2011, supplied sports collectibles to TV shopping outlets like QVC and HSN.	2.015625
72801741	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%20Nobel%20Prize%20in%20Literature	1929 Nobel Prize in Literature	The 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the German author Thomas Mann (1875–1955) "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature." He is the fourth German author to be awarded the literature prize after Paul von Heyse in 1910. Laureate Thomas Mann was a prolific writer of fiction and novels who wrote in a variety of genres. He was a merchant's son and was supposed to inherit the family's grain business in Lübeck, but like his older brother Heinrich, he decided to focus on literature. In 1905, he married Katia Pringsheim, and the couple had six children, four of whom also became significant authors (Erika, Klaus, and Golo). His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer. His best known oeuvres include Der Tod in Venedig ("Death in Venice", 1912), Der Zauberberg ("The Magic Mountain", 1924), Joseph und seine Brüder ("Joseph and His Brothers", 1933–1943), and Doktor Faustus ("Dr. Faustus", 1947). Buddenbrooks Mann won the Nobel Prize primarily because of his breakthrough 1901 novel Buddenbrooks, which chronicles the decline of a wealthy north German merchant family over the course of four generations, incidentally portraying the manner of life and mores of the Hanseatic bourgeoisie in the years from 1835 to 1877. The novel was subtitled "a family's decline [verfall einer Familie]" in its original language. Although the Nobel award generally recognizes an author's body of work, the Swedish Academy identified it as the principal reason for his prize. The rationale could also be seen as a reference to one of Mann's later works, The Magic Mountain, a coming-of-age story and, together with Buddenbrooks, his most well-known composition.	2.5625
72801741	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929%20Nobel%20Prize%20in%20Literature	1929 Nobel Prize in Literature	Nominations Thomas Mann was only nominated thrice before he was finally awarded in 1929. He was first nominated in 1924 by the 1912 Nobel Prize laureate Gerhart Hauptmann. His 1929 nomination came from the Nobel Committee member Anders Österling (1884–1981). In 1948, Mann was unconventionally nominated again by two Swedish Academy members (H. Gullberg and E. Löfstedt), but his nomination was not considered during the deliberation process due to the reason that he was already a Nobel laureate. The Swedish Academy received 30 nominations for 24 authors among them Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Kostis Palamas, Johan Bojer, Édouard Estaunié, and Arno Holz. Six of the nominees were first-time nominated namely Stefan George, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Thorton Wilder, Cale Young Rice, Benedetto Croce, and Knud Rasmussen. The Spanish writer Concha Espina de la Serna was the only female nominee. The authors Olav Aukrust, Katharine Lee Bates, Barbara Baynton, Maurice Bouchor, Bliss Carman, Edward Carpenter, Lucy Clifford, Georges Courteline, Anna Bowman Dodd, Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler, Albert Giraud, Shtjefën Gjeçovi, Alice Stopford Green, Max Lehmann, Liang Qichao, Mary Elizabeth Mann, John Morris-Jones, Jānis Pliekšāns (known as Rainis), Hans Prutz, Grace Rhys, Dallas Lore Sharp, Flora Annie Steel, Vedam Venkataraya Sastry died in 1929 without having been nominated for the prize.	2.15625
72801995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Duchy%20of%20Baden%20Gendarmerie%20Corps	Grand Duchy of Baden Gendarmerie Corps	A radical change in Corps structure resulted from Baden's military agreement with Prussia in 1870. The agreement ended the independence of the Baden Army, which was integrated into the Prussian Army. Since the military status of the Gendarmerie remained unchanged, from this point on it formed the only Baden military force and continued to report to the Grand Duke. This regulation corresponded to the situation in other German federal states without independent armed forces, e.g. in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg with its Grand Duchy of Oldenburg Gendarmerie Corps. By 1900 at the latest, the Corps was divided into four districts (Distrikte), which in turn were divided into sub-districts (Bezirke). District officers reported to the Corps Commander in Karlsruhe. The districts were led by senior constables (Oberwachtmeister). At this point in time, but no later than 1914, gendarmes and constables became auxiliary officers of the public prosecutor's office. The prerequisite for joining the Corps in 1829 was at least six years of military service, impeccable leadership qualities and abilities of reading, writing and arithmetic. The age at recruitment was between 25 and 36 years of age. Uniform, armament, equipment	2.796875
72802181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raya%20%28given%20name%29	Raya (given name)	Raya is a given name with multiple, unrelated origins in different cultures. It is a Bulgarian diminutive of Rayna, meaning happy or a Russian diminutive of Raisa. It might also be related to the Latin name Regina meaning queen. It is also said to be an Arabic name derived from ريا (raya), meaning perfume or from راية (rayah), meaning banner or flag. It is also said to be a Hebrew name meaning friend. It is also said to be a Hindi name meaning flow. In Indonesia and Malaysia, the term refers to greatness. The phrase hari raya is used to refer to a big celebration. The word is also associated in that region with rajah, a term used for nobility in India and related cultures. Raya is also a Galician and Spanish surname that has been said to be derived from a place name or a term referring to a border. Other, similar, spellings in use in places such as Canada and the United States include Rayah, Rayya, Rya, and Ryah. It is also a masculine given name in different cultures, including the Philippines. Usage Raya was among the ten most popular names given to newborn girls in Bulgaria in 2021. It debuted among the 1,000 most popular names for newborn girls in the United States in 2020 and was among the 500 most popular names for American newborn girls in 2021. It ranked in 402nd position for girls on the American popularity chart in 2022. It was noted as a name that had greatly increased in usage there. The name has ranked among the top 1,000 names for girls in England and Wales since 2006. In 2021, it ranked in 203rd position for English and Welsh newborn girls on the popularity chart, greater usage than in any prior year. It was among the top 250 names for newborn girls in Canada in 2021, ranking 240th on the popularity chart that year. The name's rising popularity has been ascribed to the release of the 2021 animated film Raya and the Last Dragon, which featured the titular character Raya. Men Raya Martin (born 1984), Filipino filmmaker	2.015625
72802308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-territorial%20autonomy	Non-territorial autonomy	Early cases According to political scientist John Coakley, some phenomena similar to non-territorial autonomy existed already in medieval Europe. As one example, he has pointed out that the King of Bohemia allowed the Germans residing in the state to live according to their own legal system. Similar autonomous rights were granted by other monarchs as well. As another example, Coakley has described the autonomy of Jews in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which guaranteed them freedom of decision not only in religious, but also in family and economic matters. Millet system in the Ottoman Empire The millet system, which existed in the Ottoman Empire from the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until the 19th century, is often considered one of the earliest examples of non-territorial autonomy, and sometimes its most successful and long-lasting form. Some researchers have considered the millet system to be a near-ideal form of non-territorial autonomy that could be successfully applied even today, but others have in turn found that it is unsuitable for today's conditions. The millet system was not actually a codified system, but a set of administrative practices for regulating the relations between the state and communities. Such regulations offered protection and autonomy to communities while imposing tax obligation to the state. Using the millet system, the Ottoman Empire managed the country's religious diversity, particularly regarding the Jewish, Orthodox, and Armenian communities, with smaller religious communities placed under these three larger communities in terms of state administration. Although it is generally believed that the millet system was based on religion, it has also been found that it did not concern only religious communities, but was a much more broad system of social organization and included a territorial approach in addition to a non-territorial, thereby affecting, among others, for example, the Kurds who were Muslims and lived compactly in one area.	2.890625
72802308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-territorial%20autonomy	Non-territorial autonomy	In academic publications, in the first few decades of the 21st century, the concept of non-territorial autonomy has been used to describe the ways of social organization of several countries in the world, which can either be defined as autonomy or in which elements of autonomy can be found: Belgium, Bolivia, Estonia, Ethiopia, Canada, Norway, Sweden and Finland with their regulations concerning the rights of the Sámi people, Serbia, Slovenia, Hungary, New Zealand, Russia. The presence of remnants of the Ottoman millet system in Bulgaria, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Greece, Cyprus, Lebanon and Turkey has also been mentioned as forms of non-territorial autonomy. In the case of some of the above-mentioned countries (Israel, Canada, Turkey), in some studies not an already existing autonomy is mentioned, but proposals to introduce autonomy. The possibility of establishing non-territorial autonomy has also been actively discussed in some other countries (for example, Romania), although the relevant legislation has not yet been adopted. The issue of non-territorial autonomy has also been on the agenda in Kosovo and Ukraine, and it has also been proposed to establish Roma autonomy at the level of the European Union. There are, however, only very few comprehensive, comparative and empirical studies on the topic, compared to research on territorial autonomy Like in the interwar years, the idea of non-territorial autonomy is of interest to policy-makers in the 21st century still mainly in Europe, while it has been stated that, for example, in Africa, various territorial solutions are still preferred when managing national diversity.	2.28125
72802426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia%20hypothesis	Mafia hypothesis	The mafia hypothesis posits that brood parasite eggs are accepted by the host out of fear of retaliation (nest destruction) from the brood parasite, in an example of coevolution. Amotz Zahavi proposed it in 1979, and it was tested by Manuel Soler in 1995. Mathematical modeling Maria Abou Chakra, of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, with others, successfully mathematically modeled the mafia hypothesis as a viable strategy, conditional on two factors: hosts are capable of learning parasites revisit nests They found that the proportion of mafia vs non mafia brood parasites and unconditionally vs conditionally accepting hosts cycled over time: if all hosts unconditionally accepted parasite eggs, then it would not be worth the effort of revisiting the nest- being 'mafia'. If sufficiently few parasites were mafia, then only accepting parasite eggs after nest destruction once would be best for the hosts. As such, the mafia proportion of parasites would increase, thereby leading to unconditional acceptance by hosts, and so on. Farmer strategy Nest destruction also occurs as a result of 'farming'- attempts to synchronize the hosts' schedule with the parasites'. It bears similarities to the mafia strategy in that both engage in depredation of nests. The farmer strategy complicates the mafia/non, un/conditional acceptance model, as in the case of farmers, rejection enters as a viable third host strategy.	2.0625
72803433	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834%20Philadelphia%20race%20riot	1834 Philadelphia race riot	In his memoirs, contemporary Philadelphian author Charles Godfrey Leland wrote, "Whoever shall write a history of Philadelphia from the Thirties to the era of the Fifties will record a popular period of turbulence and outrages so extensive as to now appear almost incredible". These constant acts of serial violence served as the inspiration for novelist George Lippard's 1844 book The Quaker City. In 1838, with the passage of a new constitution, the government of Pennsylvania rescinded suffrage for African Americans. Voting rights were not restored to black Pennsylvanians until 1870, after the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In 1854, with the Act of Consolidation, the city and county of Philadelphia were consolidated, merging the 29 independent municipalities into one municipal authority. This was done in large part due to the constant outbreaks of violence that occurred in the county, which critics stated was due to inadequate law enforcement coverage given the fragmented nature of the county's municipalities. Shortly after the consolidation, a new police department was formed.	2.71875
72803796	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohors%20I%20Hamiorum	Cohors I Hamiorum	Cohors I Hamiorum sagittariorum ("1st Cohort of Hamian Archers") was a Roman auxiliary infantry unit of archers raised near the ancient city of Hama, Syria. It was a cohors quingenaria consisting of 480 men. The unit's origins are unknown and it is unclear when the unit was first created; however, its existence can be definitively attested in the reign of Hadrian. Military diplomas from the years 122 (CIL 16.69), 124 (CIL 16.70), 127 (RMD 240), and 135 AD (CIL 16.82) show that the unit was stationed in Britannia at Magnis (Carvoran). It is the only regiment of archers known to be stationed in Britain. The unit was transferred to Caledonia sometime during the reign of Antoninus Pius according to three inscriptions found at the Bar Hill Fort on the Antonine Wall. In 163 or 164 AD, the regiment was transferred back to Carvoran. The regiment's whereabouts prior to its deployment in Britain are not known, but some scholars, such as Paul Holder, have posited that the regiment first arrived in Britain during the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. A military diploma from the Balkans suggests that it is possible that the regiment could have participated in Trajan's Dacian Wars before it was sent to Britain.	2.453125
72804046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrodon%20bellidiflorus	Acrodon bellidiflorus	Acrodon bellidiflorus, the common tiptoothfig, is a mesemb species from South Africa. Description Acrodon bellidiflorus is a compact succulent perennial plant. It has a woody taproot with fine roots growing off it. This is the only species in its genus where this trait is common The deep green leaves are triangular. They have a persistent that turns black with age. The keel and margins may be smooth or may have three or four flexible teeth with broad bases. The number of teeth may also vary between populations. The eastern populations have short visible internodes. Internodes are not visible in other populations. The flowers are white or pale pink in colour and have a diameter of about . There is only a single flower at the tip of each flowering branch. They are present between April and July. Distribution and habitat This species is endemic to South Africa. It is found growing between McGregor and Bredasdorp and the Klein Karoo. It grows in areas that have renosterveld, coastal fynbos or grassland biomes. Taxonomy Initially, Acrodon bellidiflorus was the only species in its genus. A closer examination of Ruschia in 1986, however, found that several species shared traits with Acrodon bellidiflorus, resulting in them being moved to the genus Acrodon. Conservation This species is considered to be of least concern by the South African National Biodiversity Institute.	2.109375
72804295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Association%20of%20Chiefs%20of%20Police	National Association of Chiefs of Police	The National Association of Chiefs of Police (NACOP) is a 501(c)(3) charity organization whose mission is to support American law enforcement, reserves, and security personnel; their families; and organizations through programs and services it offers to command structure leaders. The organization, based in Titusville, Florida, is active in all U.S. states and territories. In 2020, NACOP spending on its programs, awards, and educational materials totaled 45.5% of revenue. Services and support NACOP offers training to law enforcement and security personnel through films, seminars, booklets and other printed materials, and training sessions. The organization's Law Enforcement Education Program ("LEEP") helps in the tactical training of officers to a world-class level. The civilian based Safety Training Education Program ("STEP") is for "...everyday citizens who want to learn firearms safety, hand-to-hand defensive measures, active shooter response methods, and more..." The organization recognizes and awards those members of the law enforcement and security fields that have shown valor in the field. NACOP also offers support of officers and their families through its "Fund for Paralyzed & Disabled Police Officers" in times of need. Support includes scholarship programs for both the disabled officer and family members, and the awarding of the Law Enforcement Purple Heart medal for injuries received in the line of duty.	2.1875
72804366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone%20Cheneso	Cyclone Cheneso	Deep convection was wrapping into the curved band pattern, prompting the MFR to upgrade it to a tropical depression status. At 12:00 UTC on 18 January, the MFR also upgraded the system into a moderate tropical storm status, and the Meteo Madagascar named it Cheneso. Soon afterward, Cheneso intensified further into a severe tropical storm status. Satellite imagery showed that a central dense overcast (CDO) was obscuring the low–level circulation center (LLCC). Cheneso continued moving westwards, and by the next day, it had made landfall over northern Madagascar; the JTWC released its final warning on the storm. By 18:00 UTC, the MFR declared that Cheneso had degenerated into an overland depression. Due to uncertainty in predicting the storm's track, the MFR temporarily ceased issuing advisories on 20 January. During 21 January, Cheneso began to emerge into the Mozambique Channel, the JTWC resumed monitoring and stated the system had the potential to re–develop. The LLCC started to get consolidated with deep convective bands wrapping into it. As a result, the MFR initiated advisories again on 23 January. Cheneso gained tropical disturbance status yet again, however the system lacked deep convection near its center. By 14:00 UTC that day, the JTWC re–issued a TCFA, and re–upgraded the system to a tropical storm. Cheneso resumed its organizing trend soon afterward, and at 00:00 UTC on 24 January, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression status. Six hours later, convection increased near the center, and the storm was upgraded to moderate tropical storm status. The storm continued to organize with an intense CDO forming along with an eye, and Cheneso strengthened to severe tropical storm status. By 03:00 UTC on 25 January, Cheneso strengthened into a Category 1–equivalent tropical cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale (SSHWS), as it neared the coast of Madagascar. The cyclone strengthened further with a defined curved pattern, marking its intensification into a tropical cyclone status	2.171875
72804759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20love%27s%20kiss	True love's kiss	In contemporary adaptations of the tale of "Snow White", including the 1937 Disney animated film, Snow White's curse of eternal sleep is broken by the love's first kiss of the prince she met at the beginning of the film. In contemporary adaptations of the fairy tale of "Sleeping Beauty", including the 1959 Disney animated film, Princess Aurora's curse of deep sleep (and the deep sleep across the entire kingdom) is broken by the true love's kiss of Prince Phillip. In the 2014 retelling in Maleficent, Aurora is revived by a kiss from Maleficent on the forehead, an indicator of her maternal love for her. In contemporary retellings of the fairy tale of "The Frog Prince", the frog's transformation to a prince is triggered by a princess kissing the frog. In contemporary versions of the tale of "The Little Mermaid", including the 1989 Disney animated film, Ariel must obtain true love's kiss from Prince Eric to remain human and break the spell cast by Ursula the Sea Witch. In contemporary adaptations of the fairy tale of "La Belle et la Bête", including the Disney animated film, the curse of the beast and his household is broken by the true love's kiss of Belle. In the Shrek franchise, true love's kiss plays an integral role in the story plots, and has the power to break curses and spells, restore Shrek and Princess Fiona to ogre and human form, and reverse alternate realities. In the 2007 film, Enchanted, true love's kiss possesses the only magic powerful enough to break the poisoned apple's curse. One of the songs in the film's soundtrack is also titled "True Love's Kiss". In the 2013 book series The School for Good and Evil and subsequent film adaptation, the concept of true love's kiss plays a role in the story as a central riddle, powerful plot device, and as a method to revive the dead. In the 2018 film Charming, Lenore brings Prince Charming back to life with true love's kiss.	2.140625
72805130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhela%20Samhita	Bhela Samhita	Bhela Samhita (IAST: Bhela-saṃhitā, "Compendium of Bhela") is a Sanskrit-language medical text from ancient India. It is known from an incomplete c. 1650 CE manuscript kept at the Sarasvati Mahal Library in Thanjavur, and a c. 9th century fragment found at Tuyoq. Quotations in other works suggest that an older version of the text, possibly composed during 400-750 CE, existed. Much of the text is in form of a dialogue between sage Atreya and his pupil Bhela, the author of the text. It shows many similarities with the Charaka Samhita, another text of the Atreya school, but it also shows some similarities with the Sushruta Samhita of the Dhanavantri school. Authorship The text is primarily in form of a dialogue between the sage Atreya and his pupil Bhela (also called Bheḍa). However, several other people also talk to Atreya in the text, including: the royal sage Nagnajit, who asks Atreya questions about detecting poison in food Gurdalu Bhekin, who asks Atreya about medical topography Sushrotar Medhavin, who describes the treatment of the dosha-related disorders Several sages (including Khandakapya and Maitreya) talk to Atreya on the topic of tastes In the text, the dialogue between Nagnajit and Atreya takes place during Atreya's visit to Gandhara. Based on the text's mention of Gandhara, some scholars theorize that Bhela was from Gandhara. However, R.S. Singh theorizes that Bhela was from western India, based on an analysis of vegetables used for preparing medicines mentioned in the text. Date Multiple sources, including the Thanjavur version of the Bhela Samhita mention Bhela as a pupil of the ancient sage Atreya. Plus, Bhela is mentioned in ancient texts such as the Bower Manuscript. This suggests that Bhela was regarded as a medical authority in the ancient period.	2.328125
72805130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhela%20Samhita	Bhela Samhita	Comparison with the Charaka Samhita The Charaka Samhita refers to Bhela Samhita, and the two texts are similar in many ways: They agree on several topics, suggesting that they both belong to the Atreya school. The name of the sections (sthanas) and the number of chapters in each section is exactly same. Several chapters in the two texts have same or similar names. The chapters in both texts begin in same way. Both texts (as well as the Sushruta Samhita) feature discussions among sages. For example: Both texts feature a discussion between sages on the topic of tastes, which takes place in the Chaitra-ratha forest. In both cases, Atreya rejects seven different opinions and expresses what he calls the correct view. Unlike the Bhela-sahita, the Charaka Samhita attributes these seven opinions to particular persons. Both texts feature a discussion on which part of the embryo develops first: the views expressed in the Bhela-sahita and the Charaka Samhita are very similar, and disagree with the view of the Sushruta Samhita. However, the Bhela Samhita also differs from the Charaka Samhita in several ways: It is more concise and uses simpler language than the Charaka Samhita. Its chapters end differently, with the phrase ity āha bhagavān Ātreyaḥ. While some of the content in the two texts is similar, there are substantial differences. For example, the Vimana-sthana sections of the two texts differs considerably. It contains considerable similarities with the Dhanavantri school represented by the Sushruta Samhita. Manuscripts	2.125
72805304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona%20Zacharias	Leona Zacharias	Beyond her work on RLF/ROP, Zacharias also made significant contributions to the understanding of human maturation. In 1965, she joined the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Harvard University as a research associate and, beginning in 1968, became a principal associate in obstetrics and gynecology at the Harvard Medical School. She was principal investigator of a study on human maturation, focusing on the onset of menarche and its variability. Her research provided crucial insights into the genetic and environmental influences on menarche, and challenged prevailing notions about sexual maturation of girls. Her findings helped lead to the emphasis on the need for personalized approaches to healthcare and education for adolescent girls. Between 1975 and 1989, Zacharias held various research positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, the Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, and the Department of Applied Biological Sciences from 1987 to 1989. Personal life Zacharias met her husband on a blind date in 1925, and the pair were married on June 23, 1927. Her husband, Jerrold R. Zacharias, was a nuclear physicist who developed the first atomic clock and served on the President’s Science Advisory Committee. On October 14, 1931, Leona Zacharias gave birth to their first child Susan. On August 28, 1942, their second daughter Johanna was born. She loved animals–especially dogs–and owned a succession of poodles. In 2023, Zacharias's story was documented by Katie Hafner in Scientific American.	2.390625
72805383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Rainier	Lady Rainier	Lady Rainier is a public sculpture in Seattle, Washington, United States. The work, consisting of a bronzed statue of a woman holding a glass, was commissioned by the Seattle Brewing & Malting Company (the producers of Rainier Beer) and created in Germany in 1903. It was designed as part of a fountain, with water overflowing from the cup, resembling beer foam. Upon completion, it was placed in a courtyard outside of their facilities in the city's Georgetown neighborhood. Over the next several years, it was relocated multiple times and is today located outside of a former Rainier brewery in Seattle's SoDo neighborhood. In 2005, activists in Georgetown proposed relocating the statue to Oxbow Park and restoring it as an active fountain. , the relocation had not occurred. Design The bronzed statue stands tall and depicts a woman with an outstretched arm holding a glass. As a fountain, the water would have poured out from the cup, resembling beer foam spilling from a glass. The statue currently stands near the north entrance of the old Rainier brewery in SoDo, near Interstate 5 at 3100 Airport Way. History	2
72805626	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%20Libyan%20protests	1976 Libyan protests	The 1976 Libyan protests were demonstrations organized by university students in Tripoli and Benghazi who protested against human rights violations and military control over the civilian population, calling for free and fair elections and for a civilian government. The protests were repressed and many students were imprisoned. Background Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état. After the king had fled the country, the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) headed by Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and the old constitution and established the Libyan Arab Republic. Protests During the transition to the Jamahiriya, on 7 April 1976, students of universities in Tripoli and Benghazi protested against human rights violations and the military’s control over "all aspects of life in Libya"; the students called for free and fair elections to take place and for power to be transferred to a civilian government. Violent counter-demonstrations took place, with many students imprisoned. Aftermath On 7 April 1977, the anniversary of the event, students (including Omar Dabob and Muhammed Ben Saoud) were publicly executed in Benghazi, with anti-Gaddafi military officers executed later in the week. Friends of the executees were forced to participate in or observe the executions. Annual public executions would go on to continue each year, on 7 April, until the late 1980s.	2.859375
72805888	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus%20conispadiceus	Octopus conispadiceus	Octopus conispadiceus (commonly the chestnut octopus) is a species of long-ligula octopus, provisionally placed in the genus Octopus. It was first described by Madoka Sasaki in 1917 based on specimens bought at a fish market in Sapporo, Japan. Description O. conispadiceus is large, with a mantle length of up to 210 millimeters and a total length of at least 120 centimeters; its arms are moderate in length, around three times the length of the mantle. There are 140 to 150 suckers on each arm in males and 170 to 190 in females, and suckers are larger in males than females. O. conispadiceus is firm and muscular, with smooth skin, and light gray-blue in color with a white line across its head. It has seven rows of teeth and an ink sac. O. conispadiceus has small eyes. Distribution O. conispadiceus is found in cold temperate waters off northern Japan and the Kuril Islands. It is a benthic shelf species, living from depths of around 50 to 100 meters, mostly in sandy or muddy substrates. Life cycle O. conispadiceus reaches maturity quickly, around 10 to 11 months in cold waters. Juveniles look much like adults, but have a different skin texture. The species has a short life span, with estimates between under two years and three to four years. Females lay from 400 up to 1,200 eggs at a time; the eggs are very large, up to 28 millimeters. The size of the eggs suggests that hatchlings are benthic. Use by humans O. conispadiceus is fished commercially in Japan. It is the second most common species of octopus in fish markets in Hokkaido, and is sometimes bycatch in gillnet fishing, especially in Russia	2.890625
72806329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ctaka%20Kanga%20ruins	Ōtaka Kanga ruins	The main part of the ruins is a rectangular site measuring 105 meters from north-to-south and 130 meters from east-to-west. There is evidence indicating that the site was expanded to the east and south at one pint. Based the ages of the unearthed Sue ware and Haji ware pottery, it is believed that the government office lasted from the end of the 7th century to the latter half of the 9th century, divided into the three periods. Phase I was from the end of the 7th century to the middle of the 8th century. Phase II is from the 8th century to the first half of the 9th century, and consists mainly of foundation stone buildings. Phase III is the latter half of the 9th century, when new ditches were dug and the site was expanded. The site is located near the Ōtaka Kofun cluster, a group of small-scale kofun burial mounds from the middle to late Kofun period (5th to 7th centuries). However, at present, only Mound No. 4 (round mound) remains at the southern end of the designated historic site, and the tumuli have been destroyed.	2.421875
72806439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dream%20of%20Reason	The Dream of Reason	The Dream of Reason: A History of Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance is a 2000 nonfiction book by Anthony Gottlieb, the first in a series of three volumes that introduce Western philosophy to a wide audience. The second volume is The Dream of Enlightenment. The third volume in the trilogywhich will continue chronologically from Immanuel Kantwill complete the survey, that has been compared to Bertrand Russell's A History of Western Philosophy published in 1945. Content In his 2000 publication, The Dream of Reason: A History of Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance, Gottlieb described the first of two explosions of thought that contributed to western philosophical traditionssuch as the Athenian philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. He includes separate sections on the Milesians, the Pythagoreans, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Zeno of Elea, Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Democritus, the Sophists, Socrates and the Socratics, Plato, Aristotle, Epicureans, Stoics, and Sceptics and concludes with "The haven of piety" from late antiquity to the Renaissance. The trilogy In the book's introduction, Gottlieb cited William James, who described philosophy as "a particularly stubborn effort to think clearly." He said that his goal was to show two "sides of the story of this dream of reason" from the sixth century BC to the Renaissance. On the one hand, there were failures in attempting to push the boundaries of rational inquiry to its limits resulting, in a mere "mirage". On the other, there have been magnificent successes where the "dream is revealed as a fruitful inspiration. Reviews The 2000 review in The Guardian said that Gottlieb handled "opaque and controversial issues" with skill, as would be expected of the author who was a senior editor at The Economist for many years.	2.25
72807645	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mian%20Goverdhan%20Singh	Mian Goverdhan Singh	Mian Goverdhan Singh (8 August 1928 – 1 March 2003) was a writer and librarian from Himachal Pradesh, India. He is noted for his books on the history, cultural traditions, and historic architectures of Himachal Pradesh. He is also known for having facilitated the research for a number of well-known books, both during and after his tenure as librarian at the State Secretariat Library in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Life and career Mian Goverdhan Singh was born on 8 August 1928 at village Shadi in the erstwhile princely state of Jubbal, located in the southern parts of the present-day Himachal Pradesh state. His father, Mian Joban Das, was a 'vakil' (lawyer) to the Raja of Jubbal. Singh passed out with a BA in Library Service from Panjab University in 1955. He was married to Tikam Devi. He served as a librarian, and later as Chief Librarian, at the State Secretariat Library at Shimla for over three decades, till his retirement in October 1988. Singh was instrumental in the development of this library. There, Singh guided and facilitated the research for a number of academic scholars and other writers. He wrote several books on the history, cultural traditions, historic architecture, and economy of Himachal Pradesh. Singh died on 1 March 2003. Awards and other recognition	2.109375
72808130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori%20Marsden	Māori Marsden	Māori Marsden (10 August 1924 – 18 June 1993) was an author, an ordained Anglican minister and expert (tohunga) on Māori philosophy. Biography Marsden was born in Awanui, in the far north of New Zealand 10 August 1924. His parents were Hoani Matenga-Paerata and Hana (nee-Toi) Matenga-Paerata. Māori Marsden is affiliated with the Te Aupouri iwi, and also Ngāi Takoto, Ahipara, and Ngāti Wharara of Ngāpuhi. His secondary education was at Wesley College in Paerata and he went to the University of Auckland and studied a Bachelor of Arts. He was also educated in the traditional Māori centre of learning 'Te Whare Wananga o Ngāpuhi. He was the chair-person of the Auckland University Māori Club while he was studying there. Marsden's father was a member of the clergy Reverend Hoani Matenga, and Marsden attended New Zealand Bible Training Institute (now Laidlaw College). Marsden also graduated from St. John’s College, Auckland in 1957 with a Licentiate in Theology. The same year at age 33 he became an Anglican minister. Marsden was in World War II as a member of the 28th Māori Battalion. He was the Royal New Zealand Navy chaplain for twelve years. He was the first Māori chaplain of the Navy. Researcher Robyn Tauroa says whilst Marsden was at the Navy he 'provided karakia and also guided unuhia ceremonies to prepare Māori for battle'. Marsden's essay God, Man and Universe, published in Te Ao Hurihuri (1975) has been described as a 'seminal work'. As a writer Marsden wrote about 'matters facing the contemporary Māori quest for social justice and the achievement of authentic being.' Marsden also composed waiata, and was a guest speakers at many events.	2.234375
72808356	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Senj%C5%8D%20%28Tottori%29	Mount Senjō (Tottori)	Battle of Mount Senjōsan On April 4, 1333, Sasaki Kiyotaka, the shugo of Oki Province, led his forces against Mt. Senjō in an attempt to recapture Emperor Go-Daigo, and was assisted by the local Ogamo and Kasuya clans. On Emperor Go-Daigo's side, the armed monks of Mount Daisen came to his aid. At Mount Senjō, the Nawa forces tied four to five hundred banners to trees to make their army appear to be much larger than it was in reality, and occasionally shot arrows to keep the shogunate forces in check. During the assault on the mountain, Sasaki Masatsuna was struck by an arrow in his right eye and died. Sasaki Sadamune was trapped in a pocket and surrendered. Unaware of the setbacks of the commanders on his flanks, Sasaki Kiyotaka led he main attack, but his forces became confused on the mountain paths and the Nawa army, taking advantage of a storm in the evening, drove many of the attackers off the cliffs. As a result of the defeat of the shogunate forces, numerous western warlords who had been hesitant in support switched sides and pledged fealty to Emperor Go-Daigo against the Kamakura shogunate. According to the medieval chronicle Taiheiki, this enabled Emperor Go-Daigo conclusively defeat the Sasaki clan and to capture all of Hōki Province. The Kamakura shogunate dispatched two armies to subdue the rebellion; however the force led by Hōjō Takaie along the San'yōdō highway was defeated by the Akamatsu clan and the force led by Ashikaga Takauji switched sides and destroyed the shogunate's stronghold of Rokuhara Tandai in Kyoto. This enabled Emperor Go-Daido to return in triumph to Kyoto in June.	2.75
72808385	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist%20as%20a%20Vocation	Novelist as a Vocation	is an essay collection written by Haruki Murakami published by on 10 September 2015. An English translation by Philip Gabriel and Ted Goossen was released on 8 November 2022 by Alfred A. Knopf in the US, by Harvill Secker in the UK and by Doubleday Canada in Canada. Summary Novelist as a Vocation is a collection of essays. The first chapter of the book is "Are Novelists Broad-minded?". In the book there is an essay about Haruki Murakami with the title “How I Became a Novelist”. Critical reception The book received mixed reviews from critics, receiving praise for its insight into Murakami's life and career, as well as criticism for its loose structure and advice to novelists. According to Book Marks, the book received "positive" reviews based on 13 critic reviews with 2 being "rave" and 5 being "positive" and 5 being "mixed" and 1 being "panned". Charles Finch of The New York Times described the book as "assured, candid and often [...] deeply irritating." Huda Awan of The Irish Times and Philip Hensher of The Daily Telegraph wrote that some of Murakami's writing advice seemed "bizarre," with Hensher commenting that it contains "startlingly banal observations on the writer's world." Sean O'Hagan of The Guardian and Mini Kapoor of The Hindu both praised the book for its exploration of Murakami's mind and writing process. The book was reviewed by Chris Rutledge of Washington Independent Review of Books, Karthik Keramalu of Firstpost, Brendan Daly of Business Post, Thu-Huong Ha of The Japan Times, Nick Duerden of The i and Paul Perry of Sunday Independent of Ireland. Books Kinokuniya brought 90 percent of first print run of the book.	1.960938
72808751	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%20Orthodox%20Movement	Arab Orthodox Movement	Movement Within the context of rising Arab nationalism, Arab revolts against the Greek clergy in the Orthodox patriarchates of Antioch and Jerusalem — covering modern-day regions of Syria and Lebanon, and Palestine and Transjordan respectively — intensified in the late 19th century. These movements in Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire gained inspiration from nationalists in fellow Balkan provinces (Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Greek Orthodox), who merged demands for religious reforms and national emancipation within the Ottoman Empire earlier that century. Movements demanding the Arabization of the Orthodox patriarchates started in Syria and Lebanon in 1872, and was successful when Meletius II, Michael Doumani in Arabic, was appointed patriarch of Antioch in 1899, becoming its first Arab patriarch since 1720. Sati' al-Husri termed this as "the first real victory of Arab nationalism". However, Arabization of the Jerusalem Orthodox patriarchate failed in Palestine and Transjordan. Other patriarchates in the Holy Land underwent successful Arabization, including Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran churches.	2.515625
72808751	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%20Orthodox%20Movement	Arab Orthodox Movement	The Young Turk Revolution that restored the Ottoman Constitution in 1908, led to the abolishment of press censorship. Several newspapers, magazines and periodical appeared across Ottoman Palestine. Out of the twenty-five Palestinian newspapers that were launched in 1908, nineteen were Christian-owned. Palestinian Christian journalists dedicated a significant amount of space for the Orthodox cause. For example, Najib Nassar's Al-Karmil newspaper in 1908, Khalil Sakakini's Al-Dustour in 1910, and Bulus Shihadeh's Mir'at al-Sharq in 1919. The lead organ of the Orthodox movement, however, was the Falastin newspaper that was established by Issa El-Issa and Yousef El-Issa in 1911. The central motive behind the founding of the Falastin newspaper was to serve as an outlet for the Arab Orthodox community in their struggle against the Greek clerical hegemony of the Patriarchate, but soon after picked up the Arab fight against the Zionist colonization of Palestine. When it first appeared in 1911, Falastin featured a column dedicated to Orthodox affairs. And after being republished in 1921, Falastin's editorials featured three main messages: Arab Orthodox dedication to their church; Greek clerical greed, immorality and foreignness; and inadequate British response to the issue. By the 1920s, the newspaper's editor Issa El-Issa began to view the Arab Orthodox movement, the Arab opposition to Zionist colonization of Palestine, and Arab opposition to the British Mandate authorities, as intertwined struggles in the national liberation movement against European imperial domination of Palestine. National Orthodox institutions During the first Arab Orthodox Conference in July 1923, the attendees demanded "the establishment of new societies and clubs throughout Palestine and Transjordan" to solidify Arab leadership in the Orthodox community. In 1924, the first Orthodox Club was founded in Jaffa, followed by clubs in Jerusalem (1926), Acre (1929), Beit Sahour (1930), Lydda (1932) and Haifa (1937).	2.75
72809037	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20McNamara	Maria McNamara	Maria Eithne McNamara, MRIA, is an Irish palaeontologist. She is Professor of Palaeobiology at University College Cork. McNamara's research focuses on the preservation of soft tissues in the fossil record, fossil colour, and feather evolution through the use of laboratory analytical techniques, including FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, synchrotron-XRF and XANES. Furthermore, controlled laboratory-based taphonomic experiments that simulate aspects of the fossilization process are done to illustrate how information on biological structures and chemistry is lost during decay and diagenesis, and help to predict what sort of information is likely to preserve in fossils. Life and work McNamara obtained her undergraduate degree in Earth Sciences at the University of Galway in 2002. In 2007 she was awarded a PhD by University College Dublin (UCD) in 2007 with a thesis focusing on taphonomy. After a two year postdoc at UCD, McNamara spent a year as a geopark geologist at the Burren and Cliffs of Moher Geopark. She returned to academia in 2009 after being awarded a Marie Curie Postdoctoral Fellow at Yale University. In 2012 McNamara did further postdoctoral research on feather coloration at the University of Bristol, and in 2013 she was given the position of lecturer at University College Cork (UCC). In 2016 McNamara was one of the eight women to be painted by Blaise Smith in honour of being the recipient of European Research Council Starter Grants. The painting was exhibited at the United Nations headquarters and is now on permanent exhibition at the Royal Irish Academy. McNamara became professor at UCC in 2020. In 2020 McNamara became one of only a handful of Irish scientists to be awarded a second European Research Council grant, with the award of a European Research Council Consolidator Grant.	2.421875
72809129	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnersuchus	Turnersuchus	In addition to helping uncover the ancestral morphology of Thalattosuchia, Turnersuchus further aids in filling the ghost lineage leading up to the groups explosive radiation during the late Early Jurassic. It pushes the known record of thalattosuchians from the Toarcian back into the Pliensbachian, shortening the period of time between the group's first estimated appearance and the first confirmed fossils. However, the precise divergence remains uncertain. Bayesian analysis based on the two phylogenetic analysis yield vastly different results. Following the interpretation that thalattosuchians are early diverging mesoeucrocodylians, as in the Herrera dataset, the remaining ghost lineage would be relatively short, extending only into the Sinemurian stage of the early Jurassic. However, if they are indeed a sister group to crocodyliforms, as indicated by the Wilberg dataset, then the origin of Thalattosuchia would be pushed back into the Norian, over 13 million years earlier than indicated by the other analysis. The maximum ranges (95% highest posterior density) for both analysis would suggest that the group could have originated in the Late Triassic, either during the Norian or the Rhaetian. This is broadly confirmed by an in-press paper describing an indeterminate teleosauroid from the earliest Jurassic (Hettangian to Sinemurian) of Morocco, which would support the presence of thalattosuchians prior to the Pliensbachian with a possible origin prior to the beginning of the Jurassic.	2.65625
72809170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile%20%C8%98irli	Vasile Șirli	Vasile Șirli (born 25 September 1948) is a Romanian musical composer and producer. A pianist, Șirli specialises in easy listening, film, incidental and classical music. He studied at the National University of Music Bucharest, was an editor at Editura Muzicală and became director at Electrecord and at Disneyland Paris. Șirli is a Megleno-Romanian. Biography Vasile Șirli was born on 25 September 1948 in Variaș, Romania. He was born in a Megleno-Romanian family originating from villages in the north of Greece who migrated to Romania in the 1920s. They settled in Southern Dobruja, but moved to Northern Dobruja following the former's cession to Bulgaria; in 1946 and 1947, following World War II, some Megleno-Romanian families in Northern Dobruja, including Șirli's, were deported to Banat, possibly to balance the German, Hungarian and Serb populations of the region. He was musically inclined from an early age, during which he took piano lessons. He would later be admitted to the Music and Plastic Arts Lyceum of Timișoara in piano class, accessing the National University of Music Bucharest in Bucharest in 1967. In 1972, Șirli became editor at Editura Muzicală, and from 1980 to 1984, he was artistic director at the Romanian record label Electrecord, the only in Romania at the time. In 1978, after composing music for a poem by poet and playwright Marin Sorescu for the 60th anniversary of the Great Union, journalist asked him to compose music for a short film by Constantin Chelba, and as a result, he was recommended to theater director Dan Micu, starting his debut as an incidental music composer. Furthermore, Șirli debuted as a film score composer for the 1982 film () by director . Șirli also specialises in easy listening music and classical music.	1.921875
72809222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Kutter	Friedrich Kutter	Friedrich Kutter (1 October 1834 – 7 March 1891) was a German physician and ornithologist who was among the early adopters of evolutionary thinking in oology, the study of birds' eggs. He served as a president of the German Ornithological Society in 1890-1891. Biography Kutter was born in Grünberg in Silesia where his father was a well-known physician. He went to school in Sorau and studied medicine at the Friedrich Wilhelms Institute in Berlin, where he graduated in 1856. He then worked as a regimental physician in the 1st Cavalry (Uhlan) regiment stationed at various times in Berlin, Głogów, Poznań, Prudnik and Kassel, with active wartime service across Europe during the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian wars and received several war medals including an Iron Cross, and an Order of the Red Eagle. From an early age he was interested in birds and was a collector of eggs. He was among the early members of the German Ornithological Society which produced the journal Naumannia from 1851 under the leadership of the pastor August Carl Eduard Baldamus. Another journal, the Journal for Ornithology was begun by Jean Cabanis in 1853 in Berlin and Kutter became a contributor to this during his medical studies years in Berlin and became acquainted with Bernard Altum, Alfred Hausmann, Karl Bolle, Theobald Krüper, and Carl Vangerow. Kutter took an evolutionary view within oology. He travelled to the Philippines and collected specimens from there which were examined by Cabanis. Butio kutteri was named after him by Cabanis but this is now a junior synonym for Gorsachius melanolophus. Kutter described a species of cuckooshrike, now the subspecies Coracina striata kochii in 1882. Kutter died suddenly of a cardiac arrest and is buried in Zielona Góra.	2.296875

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