id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
381
| title
stringlengths 1
211
| text
stringlengths 1.02k
2.05k
| edu_quality
float64 1.91
4.03
| naive_quality
int64 0
0
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
78614290
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%27s%20Theatre%2C%20Stratford
|
The King's Theatre, Stratford
|
In 1991 a non-profit trust, the Stratford District Theatre Trust, was formed with the intent of purchasing the theatre and restoring it. The trust was formed following a successful Shakespeare Festival in town the year prior. Films were screened again in 1992 and continue to be shown. Many local organisations have provided sponsorships, grants, and materials to assist in the restoration work and operating costs. In the first year of full openings it had over 20,000 patrons. From 1992 to 1994 features such as the original façade and interior ornamentation were restored. From 2012 to 2014 earthquake strengthening work took place.
In 2024, the theatre was registered as a category 1 building by Heritage New Zealand. The theatre is also scheduled under the Stratford District Plan. The King's Theatre is now a dual-purpose theatre screening both films and plays. The theatre plays host to a national secondary school Shakespeare competition as well as the local Shakespeare Festival. Aside from the programmer all staff are unpaid volunteers.
| 2.015625
| 0
|
78615339
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Tungabhadra%20River%20%281543%29
|
Battle of Tungabhadra River (1543)
|
The departure of Ibrahim Adil Shah I marked a turning point, as it unleashed widespread rebellion against Tirumala. Rama Raya along with the majority of the nobles who had professed loyalty to him, broke their promises and began preparing for a decisive march upon Vijayanagara to punish Tirumala for his perceived betrayal. The political tide turned rapidly against him, as even some of his most loyal generals began to desert, leaving his military strength in decline. Recognizing the urgency of the situation, Tirumala resolved to confront his enemies in a final battle before his forces completely disbanded. Gathering whatever troops he could muster, he took command personally and advanced to the banks of the Tungabhadra where he set up camp.
Battle
While stationed at Adoni or nearby, Rama Raya deployed spies to monitor Tirumala's movements and undermine the loyalty of his troops. These spies infiltrated Tirumala's camp, spreading rumors that their leader, despite his wealth, was merely a shepherd by caste and unworthy of allegiance. To further sow dissent, they offered bribes to Tirumala’s captains on Rama Raya's behalf, causing many to contemplate desertion. With Tirumala’s forces demoralized and divided, Rama Raya seized the opportunity to launch a sudden and decisive attack on his camp, catching him completely off guard. As his captains abandoned him, Tirumala saw no option but to flee with a few retainers. However, Rama Raya's officers soon caught up with him, and Tirumala was promptly beheaded. His severed head was displayed on a flagstaff, a stark and public declaration of his defeat and punishment for betrayal.
| 2.234375
| 0
|
78615748
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siete%20tratados
|
Siete tratados
|
On Genius (Del genio)
He begins this treatise by defending himself from the attacks of a language purist who had criticized him for using the Gallicism "genio" when Spanish has the word "ingenio". For Montalvo, there are two different concepts that must be expressed with two different words, and to explain what "genio" is, he recalls that in ancient Greek philosophy, particularly in Aristotelian philosophy, there was the word “entelechy”, the same word that “sometimes means God, sometimes means form: when it is poured by movement, when by abyss: now it is immortality, then it will indicate hell”. He then explains that something similar happens with the word “genio”: “The entelechy of the ancients has today one as heir of the vast, high, deep, unknown and mysterious: this is the 'genio'”.
He asserts that "genio", as a creative force, is not a universal faculty. "Genio" is a very rare gift “with which God improves the predestined of his love”, while “'ingenio' is talent, intelligence distributed”. He says:"Ingenio" may be modest, humble, and even low: "genio" is sublime, always sublime; and sublimity does not exist without great daring, unanswerable force, irresistible impetus. "Ingenio" is judicious, often timid: its flight does not translimate the space of an apocate sensibility: "genio" is agitated in a kind of celestial dementia, it flaps its wings impetuously and, with its eyes on fire, it shoots up.Throughout his essay, Montalvo reviews ancient and modern history to cite "genios" and men of "ingenio", both auspicious and unlucky.
| 2.125
| 0
|
78616535
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban%20invasion%20of%20Panama
|
Cuban invasion of Panama
|
Arrival of invasion force
The invasion force arrived in Panamanian jungles on 25 April 1959. During the landing attempt, Enrique Morales, leader of the 22nd May Youth Revolutionary Movement drowned leaving the group without a commander. After landing the group soon split up into several detachments to recruit locals and then rendezvous. On 26 April 1959, the Arias couple went fishing on their boat The Nola and during the voyage ordered fishermen to raise a buoy loaded with arms. The fishermen reported the couple, who hurriedly decided that Arias should try to escape detection. In the night Arias jumped ship, boarding the shrimp boat Elaine, while Fonteyn used her own yacht as a decoy to divert the government forces. She returned to Panama City to turn herself in, hoping her surrender would help her husband. On 27 April 1959, Colonel Bolívar Vallarino gave a press conference denouncing the invasion and presenting three captured prisoners (two Cubans and one Panamanian). On 28 April 1959, the besieged invaders in Nombre de Dios demanded to be taken to Cuba to which the Panamanian government responded negatively demanding "the unconditional surrender of the invaders." On 28 April 1959, Fidel Castro distanced himself from the invasion stating it to be irresponsible. On 30 April 1959, 30 Panamanian National Guard personnel were deployed to Nombre de Dios for the first Battle against the Cuban forces but were called back so a team of neutral observers could reach the location. By 30 April, Cubans were 20 miles from the Panama Canal having marched 35 miles up the coast. The invasion force on 30 April numbered 89 men with 300 more reportedly en route.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
74290756
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%2C%20Cuckney%2C%20Holbeck%20and%20Welbeck
|
Norton, Cuckney, Holbeck and Welbeck
|
Holbeck
The hamlet was not recorded in Domesday Book and there is no documentary evidence of an early church or chapel. in 1329 it had ecclesiastical connections to John Hotham, Bishop of Ely, who held free warren there as well as 114 acres. Also in that year, the bishop of Ely granted the whole manor of Cuckney and its hamlets, including Holbeck, to Welbeck Abbey. Following the English Reformation parts were separated and Holbeck became the property of Earl Manvers. In 1810 it, along with Bonbusk (a local hamlet) was transferred to the Duke of Portland, in exchange for Bilhaugh Wood near Thoresby Park. In 1844 an oratory for Catholics was at Holbeck Woodhouse and it had been converted into a Protestant chapel by the Duke. The church of St Winifred was built between 1913 and 1916, being originally a private chapel in the Church of England and was a traditional burial place for the dukes, it was built entirely by labour from the estate. Holbeck Woodhouse and Holbeck village contain clusters of farm buildings and houses which served the Welbeck estate, along with the land and buildings associated to the former abbey. Several of the houses are listed, as well as is the Portland family church of St Winifred, built in the early 20th century. There are seven bungalows in Holbeck Woodhouse which attract interest when they on occasion become available. No new housing developments had taken place within Holbeck for 40 plus years until the conversion of the barns at Holbeck Woodhouse in 2020 has brought five dwellings onto the market, although the Welbeck estates chose to make these holiday lets rather than residential. Holbeck includes the location of former stable buildings and houses for tenants of the estate, with much of these being listed due to their notable architectural style. Lady Margaret Hall is located off the A60. This is the largest of the local community buildings and has recently been refurbished. The playing field at Holbeck is leased to Bassetlaw District Council.
| 2.03125
| 0
|
74290756
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%2C%20Cuckney%2C%20Holbeck%20and%20Welbeck
|
Norton, Cuckney, Holbeck and Welbeck
|
Norton
Norton came under the same parallel ownership and history as Cuckney, which was considered the chief local town by the 1800s. It later developed Welbeck estate workers houses and farm buildings. The village has since had ten buildings designated as listed. In Norton during World War Two, a prisoner of war camp in woods to the north of the village was built. Eleven bungalows in Norton built in 1962 by Welbeck Estates and since quickly attract interest when one occasionally becomes available. The small play area at Norton and playing field at Holbeck are leased to Bassetlaw District Council.
Welbeck Colliery
Welbeck Colliery opened in 1912 and closed in 2010, it employed 1500 workers at its peak and extracted 1.5 million tonnes of coal per year.
Governance
Although discrete settlements, these were managed at the first level of public administration by Norton, Cuckney, Holbeck and Welbeck Parish Council.
At district level, the wider area is managed by Bassetlaw District Council, and by Nottinghamshire County Council at its highest tier.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
74292158
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic%20carrying%20basket
|
Austroasiatic carrying basket
|
The austroasiatic carrying basket or kapha is a wicker basket common to many Austroasiatic and Austronesian peoples in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines and Thailand. It is carried on their back to go to the fields, but also at parties, where it serves as an adornment for the girls. Weaving these carrying baskets is a craft that has been passed down from generation to generation with a unity in style which has defined tribal identity and raised interest of ethnologists.
History
Since the arrival of European ethnologists in the second hald of the 19th century, the austroasiatic carrying basket referred to by the French scientists as "hotte" attracted attention.
Backpack baskets did not appear with archeological evidence in Europe until the end of the 13th century. While the origin date of the austroasiatic carrying basket remains uncertain, André-Georges Haudricourt links the double straps of the Austroasiatic carrying basket with the arrival of kaftan from Mongolia, presuming that the gesture of putting on a coat and a basket are closely linked.
It has been presumed that this carrying basket common to Austrasiatic people spanning from Indonesia to Laos can also be explained by geography, as mountainous areas such as the ones in Southeast Asia, make it more difficult to keep one's gravity center, thus explaining the double-saddle balanced shape of the basket. It can also be compared to those found in Sikkim, in the Himalayas, which use one more band tied to the forehead for better levy.
Typology
Description
The austroastic carrying baskets is usually woven with bamboo and rattan materials; the base is made of hewn wood (for the baskets of the Ede) or bamboo (for the baskets of the M'nong). The basket is woven in the shape of a round cylinder, with two straps made of very tough braided forest rope, one end is knitted with the body close to the mouth of the basket, the other end is tied with the base of the basket.
| 2.5
| 0
|
74292158
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic%20carrying%20basket
|
Austroasiatic carrying basket
|
Craftmanship
An austroasiatic carrying basket is usually made of bamboo, a bamboo that only men are authorized to fetch in the forest, in June and July during the monsoon season in Southeast Asia. Only during these months have the bamboos reached an ideal level of development. They are neither too young nor too old. Straight bamboos, which knots are widely spaced and the top forms a sharp curve, are the best for making hoods. Once cut, these bamboos are dried in the sun for a week before being split into strips. Special knives which are small and extremely sharp with a pointed end are used to split these bamboos. The decisive factor is the skill and meticulousness of the basket weaver. Making a hood takes a lot of time, in order to decorate it with traditional patterns.
Use
Rice measure
The tribal populations calculate the quantity not in weight but in volume of basket and the yield in number of baskets harvested for a basket sown. According to the Tampuan people, when one basket is sowed, it can reap as many as thirty five of the same-sized paddy baskets.
During harvest, the carrying basket was personalized as the skin and body of the rice to which promises and threats were made in popular rites: thus, a knife was stabbed in the ground or in a tree behind the carrying basket as an apotropaic sign of threat and protection.
In modern days, the austroasiatic carrying basket rice measurement has often been replaced by a kerosene tin.
Tribal identity
Along with the big jars known as sra peang and the gongs, the family's baskets are often part of the treasure and wealth of Austroasiatic indigenous families. In Ratanakiri, the carrying bags of kapha are seen carried by ominous statues on roundabouts as a sign of welcome and topographical identity amid fears of losing it.
Dance and esthetics
The austroasiatic carrying baskets are often included in tribal dances.
| 2.75
| 0
|
74292297
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerische%20Hypotheken-%20und%20Wechsel-Bank
|
Bayerische Hypotheken- und Wechsel-Bank
|
The Hypo-Bank was shaken by hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic in 1921–1923, when it had to sell to Allianz, but was able to rebuild balance sheet strength in the later 1920s. By 1930, it was Germany's ninth-largest joint-stock bank with 271 million Reichsmarks in total deposits, and the third-largest one headquartered outside Berlin, behind Deutsche Bank & Disconto-Gesellschaft (4.8 billion), Danat-Bank (2.4 billion), Dresdner Bank (2.3 billion), and Commerz- und Privatbank (1.5 billion), Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft (619 million), Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft (412 million), (366 million), and (364 million). It survived the European banking crisis of 1931 comparatively unscathed. During the Nazi era, the Hypo-Bank, which had a large Jewish customer base, was initially reluctant to display enthusiasm for the regime but had to implement the official aryanization policy from 1938. In 1939, following the Nazi Anschluss of Austria, it acquired the former Austrian state-owned , which it renamed .
Unlike the larger Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank and Commerzbank which were temporarily broken up, Hypo-Bank was spared by the banking reforms of the immediate postwar period. It was the first bank in Germany with which citizens of the newly founded state of Israel voluntarily resumed business relationships. It expanded beyond Bavaria in the 1960s, then internationally, until overextending its risk-taking in commercial property lending and merging with its longstanding rival Bayerische Vereinsbank in 1998.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
74292431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial%20conceptions%20of%20Jewish%20identity%20in%20Zionism
|
Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism
|
Jewish scientists who espoused assimilation and accepted the broad parameters of the racial paradigm tended to rethink race in terms of Lamarckism, which allowed that environmental factors could modify an inherited genetic makeup. Zionist scientists, contrariwise, were often convinced that the supposed defects of the "Jewish body" were a direct consequence of integration into other societies, and were drawn to an essentialist interpretation of race. For the former, race was a flexible reality amenable to improvement while the latter thought traits engendered by Mendelian principles involved a more rigid scheme of biological determinism. For instance, when the assimilationist Joseph Jacobs "anthropometric research" (i.e., phrenology) suggested in the 1890s that Jews were "brachycephalic," the problem arose as to how to reconcile that apparent result with race scientists' belief that Arabs and Sephardim, as Semites, were "dolichocephalic," if all Jews descended from a Semitic 'race'? One implication was that Jews were thereby not "pure" but the product of racial intermixture. The other possibility was that environment factors could modify physical traits.
| 2.046875
| 0
|
74292431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial%20conceptions%20of%20Jewish%20identity%20in%20Zionism
|
Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism
|
Early Zionism
As the older Christian antisemitic prejudices were reformulated in an age of racialised thinking, some Jews, disappointed with what they perceived to be the failures of full emancipation, began to be drawn to Theodor Herzl's proposed Zionist solution to the quandary. Herzl's Zionism arose in reaction to these renewed antisemitic trends, as an ideology that aimed to reconstruct a distinct Jewish identity along "ethnic"/"volkisch" lines. In doing so, Herzl and his followers challenged the centuries-old tradition among assimilated Jews that they constituted a religious and socio-cultural group by reframing Jewishness in terms of the concept of a nation-race, with Jews conceived of as an "integral biological entity" in what has been called a "racialization of Jewish identity". Purity of race became a paramount theme of Jewish anthropology. Biological considerations shaped Herzl's own outlook. He likened the Jews of his day to seals, thrown by circumstance into water but, once back on ground, they would refind their legs, and antisemitism itself, a shock treatment, might prove functional in this restoration of Jews to their former selves.
| 2.546875
| 0
|
74292431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial%20conceptions%20of%20Jewish%20identity%20in%20Zionism
|
Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism
|
Zionist physicians and scientists varied notably in the way they used race to illustrate any number of social, economic, or political notions. According to Dafna Hirsch of the Open University of Israel, writing in 2009, many Zionists supported the concept of Jews as a race, often believing it "offered scientific 'proof' of the ethno-nationalist myth of common descent", while others used it to emphasise diversity and hierarchy within the Jewish people. The variation of Zionist positions on race has been observed by Todd Endelman in a study of Redcliffe Nathan Salaman, Shneor Zalman Bychowski and Fritz Shimon Bodenheimer who drew on race. The debates over race swung between the two poles, and covered multiple shadings, of a complex typology that opposed two stereotypical kinds of Jewries, the emancipated, modern cravatte (assimilated) Jews of the German cultural sphere and the religiously fervent, trading caftan Jew (Ostjuden), and played a notable role in the arguments that broke out between Zionists and assimilating Jews. Herzl himself dismissed assimilationists who opposed him as "Mauschel", who perhaps were not fully Jewish because of some past miscegenation.
| 2.25
| 0
|
74292431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial%20conceptions%20of%20Jewish%20identity%20in%20Zionism
|
Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism
|
These matters and discussions were not widely disseminated in the Jewish population before the 1930s. Not all Zionists using concepts such as "race" at this time agreed on its biological dimension. Some Zionists – for example Robert Weltsch and Israel Zangwill – did not embrace the racial idea. Cultural Zionists such as Ahad Ha'am, Martin Buber and Theodor Lessing emphasised the cultural or spiritual decay of the Jewish people rather than its biological or racial decay, echoing wider cultural discourses around decay and degeneration in European culture of the time – but sometimes used biological metaphors. For example, according to Robert Weltsch at the time, an orientation towards race had been foreshadowed in Buber's Three Addresses on Judaism (1911) where Buber spoke of blood determining thought in the deepest layer of power in the soul which dictates every tone and every colour of Jewish existence. Other Zionists harshly criticised race science, preferring a conception of Jewish religious heritage to one of descent. On the other hand, even some non-Zionist Jews began to understand Jews in racial terms in this period.
| 2.125
| 0
|
74292431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial%20conceptions%20of%20Jewish%20identity%20in%20Zionism
|
Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism
|
In the mid-70s, a growing sense of crisis compounded anxieties among Israel's dominant class as the Mizrachi began to challenge the cultural, social and political ascendency of the Ashkenazi elite, a challenge which was to culminate in the victory of Menachem Begin's Likud party in the 1977 Israeli legislative election. This internal worry was aggravated by the near simultaneous publication of books by two Hungarian Zionists, Raphael and Jennifer Patai's Myth of the Jewish Race (1975) and Arthur Koestler's The Thirteenth Tribe (1976). Both bestsellers showcased arguments for the importance of admixture in the formation of the Jewish people. While Patai provided extensive historical details of conversion and Jewish endogamy, his daughter Jennifer Wing, using a computerized equation by Cavalli-Sforza, concluded that the genetic distance between East European Jews and non-Jews was lower than that between Ashkenazim and Sephardim/Mizrachis. Though one purpose of these works was to cut the ground from under the feet of antisemites by revealing the fallacies of a "Jewish race" which underwrote modern hatred of Jews, the two publications increased anxieties among Ashkenazis both abroad and in Israel, who were privately disturbed by Likud's landslide ascendancy. Coinciding with these events, Elise Burton argues, geneticists began to scale down their Mizrachi fieldwork's importance and focus increasingly on analyses of data sets in an attempt to rebut the Patai/Koestler thesis of admixtures of Jews and non-Jews and locate the Ashkenazi within an Eastern Mediterranean setting.
| 2.15625
| 0
|
74292431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial%20conceptions%20of%20Jewish%20identity%20in%20Zionism
|
Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism
|
In responses that challenged Patai's claims, two analytical teams, one led by Dorit Carmelli and Cavalli-Sforza, the other headed by Bonné-Tamir, Bodmer and Karlin, developed two different statistical models to evaluate the genetics of common Jewish origins, dispersion, drift and admixture. While they shared similar assumptions about the defect of Patai's analysis of admixture, their own distinct methods generated different quantitative results and interpretations, laying the seeds for a future controversy about admixture. At a presentation in 1977, the Israeli team outlined their work showing no significant admixture from Europeans in "Mediterranean" Ashkenazis. Cavalli-Sforza's calculations by contrast suggested little admixture in Mizrachi Maghrebi, Iraqi and Iranian Jews as opposed to almost 54% of admixture in the Ashkenazi. However, if data from HLA gene frequencies was added, Ashkenazi appeared to have no admixture. It followed for Cavallo-Sforza that any attempt to determine admixture from non-Jews in Ashkenazis was premature. In 1978 Karlin then developed a new statistical model for genetic distance calculations, which, applied to the data, suggested Ashkenazim were closer to Jewish and other Middle Eastern populations than they were to Europeans. Genetic inflow from non-Jews was deemed minuscule, and until 1984 this became the consensus view of Israeli geneticists, who considered the problem solved, and rarely mentioned the differing results obtained by the Cavalli-Sforzi-Carmelli approach, though in 1980 Newton Morton, detecting serious flaws in Karlin's statistical analysis, had strongly criticized the objectivity of the Israeli consensus verdict. Thereafter, however, Israeli biologists returned to the study of Mizrachi groups, several of whom were acknowledged to have higher admixture.
| 2.015625
| 0
|
74292431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial%20conceptions%20of%20Jewish%20identity%20in%20Zionism
|
Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism
|
In 2012, two important books appeared providing different overviews of results and approaching the subject from seemingly antithetical positions, while drawing on the same data sets: Harry Ostrer's A Genetic History of the Jewish People, and Nadia Abu El-Haj's The Genealogical Science: The Search for Jewish Origins and the Politics of Epistemology. Ostrer outlined a trajectory arching over a century of studies on Jews, from Maurice Fishberg's The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment (1911) onwards. The scope of research showed a direct continuity, the difference lying in the great technical strides made since the early 20th century when the seeds were laid for modern genetics by the theory, which Fishberg's New York contemporary Thomas Hunt Morgan was developing, that chromosomal factors played a role in inheritance. Heirs to this tradition, Ostrer believed his generation was now in a position to apply sophisticated scientific methods to obtain a genetic answer to the crux of Jewish origins and identity. The result is, for Ostrer, that, "Jewishness can be characterized at the genetic level as a tapestry, in which the threads are represented as shared segments of DNA". Ostrer's research in contemporary molecular genetics advances a solution aligning traditional Jewish narratives with a biologically recognizable marker for Jewishness.
| 1.929688
| 0
|
74292431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial%20conceptions%20of%20Jewish%20identity%20in%20Zionism
|
Racial conceptions of Jewish identity in Zionism
|
According to Michael Satlow, Professor of Religious Studies and Judaic Studies at Brown University, whatever implications might be read into these researches, Jewish religious law and the Law of Return have not been affected by Jewish population genetics.
Genetic research has raised issues that affect the definition of who a Jew is, and contemporary rabbinical discussions do address problems that arise from the impact of genetics and new reproductive technologies. While Rebecca Alpert cites the Tanakh for the idea that there is a theological basis for biology as part of being Jewish, the geneticist Robert Pollack has drawn on the authority of Maimonides to arrive at the opposite conclusion. In the Mishneh Torah, according to Pollack, the Rambam states that "when hiring a teacher of Torah for yourself or your child, you should give a learned mamzer, (a child from an illicit union), precedence over an ignorant man, even if that ignorant man happens to be the Kohen Gadol himself." The standard halakhic definition draws a distinction between a biological transmission of Jewishness (via the mother), and Jewishness as a matter of religious practice, extending to converts, and limiting the role of genes in Jewishness. Genetic evidence has been adduced to campaign for the right to aliyah for people like the Bantu Lemba, after indications turned up that their Buba priesthood were found to be bearers of the Y-chromosomal Aaron associated with the Cohanim who are, in Jewish tradition, thought to be direct descendants of the priestly caste that made sacrifices at the Second Temple.
| 2.40625
| 0
|
74292892
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207678
|
NGC 7678
|
NGC 7678 is an intermediate spiral galaxy located in the constellation Pegasus. It is located at a distance of about 130 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 7678 is about 95,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on September 15, 1784.
Characteristics
NGC 7678 is a grand design spiral galaxy with two arms, from which the south arm is more prominent, and as a result the galaxy is asymmetrical. It was initially considered to that the asymmetry was the caused by a different galaxy interacting with NGC 7678 but further observations reveal that this is not the case. The galaxy is featured in Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as number 28, in the category "One heavy arm".
The galaxy has a small nucleus and a weak bar. The galaxy had been identified based on the spectral emission as a type 2 Seyfert galaxy, but the ratio of [NII]λ 6583/H-alpha indicates it is an HII region or a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region, with the HII region classification being supported by the λ6584/Hα and λ5007/Hβ ratios.
Many large HII regions are visible at the southern arm. Ten giant HII regions have been detected in NGC 7678, with the largest having a mass of . These regions are places of active star formation and contain star clusters. The largest HII region in the southern arm could be the relic of a satellite galaxy that merged with NGC 7678 and caused the starburst activity. The total star formation rate of the galaxy is estimated to be 3.8 per year based on corrected Paα emission or 7.4 per year based on infrared emission.
Nearby galaxies
NGC 7678 is an isolated galaxy in the kiloparsec scale. A. M. Garcia listed the galaxy as the namesake of the NGC 7678 galaxy group (also known as LGG 474). Other members of the group include NGC 7673, NGC 7677, and NGC 7664.
| 3.015625
| 0
|
74293509
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobst%20von%20Scholten
|
Jobst von Scholten
|
Scholten also designed Kronborg's Kronværk. Kronborg's Kronværk consisted of three bastions shaped like a crown, hence the name. Kronborg's Kronværk was built between 1689 and 1690. Scholten would continue to expand Kronborg's fortifications, and one of Kronborg's ravelins was named Scholtens Ravelin in his honour. Scholten is mentioned in several sources as carrying out his assignments as a fortification engineer with great skill. He was promoted to brigadier in 1687 and in 1690 he became major general, taking leave of his role as colonel-in-chief of his regiment.
Campaigns on the Southern Border
Scholten led the establishment of field fortifications and the siegeworks in many of the smaller feuds that were fought at Denmark's southern border in the last decades of the 17th century. He did this together with one of Rüse's other students, Andreas Fuchs.
Christian V moved with an army towards Hamburg in August of 1686 to force the affluent merchant city to swear fealty to him as their sovereign and hereditary monarch. Scholten took part in the ensuring Siege of Hamburg.
In 1693, Denmark's alliance with France compelled Denmark to attack and bombard Ratzeburg. During the Bombardment of Ratzeburg Scholten also served as a military engineer. He also took part in the conquest of the Gottorper redoubts at Stapelholm and on Ejdersted in 1697, a prelude to the Great Northern War.
| 2.78125
| 0
|
74293509
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobst%20von%20Scholten
|
Jobst von Scholten
|
Denmark opened the Great Northern War in 1700 by launching a military campaign against Holstein-Gottorp. Scholten, still commanding the Holsteiner Fortifications Service, led the engineers under Overgeneral Ferdinand Vilhelm. The Danish army split into two columns, and Scholten followed Ferdinand Vilhelm's column on its advance on Husum and then towards Friedrichstadt. The Gottorpers were determined to make a stand at the redoubt defending Husum, and Scholten started construction sapping trenches on 8 April. He also directed the arrangement of siege batteries, which ultimately forced the Gottorpers to retreat on 12 April. The column quickly took Friedrichstadt, and proceeded on to Tønning, where Ferdinand Vilhelm and Fuchs convened to surround the Gottorpers. The siege started after weeks of bombardment and preparations on the night to 15 May, and Scholten now led the sapworks in unison with two other engineers, Fuchs being one of them. Scholten followed the army when it broke up from the siege following the entry of a combined Swedish-Dutch-Lüneburger army into Holstein. Scholten's last act during this early phase of the war was to assume command of some 600 peasants that were conscripted on King Frederick IV's orders.
War of the Spanish Succession
Scholten became inspector of the infantry regiments in the duchies after the Treaty of Traventhal on 18 August 1700. In 1701 he was made lieutenant general. A few months later the War of Spanish Succession broke out, and Scholten was appointed second-in-command of the Danish Auxiliary Corps in Anglo-Dutch service.
| 2.765625
| 0
|
74293520
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Chronicles%20of%20Clovis
|
The Chronicles of Clovis
|
The Chronicles of Clovis (1911) is the third volume of short stories by by Saki, the pseudonym of Hector Hugh Munro. The collection features 28 stories, the majority of which had earlier appeared in various newspapers and magazines. Many of the stories follow privileged characters in Edwardian England. The collection contains some of Saki's most popular stories.
Stories
Publication
The majority of the stories in The Chronicles of Clovis had previously appeared in newspapers and magazines: predominantly The Westminster Gazette, but also The Daily Mail, The Bystander and The Leinsters' Magazine. In February 1911, when Munro decided to issue them in book form, he turned, not to Methuen, the publisher of his two previous collections Reginald and Reginald in Russia, but to John Lane of The Bodley Head, whom he perhaps found more congenial as having previously published The Yellow Book and works by Oscar Wilde. Over the next few months, up to August 1911, he wrote five further short stories for inclusion in the volume and composed a dedication, also dated August 1911, to "the Lynx Kitten, with his reluctantly given consent". His, or its, identity is unknown. The author's name appeared as both Saki and H. H. Munro. Munro originally wanted to call the book "Tobermory and Other Sketches", then changed his mind in favour of "Beasts and Super-Beasts", which was eventually used as the title of his next collection. The final choice seems to have been the publisher's, and did not meet with Munro's approval. The Chronicles of Clovis was published in October 1911.
| 2.296875
| 0
|
74293560
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20A.%20Poore
|
Benjamin A. Poore
|
Early life
Benjamin Andrew Poore was born in Centre, Alabama on June 22, 1863, the son of Andrew Poore and Keziah (Brooks) Shropshire Poore. Andrew Poore was a veteran of the War of 1812 and was nearly 70 years old when Benjamin Poore was born. Keziah Poore was Andrew Poore's second wife, and she died in 1864. After her death, Andrew Poore returned to his native Massachusetts with Benjamin Poore and his siblings. Following Andrew Poore's 1872 death, Benjamin Poore was raised by his half-brother Charles C. Poore, one of Andrew Poore's children with his first wife, who was over 30 years older. Benjamin Poore was educated in the public schools of Fitchburg and graduated from Fitchburg High School in 1879.
After graduating from high school, Poore worked for two years as an apprentice machinist. In 1882, Poore was appointed to the United States Military Academy (West Point) by U.S. Representative Amasa Norcross. He graduated in 1886 ranked 33 of 77, and among his classmates were several individuals who attained general officer rank during the First World War, including John J. Pershing. At graduation, Poore received his commission as a second lieutenant of Infantry.
Early career
After receiving his commission, Poore was assigned to the 12th Infantry Regiment, with which he served at Madison Barracks, New York and Fort Sully, South Dakota. From 1891 to 1893, he attended the Infantry and Cavalry School (now the United States Army Command and General Staff College) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He was promoted to first lieutenant in the 10th Infantry Regiment in September 1892, and transferred to the 6th Infantry Regiment later that month.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
74293672
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20Hudson%20Valley%20UFO%20sightings
|
1984 Hudson Valley UFO sightings
|
Mahopac resident Irene Lunn reported a sighting on Monday, August 20, 1984, about 9pm. She said it was heading South over a pond, "just clearing the trees....There was no sound at all, you could hear the crickets... about three-quarters the size of my house, with an L-shaped structure suspended underneath it.... At one point, all the lights went green, then red, then they went back to a pattern of green and red and white. I felt like it was letting us know it knew we were watching it. That was scary. It went on for about 10 minutes."
Identification
A state police officer of Troop K followed the lights to the small Stormville Airport in Dutchess County and reported back to Sgt. Kenneth V. Spiro: "It was a group of light planes. They fly in formation. The undersides and under the wings are painted black, so they can't be seen from the ground. The planes are rigged with bright lights that they can turn from one color to another. It's the lights that give the shape to the U.F.O." According to the police officer who spoke to a couple of the pilots, "they're getting a big kick out of it. There's no violation of the law here."
According to Timothy L. Hartnett, the deputy director of the Eastern region of the FAA, planes "can fly as close together as they feel safe... in areas of sparse population, planes could fly as low as 500 feet." In February 1984, a pilot interviewed by the Poughkeepsie Journal said he and other pilots "test their skills flying in a V shape using a rotating beacon and navigation lights. The formation might appear motionless because it is so wide and can be seen from long distances."
| 2
| 0
|
74293672
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20Hudson%20Valley%20UFO%20sightings
|
1984 Hudson Valley UFO sightings
|
Discover Magazine in 1984 reported that a group of pilots practicing their formation skills, first in the day time, then when they became more confident, at night, "became tight formations of aircraft with as little as 6 inches between wingtips." According to skeptical writer Brian Dunning, "there's no evidence that these pilots ever intended a UFO hoax" but "when local newspapers began printing stories about strange sightings and experiences, and television stations ran tapes of the mysterious lights in the sky, the pilots were incredulous, then amused. The group began calling themselves the Martians." The pilots would turn off their exterior lights at the same time which would make the aircraft appear to disappear from the sky. "They vary their formations, from crescents and circles to crosses that looked from the ground like diamonds or V's, giving rise to reports about different and sometimes startling UFO shapes."
UFOlogists
According to UFOlogist Peter Gersten, in the summer of 1984, his organization Citizens Against UFO Secrecy (CAUS) received hundreds of reports of a large boomerang object hovering over trees with lights with a "slight buzz". Gersten had at that time not interviewed the pilots who had claimed they were responsible. He intended to hire a private investigator to look into the timing of reported sightings possibly corresponding to the flights by the pilots. Gersten believes that some of the eye-witness reports were explained by the flight of the pilots flying in a V formation, but not all of the eye-witness reports.
Gersten stated "It could be explained as extraterrestrial. We had someone try to photograph (the object). But it has avoided being filmed" According to the manager of CPI Photo Finish in Yorktown, "We're seeing quite a few U.F.O. pictures. People come in and hand you the film and say: 'Be careful with these. We ran outside with our camera because something was flying over our house."
| 2.109375
| 0
|
74294223
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Two%20O%27Clock%20Secret
|
The Two O'Clock Secret
|
The Two O'Clock Secret is a 1992 book by children's author Bethany Roberts, with illustrations by Robin Kramer. The book, about a boy's attempt to guard the secret behind his father's birthday, received mixed to positive reviews.
Synopsis
A boy named Michael tries to guard the secret behind his father's birthday and presents as he prepares for the occasion with his sister and mother.
Reception
Reviews for The Two O'Clock Secret were mixed to positive. Writing for the School Library Journal in March 1993, Nancy Seiner criticized the "careless drawing" along with the sibling characters' inconsistent ages and designs. "Children will identify with Michael's [titular] struggle," she said, "but they may be confused by the art." Conversely, Kirkus Reviews and Deborah Abbott of Booklist were both favorable, citing Kramer's watercolor illustrations as "cheery". "In a simple, realistic text," wrote Kirkus, "Roberts does a fine job of building both the anticipation and the concept of keeping a secret, ably abetted by Kramer's [contributions]". Abbott noted the "pleasant twist" and "appealing cover", adding that the book's message about keeping secrets "will not be lost on the read-aloud crowd."
| 2.21875
| 0
|
74294743
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Kurzeme%20Upland
|
Eastern Kurzeme Upland
|
The Eastern Kurzeme Upland () is a region located in Courland and Zemgale. It is situated in the western part of Latvia between the in the west and the in the east. The Abava Valley separates it from the to the north, and the adjoins it to the south.
Composition
The East Curonian Upland consists of a broad bedrock uplift under a relatively thin cover of Quaternary rock. This highland differs from most highlands in Latvia by its weak relief articulation. It is divided into five natural areas: the Abava Valley, the , the , the and the Lielauce hills. In the western part, the upland gradually rises from the Pieventa Plain. The well-defined boundary follows the in the south-eastern part, but south-east of Dobele, it coincides with the shore ramparts of the Baltic Ice Lake, continuing northwards where it merges with the Abava Valley. More corrugated hills with a greater variance in altitude are found only in the southern part of the highlands, around , and on the northern periphery of the highlands. In the north and north-west, the upland gently descends towards the Abava valley, reaching about 80 m above sea level in the Kandava-Sabile region. The highest point of the relief is (153.4 m asl) near Zante.[lv]
Geology
In the northern and central part of the highlands, up to about Saldus, there are rocks dated to the Upper Devonian and Carboniferous periods, including limestone, under Quaternary sediments, Permian limestone and dolomite in the south, and Jurassic rocks in the south-east.
Bedrock is close to the surface in several parts of the region, including outcrops on the banks of Lake Ciecere, the Ciecere River, and the .
The bedrock surface at Zante is 122 m above sea level, but it decreases towards the edges of the highlands. The average thickness of the Quaternary cover is bigger on the slopes of the bedrock uplifts, reaching 50-60 m there.
| 2.3125
| 0
|
74294743
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Kurzeme%20Upland
|
Eastern Kurzeme Upland
|
Reliefs
The altitude around the top of the highlands ranges from 80 to 150 meters. Most of the highlands are gently curved basic moraine plains with an average altitude of 100 m above sea level. In the western part of the highlands, south of , is Ķirmeskalns (138 m), which is elevated only slightly above the surrounding area.
The most extensive areas of moraine hills are in the south-east of the highlands, around Lake Zebrus, south-east of Kandava and west of Dobele.
Other relief types found within the highlands include: undulating plains of fluvioglacial sand (south of Sabile) and drumlins (between Salda and and between Lutrini and ).
Climate
The geography and topography of the Highlands result in slight differences in climate. The prevailing westerly winds bring rainfall ranging from 600 to 700 millimeters per year on the western slope and 500 to 650 millimeters in other parts of the highlands. The average annual temperature in the highlands is around 5.4°C (41.7°F), with average lows in January reaching -3.7°C (25.3°F) and average highs of 17.3°C (63.1°F) in July, although the eastern sections of the highlands have slightly more extreme divergences in temperature. The growing season lasts 185-195 days, with about 140 frost-free days. Snow cover lasts 100-110 days in the central part of the highlands and 80-100 days on the western and northern slopes.
| 2.609375
| 0
|
74295133
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20City%20Council%20tenure%20of%20Michelle%20Wu
|
Boston City Council tenure of Michelle Wu
|
Economic matters
In April 2015, the Boston City Council passed a paid parental leave ordinance that was authored by Wu. The ordinance provided city employees with six weeks of paid parental leave after childbirth, stillbirth, or adoption. Roughly a month before its passage in the City Council, Wu and Mayor Marty Walsh co-authored an op-ed in The Boston Globe calling paid parental leave, "a must for working families". Mayor Walsh signed the ordinance into law in May. Wu had conceived this legislation after her own first pregnancy when she learned firsthand (after giving birth in December 2014) that municipal employees were not being offered paid child leave.
In 2017, the Council passed the Ordinance on Equity in Opportunity for City Contracting, which was sponsored by Wu and Councilor Ayanna Pressley. It required that the city create a supplier diversity program to conduct outreach to female and minority-owned businesses in regards to the city contracting process. It also required the city to actively solicit bids from at least one female-owned business and one minority-owned business for contracts under $50,000. It also created a quarterly reporting requirement for the city.
In February 2014, the Boston City Council unanimously passed a resolution authored by Wu which voiced the City Council's support for the Massachusetts Domestic Workers' Bill of Rights that was pending before the Massachusetts State Legislature.
Wu voiced support for a “fair work week”, $15 minimum wage, paid family and medical leave, protections for freelancerss. In October 2018, Wu proposed a "fair work week" ordinance, which would have required all city contractors to give employees at least two weeks of notice prior to changing their schedules, and would require employers to compensate workers for late schedule changes.
Small business
| 1.9375
| 0
|
74296425
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystobasidium
|
Cystobasidium
|
Cystobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Cystobasidiales. The type species is a fungal parasite forming small gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on various ascomycetous fungi (including Lasiobolus and Thelebolus spp) on dung. Microscopically, it has auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia producing basidiospores that germinate by budding off yeast cells. Other species are known only from their yeast states. The yeasts Cystobasidium minutum and C. calyptogenae are rare but known human pathogens.
Taxonomy
The genus was originally described in 1898 by Swedish mycologist Gustaf Lagerheim as a subgenus of Jola and later (1924) raised to a full genus by the German mycologist Walther Neuhoff. Its main distinguishing feature (microscopically) was the swollen, cyst-like probasidia from which the basidia emerge. Only one species, Cystobasidium lasioboli, was originally described, but two further species with probasidia were added by subsequent authors. In 1999, British mycologist Peter Roberts noted that Tremella fimetaria Schum. (1803) was an earlier name for Cystobasidium lasioboli and proposed the new combination Cystobasidium fimetarium.
Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Cystobasidium (based on the type species) is a monophyletic (natural) genus. An additional 20 or so yeast species have been added to the genus, most of which were formerly placed in Rhodotorula.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
74296721
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig%20Sylow
|
Ludvig Sylow
|
Abel and the theory of equations
During his studies, Sylow had become interested in the work of Niels Henrik Abel, and especially in an unfinished work on equation theory that had been left behind. However, it was only at Hartvig Nissen School (1856–58) that he began to research that work more deeply, in part thanks to Ole Jacob Broch, who was the school's pure mathematics teacher at the time. It was Broch who gave the young teacher Sylow much encouragement to continue his advanced mathematical researches. Although at first Sylow found reading Abel's papers a difficult task, he managed to struggle through them and soon found that Abel had achieved a far deeper understanding of the theory of equations than what he had managed to write in his published papers.
Some of Sylow's first attempts to publish some of Abel's unpublished results that he had found in his papers proved to be unsuccessful. For instance, he sent one of these papers to Crelle's Journal in Berlin, but the editor there, Leopold Kronecker, had already published these results having discovered them himself, and had no wish to have a paper in print which showed that Abel had proved them long before he had. Kronecker did not accept that Abel had preceded him, and therefore, he rejected Sylow's paper, but even though the article was rejected, posterity has proved Sylow right. Sylow showcased his discoveries at a Scandinavian meeting of naturalists in 1860 in Copenhagen, where he presented a solid interpretation of a strange equation-theoretic treatise by Abel, edited only in fragments.
| 2.3125
| 0
|
74296910
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian%20Architecture%20Medal
|
Victorian Architecture Medal
|
The first medal was presented to Francis House at 107 Collins Street in Melbourne, a narrow fronted five storey office building with a ground level shopfront, designed by architects and cousins Blackett and Forster. William Blackett was the then president of the RVIA in his second term (1928–1930). The building still stands in near original condition. It was built in 1927–1928 for the established pharmacists and chemists, Henry Francis & Co. It was notable for its bronze shopfront details and beige and orange retractable awning, inspired by the shopping streets of Paris and New York, greatly contributing to the characterisation of the area as the 'Paris End' of Collins Street.
In 1936 the president of the RVIA described the purpose of the award was to "encourage excellence of design and public interest in street architecture, the Institute having decided to examine annually buildings completed during the previous three years and to award a medal for a building of exceptional merit". Describing the 1937 medal winning project the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons Building on Spring Street in East Melbourne by Leighton Irwin and Roy K. Stevenson "The Jury considers that this is an unusual example of street architecture as it actually faces streets on all four elevations and presents a very interesting treatment of the various facades."
| 1.960938
| 0
|
74297070
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare%20Forni
|
Cesare Forni
|
Cesare Forni (Vespolate, 17 November 1890 – Milan, 2 July 1943) was an Italian politician.
Life
Born in 1890 into a wealthy family of lomellini agricultural tenants, he studied engineering at the Turin Polytechnic without completing his studies. Of a restless and rebellious character, he participated with the rank of lieutenant in the Great War, earning the rank of captain in the bomber corps, a department which, like the Arditi, was destined for the most dangerous actions. He obtained a silver medal for military valor and two bronze ones.
In 1919, convinced by the then captain Cesare Maria De Vecchi, he joined the fascist squads, of which he quickly became a leading exponent in Piedmont, also founding a newspaper, Il Trincerista. In the meantime, having moved to Mortara, the political and economic center of Lomellina at the time, he put himself at the head of an authentic personal army, made up of hundreds of squadristi, mostly veterans. In short, he was recognized as the undisputed ras of the entire province of Pavia and head of the provincial fascist federation of Pavia. Mussolini entrusted him with the coordination of all the teams in Lombardy and Piedmont during the days of the March on Rome.
A volcanic character capable of great acts of generosity as well as cruel beatings, Forni was defined as "a child's heart in a lion's body". He was an exponent of the most radical wing of the movement, a direct expression of the agricultural world and of the frenzied veteranism. In 1923 he was lieutenant general of the first area (Piedmont and Liguria) of the Blackshirts.
| 2.15625
| 0
|
74297446
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana%20Leota
|
Moana Leota
|
Moana Takes Flight (2014) was a fundraising concert initiated by 13-year-old Leota to raise money to visit her grandparents in Malawi with the plan of giving out 10 ukuleles to local children and teaching them to play. The concert featured Leota, Little Bushman, Warren Maxwell and Wellington International Ukulele Orchestras Steve Jessup. Leota herself learned to play the ukulele by watching YouTube on the family computer and joining her community ukulele group, with a majority of elderly attendees, at the age of 10. In the end, she took 30 ukuleles to Malawi and gave them out to the village children of the Nyika Plateau.
Fatu Na Toto (2014) was Leota's first live theatre role in which she was the lead. The live theatre show was a Le Moana Production directed by Tupe Lualua. The show was first performed at the Wellington Fringe Festival. Leota would go on to work for Le Moana Productions throughout her youth as an actor, vocalist and team member going on tour nationally and internationally. Leota and Le Moana took Fatu Na Toto to the Tempo Dance Festival (2016), Sandiego Fringe Festival (2018) and throughout the US and Mexico (2018).
| 2.265625
| 0
|
74298360
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora%20taylori
|
Sonora taylori
|
Sonora taylori, also known commonly as Taylor's ground snake, the southern Texas ground snake, and la culebrilla de Taylor in Mexican Spanish, is a species of snake in the subfamily Colubrinae of the family Colubridae. The species is native to the southwestern United States and adjacent northeastern Mexico.
Etymology
The specific name, taylori, is in honor of a "W. Taylor". To whom this abbreviation refers is unclear. It may refer to Walter Edgar Taylor, who was an American ornithologist and herpetologist, or it may refer to a William Taylor of the British Museum.
Description
Unlike other members of its genus, S. taylori has no modifications to its rostral, nor to its tail. It has 13 rows of dorsal scales at midbody. Dorsally, it is brown, with each scale having a darker center. Ventrally, it is white, including the lips. It has a low number of ventrals: 126–139 for males, 136–148 for females. Adults have a total length (including tail) of .
Geographic range
S. taylori is found in southern Texas and in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas.
Reproduction
S. taylori is oviparous. Clutch size is about six eggs. Each egg measures about .
| 2.78125
| 0
|
74298666
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Davies%20Heritage%20Airpark
|
Joe Davies Heritage Airpark
|
The Joe Davies Heritage Airpark at Palmdale Plant 42, formerly known as the Palmdale Plant 42 Heritage Airpark is an aviation museum and airpark located in Palmdale, California with various United States military aircraft on display. The park is located adjacent to the United States Air Force Plant 42 and the Blackbird Airpark Museum. All of the aircraft on display were donated or loaned to the city of Palmdale, which owns and operates the park.
History
The Palmdale Plant 42 Heritage Airpark was established on October 20, 1998, by the city of Palmdale and the United States Air Force on land donated to the city of Palmdale by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics. The park is located at 2001 East Avenue P. It is adjacent to United States Air Force Plant 42 to the north and the Blackbird Airpark Museum to the east. The aviation museum was established commemorate the various aircraft which were designed, built, and flown at Plant 42.
In 2008, park was renamed to the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark at Palmdale Plant 42 to honor Joe Davies, a resident of Palmdale who served as the commander of Plant 42 from 1963 to 1967 and later served three terms on the Palmdale city council from 1988 to 1996. A memorial plaque was installed at the park in 2021. The park has a program called "Adopt-a-Plane" which cleans aircraft on a bi-weekly or monthly basis. Admission and parking are free, and the park is open to the public on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays. Most of its employees are volunteers.
Aircraft on display
The aviation museum has a total of 21 retired military aircraft and a 1:8 scale model on display.
| 1.976563
| 0
|
74299166
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper%20and%20the%20Ghostly%20Trio%20%28video%20game%29
|
Casper and the Ghostly Trio (video game)
|
Casper and the Ghostly Trio is a 2006 platform game developed by Data Design Interactive and published by Blast! Entertainment. It is based on the Casper the Friendly Ghost character by Harvey Comics. The game was released for the PlayStation 2 exclusively in the PAL region, where it was unanimously panned by critics despite a low-key release.
Plot
The game finds Casper following the calamitous trail of his mischievous uncles the Ghostly Trio, who have kidnapped Wendy the Good Little Witch to use her magic for evil—each of whom only appear in the final level.
Gameplay
Casper and the Ghostly Trio is an action-adventure platformer that has the player exploring 3-D environments, defeating monsters and collecting keys to progress to in the game. The game contains six levels and five bonus levels. Compared to previous games, this game does not have him flying, but Casper can instead perform a short-length glide to traverse over wide gaps.
Reception
The game saw a rare, limited release in European and Australian regions, where it met with unanimously negative reception by critics. Its graphics, controls, and "unfinished" state were all sources of condemnation, leaving many to wonder why it was made.
| 2.0625
| 0
|
74299474
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics%20and%20Latinos%20in%20San%20Diego
|
Hispanics and Latinos in San Diego
|
Californios secured cultural and social recognition in the region, but were unable to control the political system. By 1860, most had left the area and the remainder were on the decline economically. Many Mexican Americans in San Diego left for Tijuana and other parts of Baja California, those who stayed faced various challenges during this period. Discrimination and political marginalization were prevalent, undermining their social and economic opportunities.
As San Diego grew in the early 1900's, the region also attracted Portuguese immigrants, with many of them settling in the Roseville-Fleetridge neighborhood in Point Loma, San Diego, with many employed in the city's tuna industry.
In World War II, Hispanics made major breakthroughs in employment San Diego and in nearby farm districts. They benefitted from new skills, contacts, and experiences provided by the military, filled many newly opened unskilled labor jobs, gained some high-paying jobs in the military installations and aircraft factories, and were welcomed by the labor unions, especially the Cannery Workers Union.
The civil rights movement in the United States had a profound impact on the Hispanic and Latino community in San Diego. Activists and organizations, such as the Chicano Movement, fought for equal rights, educational opportunities, and improved living conditions. Their efforts paved the way for greater inclusion and recognition of the contributions made by Hispanics and Latinos in San Diego.
Communities
Barrio Logan
Barrio Logan, located in the southeastern part of downtown San Diego, is a historically significant neighborhood predominantly inhabited by Mexican Americans. The community has deep roots tracing back to the early 20th century when Mexican laborers settled in the area, working in the nearby shipyards and canneries. Despite facing economic challenges and social injustices, the residents of Barrio Logan have demonstrated resilience and pride in their heritage.
| 2.9375
| 0
|
74299896
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Boyle
|
Cornelius Boyle
|
Returning to Virginia, Boyle took up running the White Silver Springs Spa in Fauquier, and in June 1868 invited the American Medical Association to hold their next convention on his property. His wife Fanny and infant child died in childbirth in 1869, less than a year after the birth of Eustacia. In the 1870 census, he listed himself as a musician holding $80,000 of real estate and $6,000 of personal objects. Boyle listed residents of his home including Thomas Atkins, who had drawn up the expansion draftwork for the Silver Springs Spa, as his "Clerk" and Martha Journey as his homekeeper, with a 10-year old Alice Courtney living alongside his own children. He also listed Robert Taliaferro and Davy Randolph as his black labourers. In Sept 1868, AH and Eliza Morehead filed a $35,000 lawsuit against Boyle for having enforced Gnl. Beauregard's prohibition on Eliza Morehead being allowed to cross and re-cross from DC into Virginia for three years during the war.
In 1871, following a petition signed by prominent physicians as well as Robert E. Lee, Boyle's DC property was eventually returned and he was permitted to re-enter the district. At some point he married Cherry Elizabeth Bethune, the daughter of Gen. James N. Bethune the man who owned and later held custody of the musician Blind Tom Wiggins, indeed one of Wiggins' songs was dedicated to Cherry. A fire engulfed the sulphur springs resort, and Eustacia later recalled how handsome her father had been holding her wrapped in a Chinese blanket on his knees during the fire. Boyle's relationship with Cherry Bethune was a stressor inside the home, as his eldest daughter resented the replacement of the family's matriarch - and Eustacia, then under 8 years old, was sent to live with maternal relatives.
| 1.960938
| 0
|
74300439
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement%20for%20the%20Ordination%20of%20Women%20%28newsletter%29
|
Movement for the Ordination of Women (newsletter)
|
The Movement for the Ordination of Women was an Australian newsletter published by the Movement for the Ordination of Women (Sydney, NSW). The newsletter, which had multiple title variations over the years, was produced between 1984 and 1997, and provides a record of the history of the movement.
Australian MOW history
The Australian Movement for the Ordination of Women (MOW) was founded in 1983 to advocate for the ordination of women as deacons, priests and bishops in the Anglican Church of Australia. Initially started in Sydney, the group soon expanded to become a national organisation with regional groups located around the country.
The first ordination of women as priests in the Anglican Church of Australia occurred in 1992. The Anglican Diocese of Sydney continues to oppose the ordination of women as priests (or presbyters) and bishops, although it has ordained women as deacons since 1989.
Australian MOW publications
The publications produced by the Australian Movement for the Ordination of Women record the history of the various debates and challenges faced by the movement, as well as reporting general news and activities of the MOW regional groups.
The titles of MOW publications often changed over the years. This makes it difficult to distinguish between different publications and to create an accurate list of all issues produced. Most issues of the Movement for the Ordination of Women newsletter lacked a distinctive title and just included the name of the movement. Some issues have the subtitle: Newsletter and some issues for 1987-1988 were titled: Sydney newsletter.
The National magazine of the Movement for the Ordination of Women was also titled MOW national magazine and Magazine: the National magazine of the Movement for the Ordination of Women. Balaam's Ass, which was produced by MOW (Sydney, NSW), was also incorporated into the national magazine in the December 1990 and May 1991 issues.
| 2.1875
| 0
|
74300654
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramps%20and%20the%20Fire%20Dragon
|
Gramps and the Fire Dragon
|
Gramps and the Fire Dragon is a 2000 book by children's author Bethany Roberts, with illustrations by Melissa Iwai. The book, which tells of a grandson and grandfather who must escape a dragon that emerged from the flames of their fireplace, was published to positive reviews.
Plot
One night, a boy named Jesse asks his grandfather (nicknamed "Gramps") for a bedtime story near their fireplace. The latter tells of a dragon within the flames, which grows in size and prompts the two to escape from its path until Jesse extinguishes it with a water hose.
Development
Illustrator Melissa Iwai, who hailed from Lompoc, California, respectively modeled Jesse and Gramps after her husband Denis (via portraits from his youth) and Denis' own father.
Reception
Amid positive press, reviewers noted the fast-paced proceedings in Gramps and the Fire Dragon, and also noted that Jesse and his grandfather's victory was never in doubt for the sake of young readers. Barbara Buckley of the School Library Journal commended the friendliness of the titular dragon's design, and "the use of two-page spreads [which] highlights the crisis spots in the text." Shelle Rosenfield of Booklist said, "[Their] adventure ends on a warm, comforting sleepy-time note, as it celebrates both the delights of storytelling and the special relationship between grandparent and grandchild.... The exciting and sometimes silly story conveys a message about love and sharing". In 2001, Gramps was honored as a Children's Choice selection by the International Reading Association and Children's Book Council.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
74301156
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20of%20the%20Palestinians
|
Origin of the Palestinians
|
The historical discourse regarding the origin of the Palestinians has been influenced by the ongoing effort of nation-building, including the attempt to solidify Palestinian national consciousness as the primary framework of identity, as opposed to other identities dominant among Palestinians, including primordial clannish, tribal, local, and Islamist identities.
Genetics
As recently as 2001, genetic research was incomplete enough that genetic scientists still cited theories about the roots of today's Palestinians' in present-day Israel/Palestine dating back only 1200 BC — in one theory, from Egyptian garrisons that were abandoned to their own fate in Canaan, in another, from immigrants from Crete or the Aegean, conflating Palestinians with "Philistines", from which the word "Palestine" is derived. A 2010 study by Behar et al. found Palestinians tested clustered genetically close to Bedouins, Jordanians and Saudi Arabians, which was described as "consistent with a common origin in the Arabian Peninsula". More recent studies since 2017 have found that Palestinians, and other Levantine people, are primarily descended from ancient Levantines present in what is today Israel and Palestine, dating back at least 3700 years. According to Marc Heber et al, all modern Levantine Arabs descend from Canaanite-like ancestors, whereas later migrations impact on their population ancestry was slight.
Levantine origins
Principal Component Analysis of ancient and modern populations of Palestinians, Jews and others showing Palestinians clustering with Bronze-Age Levantines
A 2015 study by Verónica Fernandes and others concluded that Palestinians have a "primarily indigenous origin".
| 3.046875
| 0
|
74301156
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20of%20the%20Palestinians
|
Origin of the Palestinians
|
The pace of Islamization among the Christian, Jewish, and Samaritan communities in Palestine varied during the early period (661–861). After the 630s most of the urban centers declined, which caused local ecclesiastical administrations to weaken or disappear altogether, leaving Christians most susceptible to conversion. Nevertheless, Christians managed to survive in larger numbers than Jews and Samaritans, possibly due to their superior numbers or better organization. Jewish communities, which were almost on the brink of extinction, only recovered following the arrival of Jews from various diaspora communities. Following the 749 Galilee earthquake, northern Palestine foestered movement from the devastated cities in the Transjordan, such as Hippos.
The Christians appear to have maintained a majority in much of both Palestine and Syria under Muslim rule until the Crusades. The original conquest in the 630s had guaranteed religious freedom, improving that of the Jews and the Samaritans, who were classified with the former. However, as dhimmi, adult males had to pay the jizya or "protection tax". The economic burden inflicted on some dhimmi communities (especially that of the Samaritans) sometimes promoted mass conversions. Among the cultural survivals from pre-Islamic times are the significant Palestinian Christian community, roughly 10% of the overall population in late Ottoman times and 45% of Jerusalem's citizens, and smaller Jewish and Samaritan ones, as well as an Aramaic substratum in some local Palestinian Arabic dialects.
| 2.84375
| 0
|
74301156
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20of%20the%20Palestinians
|
Origin of the Palestinians
|
In the Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk periods
When the Crusaders arrived in Palestine during the 11th century, they made no distinction between Christians who for the Latin rite were considered heretics, Jews and Muslims, slaughtering all indiscriminately. The Crusaders, in wresting holy sites such as the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, and the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem from the Orthodox church were among several factors that deeply alienated the traditional Christian community, which sought relief in the Muslims. When Saladin overthrew the Crusaders, he restored these sites to Orthodox Christian control.
Together with the alienating policies of the Crusaders, the Mongol Invasion and the rise of the Mamluks were turning points in the fate of Christianity in this region, and their congregations – many Christians having sided with the Mongols – were noticeably reduced under the Mamluks. Stricter regulations to control Christian communities ensued, theological enmities grew, and the process of Arabization and Islamicization strengthened, abetted with the inflow of nomadic Bedouin tribes in the 13th and 14th centuries.
The Zengid offensive in Kurdistan circa 1130 resulted in the migration of numerous Kurds to settle in Palestine and Syria. Additionally, the Mongol invasions during the thirteenth century triggered a large-scale movement of Kurds into Palestine and Syria, not all of it permanent.
Beit Sahour was first settled in the 14th century by a handful of Christian and Muslim clans (hamula) from Wadi Musa in Jordan, the Christian Jaraisa and the Muslim Shaybat and Jubran, who came to work as shepherds for Bethlehem's Christian landowners, and they were subsequently joined by other Greek Orthodox immigrants from Egypt in the 17th–18th centuries.
Under Ottoman rule (1516–1918)
| 3.171875
| 0
|
74301156
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20of%20the%20Palestinians
|
Origin of the Palestinians
|
Pre-Islamic influence on Palestinian identity
While Palestinian culture is today primarily Arab and Islamic, many Palestinians identify themselves with earlier civilizations that inhabited the land of Palestine, including Natufians and Canaanites. According to Walid Khalidi, in Ottoman times "the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the seventh century but also from indigenous peoples who had lived in the country since time immemorial." Early Jewish advocates of Canaanism in the 1940s, including founder Yonatan Ratosh, claimed Palestinians were the descendants of Canaanites and encouraged Israeli irredentism.
According to Claude R. Conder of the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) in 1876: "It is well known to those familiar to the country that whatever else they may be, the Fellahin, or native peasantry of Palestine, are not Arabs; and if we judge from the names of the topographical features their language can scarcely be called Arabic." Modern linguists contend that Palestinian Arabic, like other Levantine Arabic dialects, is a mixture of Hejazi Arabic and ancient northern Arabic dialects spoken in the Levant before Islam, with heavy Aramaic and Hebrew substrates.
| 2.984375
| 0
|
74301156
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20of%20the%20Palestinians
|
Origin of the Palestinians
|
Arabs in Palestine, both Christian and Muslim, settled and Bedouin were historically split between the Qays and Yaman factions. These divisions had their origins in pre-Islamic tribal feuds between Northern Arabians (Qaysis) and Southern Arabians (Yamanis). The strife between the two tribal confederacies spread throughout the Arab world with their conquests, subsuming even uninvolved families so that the population of Palestine identified with one or the other. Their conflicts continued after the 8th century Civil war in Palestine until the early 20th century and gave rise to differences in customs, tradition, and dialect which remain to this day.
Families like the Nimrs, originally serving as local governors of Homs and Hama's rural sub-districts (both in modern-day Syria), and other officer families including the Akhrami, Asqalan, Bayram, Jawhari, Khammash, Mir'i, Shafi, Sultan and Tamimi, arrived in Palestine as part of a 1657 Ottoman campaign to reassert their rule over the Nablus area. Joining them were families such as the Jarrar family from Balqa (now in Jordan), and the Tuqan family, from either northern Syria or Transjordan. The valleys surrounding Nablus are also predominantly inhabited by migrants from Transjordan.
Samaritan and Jewish ancestry
Some Palestinian families follow oral traditions that trace their roots to Jewish and Samaritan origins. Traditions of Jewish ancestry are especially prevalent in the southern Hebron Hills, a region with documented Jewish presence until the Islamic conquest. One notable example is of the Makhamra family of Yatta, who according to several reports, traces its own ancestry to a Jewish tribe in Khaybar. Traditions of Jewish ancestry were also recorded in Dura, Halhul and Beit Ummar.
| 3.296875
| 0
|
74301156
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20of%20the%20Palestinians
|
Origin of the Palestinians
|
According to Bassal, Palestinian Arabic dialects contain layers of languages spoken in earlier times in the region, including Canaanite, Hebrew (Biblical and Mishnaic), Aramaic (particularly Western Aramaic), Persian, Greek, and Latin, indicating the impact of former peoples and civilizations on the linguistic profile on the region. As a result of the early modern period, Palestinian dialects came to be influenced by Turkish and European languages. Since the founding of Israel in 1948, Palestinian dialects have been significantly influenced by Modern Hebrew. Over time, linguistics have identified a few substrate terms derived from Canaanite, Hebrew, and Aramaic that have persisted in contemporary vocabulary.
In Palestinian historical discourse
The ongoing effort of nation-building and the effort to solidify Palestinian national consciousness as the primary framework of identity, as opposed to other identities dominant among Palestinians (including primordial clannish, tribal, local, and Islamist identities), have an impact on internal Palestinian historical discourse regarding the origins of Palestinians.
Canaanism
During the 20th century, claims that Palestinians have direct genealogical connections to the ancient Canaanites, without an intermediary Israelite relationship, began to emerge from certain sections within Palestinian society and their followers. The Canaanites are often portrayed as Arabs, allowing the Palestinians to assert that they had lived in the region for a very long period, predating Israelite settlement. Aref al-Aref, in an effort to undermine Jerusalem's Jewish history and emphasize its Arab identity, linked the founding of the city to the "Arab" Jebusites, despite Hebrew Bible being the only extant ancient document that uses the name "Jebusite" to describe the pre-Israelite residents of Jerusalem The claim of kinship with the Israelites, according to Bernard Lewis, allows to "assert a historical claim antedating the biblical promise and possession put forward by the Jews."
| 2.6875
| 0
|
74301446
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum%20of%20Japanese%20Colonial%20History%20in%20Korea
|
Museum of Japanese Colonial History in Korea
|
The Museum of Japanese Colonial History in Korea () is a privately owned history museum in the Yongsan District of Seoul, South Korea. Its collections cover the period between 1910 and 1945 when Korea was under Japanese rule. The museum is operated by Center for Historical Truth and Justice.
Collections
The museum's permanent collection comprises over 70,000 artifacts from the colonial period. It has a full original copy of the Korean Declaration of Independence. The museum also has a copy of the autobiography of Kim Ku: the Diary of Kim Ku. Most of the collection consists of the everyday lives of normal people during the colonial period. A portion of the museum discusses ethnic Korean collaborators with the Japanese colonial regime.
History
The museum is the first to be fully privately funded in South Korea. The museum was established 11 years after it was first proposed, and cost ₩5.5 billion ($). ₩1.5 billion was raised by the donations of over 4,800 private citizens. ₩103 million came from Japanese donors. Of the total cost, ₩3.3 billion was secured by the time of the museum's establishment, and owed the rest was owed to lenders. The museum was established in the Yongsan District of Seoul on August 29, 2018. By the time of the museum's establishment, they had digitized 60% of their collection.
The museum was created by the organization Center for Historical Truth and Justice (CHTJ), which was established in 1991. The organization has since put significant effort in documenting people or groups that collaborated with the Japanese in committing human rights abuses. Before it had a museum, the CHTJ made a number of temporary exhibitions. Despite being made hastily, the exhibitions received a highly positive reception, with some even being shown in Pyongyang, North Korea. Between 1995 and 2015, the CHTJ created over 30. In 2011, they announced their intent to create a permanent exhibition space.
| 3.078125
| 0
|
74301693
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%20FIVB%20Women%27s%20Volleyball%20World%20Championship
|
2025 FIVB Women's Volleyball World Championship
|
Based on the FIVB World Rankings at the end of August 2024, the tournament seeding followed a protocol where Thailand, as the host country, was automatically assigned to position A1, and the top seven teams in the World Rankings were placed as the first position in their respective pools. These top-seeded teams include Italy (B1), Brazil (C1), the United States (D1), Turkey (E1), China (F1), Poland (G1) and Japan (H1), distributing the highest-ranked teams across different pools.
For the draw, the 24 non-seeded teams were allocated into three pots based on the World Rankings. Pot 1 featured the next eight high-ranked teams, notably including the defending champion Serbia, while Pot 2 contained the subsequent eight highest-ranked teams, and Pot 3 comprised the eight lowest-ranked teams in the competition. The draw process followed a systematic approach, beginning with Pot 3 and concluding with Pot 1, where each selected team was assigned to the available pool in alphabetical order, utilizing a serpentine system that alternates the direction of team placement.
Seeding
Teams were seeded using the FIVB World Rankings at the end of August 2024 (shown in parentheses), which were published on 30 August 2024.
Pool composition
The eight pools were formed through a random draw, with one team selected from each of the three pots and assigned to a pool based on their pot placement. Eight teams had their positions in the draw predetermined: host nation Thailand, positioned as A1, and the top seven teams in the World Rankings, each occupying the first position in their respective pools. These top-seeded teams include Italy (B1), Brazil (C1), the United States (D1), Turkey (E1), China (F1), Poland (G1), and Japan (H1).
Venues
| 1.960938
| 0
|
74302708
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof%20Bergh
|
Olof Bergh
|
Along with his wife Anna, Bergh was the second owner of South Africa's oldest wine estate "Groot Constantia" which he purchased after the division of the former estate (Constantia) into three parts following the death of Simon Van Der Stel. A number of Bergh and his wife's possessions (including portraits of Bergh and Anna as well as their furniture) remain part of the estate, which is also a former South African National Monument and current Western Cape Provincial Heritage Site.
Many of the historical details of Bergh's life at the Cape have been recorded in the book "Rogues to Riches - The Fortunes of Olof Bergh and the Van Der Stels" as well as the Swedish biographical reference series "Svenska Män ock Kvinnor" (also known as "SMoK"), while a romanticised version of his life has been novelised from the perspective of his wife Anna in the novel "Kites of Good Fortune - The Story of Anna de Koningh"
Several of Bergh's journals as well as missives have been preserved as part of the Dutch East India Company archives which have subsequently preserved as part of the United Nations UNESCO Silk Roads project
| 2.109375
| 0
|
74303384
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueWhale%20%28UUV%29
|
BlueWhale (UUV)
|
The BlueWhale is an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) produced by from Israeli manufacturer Elta Systems Ltd. is used to gather information using radar, SIGINT and communications technologies.
Mission
It is used for intelligence gathering, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), including covert operations in coastal areas, anti-submarine warfare (ASW) - hunting submarines in its own territory, acoustic reconnaissance (ACINT), covert mine detection and other mine countermeasures (Mine Counter Measures, MCM), support to special forces including reconnaissance and mine detectors, reconnaissance and patrol for conventional submarines (Loyal Submarine Wingman), intelligence on piracy, terrorism, and illegal migration, and is intended to support maritime expeditions.
Technical data
The boat is 10.9 meters long and weighs 5.5 tons. It sails silently and stays at sea for up to four weeks. It runs 7 knots underwater and dives 300 meters deep and carries a watertight patented mast for surface payload. This can carry antennas, including SATCOM, for real-time data exchange with mission control.
Possible payloads:
Radar
day/night EO/IR
COMINT/ELINT/ESM
Underwater sensors:
TAS (Towed Array Sonar) developed by ATLAS ELEKTRONIK
Active and passive Flank Array Sonar (FAS) for detection of ships and submarines
Synthetic Aperture Sonar (SAS) for mine detection and high resolution seabed mapping, developed by KRAKEN
Magnetic sensors for verification of mine detection
| 2.15625
| 0
|
74303552
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Erik%20Sj%C3%B6stedt
|
Carl-Erik Sjöstedt
|
Carl-Erik Sjöstedt (born 1900, died 1979) was a Swedish mathematician, teacher, and philosopher. Sjöstedt focused much of his work on the teaching of mathematics in the Swedish curriculum, especially in the fields of geometry and logic. Sjöstedt was a follower of the Swedish philosopher Adolf Phalén, and a supporter of Uppsala philosophy. He also was a speaker and author in the constructed language Interlingue, founding a national association for the language in 1928.
Life
Early life and education
Sjöstedt was born on 31 July 1900 to foreman Karl August Sjöstedt and Matilda Åström in Eskilstuna parish, Södermanland County, Sweden. He began his education in the city, graduating in 1919. Sjöstedt would complete the rest of his education at Uppsala University, gaining a Bachelor of Arts () in 1921, a licentiate in 1927, and becoming a Doctor of Philosophy in 1930. His thesis for the latter was defended in 1929 and was on the subject of geometry.
During his research, Sjöstedt met philosopher Adolf Phalén, who would remain a friend of Sjöstedt's and influence his philosophical theories; Sjöstedt presented Phalén with a dissertation on the epistemology of geometry, which would be factored into a memorial to him in 1937. During the 1930s, Phalén, along with a group of other philosophers including Sjöstedt held private meetings to discuss the place of philosophy as a subject within the education system of Sweden. After Phalén's death, Sjöstedt collected much of Phalén's unfinished and unpublished work, mainly concerning the history of the theory of knowledge, and published it under the title Mindre Arbeten (Minor Works). Throughout his life, like Phalén, Sjöstedt was a proponent of (Uppsala philosophy), countering opposing philosophies such as those of Hans Larsson.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
74303552
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Erik%20Sj%C3%B6stedt
|
Carl-Erik Sjöstedt
|
Career
Sjöstedt worked as a teacher for much of his career, teaching at various private school until 1931, before lecturing in mathematics at the (then the Högre allmänna läroverket i Östersund; Higher General Education Agency in Östersund). In 1939, Sjöstedt acted as headmaster at the (form of Swedish secondary school, similar to a gymnasium) in Borås, Västergötland. After this, Sjöstedt was (counsel of pedagogy) of the (former Swedish Board of Education) from 1940 until 1962.
Sjöstedt was an opponent of the 1950s movement to introduce comprehensive schools, calling the movement "an educational utopia of colossal proportions"; his opposition was successful, as the 1962 Education Act replaced Sweden's previous schooling system which he had supported. Sjöstedt later lead an inquiry into the role of vocational schools, supporting them as a default, as opposed to Upper Secondary Schools, but later resigned from the position.
Personal life
Aside from work in pedagogy and mathematics, Sjöstedt was a supported of the international auxiliary language Interlingue (then known as Occidental), created by the Estonian Edgar de Wahl. Founding the (Swedish Occidental-Federation) in 1928, Sjöstedt published several books in the language throughout his life. Sjöstedt published many articles in the organisation's magazine, Li Sved Occidentalist (The Swedish Occidentalist), as well as the magazine Cosmoglotta.
Sjöstedt married Svea Augusta Malmberg on 7 July 1927, and died on 8 February 1979 in the parish of Uppsala Cathedral, Uppsala County, aged 78.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
74303598
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%20bending
|
Bar bending
|
Bar bending or iron bending is a display of physical strength derived from early circus strongman performers, which was used in a sporting context in strength competitions such as the World's Strongest Man. It requires the strongmen to grip long iron rods from their edges, use their arm and grip strength, and bend until the two ends come closer to each other.
Early influence to strongman competitions
From eighteenth century through the age of vaudeville strongmen of nineteenth century until around mid twentieth century, traditional strongmen like Thomas Topham, Louis 'Apollon' Uni, Warren Lincoln Travis, Hermann Görner, Joe 'Mighty Atom' Greenstein, Zishe Breitbart, Arthur Saxon, John B. Gagnon and Joe Rollino experimented with different techniques and variations on how to bend the iron in the most impressive ways.
When bar bending was featured at the inaugural World's Strongest Man competition in 1977, with Lou Ferrigno winning the event while Franco Columbu emerging second, it became a fan favourite event. Its popularity led bar bending to be continued for six more years until 1983. One of the most notorious moments of strongman occurred during 1981 World's Strongest Man competition when Bill Kazmaier and Geoff Capes injured themselves while attempting to bend the final iron bar of the event to declare the event winner. Grip strength specialists like Richard Sorin, John Brookfield, David Horne and Greg Matonick continued to experiment with more variations and along with strength advocates like Randall J. Strossen diversified the gamut of bar bending. In 2013, Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson established a new Guinness World Record by bending 4 × iron rods (each with a inch (1.6 cm) diameter) in only 30 seconds.
| 2.234375
| 0
|
74304128
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Giant%20Leap%20%28book%29
|
One Giant Leap (book)
|
One Giant Leap: The Impossible Mission That Flew Us to the Moon is a 2019 nonfiction book by journalist Charles Fishman, about the Apollo program, that focuses on thousands of people who worked on it.
Background
Fishman wrote the book concentrating not on the biographies of Neil Armstrong or Buzz Aldrin, but writing about ordinary people and often overlooked scientists and engineers who worked on the project. In his review, Robert Schaefer, a research engineer at MIT Haystack Observatory, writes that "between 1961 and 1966, 20,000 companies and a half a million workers were designing, building, or assembling pieces of Apollo ... if Apollo were a corporation, it would have been bigger than every Fortune 500 corporation except for GM." Fishman counted the numbers as "410,000 men and women at some 20,000 different companies [who] contributed to the effort". Among the scientists are Charles Stark Draper, the head of MIT Instrumentation Lab, that designed the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC), Bill Tindall, "the talented writer and orbital mechanics 'genius' from the Langley Research Center", and John Houbolt, NASA engineer who advocated for the lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR).
Fishman writes that "Apollo didn't usher in the Space Age, but it did usher in the Digital Age. It helped lay the foundation of the technology that created the digital revolution, and it helped give Americans a sense of excitement and anticipation about the Digital Age ... that had been completely missing before the 1960s began."
Reception
The book received positive reviews. National Space Society review writes that "As NASA prepares to return astronauts to the Moon within the next decade ... this book acts as a reminder about what is required to achieve epic results", while Kirkus Reviews calls the book "a fresh, enthusiastic history of the moon mission".
| 2.859375
| 0
|
74304503
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Schieffelin
|
Jacob Schieffelin
|
In 1776 he made his way to trade goods with the British fort and frontier settlement of Detroit. Jacob Schieffelin took ill and had a high fever. During his illness he was visited by the governor Henry Hamilton (1734–1796). Hamilton took care of Jacob, giving him medicine and treating him like his own son. When Jacob was well again, Hamilton suggested that he should accompany him on his military actions. Jacob agreed. On August 16, 1777, Henry Hamilton, and Jacob Schieffelin took part in the Battle of Bennington, VT. On October 7, 1778, they launched an expedition against Illinois. On February 24, 1779, the British had to surrender to Clark's troops in Vincennes. Jacob Schieffelin, as a British officer, was taken hostage by the Americans. Jacob had been a prisoner in Williamsburg, VA, until spring 1780. Jacob Schieffelin and his friend, the French officer Philippe Rocheblave escaped from prison on April 19, 1780. The two men pass unharmed through American controlled territory. When they arrived at Chesapeake Bay, a ship took them to New York City. On July 9, 1780, Jacob Schieffelin and Philippe Rocheblave reached Manhattan. The two were well received in the British-controlled city. Jacob immediately contacted General Henry Clinton, the commander of the British Army in America.
| 2.671875
| 0
|
74304804
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel-le-Dale%20%28valley%29
|
Chapel-le-Dale (valley)
|
Since the Dissolution, livestock farming has been the predominant lasting occupation for those who lived in the dale. Quarrying was carried out at the lower end of Chapel-le-Dale and many workers came in either from, or brought prosperity to Ingleton. In 2015, about eleven farms were still active in the dale, one of these was at Gunnerfleet in the upper dale which bred the renowned Gunnerfleet Limousin cattle. The nearest railway station is at the head of the dale ( railway station on the Settle-Carlisle Line), which is east of the hamlet of Chapel-le-Dale. One railway did run up the dale, but this was to the old "granite quarry" above the White Scar Caves complex. This railway only ran trains of stone down to Ingleton railway station for onward transportation, and closed down in 1924.
Walking is a popular past-time through the dale; in 1887 two Giggleswick schoolmasters inadvertently created the Three Peaks Challenge by climbing Ingleborough and seeing the good weather, descended through Chapel-le-Dale to Whernside, and later Pen-y-ghent. Wainwright's long-distance walk, a Pennine Journey, wends its way through the dale going up both valley sides. The Dales High Way crosses the valley from Ingleborough over to Dentdale. The Dales High Way at the head of the dale follows the route of the Craven Way (an ancient packhorse route) over Little Deep Dale and past Blea Moor.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
74304804
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel-le-Dale%20%28valley%29
|
Chapel-le-Dale (valley)
|
River names
The confusion over river names was something that The Leeds Mercury attempted to clarify in 1890, recommending that whilst the Ordnance Survey mapping was incorrect, it was best to adopt their standard in the face of differing claims on the river names. The paper stated that the Ordnance Survey dictated that the River Greta started at the confluence of the two rivers from Kingsdale and Chapel-le-Dale some upstream of the viaduct in Ingleton. The local opinion was always that the river or beck flowing down Kingsdale was the tributary of the river flowing down Chapel-le-Dale, and thus, the river upstream of the viaduct to God's Bridge was known as the River Greta.
One book, which discusses the prevalence of caving areas in Upper Gretadale (Weathercote Cave, Gingle Pot, Hurtle Pot, Gatekirk), describes the upper waters as Chapel Beck, and what is annotated on OS mapping as the River Doe, is described as the River Greta. Alfred Wainwright's Walking in Limestone Country describes a circular clockwise walk from Ingleton travelling up Kingsdale as "..the valley of the Doe, and returning to Ingleton down the valley of the Greta." Likewise, another writer describes Ingleton as the place where the rivers Doe and Greta meet, having the river Greta named before the river's confluence. Noted writer on Dales history, Marie Hartley, states in her book, The Yorkshire Dales
Ordnance Survey mapping from between 1892 and 1914 shows the River Doe to be flowing down Kingsdale, and the River Greta to be flowing down Chapel-le-Dale, and named as the Greta from God's Bridge. Modern OS mapping lists the two rivers as Kingsdale Beck, and the River Doe through Chapel-le-Dale. The River Doe runs for , and has the Beezley and Snow Falls waterfalls on its lower reaches.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
74304804
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel-le-Dale%20%28valley%29
|
Chapel-le-Dale (valley)
|
The head of the dale is at the viaduct of Ribblehead, with water flowing westwards as Winterscales Beck in the upper dale, and the flow of the River Ribble flowing southwards to form Ribblesdale. Winterscales Beck drains Whernside and Blea Moor, but in times of normal flow, will disappear into the cave system below Chapel-le-Dale at Haws Gill Wheel, before re-appearing at God's Bridge, further down the valley beyond the hamlet of Chapel-le-Dale. God's Bridge is a natural limestone bridge from which the sunken Chapel Beck emerges underneath to form the River Doe (or Twiss, or Greta); it was called God's Bridge as it was not fashioned by human hands. In times of great rainfall and flood, the river does travel overground, around the chapel and emerges at God's Bridge, however, for the most part, this riverbed is dry. John Self states that the river must be a torrent, as you can "stand in the dry [river]bed and see debris in the trees several metres above." Water also enters the dale via the cave systems underneath the plateau of Scales Moor () as Dale Barn Cave carries water from Kingsdale into Chapel-le-Dale. The western end of the dale where the two rivers meet is just before the viaduct in Ingleton. This makes the dale unusual in having a railway viaduct at either end. Also, the southern edge of the dale where it meets the edge of Ingleton is the boundary of the Yorkshire Dales National Park.
Quarrying and mining
The dale is mostly noted for its limestone and greywacke resources, although some coal mining was undertaken in the upper north-western part of the dale around Ivescar farm (). The only quarry left in operation is the Ingleton Quarry at , also known as Skirwith Quarry, which produces of greywacke annually for use in surface dressing of roads. The greywacke is a "steeply folded hard sandstone that cleaves like slate..", and is dug out of a hole that extends to a depth of .
| 2.3125
| 0
|
74304901
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Roe%20Nugent
|
Peter Roe Nugent
|
Peter Roe Nugent (1893–September 24, 1975) was an American politician who served as mayor of Savannah, Georgia and as vice-chairman and pioneer member of the Georgia Ports Authority.
Biography
Nugent was born to a prominent Catholic family in Savannah in 1893, the son of Nellie Roe and Thomas Nugent. His father was an immigrant from Australia and his mother a Savannah native. He graduated from the Benedictine Military School and Georgia Institute of Technology. In 1915, he and his father started a bakery of which he became the proprietor. His sister, Helen Roe Nugent, served as president of the Savannah-Atlanta Diocesan Council of the National Council of Catholic Women. In 1937, he was elected to the City Council of Savannah. On November 4, 1942, he was named vice-chairman of the City Council after Harry B. Grimshaw was named chairman; and on January 22, 1945, he was named chairman. On July 25, 1945, he was elected mayor by the City Council upon the untimely death of mayor Thomas Gamble.
While in office, Nugent was dedicated to developing the paper industry in the region, lead a campaign to test all 125,000 residents of the county for tuberculosis and syphilis in order to treat and eradicate the diseases, presided over a state visit by Winston Churchill, conducted a major cleanup of the city after criticism from Lady Nancy Astor that Savannah was "like a beautiful woman with a dirty face" (she later apologized), and secured the establishment of a Savannah branch for Georgia State University (to serve freshman and sophomores).
| 2.078125
| 0
|
74305349
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kven%20flag
|
Kven flag
|
The Kven flag () has been officially used as a symbol to represent the Kven people of Norway, Sweden, and Finland since 2009. It was designed by Bengt Johansson-Kyrö.
Design
The Kven flag was designed by the artist Bengt Johansson-Kÿrö. The flag has a dark blue background and a motif of a sunflower or sunflower ( or ) which has been found on several artifacts such as hunting horns, looms, and boats, and is still used in traditional käsityö (Kven handicrafts).
Use of the flag
The flag's design was ready in 2007. The Kvenlandsförbundet organized a competition to have a Kven flag made. Johansson-Kyrö's design won the competition. It was only in 2009 that the Kvenlandsförbundet decided to adopt the flag. This happened at a meeting with members from Norway, Sweden and Finland.
The flag was first used on a public flagpole outside the town hall in Kiruna Municipality in Sweden on Kven people's day in 2013. In 2017, the flag was hung at the Town Hall in Storfjord Municipality.
At the national board meeting of the Norwegian Kven Organization on 29-30 April 2017, the flag was also adopted by the KNF.
In March 2018, among others, Kvænangen Municipality raised the Kven flag for the first time, as did Nordreisa Municipality, Porsanger Municipality and Troms county, and in March 2019 the flag was raised in Tromsø Municipality on Kven people's day.
In 2018, the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development refused a request from the Norwegian Kven Organization for public approval of the Kven Flag. The ministry said at the same time that Norwegian municipalities and others were free to use the flag to mark Kven People's Day and other events.
In 2022, 15 years after the creation of the flag, Johansson-Kyrö was awarded the first Nordic Kven culture prize for his efforts. The reason for the prize states:
| 2.3125
| 0
|
74305669
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%20%28al-Andalus%29
|
Kura (al-Andalus)
|
Middle March. The capital of the March was in Tulaytulah (present-day Toledo) and its scope practically did not vary between the Emirate and the Caliphate. In it were located the Kūras of al-Belat, ax-Xerrat and al-Ulga. The first of these remained almost unchanged until the fall of the Caliphate. The second occupied territories that would later be attributed to the Kūra of Santaveria, so there is a clear continuity between them. As for al-Ulga, we have no reference to it beyond the year 929, its territory being attributed by the geographer Abu Yaqut to the Kūra of Toledo.
Upper March. In the Upper March, the following Kūras have been identified during the emiral period: Harkal-Suli, which would later be integrated into the Kūra of Barbitaniya, which extended through the northern part of the current province of Huesca; Az-Zeitum, which comprised what was later the Kūra of Lleida; Arth, which extended through territories of the cities of Zaragoza and Calatayud; al-Shala, which included the northern part of Teruel and would later result in the taifa of Albarracín; and the Kūra of Turtusha, which extended to the border with the Carolingian Empire.
Inner Kūras
In total, about 16 Kūras are known located in the interior, i.e. not bordering, districts of al-Andalus. Most of them will remain until the end of the Caliphate: Ishbiliya (also called al-Xarraf), Xeduna or Saduna, al-Jazírat or Heira, Qurtuba, Rayya, Ilbira, Yayyán (sometimes called al-Busharrat), Beŷala or Pechina, Tudmir and Balansiya (called in some texts Amur).
Others would disappear with the arrival of the Caliphate, to be integrated into different circumscriptions: Oxuna, al-Fagar, Kunka (to be distributed between Tudmir and Santaveria), Bathr (integrated into Balansiya) and Marmaria (integrated into that of Turtusha). Finally, the Kūra of Kambania becomes Takoronna, and part of its territory passes to that of Rayya.
In any case, there is no certain information on the territorial limits of all of them.
| 2.203125
| 0
|
74305669
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%20%28al-Andalus%29
|
Kura (al-Andalus)
|
Kūra of Ŷayyān.
It was one of the most extensive of al-Mawsat, extending over the current province of Jaén, plus the north of Granada and Almería and part of the provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete, since its northeastern limit was located around El Bonillo, since the first population of the neighboring Kūra of Tudmir, according to the classic texts, was Balazote. It included the Guadalquivir Valley, the Almanzora Valley, Sierra Morena, the sierras of Cazorla, Segura, Mágina, Castril and La Sagra, as well as the highland of Huéscar and the southeastern Inner Plateau.
It was, therefore, a rich and powerful Kūra, with varied agricultural production, divided into several iqlim, among them Andújar, Baeza, Jódar, Segura, Huéscar, Baza and Purchena. Apart from the heads of these districts, there were other important towns, such as Arjona, Porcuna, Bedmar, Úbeda and Qayshata (Quesada), as well as castles such as Tixcar.
The capital of the Kūra was located from 711 in one of the oldest cities of the same, Mantïsa (La Guardia de Jaé), until the middle of the 9th century, although there are historians, such as Professor Joaquín Vallvé who point out that it would have been Jódar, the Muslim Šawdar, who acted as such for a time, with the final transfer to the city of Hadira, which later became known as the Kūra itself, Yayyán, which became Jaián and, finally, Jaén.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
74305669
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%20%28al-Andalus%29
|
Kura (al-Andalus)
|
Kūra of Elvira
It was also a large Kūra, which covered the coast from Šat (Jete) and what is now La Herradura, west of al-Munacab (Almuñécar, Granada), to the present Guardias Viejas, in Almería. Inland, it reached north to Priego, al-Qibdat (Alcaudete), al-Uqbin (Castillo de Locubín) and Walma (Huelma). Its eastern border was the Guadiana Menor river, thus including the iqlim of Wadi-Aš (Guadix), and encompassing all of the Alpujarra and Sierra Nevada, with Canshayar (Canjáyar) as its head, and the Sierra de Gádor. To the west, the boundary was almost the same as that which currently separates the provinces of Granada and Málaga, although the city of Alhama de Granada belonged to the Kūra of Rayya.
Era una demarcación económicamente pujante, en el aspecto agrícola gracias a las fértiles vegas de su capital, las cuencas de Guadix y Baza y el valle del Almanzora. También contaba con una gran riqueza minera y ganadera communal. La capital estaba situada en Medina Elvira, y, tras la conversión en taifa, en Madinat Garnata, muy próxima an ella, y donde algunos autores sitúan la ciudad de Illiberri o Ilíberis.
Kūra of Pechina
It was located in the easternmost part of al-Andalus, comprising the current fields of Dalías-El Ejido, the lower valley of the river Andarax and the fields of Tabernas and Níjar. The capital was initially Pechina, although its peripheral situation (the valley of the Almanzora belonged to Yayyán) and interior made the capital move to al-Mariya (Almería), which already had an important port. In spite of this, it kept its name.
Other possible Kūras
Some sources, such as López de Coca cite some Kūra that are not included in the other studies. These are in all cases small partitions of Kūras already cited, possibly from the end of the Caliphate period. Specifically, he lists three new demarcations:
| 2.265625
| 0
|
74305669
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kura%20%28al-Andalus%29
|
Kura (al-Andalus)
|
According to the abundant data collected in his work by the Andalusian historian al-Udri, Tudmir included numerous cities, among which are Uryula (Orihuela), Laqant (Alicante), Mula (Mula or La Mola {Novelda}), Bqsara (Begastri {Cehegín, Murcia} or Bogarra {Caudete, Albacete}), Blntla or Billana (Valentula {Elche} or Villena), Lawrka (Lorca), Iyya or Illa (Eio, which the authors identify with the ancient Roman Ilunum {Hellín}), with the Murcian district of Algezares where the remains of a Byzantine basilica and a great palace have appeared, or with Elda, and Ilsh (Elche). There is no unanimity among the different authors on the northern limit of this Kūra, as some extend it to the mountainous region near Dénia, while others consider that this area belonged to the Kūra of Valencia. Some authors also attribute to it the city of Huéscar, which is usually considered part of the Kūra of Yayyán or that of Elvira.
After the fall of the Caliphate, it was divided among several taifas: Murcia, Dénia (plus Balearic Islands) and Granada (910-1031).
Kūra of Balansya
The Kūra of Balansya occupied approximately what is today the province of Valencia and was bordered to the south by that of Tudmir, and to the north by that of Turtusha. It was a second-order Kūra, since in the 10th century the economic and demographic weight of the Valencia area was scarce. In its geographical area there were two relevant cities: Xàtiva and Dénia. There is evidence that, around 929, there was a governor in Xàtiva, different from that of Valencia, which may suggest that, at some point, it formed a separate Kūra. Towards the end of the Caliphate, given the small size of this Kūra, it was unified with that of Tortosa and the Balearic Islands were attached to it.
| 2.265625
| 0
|
74305707
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollel%20Hod
|
Kollel Hod
|
History
The Kollel was founded in the 19th century, and grew to become the richest Jewish association in the Land of Israel, with more funding and members than the Sephardic settlement in the region. It grew further in the 1830s during the governance of Muhammed Ali Pasha. Although most of their efforts were focused in Jerusalem, they occasionally worked on projects in other cities, such as Petah Tivka.
Members of Kollel were the first to revolt in 1837 against division orders for Sephardic and Ashkenazi, Chasidic and Perushim communities in Jerusalem. They objected to the conservatism of philanthropists who demanded the separation and were generally against the mixing of various Jewish sects under fear that they would adopt modern philosophy conceived during The Enlightenment. The Committee of Officials and Treasurers, who financed the majority of Ashkenazi projects in Jerusalem, often prevented Jews who received its money from going to certain secular businesses under worry that it would lead people astray of the teaching of the Sages to ideals of the Haskalah.
Activities
The organization was responsible for helping found and maintain many institutions for Jews in Israel including the Shaare Zedek Hospital and the Lämel School.
Batei Mahse
Their most notable contribution in Jerusalem, Kollel Hod also was responsible for raising funds to build the Batei Mahse, a rent-controlled apartment complex in the Old City of Jerusalem for poor Jewish residents. Lots had been purchased in 1857. Because of nature of the organization, One third of the 100 apartments built were allocated to people of German and Dutch origin. Another third were also distributed to Jewish emigrants from Hungary. The complex's apartments were considered relatively spacious and luxuriant compared to the generally cramped living spaces within most parts of the Jewish Quarter in the Old City.
| 2.6875
| 0
|
74305718
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Battle%20of%20Lahore%20%281759%29
|
Second Battle of Lahore (1759)
|
The Second Battle of Lahore was fought in November 1759 by the Sikh forces led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and the Afghan forces led by Jahan Khan.
Background
Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India for the fifth time during 1759 with the main goal to recapture all the territories taken by his enemies. The Maratha Empire had left Punjab without any resistance, leaving the Sikhs alone against the Afghan Empire. The Afghan army marched for Lahore. When the Sikhs got intel, they attacked the army, scaring away the Durranis during the night.
Battle
When the Shah learnt about this, he sent a 40,000 strong army towards Lahore in order to teach the Sikhs a lesson. Jassa Singh was already prepared. When the battle began, Jassa Singh and Jai Singh attacked the Afghans from the right while the remaining Sikhs attacked from the left. If the Afghans attacked the Sikhs in the right, they would be attacked by the Sikhs in the left and vice versa. The battle concluded at night with both armies retreating, with the Afghans facing 2,000 slain, and Jahan Khan was wounded.
Aftermath
After this fierce engagement, the Afghans had fought the Marathas in the Battle of Taraori (1759) and defeated them.
| 2.34375
| 0
|
74305829
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydar-Khana
|
Haydar-Khana
|
Haydar-Khana () is an old locality and neighborhood located in Baghdad, Iraq. Located at the beginning of al-Rashid Street and near al-Maidan Square, it's one of the oldest localities in Baghdad which dates back to the Abbasid Caliphate. The locality was also home to many personalities of Iraq such as Iraqi artist Nazem al-Ghazali and former-Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Said.
Biography
The locality has been settled as far back as the Abbasid Caliphate. The word "Khana" means "residence, dwelling" in the Persian language while the origins of the name "Haydar" is disputed, but its first attestation is the given name of the Sogdian Iranian prince of Usrushana, better known as al-Afshin. The name is attributed to a Sufi man who went by the name of "Haydar" whose history is unknown, although it was later attributed to Haydar Pasha Jalabi Shabandar, an Iraqi notable who established Hammam Haydar in the locality in 1650 and is buried in the same place along with some members of his family. Although no there's no historical connection between Shabandar and the locality's name.
One of the most notable landmarks of the locality is the Haydar-Khana Mosque, located between the locality and al-Rashid Street, the Mosque dates back to the reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir and later renovated by Dawud Pasha, the last Mamluk governor of Baghdad in 1827 where a Madrasa was established inside of it. In 1920, the notables of Baghdad would gather in the mosque which kickstarted the Iraqi Revolt against British colonialism of Iraq. It was nicknamed by Iraqis the "Revolution Mosque." The Mosque witnessed many arrests by British forces, as it was a major center for the uprisings that were launched from al-Rashid Street.
| 1.953125
| 0
|
74306726
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta%20Astfalck-Vietz
|
Marta Astfalck-Vietz
|
Marta Astfalck-Vietz (née Vietz; 21 July 1901 – 14 February 1994) was a German photographer, social worker and painter associated with the Bauhaus movement. She is remembered for her pioneering series of self-portraits from around 1930. As well as Ilse Bing, Lotte Jacobi, Marianne Breslauer, Germaine Krull, and Lucia Moholy she produced modernist images and portraits across the fields of avant-garde and commercial production, photojournalism, and fashion. Her works were rediscovered in 1991.
Biography
Marta Vietz was born in Neudamm (Neumark), Germany (now: Dębno, Poland), the daughter of a printer and head of the publishing house Klassische Kunst. The family moved frequently during her schooling before settling in Berlin in 1912, where her father established a studio for fine art reproductions.
In 1929 she married the architect Hellmuth Astfalck, and continued producing photographs for publication in illustrated magazines.
Photography
Born in July 1901, Vietz began her artistic studies as a student at the Kunstgewerbeschule in Berlin.
Vietz trained with the professional photographer Lutz Kloss between 1925 and 1926 and began working as an independent photographer, graphic, and advertising designer before setting up her own studio in 1927.
Vietz's works, forgotten until the 1980s, have been compared to that of her contemporaries Gertrud Arndt and Claude Cahun.
A large quantity of her archives were destroyed in 1943 during the bombing of Berlin in WWII. The remaining photographs, many of which are damaged, are held in the collection of the Berlinische Galerie – Landesmuseum für Moderne Kunst. In 1991, Janos Frecot, director of the photographic collection at the Berlinische Galerie, organized a show and exhibition catalogue of Astfalck-Vietz' works. Her work has been shown at the Harn Museum of Art, the Ludwig Museum, Cologne, the Albertina Museum, Vienna, the Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, among other venues.
In 1982, she was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande (Cross of Merit on ribbon).
| 1.976563
| 0
|
74306910
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Scammell
|
Thomas Scammell
|
Thomas E. Scammell is an American neurologist, known for his research in sleep medicine pertaining to neurobiology of sleep and sleep disorders, particularly narcolepsy and cataplexy. Scammell is a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School, serving the department of neurology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Boston Children's Hospital.
Education
Scammell completed his Bachelor of Science degree in neuroscience from the University of Rochester in 1984. He then pursued a Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Massachusetts Medical School, which he obtained in 1988.
Career
Scammell has primarily focused on the neurological aspects of sleep and associated disorders. As a healthcare provider, he practices at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts. He is also affiliated with Boston Children's Hospital.
In addition to his clinical work, Scammell has served as a professor at Harvard Medical School since 2012, where he has a laboratory which conducts research on the neurobiology of sleep and the neural basis of sleep disorders such as narcolepsy and cataplexy. He is an editor of SLEEP.
Research
Scammell's work has elucidated the molecular genetics of sleep regulation and the critical role of various hypothalamic pathways in sleep and circadian rhythms.
| 2.3125
| 0
|
74306940
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Ellis%20%28photographer%29
|
Alfred Ellis (photographer)
|
Alfred Ellis (5 May 1854 – 13 April 1930) was an English photographer who mainly photographed "theatrical royalty" such as Oscar Wilde and Dan Leno. Over 180 of his photographic portraits are held by the National Portrait Gallery in London.
Early life and career
Ellis was born in St Pancras, London in 1854, the son of Edward George Ellis, a builder. He had a studio on Baker Street in London from 1884 until 1898. From 1898 to 1918 he was in partnership with Stanisław Julian Ignacy Ostroróg as Alfred Ellis & Walery in new premises on Baker Street. Ellis has 180 portraits listed in the national collection in the National Portrait Gallery in London, mainly of "theatrical royalty". Ellis and Ostroróg appear to have kept their authorship and sitters separate, while sharing studio facilities. Prints of his photographs were published in The Illustrated London News as wood-engravings.
From 1883 Ellis was a member of the Photographic Society (which later became the Royal Photographic Society). He was one of the founders of the Professional Photographers' Association and at various times acted as Secretary (1901-1903), President (1903 and 1919), and General Secretary (1919 until his death). He specialised in theatrical photography, at first recreating scenes from theatrical productions in his studio and later photographing them in situ in the theatres. Among these is his historically important image of the original production of Lady Windermere's Fan (1892) by Oscar Wilde at St James's Theatre in London. Showing a scene from Act III,
it depicts the actors George Alexander, H. H. Vincent, James Nutcombe Gould, Adolphus Vane-Tempest and Benjamin Webster.
Legal cases
Ellis took a leading role in protecting the copyright of photographers, fighting several cases in the High Courts.
| 2.3125
| 0
|
74307028
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Menagerie%20of%20Versailles
|
Royal Menagerie of Versailles
|
Nobles from many European courts imitated the splendor of Versailles by creating their own menagerie. These included the Château de Chantilly in 1663, the Het Loo Palace in the Netherlands in 1672, the Belém Palace in Lisbon in 1726, the Retiro Park in Madrid in 1774, the Belvedere Palace in Vienna in 1716 and the Sanssouci Palace in Potsdam.
Louis XIV, who was approaching sixty and tired of exotic animals, had the menagerie enlarged and restored in 1698 by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, as a gift for Marie-Adélaïde de Savoie, Duchess of Burgundy, then aged 12 and who had arrived at the court a year earlier to become the wife of the Dauphin Louis of France, the King's grandson. The Duchess, who was to become an energetic wife and brighten up the court, also used the menagerie as an afternoon residence. The menagerie had a pleasure garden, a "cool" room with water features and rockwork, and even a chapel. Farm buildings with outbuildings, stables, farmyard, dovecote, dairy and vegetable garden were added.
Marie-Adélaïde enjoyed churning and playing the peasant. The Château de Plaisance overlooking the menagerie was also the setting for her adulterous love affairs.
In 1711, the Norman privateer Jean Doublet brought back two llamas, animals that were still unknown at the court and described as "strange male and female sheep".
Marie-Adélaïde died in 1712 at the age of 26 in a measles epidemic that also took the lives of one of her sons and her husband, marking the beginning of the decline of the menagerie.
Decadence and disappearance
The menagerie was neglected during the Régence (literal French of "Regency"), and in 1722 an elephant and a few wild animals were brought in to entertain the young Louis XV, to whom the Count of Maurepas gave a lion cub and a tiger.
| 2.5
| 0
|
74308378
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%20Golescu
|
Radu Golescu
|
The future Great Ban was born on 3 May 1746, from Anița's marriage to Nicolae Șirbei, a Polcovnic in the Wallachian military. Nicolae's father, Ilie, had joined Leurdeanu Golescu in his political endeavors and his eventual exile to Oltenia; at the time of Radu Jr birth, the latter region had been retaken by Wallachia, now under a Phanariote regime. From the Știrbeis, the boy inherited land in Dâmbovița, including the village of Produlești-Ghinești. Golescu-Știrbei was an educated man by 18th-century standards: probably home-schooled, he preserved his manuscript textbooks, in the Greek original. These show that he was taught geography, geometry, arithmetic, Greek mythology, and Ancient Greek literature (with samples of Hesiod, Theocritus, Anacreon, Bion, and Pindar). His early political climb was tied to administrative functions in Dâmbovița: he probably first entered the administrative service around August 1782, when, as a titular Paharnic and sheriff (Ispravnic) over the entire Dâmbovița, he was called upon to settle a dispute between Nucet and Stelea Monasteries.
From his marriage to Zoița or Zinca, daughter of Costache Florescu, Golescu-Știrbei had four sons and a daughter. One version of their succession is provided by literary historian Mircea Anghelescu: the eldest son, Nicolae, was born in 1772 or 1773, while Gheorghe "Iordache" followed in 1774 or 1775, with their more famous brother, Constandin "Dinicu", being the only one whose full date of birth is recorded (7 February 1777). Historian Vasile Novac indicates sources which identify Iordache's birth year as 1768 or 1770, making him the oldest; he also notes that Radu's one daughter, Ana, became the wife of a Great Ban, Mihalache Racoviță. Another son, Ianache, is almost entirely unknown except for passing records, which suggests that he served as a Stolnic and died before 1815 (though one document may prove that he was alive in 1821).
| 2.4375
| 0
|
74308378
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%20Golescu
|
Radu Golescu
|
Radu's political advancement was manifest in 1784, when he became Spatharios of Wallachia's military. In 1785 his liege, Michael Drakos Soutzos, ordered him to carry out restoration work on the Old Princely Cort of Târgoviște—including new frescoes by Popa Ioan Zugravu. An inscription in the princely church, dated August 1785, credits him as a Great Paharnic (a title he no longer held in January 1786, as shown by his deed to the estate of Fundeni, purchased from Neculae Cocoș). His activities also included surveying the city's property boundaries, settling disputes between boyar Grigore Greceanu and the local burghers. He first held the rank of Great Clucer at some point before August 1786, while still serving as the Ispravnic to late 1787. Notes left by Târgoviște burgher Dumitrache al Popii Gheorghe suggest that Golescu was detained by the Ottoman Army, which put an end to his tenure ("I never saw him again"). Historian Gabriela Nițulescu believes that this refers to the Russo-Turkish War of 1787, when Târgoviște was under an Ottoman military administration, and that the events most likely took place in January or February 1788; she notes that, in March, the new Ispravnici were Greceanu and Ioniță Caramanlău.
| 2.046875
| 0
|
74308378
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%20Golescu
|
Radu Golescu
|
Historian Constantin Dinu argues that Golescu was one of the "boyars most interested in developing capitalism, one in the a category of those who set up manufactures and advanced commercial life." Much of his life was spent on accumulating a personal wealth; in his last will, dated to February 1815, he notes: ("never have I squandered [properties], but have only added to them, so much so that one could say I've doubled them"). As noted by historian Nicolae Iorga, his financial standing was precarious around 1800: he "was mixed up in lots of affairs, and owed quite a lot of debts." Though he lost Fundeni, which was sold back and forth between other families, he compensated with other purchases in Dâmbovița—Dâmbovicioara (July 1787) and Ghimpați (before 1815). At some point before 1816, he and his cousin Sandu Golescu set up two watermills (Morile Sandului) at the mouth of Râul Doamnei, just east of Pitești. Radu was a major producer of honey, beeswax, hay, and maize, which he sold abroad through a Transylvanian merchant, Constantin Hagi Pop; an employer of skilled immigrant workers, he opened up a number of shops, and an inn, on Bucharest's Podul Calicilor. As Golescu himself put it, the inn had been "bought and refurbished" by him, probably around 1800; it emerged as "one of the city's most important and spacious".
Under Mourouzis, Hangerli, and the Russians
| 2.34375
| 0
|
74308378
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%20Golescu
|
Radu Golescu
|
In 1788, Golescu-Știrbei was again Clucer. The following year, he participated in the reopening of Târgoviște church, with a ceremony also attended by Prince Nicholas Mavrogenes. A Habsburg invasion in November 1789 chased out Mavrogenes, and left the country occupied until 1791. The Habsburgs governed using a revamped version of the Boyar Divan, presided upon by Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; Golescu was assigned to it as a Vornic. In December 1793, Golescu asked Prince Alexander Mourouzis for approval to donate Vieroși Monastery, located on his lands and established by his Leurdeanu ancestors, but curated by the Wallachian Orthodox church province, to a Greek Orthodox monastery on Mount Athos. His request was denied as contrary to Wallachian customs, with Metropolitan Dositei Filitti also weighing in the fact that Golescu was not agnatically descended from Stroe Leurdeanu. By September 1794, Golescu, now a Great Logothete, was engaged in tax farming, and bought from Mourouzis the right to collect winemakers' taxes throughout Argeș County. He complained to the Prince that he had been cheated on by the debtors; although the vineyards were entirely located in Muntenia, his claim was addressed by an inquiry headed by the Oltenian Banship. Shortly after, the bubonic plague erupted in Wallachia, with Mourouzis heading the relief and containment effort—in April 1795, Golescu was personally instructed to disinfect parts of Bucharest. According to a court document of July 1795, Bucharest had a Golescu quarter (or mahala), in which Grigorie Bujoreanu and boyar Barbucică acted as the plague wardens.
| 2.078125
| 0
|
74308769
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarina%20Bogdanovi%C4%87
|
Katarina Bogdanović
|
When the National University, later the Kolarč National University, was founded in 1922, Bogdanović, Ksenija Atanasijević, Isidora Sekulić, and Zorka Vulović were the first women to lecture there. They attracted wide attendance, often because it was so unusual for a woman to be engaged in academic and scientific work. Bogdanović's most productive writing period roughly corresponded with the interwar period. She began to publish book reviews and translations of writers from a variety of fields like Honoré de Balzac, Denis Diderot, Henry Ford, Blasco Ibanez, George Meredith, among others. In 1923, she and Paulina Lebl-Albala published the first high school textbook written by women in the country. (Literary Theory) was used in Serbian high schools for eighteen years (up to the start of World War II), and was updated in at least five editions. She reviewed Alexandra Kollontai's (New Woman, 1918), Truska Baginska's (An Enlightened Woman, 1926), and published an article about French writer and artist Jean Cocteau in 1933. She analyzed numerous works from Russian writers like Dostoevsky, Maxim Gorky, Ivan Turgenev, and Tolstoy and German philosophers such as Nietzsche and Arthur Schopenhauer. Many of her articles appeared in the (Serbian Literary Herald), the most influential literary journal of the time.
| 2.46875
| 0
|
74308955
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%202023%20Northeastern%20United%20States%20floods
|
July 2023 Northeastern United States floods
|
In July 2023, multiple rounds of heavy rainfall led to a destructive and significant flash flood event occurring in the Northeastern United States beginning from July 9 to 29, 2023. The floods were caused by slow-moving showers and thunderstorms that produced heavy rainfall and flooding over areas that were already saturated by rainfall that took place several weeks prior, especially across the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions. However, the heaviest and most destructive flash flooding was concentrated around northern New England, especially Vermont and New York as widespread rain amounts of fell in the two states on July 9–11. Additionally, downtown Montpelier, Vermont was flooded, along with numerous state roads being closed as a result of it; the highest rainfall total from the event was centered in Putnam Valley, New York, with . Across the affected areas, numerous roads and bridges were washed out, and dozens of water rescues were conducted. Transportation service was impacted by the heavy rainfall and flooding, including Amtrak in New York and Vermont and Boston's MBTA subway. The flash floods caused 12 fatalities across several states at least $2.2 billion in damage. The event was known as the Great Vermont Flood of 10–11 July 2023 by the National Weather Service in Burlington, Vermont after its significant impacts in the state on the respective dates.
Meteorological history
On July 10, areas where the flooding occurred were already saturated by recent rainfall several weeks prior, and a large area of moisture traveled from the Atlantic Ocean to the Northeastern United States, likely contributed by warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean, where moisture evaporated and produced additional rainfall over New England. The storm, producing heavy rainfall, eventually slowed over the northeastern United States due to a large high pressure area over Greenland, which stalled the storm bringing high rainfall rates.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
74309112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20J.%20Harrigan
|
Henry J. Harrigan
|
Personal life
Harrigan's parents were born in Ireland, but he was born in Dedham. He attended the Dedham Public Schools. He married Mary Loiuse Maher of Malden; together they had four daughters. In addition to being a firefighter, he also worked as a blacksmith.
Legacy
In 1994, a difficult fire broke out on Rockland Street. A woman was trapped inside, and was rescued by members of Engine Company 3. The Henry J. Harrigan Medal of Honor was established to honor the members of the engine company for their bravery.
A plaque was unveiled in his honor outside the main firehouse on October 18, 2015, the 75th anniversary of his death, in a ceremony organized by Deputy Chief John Fontaine. Both Harrigan and Nagle were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Harrigan's granddaughter, Joan Sullivan Gray, accepted the award on his behalf. The ceremony was attended by three former fire chiefs, several retired members of the department, as well as six selectmen, a state senator, a state representative, and the assistant town manager.
At the ceremony, Chief William Spillane, himself a winner of the Harrigan Medal of Honor, said Harrigan exemplified the qualities of a natural leader and a firefighter.”
| 2.078125
| 0
|
74309145
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger%20Forchhammer
|
Holger Forchhammer
|
Holger Forchhammer (21 October 1866 – 19 May 1946) was a Danish senior physician, footballer, and football executive, who was the 2nd chairman of the Danish Sports Confederation (DIF) from 1897 to 1899. He was just 31 years old when he took office, thus being the youngest chairman of DIF to date. He became known for his great work to promote children and young people's access to sports.
Career as a physician
Forchhammer was born on 21 October 1866 as the son of Dr. Phil Johannes Forchhammer, a rector in the Aalborg University, later at Herlufsholm School, where he became a student of medicine in 1884, taking his master's degree in 1891. Forchhammer was a reserve doctor at Kysthospitalet in Refsnæs in 1893–94, and two years later, in 1896, he became the head of the medical consultation room of Denmark's first hospital in the present-day meaning of the word, the Frederiks Hospital. He was close friends with the doctor and Nobel Prize winner Niels Ryberg Finsen, and one of Finsen's closest collaborators in his first years, when he was struggling to gain resonance for his important ideas. He thus became a doctor at Finsen's Medical Light Institute in Copenhagen in 1898, where he was chief physician from 1899 to 1912. When Finsen become too weak to do anything, it was Forchhammer who, at the medical congress in Paris in 1900, struck the decisive blow for Finsen's light treatment.
| 2.453125
| 0
|
74309432
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Pearmain
|
Blue Pearmain
|
The 'Blue Pearmain' is an American apple variety, mentioned by Henry David Thoreau in his 1862 essay "Wild Apples."
History
The Blue Pearmain's origin is uncertain, but it was known in the US, and widely planted near Boston, in the early 1800s.
Henry David Thoreau describes picking and eating "Blue-Pearmain" apples in his 1862 essay "Wild Apples."
In the late 19th century, the Blue Pearmain won some recognition in England, receiving "an Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1893 and a First Class Certificate in 1896," according to the website of the United Kingdom's National Fruit Collection.
Characteristics
The apple is large, typically round, with a thick red skin stippled with dots and overlaid by the characteristic blue bloom that gives the variety its name. According to Rowan Jacobson in his book Apples of Uncommon Character: ..the look of the Blue Pearmain is half the pleasure. It starts in September as an impressionist’s masterpiece of swirling reds, oranges, and yellows, then, as fall goes by, it deepens into a dark burgundy with blackish streaks and a powdery blue bloom over the surface, as if night was falling and the last colors were draining from the sky.
Jacobson describes the Blue Pearmain's flavor as "all pear and melon and fig, with a touch of hard-charging kiwi brightness to keep things from getting cloying". The apple can be used for fresh eating or for cider or baking. If stored for more than two months, the apples tend to shrivel.
| 2.78125
| 0
|
74309656
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom%20style%20architecture
|
Boom style architecture
|
Glass
During this era, coloured glass became a popular feature in private homes, adorning both modest terraces and grand mansions. The availability of relatively inexpensive glass due to the Industrial Revolution, its suitability as ballast on returning ships, and the public's inclination for ornamentation all contributed to its widespread usage. By the 1880s international exhibitions in Sydney (1879) and Melbourne (1880-81) had popularised sophisticated new products from manufacturing nations and the introduction of various types of specialty glass, adding a colourful element to the generally subdued tones of boom-style building materials. Painted and enameled decorative panels, etched ruby glass, and high-quality Victorian leadlights, featuring thick and deeply colored quarries and sparkling roundels, were incorporated into door settings, stairwells, and hallway windows. The role of the stained glass window is showcased in Labassa, an Italian-inspired villa in Caulfield North, constructed in 1890 for W. A. Robertson, a pastoralist and investor. Designed by J. A. B. Koch and again built by Italian craftsmen, the villa exhibited extensive sculptural ornamentation and extravagant use of stenciled decorations and stained glass.
| 2.6875
| 0
|
74309902
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzuriageae
|
Luzuriageae
|
Luzuriageae is a tribe of monocotyledonous plants belonging to the family Alstroemeriaceae. It consists of very few species of perennial plants native to South America (Luzuriaga) and Australia and New Zealand (Drymophila). They are climbing plants with more or less woody stems and can be recognised by their distichous leaves which are turned "upside down" at the base, and their polysymmetrical white flowers with plain-coloured tepals and a succulent ovary.
In modern classification systems such as the APG III classification system (2009) and APWeb (2001 onwards), this clade is placed as a nested tribe within the wider Alstroemeriaceae. Previously (as in APG II 2003), the group was placed in its own family Luzuriagaceae.
Phylogeny
Alstroemerieae is related to Luzuriagaeae. The two tribes share vegetative characters such as being climbing plants with twisted leaves so that the upper surface during development becomes lower at maturity, although the ovary is succulent in Alstroemeriaeae. Both tribes are related to each other (Rudall et al. 2000).
Taxonomy
The family was not recognized by APG III (2009), which places its genera in the larger Alstroemeriaeae, given the morphological and phylogenetic similarities between the two families. The family had been recognised by APG II (2003). APWeb (2001 onwards) initially considered it separate but then decided to follow in the footsteps of APG III.
The tribe comprises two genera and six species. The genera, together with their valid publication, distribution and number of species are listed below:
Drymophila R.Br., Prodr.: 292 (1810). eastern and south-eastern Australia. Includes two species.
Luzuriaga Ruiz & Pav., Fl. Peruv. 3: 65 (1802), nom. cons. New Zealand, south-central and southern Chile, southern Argentina to the Falkland Islands. Includes four species.
Bibliography
| 2.421875
| 0
|
74310389
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lisle%2C%201st%20Baron%20Lisle%20of%20Wootton
|
John Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle of Wootton
|
John I Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle of Wootton (died 1304), from Wootton in the Isle of Wight, was an English landowner, soldier and administrator who from 1299 to 1302 was summoned to Parliament as a baron.
Origins
His family, whose name appears in French as de Lisle and in Latin as de Insula, had been landowners and administrators on the Isle of Wight, then part of Hampshire, since the time of his great-great-grandfather Jordan Lisle. Born about 1240, he was the son and heir of William Lisle, who died about 1252.
Career
In 1267 he was governor of Carisbrooke Castle on the island but then spent many years fighting outside England, first in Wales in 1277 and again in 1282, when he was knighted, and then in France in 1295. There he was in the English garrison of Blaye on the Gironde, receiving a royal protection against tax on or seizure of his properties in England while serving abroad. By writs from 29 December 1299 to 13 September 1302 he was summoned to Parliament, so creating by later theory a hereditary barony.
He died before 10 June 1304, holding considerable lands on both the island and the mainland: the grange of Briddlesford, the manor and fishery of Wootton and seven other manors on the island, plus the manor of Mansbridge and La Rugge Hall, together with Woodhouse and part of the forest of Chute, as well as the rights of the hereditary bailiff of the east walk of Chute, which had been settled on him on his marriage. These properties were valued at 79 pounds a year, equivalent to about 80,000 pounds in 2022,
Family
He married Nichola Columbiers, daughter of Michael Columbiers, of Chute, and their only known child was his heir John II Lisle.
| 2.078125
| 0
|
74310950
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid3
|
Liquid3
|
Liquid 3 (also known as Liquid Trees) is a clean energy photobioreactor project designed to replace the function of trees in heavily polluted urban areas where planting and growing real vegetation is not viable.
The project was designed by the Institute for Multidisciplinary Research at the University of Belgrade. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) selected Liquid 3 as an "innovative" solution for "Climate Smart Urban Development," a project produced in partnership with Serbia's Ministry of Environmental Protection and the municipality of Stari Grad.
Overview
The Liquid3 algal photobioreactor is powered by solar panels. The glass tank is embedded into a structure that acts as a bench and is outfitted with other utilities such as charging ports. Similar to other photobioreactors, air is sucked through a pressure pump and fed to the microalgae, with oxygen released as a byproduct. Additionally, the Liquid 3 bioreactor can filter out heavy metal contaminants in the air and contains a temperature regulation system in case external climate conditions become too extreme for the microalgae. The creator of the Liquid 3, Dr. Ivan Spasojevic, was motivated to install it in Belgrade due to the city's struggle with pollution.
| 2.71875
| 0
|
74311301
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enegi
|
Enegi
|
Enegi or Enegir was an ancient Mesopotamian city located in present-day Iraq. It is considered lost, though it is known that it was one of the settlements in the southernmost part of lower Mesopotamia, like Larsa, Ur and Eridu. Attempts have been made to identify it with multiple excavated sites. In textual sources, it is well documented as the cult center of the god Ninazu, and in that capacity it was connected to beliefs tied to the underworld. It appears in sources from between the Early Dynastic and Old Babylonian periods. Later on the cult of its tutelary god might have been transferred to Ur.
Name
The earliest attested writing of the toponym Enegi in cuneiform is EN.GI.KI or EN.GI4.KI from the Early Dynastic period, replaced by EN.DIM2.GIGki in subsequent Sargonic and Ur III sources. A shorter logographic writing, IMki, is also attested. It occurs in sources from the Old Babylonian period. However, the same logographic writing was also used to represent the names of two other cities, Karkar (the cult center of Ishkur) and Muru (the cult center of Ninkilim). While in the case of Karkar the use of this logogram reflected the writing of the name of its tutelary god as dIM, it is not known how a similar scribal convention developed in the cases of Enegi and Muru.
| 2.078125
| 0
|
74311318
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronouncing%20Orthography
|
Pronouncing Orthography
|
Pronouncing Orthography was used to teach literacy; children were taught to read and write in a phonemic orthography and then transitioned to conventional English orthography. The concept originated when a predecessor, orthography, English Phonotypic Alphabet aka Phonotypy, was trialled to teach literacy and promote orthographic reform. Surprisingly, the newly literate transitioned effortlessly to conventional English, so the pedagogical theory developed that the best way to teach literacy was through an interim phonemic orthography. To this purpose, many orthographies have been developed and trialled, but only three have been widely adopted by public school systems, and these are: - Phonotypy (1845), Pronouncing Orthography (1864) and the Initial Teaching Alphabet (1960).
Background
Causes of poor literacy
The idea that the phonemic irregularity of the English language was a major cause of the poor levels of literacy in the English-speaking world had been well established in the mid-19th century by works such as Alexander John Ellis's treatise Plea for Phonetic Spelling, or the Necessity of Orthographic Reform, in 1848. Dr Edwin Leigh himself published a report quantifying the levels of illiteracy in the United States, which he used to advocate for his Pronouncing Orthography.
Precedent
Dr Edwin Leigh enthusiastically adopted Phonotypy as soon as it was published, so in 1846, he taught his daughter to read using Phonotypy; then, in 1849, he taught a class of fugitive slaves in Boston, which led him to set up the Boston phonetic school in 1850 which he used as a springboard to introduce phonetic teaching into the schools of Somerville, Massachusetts. In 1859, he used Phonotypy in evening classes to teach illiterate adults in St Louis, Missouri, where he tried unsuccessfully to introduce Phonotypy into the public school system.
Successor
| 2.9375
| 0
|
74311420
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh%20Coastal%20Highway
|
Sindh Coastal Highway
|
The Sindh Coastal Highway is a road that links Karachi with coastal towns in Sindh. It begins at N5, between Dhabeji and Gharo, and finishes close to Keti Bunder. The highway was created to help farming, bring new life to the fishing industry in the delta area, and make it easier to transport clean drinking water to the people living in coastal villages.
History
The Sindh Coastal Highway project was first planned in 2010 with the aim of helping farming, reviving the declining fishing industry, and making sure coastal villages have enough clean drinking water. The project faced delays because of severe floods, which put it on hold for a few years. Eventually, Phase-I of the project was finished, but Phase II couldn't start for many years.
Route Description
The Phase-II of the Coastal Highway Project goes from Buhara to Keti Bundar and reaches the Arabian Sea. This coastal highway would allow emergency responders to quickly reach places during emergencies and would also significantly boost tourism in the area.
| 2.40625
| 0
|
74312032
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer%20Mill
|
Boyer Mill
|
Estuary contamination
One of the primary concerns is the discharge of effluent into the nearby River Derwent. The mill releases wastewater in the form of sludge and wood residues that contain various pollutants, including organic matter, suspended solids, and chemical substances such as lignin used in the paper-making process. These chemicals deplete oxygen levels in the water, harming aquatic organisms and disrupting ecosystems. Pulp bleaching processes involving chlorine compounds generate toxic chlorinated organic compounds, which further contributed to water pollution. In recent years, the mill has made substantial progress in water conservation, achieving a reduction of over 60% in water usage since 1985.
Bridgewater causeway
Downstream, the convict-built, 1830s causeway connecting Granton and Bridgewater via the Bridgewater Bridge acts as a catchment for sludge and wastewater pollutants. Further to this downstream at Lutana, the zinc refinery Nyrstar Hobart has contributed to significant pollution to the estuary waters. The smelter's discharging of methylmercury (mercury) and other toxic heavy metals into the Derwent estuary greatly contributed in creating one of the most polluted river systems in the world by the close of the 1970s. Studies in 2009, 2012 and 2020 have concluded that heavy metal contaminants, including cadmium, lead, zinc and mercury, risk being disturbed by the New Bridgewater Bridge construction project.
Deforestation
Historically, Tasmania has faced significant deforestation and forest degradation due to various industries, including logging for timber and paper production. The expansion of the paper industry, including the establishment of the Boyer paper mill, greatly contributed to the demand for raw materials, such as pulpwood from native forests.
| 3.0625
| 0
|
74312424
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclogue%201
|
Eclogue 1
|
After the defeat of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi (42 BC) the Triumvirs promised to assign to their veterans the lands of eighteen Italian cities. According to Wilkinson (1966), in 40 BC, after the Perusine War, the task of dividing up lands on the plain of northern Italy was handed over to Alfenus Varus, while Cornelius Gallus had the task of taxing the towns which were not affected. Cremona was one of the towns whose land was to be confiscated, but according to an ancient commentator (Servius Auctus) the land proved insufficient, and the surveyors continued for 15 miles into the territory of Mantua, situated some 40 miles west of Cremona. The same commentator quotes a line from a speech made by Gallus attacking Varus, saying "Though you were ordered to leave an area of 3 miles from the city wall in each direction, you scarcely left 800 paces of the water which surrounds it."
It appears from Eclogue 9 that Virgil made an appeal to Varus to spare Mantua ("alas, too close to wretched Cremona!" line 28). Wilkinson conjectures that thanks to Gallus's intervention before Octavian, the three-mile strip around Mantua was reprieved. Thus Virgil wrote Eclogue 6 in honour of Varus, but a greater honour is given to Gallus in lines 64–73, describing how Gallus was taken into the Aonian mountains and presented with Hesiod's panpipes by the musician Linus. Tityrus, in Wilkinson's view, represents those farmers within the three-mile strip who were spared. It is quite possible that Virgil himself was affected, since it is thought that his home village of Andes was located at Pietole, 3 miles south east of Mantua on the side of Cremona.
| 2.296875
| 0
|
74312677
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20de%20Pimodan
|
Georges de Pimodan
|
Georges de Rarecourt de La Vallée, Marquis de Pimodan (January 29, 1822, in Échenay – September 18, 1860, in Castelfidardo), was a French legitimist émigré officer, who served Austria and the Papal States.
Biography
Pimodan was the son of Camille de Pimodan, a cavalry captain and gentleman of the King's Chamber, and his wife, born Claire Fauveau de Frénilly.
He studied at the Jesuit college in Fribourg. Admitted to Saint-Cyr, he refused to take the oath of allegiance to Louis-Philippe, whose reign was too liberal for his taste and continued his military studies in Austria, where in 1847 he became a sub-lieutenant in the lancers of the Habsburg emperor. He was sent to garrison in Verona, then in the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. During the revolutions of 1848 in Lombardy, Veneto and in the duchies of Parma and Modena and Reggio, which were supported by Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia, he served with the Austrian troops sent to suppress the rebellions, during which he demonstrated bravery. He was appointed captain and aide-de-camp to Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, commander-in-chief of the Austrian troops in Italy.
He then left, under the orders of General Josip Jelačić, to suppress the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 led by Lajos Kossuth. During the battle of Moor (Komorn), Pimodan, together with a handful of men, took an enemy battery. Having left on reconnaissance, he was taken prisoner by the revolutionaries in Peterwardein, by whom he was condemned to death. He owed his survival to the defeat of the Hungarian army of Artúr Görgey on August 23, 1849. He was named major and count.
| 1.914063
| 0
|
74312779
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN-MEDICIS
|
CERN-MEDICIS
|
CERN-MEDical Isotopes Collected from ISOLDE (MEDICIS) is a facility located in the Isotope Separator Online DEvice (ISOLDE) facility at CERN, designed to produce high-purity isotopes for developing the practice of patient diagnosis and treatment. The facility was initiated in 2010, with its first radioisotopes (terbium-155) produced on 12 December 2017.
The target used to produce radioactive nuclei at the ISOLDE facility only absorbs 10% of the proton beam. MEDICIS positions a second target behind the first, which is irradiated by the leftover 90% of the proton beam. The target is then moved to an off-line mass separation system and isotopes are extracted from the target. These isotopes are implanted in metallic foil and can be delivered to research facilities and hospitals.
MEDICIS is a nuclear class A laboratory and takes into account various radioprotection procedures to prevent irradiation and contamination.
Background
An isotope of an element contains the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons, giving it a different mass number than the element found on the periodic table. Isotopes with a large variation in nucleon number will decay into more stable nuclei, and are known as radionuclides or radioisotopes.
The field of nuclear medicine uses radioisotopes to diagnose and treat patients. The radiation and particles emitted by these radioisotopes can be used to weaken or destroy target cells, for example in the case of cancer. For diagnosis, a radioactive dose is given to a patient and its activity can be tracked to study the functionality of a target organ. The tracers used within this process are generally short-lived isotopes.
| 2.53125
| 0
|
74312795
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Benjamin%20de%20Lyra
|
Carlos Benjamin de Lyra
|
Carlos Benjamin de Lyra (Pernambuco, 23 November 1927 – São Paulo, 21 July 1974) was a prominent Brazilian mathematician, a pioneer in algebraic topology in Brazil and professor at the University of São Paulo.
Born in Recife, Pernambuco, he came from a family of sugarcane plantation owners and his dad was the owner of the Diário de Pernambuco, a newspaper that was known nationwide. Lyra was an important mathematician in his area, his course Introdução à Topologia Algébrica was taught in the first Colóquio Brasileiro de Matemática and would become the first text in this field written in Brazilian Portuguese.
After the death of his father, his mother married a Wall Street stockbroker and, together, the couple moved to New York City with Lyra and his younger brother. When he was 15, in the suburbs of the city where he lived, he met Richard Courant. The founder of the presently named Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences was responsible for inspiring de Lyra to study mathematics.
Lyra made a substantial career for himself throughout his life. Beginning as associate professor at the University of São Paulo alongside Elza Gomide, he helped to organize and administrate a course in the 1° Colóquio Brasileiro de Matemática, he became a doctor in Mathematics with his thesis Sobre os espaços de mesmo tipo de homotopia que o dos poliedros, he was one of the founders of the Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática, he was involved in the creation of the Instituto de Matemática e Estatística at the University of São Paulo (IME-USP), taught as a professor in a variety of courses, and participated in the restructuring of the undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Mathematics at the University of São Paulo.
| 1.9375
| 0
|
68426497
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalonidia%20udana
|
Phalonidia udana
|
Until 2012, P. udana was classified under the P. manniana taxon. In 2009, irregular Phalonidia specimens (resembling, but not identical to, P. manniana) were obtained in Finland, and DNA barcode sequence data and morphology were used to investigate. Researchers soon discovered the distinctness of P. udana, the details of which are referenced in Mutanen et al., 2012:The different-looking specimen showed at minimum 3.8% Kimura 2 Parameter distance to the specimens of typical P. manniana, while variation among other specimens of P. manniana was below 0.16%. A careful examination of the adults revealed morphological differences as well. The phenotypically different specimens were collected in an area where Mentha aquatica and Lycopus are present; in the collecting sites of the rest of the Finnish specimens Mentha and Lycopus are absent but Lysimachia is abundant. It thus became likely that the two haplotype clusters represent biologically distinct species that differ in their DNA barcodes, adult morphology, and larval food plant.For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.
Similar species
| 2.390625
| 0
|
68426601
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssef%20Ramadan
|
Youssef Ramadan
|
2022 World Aquatics Championships
Ramadan led off the 4×100 metre freestyle relay on the first day of pool swimming competition at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships with a time of 48.90 seconds, helping achieve a 15th-place finish in the preliminaries with a combined relay time of 3:19.46 and setting an Egyptian record in the 100 metre freestyle with his split time of 48.90 seconds. For the 100 metre butterfly, he swam a time of 52.42 seconds in the preliminaries, ranking two spots ahead of Kyle Chalmers of Australia and placing 20th.
2022 Swimming World Cup
For his first-ever FINA Swimming World Cup stop, held in November at the Indiana University Natatorium in Indianapolis, United States as part of the 2022 FINA Swimming World Cup, Ramadan ranked ninth in the preliminary heats of the 100 metre butterfly with a time of 50.93 seconds, achieving first-reserve status for the final. Later in the morning session, he placed ninth in the 50 metre freestyle with a personal best time of 21.83 seconds. For the evening session, his first-reserve status for the final of the 100 metre butterfly was called upon after final-qualifier Luca Urlando withdrew from further competition. In the final, he placed sixth with a time of 50.51 seconds. The next day, he placed thirteenth in the 50 metre backstroke with a time of 24.07 seconds. He followed his performance up with a rank of ninth in the preliminary heats of the 100 metre freestyle with a time of 47.50 seconds.
On day three of three, Ramadan swam an Egyptian record and personal best time of 22.70 seconds in the preliminary heats of the 50 metre butterfly and qualified for the final ranking fourth. In the final, he lowered the Egyptian record and his personal best time to 22.63 seconds, placing sixth.
| 2.046875
| 0
|
68426755
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth%20Liesegang
|
Helmuth Liesegang
|
Helmuth Heinrich Liesegang (18 July 1858, Duisburg – 31 July 1945, Leipzig) was a German landscape painter; associated with the Düsseldorfer Malerschule.
Life and work
He was the son of a gymnasium teacher, Helmuth Karl Albert Liesegang, and his wife, Agnes née Jüngel. In 1868, his family moved to Kleve, where his father was head of the for twenty-eight years. As a teenager, he loved to roam through the surrounding woods, sketching. After completing his secondary education, he enrolled at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, where he studied from 1877 to 1885. His primary instructor there was Eugen Dücker. He also learned etching from Carl Ernst Forberg.
In 1885, together with his friend, Arthur Kampf, he visited Paris, where he came under the influence of the Barbizon school; especially Jean-François Millet and Jules Bastien-Lepage. Later, he became interested in the Hague school; travelling throughout Belgium and Holland, sketching landscapes. In 1888, he became an honorary member of the artists' association, Malkasten (Paintbox). The following year, together with Olof Jernberg, Eugen Kampf and Heinrich Hermanns, he founded the "Lucas Club"; as a reaction to the exhibition policies of the . The Club sought to combine the stylistic approaches of the Barbizon and Hague schools with the aesthetics of Impressionism.
Two years later, the Lucas Club was subordinated to the new . In 1899, a new "St. Lucas Club" was founded by Liesegang and the other founders of the original Club, with the addition of August Deusser, Otto Heichert and Gustav Wendling. He was also a member of the Deutscher Künstlerbund and the .
In his later years, he was awarded the title of Professor, and continued to take part in large exhibitions; notably those of "Young Rhineland". In 1929, he published a memoir: Aus meinen Lehr- und Wanderjahren (From my Apprenticeship and Travelling Years). In 1943 , he was awarded the Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft and, the following year, received the .
| 2.421875
| 0
|
68427635
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Lanoto%27o%20National%20Park
|
Lake Lanoto'o National Park
|
Lake Lanoto'o National Park is a national park in Samoa. Established in 2003, the park covers 470 hectares of the central portion of the Tuamasaga district of Upolu and includes three volcanic crater-lakes: Lake Lanoto'o, Lanoata’ata and Lanoanea. In 2004 it was designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.
The park was established on 29 May 2003 under the authority of the National Parks and Reserves Act 1974.
Ecology
The park contains three highland crater-lakes and surrounding marsh and forest. It provides habitat for endangered birds such as the Manumea and Mao, as well as the Samoan starling, Samoan whistler, Samoan flycatcher, and Samoan triller. The site is also important for the Pacific black duck and Spotless crake, and provides habitat for the Red-headed parrotfinch, Crimson-crowned fruit dove and Flat-billed kingfisher. Lake Lanoto'o itself is home to introduced Goldfish.
The area was badly damaged by Cyclone Ofa in 1990, Cyclone Val in 1991, and Cyclone Heta in 2004.
| 2.8125
| 0
|
68427636
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Heath
|
Ron Heath
|
He was notable for developing understanding of a number of key aspects of the oceans around New Zealand in a time when ocean data were difficult to obtain and numerical simulation tools were embryonic. He developed early understanding of the tidal mechanics of Cook Strait/Te Moana-o-Raukawa and the presence of a virtual amphidrome. He also calculated an early estimate of the net flux through Cook Strait. This estimate wasn't superseded until 2021 when a new computer model estimate was published. Heath's Cook Strait work was notable also for its use of the tracks of swimmers crossing the 25 km-wide Cook Strait as a form of tracer.
Heath published some of the early work on ocean circulation in Southern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. This work was notable in that they used explosives to access the ocean and then used various drifting vane approaches to quantifying ocean currents. This early work refers to the McMurdo Ice Shelf as "fast ice" something that is now known to be incorrect.
Among the many regions around New Zealand that Heath published on was the circulation in and around Tasman and Golden Bays. This double-bay opens out to Greater Cook Strait. Heath used drift cards to examine how the wind influenced the shallow bays. This work remained as the only systematic oceanographic study in the region until the work nearly 50 years later from Chiswell who used modern oceanographic instruments.
He also led biophysical oceanographic studies, unusual for the time. These included collaboration with Janet Grieve on phytoplankton production over the Campbell Plateau, the large shallow region to the south east of New Zealand that forms part of the Zealandia submerged continent.
| 2.5625
| 0
|
68427719
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%20Cheung
|
Mama Cheung
|
Mama Cheung (born 1957/1958; ), known as Lee Wai-ji () and Tessa Cheung, is a Hong Kong YouTuber who makes videos about cooking Cantonese dishes.
When she first got married, Mama Cheung was not experienced in cooking, so she learned how to cook from her mother-in-law. After having been a housewife for around 40 years, Mama Cheung initially had no plans to become a YouTuber. Her children uploaded a video of her making to YouTube in 2014. Upon seeing that the video was viewed several hundred times and had positive viewer feedback, she began making more cooking videos. In 2015, she collaborated with fellow Hong Kong cooking YouTuber Uncle Bob, who runs the Bob's Your Uncle channel, which increased awareness of her channel, allowing it to grow from several hundred subscribers to more than 10,000 in a year. She makes cooking videos about main dishes, dim sum, and desserts. One of her most viewed videos was about her using a rice cooker to bake a cake, which received over one million views. In 2020, Mama Cheung ranked among the top 12 Hong Kong YouTube channels that teach cooking.
Early and personal life
Mama Cheung was born in 1957 or 1958 and is Teochew. Her Chinese name is Lee Wai-ji (), and she is also known as Tessa Cheung. When she was growing up, her family operated a grocer. When she had spare time, her mother would collect eggs and flour to make a steamed orange sponge cake for her. Mama Cheung married a man with the surname Cheung. As a newlywed, Mama Cheung was not well-versed in cooking. She received cooking lessons from her mother-in-law. Since her mother-in-law wanted her son to have breakfast prior to heading to work, Mama Cheung began cooking at 5am for him. She has four children, including a daughter named Kaman.
| 2.046875
| 0
|
68428275
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uladzimier%20Tera%C5%ADski
|
Uladzimier Teraŭski
|
After his release, he worked as a choirmaster in Soviet Belarus and wrote music for a number of plays (the best known of which was "On Kupala Night" (На Купалле) by Michaś Čarot) and set to music poems by Janka Kupala, Jakub Kolas, Zmitrok Biadula, Michaś Čarot and others. He recorded and arranged folk songs, some of which were published in the collections "Belarusian songbook with notes for three voices according to folk melodies" (1921), "Belarusian lyricist" (1922), and "Military collection" (1926).
In 1930 Teraŭski was accused of being a “national democrat” and lost his job as a result. He became a psalmist in a Minsk church.
Second arrest and death
Teraŭski was arrested again in August 1938 and in November sentenced to death by an NKVD troika as a "Polish intelligence agent". He was executed on 10 November 1938 in the Minsk NKVD prison. The NKVD operatives ransacked his personal archive, which contained a large collection of Belarusian songs.
Teraŭski was posthumously exonerated of all charges - first during the Khrushchev Thaw in 1957 and then in 1996, after Belarus’ independence.
Legacy
Teraŭski is best known for setting to music a number of popular Belarusian songs, such as:
Vajacki Marš (lyrics by Makar Kraŭcoŭ)
Belarusian Marseillaise (lyrics attributed to ; and
Kupalinka (Kupala Night maiden).
Despite Teraŭski’s exoneration, until recently his name had been forgotten and the music of Kupalinka had been described as “folk” with no identified authorship.
| 2.234375
| 0
|
68428784
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh%20Savings%20Bank
|
Edinburgh Savings Bank
|
The Edinburgh Bank for Savings quickly opened four branches in the city but, according to the official history, it appears to have dwindled away to vanishing point by 1835, “not helped by its unyielding attitude” of some trustees to the new legislation, A fresh start was decided and (presumably dissenting trustees) decided to start a new institution. In December 1836 it was resolved to establish the Edinburgh Savings Bank, to operate under the 1835 legislation. There seemed to be little capital behind the new bank. It opened in a flat in a house at 87 Princes Street and staff salaries were paid by the trustees personally until 1840 when the Bank had accumulated sufficient funds to pay wages itself. The Bank was then able to open new premises at the Mound and in 1846 there was a proposal for its first branch, though nothing materialised.
Banking crises were not unknown but the one in 1857 demonstrated the local confidence in the Bank. The Western Bank of Scotland, the second largest bank in Scotland, collapsed with the loss of all shareholder's capital while the City of Glasgow Bank suspended payments for one month. The Edinburgh Bank brought large amounts of cash from London as protection but only 275 out of 26,000 depositors withdrew their funds. In contrast, the Bank's solid reputation attracted a large number of new accounts. The Bank's funds totalled £407,000, all invested with Government. By now, the Edinburgh ranked ninth largest of the savings banks.
| 2.546875
| 0
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.