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68429032
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katayamalite
|
Katayamalite
|
Katayamalite is a cyclosilicate mineral that was named in honor of mineralogist and professor Nobuo Katayama. It was approved in 1982 by the International Mineralogical Association, and was first published a year later.
Relation with baratovite
Katayamalite is the hydroxyl analogue of baratovite and the hydroxyl end member of the series, but was first described as a fluor-dominant mineral. Some scientists claim it to be rather hydroxyl- than fluor dominant, which would make baratovite isostructural with it. It would make the two minerals the same species, with baratovite having priority. As the case hadn't been clarified, katayamalite remains an IMA-approved mineral until this day.
Chemical properties
Katayamalite mainly consists of oxygen (43.16%), silicon (24.25%), calcium (20.18%), but otherwise contains titanium (6.89%), potassium (2.81%), lithium (1.50%). It has trace amounts of fluorine (0.68%), sodium (0.41%) and hydrogen (0.11%) in its composition as well. It has a barely detectable radioactivity, 40.21 measured in Gamma Ray American Petroleum Institute Units. The concentration of it in percentage is 2.49. It was originally described as having a triclinic symmetry in 1985, but the structure was redetermined to be monoclinic in 2013. It has a radiant blue-white fluorescence, and platy morphology.
Occurrence
The mineral is associated with sugilite, albite and aegirine. Crystals are usually twinned. This mineral can be found in aegirine syenite.
| 2.359375
| 0
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68429116
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolin%20AG
|
Gasolin AG
|
In 1929, Deutsche Gasolin had a balance sheet total of RM27 million. It was thus in 5th place in the list of oil companies operating in Germany.
In 1935, the Gasolin was one of the 'Big Five' petrol station chains in Germany with 3,315 petrol pumps (5.9%) and a sales quota of 6.7%. In 1938, Gasolin had a market share of 1.4% for diesel fuel and 1.3% for lubricating oils.
Wartime
With the transition to wartime economy in September 1939 and the associated central state control by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Mineralölverteilung (AMV, working-group for mineral oil distribution), the brand names disappeared, and the petrol stations were subsumed by the Central Office for Mineral Oil. The distribution syndicate of the AMV supplied unbranded petrol on provision of a fuel pass or purchase certificate.
In May 1940, a British bombing raid took place on a refinery of the Deutsche Gasolin in Emmerich. The refinery remained intact, but there were some deaths. Gasolin and its employees are remembered in the Emmerich tapestry, in the city council chamber, which depicts a Gasolin worker with an oil barrel.
In 1943 Gasolin had sales offices in Berlin, Breslau, Dortmund, Dresden, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Hanover, Cologne, Leipzig, Munich and Stuttgart as well as in Vienna.
In the course of 1944, the refineries in Emmerich and Dollbergen were destroyed by air raids. To replace them, work began in August 1944 at Lohmen (Saxony) in connection with Dachs VII, creating an underground tunnel in the sandstone leading to two shafts in the quarry of the Alte Poste. This had possessed a siding to the Pirna railway junction since 1907. Above ground, the small distillation plants, Ovens 19-22, were immediately built, and in 1944 began to produce gasoline using crude oil from the Vienna Basin near Zistersdorf, which arrived by train in tanker wagons.
Post-war reorganisation
| 2.171875
| 0
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68429570
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios%20Papadopoulos%20%28painter%29
|
Antonios Papadopoulos (painter)
|
Antonios Papadopoulos (, 1439 – 1481; also known as Antonio Papadopoulo.) was a Greek painter who represented the Cretan Renaissance. Papadopoulos, Andreas Pavias, Andreas Ritzos, and Nikolaos Tzafouris were all students of famous painter Angelos Akotantos. Papadopoulos reflects the sophistication and evolution of Byzantine painting to a more refined Venetian style. Although Cretan painting continued the tradition of the maniera greca, every icon reflected its own sophistication and uniqueness. Papadopoulos and his contemporaries influenced countless artists, namely Emmanuel Lambardos, Emmanuel Tzanfournaris, Thomas Bathas, and Markos Bathas. His most notable artwork is the Nursing Madonna or Galaktotrophousa. El Greco painted similar subject matter.
History
Papadopoulos was born in Chania. His father's name was Vasseleos. Vasseleos was a priest. When he was 14 his father signed a contract with famous painter Angelos Aktantos. Angelos taught him icon painting for five years. In 1481, he traveled to Naxos to paint. His assistant was Ioanni Kouri. Papadopoulos's painting style reflects Angelos Akotantos's mannerism. Angelos Akotantos influenced Greek and Italian art for over five hundred years. Papadopoulos's Nursing Madonna is in the Vatican Collection. The Madonna exhibits a childlike innocence in the Nursing Madonna. Other painters who painted the Nursing Madonna following the maniera greca include Barnaba da Modena, the Master of the Magdalen and Lippo Memmi.
| 2.359375
| 0
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68430368
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Hilliard%20%28English%20MP%29
|
William Hilliard (English MP)
|
William Hilliard or Hildyard (died 1608) was one of two Members of the Parliament of England for the constituency of York between 1586 and 1588.
Life and politics
William was the fourth son of Martin Hilliard (Hildyard) of Winestead in the East Riding of Yorkshire. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. He became a member of Inner Temple in 1560 and was called to the bar in 1571. He married Ann Howe with whom he had three sons, William (1577–1632), Christopher (born 1579) and Henry (born 1585). His son William would be knighted and own lands in Bishop Wilton.
He became a freeman of the city of York in 1581 and was chosen to be the Recorder for the city on 8 January 1582 following the death of William Bernard. William was a Justice of the Peace for the East Riding of Yorkshire on three separate occasions. Due to his successful career, he acquired a large amount of land around the Beverley area. He was chosen to be MP for the city of York in 1586.
He died in 1608 and was buried at St Michael le Belfrey, York.
| 2.046875
| 0
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68430449
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis%20of%20Kyiv
|
Metropolis of Kyiv
|
In 1620, thanks to the demands of the Ukrainian Cossacks, led by Hetman Petro Sahaidachnyi, the Orthodox hierarchy was restored in Ukraine. Job Boretskyi (1620–1631) became the Metropolitan of Kiev. The Metropolis of Kiev was recognized by the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1632. The Orthodox Metropolitans of Kiev of the 17th century were Isaiah Kopynskyi (1631–1633), Petro Mohyla (1633–1647), Sylvester Kosiv (1647–1657), Dionysius Balaban (1657–1663), and J. Tukalskyi-Nelkubovych (1663–1675). From 1675 to 1685 the archbishop of Chernihiv, L. Baranovych, was the mayor of the metropolitan Kiev Cathedral.
With the arrival of Peter Molyga on the metropolitan throne, the development of the church began. The development of schools began and the Kiev-Mohyla Academy was founded as well as printing and culture developed. Monastic life was raised to a new level, Orthodox fraternities received significant support, old ones were restored and new churches, cathedrals and monasteries were built. In particular, St. Sophia Cathedral was rebuilt and excavations of the Tithe Church were conducted, where the relics of St. Volodymyr the Great were found. Attempts to continue the dialogue with the Greek Catholic Church and the Holy See continued. Together with Metropolitan Josyf Veliamin Rutskyi, the clergy of both denominations came up with a plan to establish the Ukrainian Patriarchate. However, due to a number of subjective and objective reasons, this plan was not implemented.
| 2.5
| 0
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68430641
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Sloan
|
Bob Sloan
|
Bob Sloan HRUA, ARBS (1940– ) is a Northern Irish sculptor, painter, performance and installation artist. He is an Academician of the Royal Ulster Academy of Arts where he has won numerous silver and gold medals at their annual shows. Sloan has exhibited internationally, and is known primarily for his sculptural works. Amongst his professional achievements he acted as a Director of the Sculptors Society of Ireland between 1988 and 1991. In the 1970s Sloan set-up an art foundry in his studeoSloan has influenced several generations of young artists in his role as educator.
Early life
Robert W Sloan was born in Belfast on 10 April 1940 to a father who was an upholsterer and a mother who was a school cook. He was raised on Apsley Street near the Donegall Pass and the Ormeau Road areas of Belfast. Sloan cites his earliest influences as watching blacksmiths shoeing horses, repairing harnesses and cart wheels. He attended Annadale Grammar School from 1952 to 1959, where he was taught by Kenneth Jamison who was later to become the Director of the Arts Council of Northern Ireland.
Sloan was trained at the Belfast College of Art between 1959 and 1963, under Romeo Toogood, Tom Carr, John Luke and David Heminsley. He then attended Central School of Art in London from 1963 to 1964 under William Turnbull and Warren Davis. Whilst in London he acquainted himself with many of the leading commercial galleries of the time including Gimpel Fils, and Waddingtons. He also visited public institutions such as the Tate Gallery where he was inspired by a Picasso sculpture and Degas' Little Dancer. Unable to afford to complete his course at Central School of Art, he found part-time work as teacher. Sloan met his future wife Vicky at this time, whom he married a short time thereafter.
Career
| 2.34375
| 0
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68430750
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20J.%20Weathers
|
Luke J. Weathers
|
Luke Joseph Weathers, Jr., (December 16, 1920 – October 15, 2011) was a U.S. Army Air Force officer, historic African American air traffic controller and prolific World War II combat fighter pilot with the prodigious 332nd Fighter Group's 302nd Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or "Schwartze Vogelmenschen" ("Black Birdmen") among enemy German pilots. Weathers earned a Distinguished Flying Cross for defending and escorting a damaged U.S. Army Air Corps B-24 Liberator bomber against eight Messerschmitt Bf 109s on November 16, 1944, shooting down two Bf 109s.
On June 25, 1945, the City of Memphis, Tennessee and 22,000 people honored Weathers with a "Luke Weathers Day" parade on Memphis' famous Beale Street and a key to the city, the first ever parade for an African American in the then-racially segregated Memphis, Tennessee.
In 1960, Weathers became the first ever African American Air Traffic Controller, working at his hometown Memphis International Airport.
Early life
Weathers was born on December 16, 1920, in Grenada, Mississippi. He was the son of Luke Joseph Weathers Sr., a mixed race African American man, and Jessie Weathers, an African American woman. The family later moved to Memphis, Tennessee where both parents worked in a grocery store.
Weathers attended Memphis, Tennessee's Booker T. Washington high school, where he was the star quarterback on its football team. After graduating from high school in 1939, Weathers attended Xavier University in New Orleans, Louisiana from 1939 to 1942. He later transferred to Lane College where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in biology.
| 2.515625
| 0
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68430872
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montforter%20Zwischent%C3%B6ne
|
Montforter Zwischentöne
|
Michael Stallknecht (NZZ, 24 February 2017) summarises the concept of the festival briefly as follows:
“The "Montforter Zwischentöne" in Feldkirch are a glimpse into the future of music festivals and give new meaning to the notion of festivals.”
Competition and prize
The so-called Hugo (»Hugo – Internationaler Wettbewerb für neue Konzertformate«) is an international student competition for new concert formats of the Montforter Zwischentöne. It is a platform for experimentation and reflection. The background to the competition is to enable students to deal with new concert formats in a process-based manner. The artistic directors of the Montforter Zwischenentöne design workshops, coaching phases and a public feedback process with renowned experts. The competition specifications are an annually changing theme, a clearly defined performance location and the duration of the concert. The winning team wins the professional implementation of its concert design as part of the festival.
The prize is named after the minstrel Hugo von Montfort, 1357 to 1423, the first musician in the Vorarlberg region, whose work is still known today.
| 2.359375
| 0
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68431004
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6nni
|
Mönni
|
Mönni is a village in the eastern part of Kontiolahti in North Karelia, Finland. The village is home to about 200 people. The settlement of the village is located along the roads belonging to its hilly landscape. Some of the houses can be found at the end of the rolling areas framed by arable land. The scenic road leads from hill to another. On the western edge of the village flows the Pielinen River, over which the 35000-meter Mönni Bridge of the highway 5100 leads. By road, passing through the Mönni Bridge, there are more than 17 kilometers from the village to the center of Kontiolahti and about 30 kilometers to the center of Joensuu.
The village of Mönni is named after its resident Jaakko Mönninen (Jakob Mönnin), who lived there in 1614 according to the Kexholm County's land register. In 1631, he had already moved to the village of Paihola. Mönni is originally a circular expression for a bear, such as kontio and the mesikämmen. Mönni, like several other animal names, has also become a surname in Karelia.
In the middle of the village is an old school that serves as a village house. Mönni has a village association since 1979. Sports and wilderness clubs are Mönnin Veto and Mönnin Erä.
| 2.171875
| 0
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68431162
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Maria%20Della%20Torre
|
Giovanni Maria Della Torre
|
Legacy
Della Torre is particularly known for his observations of blood corpuscles described in a short publication entitled Praeclarissimo viro abati Noleto, which was printed in 1760. Della Torre wrote letters to a number of scholars, giving them a detailed description of his observations, and sent copies of his essay to others. He also showed his observations to several scholars, who in turn described them to others, as did for example, Raimondo Cocchi (1733-1775) to Felice Fontana (1730-1803). The shape of the red corpuscles was at the time a much-debated topic. Sénac, for instance, believed they had a 'lenticular' form, whereas Haller held the older view that they were 'spherical'. Della Torre denied that they were spherical and described them as tiny membranaceous bags of a ring-like shape, filled with lymph, and pierced in the middle. His observations generated much sensation, skepticism, and controversy. In response, Della Torre refined his arguments and provided longer descriptions of them in what are probably his two most original works as a microscopist: Nuove osservazioni intorno la storia naturale (Naples, 1763) and Nuove osservazioni microscopiche (Naples, 1776).
Works
| 2.28125
| 0
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68431201
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto%20for%20Two%20Cellos%2C%20RV%20531
|
Concerto for Two Cellos, RV 531
|
Antonio Vivaldi's Concerto for Two Cellos in G minor, RV 531 is a concerto for two cellos, string orchestra and basso continuo in three movements, believed to have been composed in the 1720s. It is Vivaldi's only concerto for two cellos, and begins unusually with an entry of the solo instruments alone.
History
Vivaldi used the cello as a solo instrument in several compositions, which was a new trend during the period. He composed 27 concertos for cello, string orchestra and basso continuo. Among these cello concertos, RV 531 is the only one for two cellos. Vivaldi composed it possibly in the 1720s in Venice. A manuscript was found in the Renzo Giordano Collection at the Turin National University Library, which holds much of Vivaldi's personal collection.
Music
The concerto is structured in three movements:
Allegro
Adagio
Allegro
The first movement begins not with the usual instrumental ritornello, but with the two soloists alone, imitating each other in fast succession, with virtuoso passages. Both soloists are equals, first competing without upper strings. Karl Heller noted that "the dark color of the two deep-toned instruments perfectly matches the serious expression, which is devoid of all virtuosity". He continued:
In the second movement, marked Adagio, the two soloists and the continuo cellist form a trio, for even greater low-range sonority.
The final movement, Allegro, begins with "catchy offbeat syncopations" in the orchestra, before the soloists enter for "musical acrobatics". The movement contains a fugal section begun by the second cello.
The musicologist Michael Talbot noted the concerto's "highly charged emotional content" showing right at the beginning, and read "an almost autobiographical sadness" in the slow movement. He found the "frenetic" finale "see-sawing in rhythm and tonality alike", and summarized: "This is a concerto to single out among the hundreds that Vivaldi wrote."
Recordings
Yo-Yo Ma and Jonathan Manson recorded the concerto in November 2003.
| 2.53125
| 0
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68431421
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Airlines%20Flight%20421
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Indian Airlines Flight 421
|
On 24 August 1984, seven members of the banned All India Sikh Students Federation hijacked an Indian Airlines jetliner Indian Airlines Flight 421 (IATA No.: IC421), a Boeing 737-2A8, on a domestic flight from the Delhi-Palam Airport to Srinagar Airport with 74 people on board and demanded to be flown to the United States. The plane travelled to Lahore, then to Karachi and finally to Dubai, where the defence minister of the United Arab Emirates Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum negotiated the release of the passengers and the surrender of all hijackers to UAE authorities.
It was related to the secessionist insurgency in the Indian state of Punjab. The Khalistan movement was a separatist movement in Indian Punjab and UK where a small portion of the Sikh community openly asked for a separate country for Sikhs (Khalistan). The hijackers were subsequently extradited by UAE to India. UAE authorities also handed over the pistol recovered from the hijackers.
Indian civil servant K. Subrahmanyam was on board the hijacked flight. The arrested hijackers later claimed in court that it was Subrahmanyam who "planned the entire hijacking to examine nuclear installations in Pakistan."
IC 421 hijacking was mentioned in the book IA's Terror Trail, written by Anil Sharma. Indian Airlines, India's sole domestic airline up to 1993, was hijacked 16 times, from 1971 to 1999.
This hijacking was an important part of the 2021 Indian film Bell Bottom.
| 2.1875
| 0
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68431457
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliferative%20fasciitis%20and%20proliferative%20myositis
|
Proliferative fasciitis and proliferative myositis
|
Proliferative fasciitis and proliferative myositis (PF/PM) are rare benign soft tissue lesions (i.e. a damaged or unspecified abnormal change in a tissue) that increase in size over several weeks and often regress over the ensuing 1–3 months. The lesions in PF/PM are typically obvious tumors or swellings. Historically, many studies had grouped the two descriptive forms of PF/PM as similar disorders with the exception that proliferative fasciitis occurs in subcutaneous tissues while proliferative myositis occurs in muscle tissues. In 2020, the World Health Organization agreed with this view and defined these lesions as virtually identical disorders termed proliferative fasciitis/proliferative myositis or proliferative fasciitis and proliferative myositis. The Organization also classified them as one of the various forms of the fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors.
PF/PM lesions have been regarded as a tissue's self-limiting reaction to an injury or unidentified insult rather than an abnormal growth of a clone of neoplastic cells, that is, as a group of cells which share a common ancestry, have similar abnormalities in the expression and/or content of their genetic material, and often grow in a continuous and unrestrained manner. However, a recent study has found a common genetic abnormality in some of the cells in most PF/FM tumors. This suggests that PF/PM are, in at least most cases, neoplastic but nonetheless self-limiting and/or spontaneously reversing disorders. That is, they are examples of "transient neoplasms." In all events, PF/PM lesions are benign tumor growths that do not metastasize.
| 2.359375
| 0
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68431871
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US%20FWS%20Henry%20O%27Malley
|
US FWS Henry O'Malley
|
Third cruise
After repairs, Henry O'Malley departed Pearl Harbor for her third FWS cruise and second scientific cruise on 16 May 1950. Her main objective was to collect bait at the French Frigate Shoals and then use it to fish for skipjack tuna off both the main Hawaiian Islands and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with an overall goal of developing techniques for the use of United States West Coast-style fishing vessels and equipment in areas of the mid-Pacific Ocean not previously explored by fisheries scientists. During the voyage, she caught only 18 skipjack, her crew finding that her size and relative lack of maneuverability made it difficult to maintain contact with schools of fish. While scouting for tuna, she took bathythermograph readings, and she gathered biological specimens during night-lighting operations. She also collected stomachs, gonads, and vertebrae from and gathered morphometric data on four pole-caught skipjacks, which contributed to scientific understanding of skipjack diets, spawning, growth, and population characteristics. During the cruise, her crew found that hot lava pouring into the sea on the coast of the island of Hawaii during an eruption of the volcano Mauna Loa had killed many fish, whose carcasses had then risen to the surface, and she spent a day collecting the dead fish to examine the contents of their stomachs. She returned to Pearl Harbor on 8 June 1950 after three weeks at sea.
| 2.828125
| 0
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68432191
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%20Sonata%20%28Bernstein%29
|
Piano Sonata (Bernstein)
|
The first movement is 192 bars and 5 to 6 minutes long. It starts out with a "Presto" cadenza with one melodic line and moves on to a "Molto moderato" subsection in which one of the main themes is presented. A "Rubato" subsection ensues with a melody played in octaves, followed by the previous theme and a repeat "Rubato" subsection some bars later. A double bar line separates this from the second section in the piece: a reprise of the "Presto" cadenza in bar 28. The next bar is also separated by a double bar line, starting a "Scherzando" section in bar 29. This is the lengthiest part in the movement and features many time signature changes, sometimes in every bar. This section continues with recurring themes and subthemes until the end of the movement.
The second movement is 116 bars and 11 to 12 minutes long. Starting out with a "Largo" tempo marking, it presents a mysterious melody also marked "very deep" in the score. This section is in an unchanging and features a segment in bars 46 and 47 where the pianist is asked to play a wide range of white notes with their arms. The second section starts in bar 53 after a double bar line, marked "Moderato". Some sources state that this marks the start of the third movement in the sonata. This section captures and reprises some of the motifs used in the first movement, until a cadenza finishes the piece. This cadenza is not divided by a double bar line and has no tempo marking. In fact, Bernstein specifies that it must be played legato, "wandering", without rhythm or phrasing, and that "the time values indicated in this cadenza are only approximate to what is psychologically correct."
| 2.15625
| 0
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68432267
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginopora%20vertebralis
|
Marginopora vertebralis
|
During the day, Marginopora vertebralis obtains nutrients from the symbiotic zooxanthellae. At night, it moves to a new location and attaches itself to the substrate. It feeds on the diatoms, microalgae and fragments of organic detritus that are within reach of its pseudopodia, absorbing them by phagocytosis. When it moves on, it leaves behind a small, mucous pellet of indigestible material.
Marginopora vertebralis exhibits an alternation between haploid and diploid generations, and there may be several instances of asexual reproduction between the sexual generations. Whether produced by sexual or asexual means, the embryos are stored in the marginal compartments. In a surprisingly complex behaviour for a single-celled lifeform, the disc is partially lifted off the substrate by the pseudopodia, and raised into an upward position balanced on its edge; it is held in this position for up to two days while the peripheral compartments break apart, releasing the embryos. Having dispersed a short way, the embryos settle on the substrate and begin to secrete embryonic tests.
Marginopora vertebralis is eaten by invertebrates such as sea urchins, molluscs, flatworms and shrimps, but the main predators are sea cucumbers which churn up and ingest the sand on the seabed. When fish graze on the algae and sea grasses to which the foraminiferan is attached, they usually pass through the gut unaffected. The tests are hard-wearing and durable and M.vertebralis may live for two or three years.
| 2.78125
| 0
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68432429
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador%E2%80%93Quebec%20border
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Newfoundland and Labrador–Quebec border
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Newfoundland enters Confederation
When Newfoundland entered Confederation in March 1949, the Newfoundland Act (then known as British North America Act 1949) specified that
Therefore, the law stipulated that the borders as determined in the 1927 Privy Council decision were recognized by Canada and Newfoundland and from that time became internal rather than international borders.
Land border dispute
Problems with demarcation
According to the 1927 Privy Council decision in London, the land border's shape was in part defined by the Laurentian Divide. According to Henri Dorion and Jean-Paul Lacasse, cartographers and geographers have stated that it was impossible to define the exact border based on the Privy Council's ruling, as there are polyrheic areas (belonging to both river basins at the same time) and arheic areas (belonging to neither). Other issues also exist; therefore, they argue that the possession of these areas should be negotiated during demarcation.
Moreover, the area between the 52nd parallel north and the watershed is subject to an active dispute, as Quebec contends that the region was granted despite Newfoundland not requesting it (ultra petita). Legal scholars say this argument may have merit, but only a political resolution to the problem is possible. In 2018, there were no voters in the contested area registered on the Quebec electoral list.
| 2.734375
| 0
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68432819
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogeria%20%28plant%29
|
Rogeria (plant)
|
Rogeria is a genus of plants in the Pedaliaceae family consisting of several species, with a native range extending from the island of Cape Verde to Eritrea, Namibia to the Cape Provinces (of South Africa).
It is found in the countries of Angola, Burkina, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Eritrea, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan and South Africa. It was also thought to be found in Brazil as well as Africa, but this seems to be a mix-up with another shrub species.
Some species such as Rogeria longiflora are medicinal plants.
General description
Rogeria species bear long, tubular flowers but with very woody armoured capsules and flattened seeds.
It is a varied genus, it does not have solitary flowers (similar to Uncarina species) and with the common denominator that in the difference in the size of the carpels and the indehiscence (splitting of the seed capsule) of the adaxial carpel.
Species Ceratotheca and Rogeria are known as 'Wind-ballists', this is due to when the fruits open at the top but stay on the plant, then as the stems produce strong movements, the seeds are then gradually expelled from the capsule.
The calyx has five sepals (petals), the corolla is tubular and funnel-shaped. The stamens are four in number, and do not project beyond the border of the corolla. The fruit (or seed capsule) is almost nut-like, opens towards the point. It has 4 - 8 spines, and appears to be 4-6 celled. The cells having either an indefinite number or only solitary seeds.
Taxonomy
The generic name of Rogeria is derived from Mr. Roger, a French plant collector, who collected in Senegal. Lotte Burkhardt's book 'Index of Eponymic Plant Names' in 2018 notes that Jacques-François Roger (1787–1849) was a French lawyer, colonial administrator and plant collector.
| 2.5625
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68432993
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodensavanne%20internment%20camp
|
Jodensavanne internment camp
|
On November 7, 1942, two of the prisoners were killed by marines following an escape attempt. The two killed were L. K. A. Raedt van Oldenbarnevelt and L. A. J. Van Poelje, who were both NSB members. Two other prisoners, C. J. Kraak and J. E. Stuhlemeyer, would have been shot as well if the gun had not misfired. It later came out in the 1949 investigation that they had escaped to a nearby Indigenous village called Casipoera on November 4, but had already been arrested and were in custody for three days when they were tortured and then killed on the direct order of Colonel Meijer.
During the years of operation, the detainees were assigned to three general work details: fishing, wood-clearing, and the operation of the camp's boats. According to some accounts, prisoners were also tasked with clearing Jewish grave sites in the former settlement of Jodensavanne; according to Kraak they were ordered to loot the graves for valuables.
The detainees were not immediately released upon the liberation of the Netherlands in May 1945. In early 1946, the colonial government claimed that the delay was because of a lack of available ships to transport the internees out of the camp. Newspapers in Surinam even feared that the Netherlands was considering keeping the camp open and turning Surinam into a penal colony for Nazi collaborators and other undesirables. While they were still imprisoned, the camp started to fall into disrepair, such as a broken generator which meant that the buildings had no lights for some time in March 1946. It was only on July 15, 1946, that they were finally released.
| 2.328125
| 0
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68433053
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20Belgium
|
Greater Belgium
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Greater Belgium (, ) is a Belgian irredentist concept which lays claim on territory nationalists deem as rightfully Belgian. It usually laid claim to: German territory historically belonging to the former Duchy of Limburg (Eupen-Malmedy), Dutch Limburg, Zeelandic Flanders, and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. To a lesser degree, they also claimed the Dutch province of North Brabant and the French Netherlands (Nord-Pas-de-Calais). Shortly after the Belgian Revolution, some groups even proposed a Belgo-Rhine federation. Nowadays, belief in Belgian irredentism is very uncommon and overshadowed by talk of partitioning Belgium or the incorporation of Flanders into the Netherlands (see Greater Netherlands).
History
Belgian Revolution
When the Belgian state became de facto independent from the Netherlands in 1830, it initially also encompassed eastern Limburg (except for Dutch-occupied Maastricht) and eastern Luxembourg (except for Prussian-occupied Luxembourg City). The young state also claimed North Brabant and Zeelandic Flanders, but was unable to conquer this territory. In 1839, Belgium's borders were officially recognised, but it had to give up eastern Limburg and Luxembourg. Afterwards, some Belgians fought to retake these territories. Even King Leopold II made plans to invade the north.
The Great War
After World War I, Belgian irredentism became relevant again as the claims were seen as reparation. The Belgians viewed the Netherlands' actions during this war as collaboration, and because of this, the Belgian state claimed Zeelandic Flanders and Dutch Limburg once again. After negotiations, Belgium only gained the German territory of Eupen-Malmedy through the Treaty of Versailles. This could be seen as the first and only success the Belgian irredentists achieved on the European continent.
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68433942
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Synkellos
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Michael Synkellos
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Michael Synkellos (), also spelled Syncellus (c. 760 – 4 January 846), was a Greek Orthodox Arab Christian priest, monk and saint. He held the administrative office of synkellos of the patriarchate of Jerusalem (c. 811–815) and the patriarchate of Constantinople (843–846). He was involved in disputes over the clause and over Byzantine iconoclasm, which landed him in prison for the period 815–843. He nevertheless wrote extensively, producing grammar, theology, hagiographies, hymns and poetry. He wrote in Greek and made at least one translation from Arabic.
Life
Michael was born in Jerusalem in or about 761. He was of Arab origin. He was the only son of his parents and had several older sisters. His mother dedicated him at the age of three to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, where he was given the rank of anagnostes (reader). Around 786, when he was twenty-five, his father died, his mother and sisters entered a convent and he entered the lavra of Mar Saba as a monk. In 797 or 798, he was ordained a priest by the patriarch of Jerusalem. After two years in Jerusalem, he returned to Mar Saba. In 800, he accepted the brothers Theodore and Theophanes as his monastic disciples.
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68434043
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine%20Haskins
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Francine Haskins
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Francine Haskins (born February 10, 1947), a Washington, D.C. native, is an American multi-media fiber artist and book illustrator. She was one of the original founders of 1800 Belmont Arts, an African- American black art collective in Washington, D.C. (1991-–2001).
Early life and education
Haskins was born in 1947, one of two children born to Thomas Haskins, a North Carolina railroad worker who later worked as a waiter in the United States Senate Dining Hall, and Frances Datcher Haskins, who taught English at Terrell Junior High. She grew up in segregated Washington, D.C. and attended McKinley Technical High School. She was a member of the Arts Club there. Haskins were influenced by her junior and senior year art teacher, Sam Gilliam. In 1965, she majored in advertising design at the Corcoran School of Art because she thought "it was the only way you could make a living as an artist." Corcoran professor and printmaker Percy Martin introduced Haskins to architect and community activist Topper Carew of the New Thing Art and Architecture Center. In 1970, she worked in the art department of The New Thing creating posters, brochures and teaching art to neighborhood children.
Artwork
Haskins later worked 13 years for the department store Garfinckel's on the sales floor and in the buying office. Haskins started creating her own note cards and dolls featuring everyday African American life because she noticed a lack of such product in retail stores. By 1985, Haskins left Garfinckel's to become a fulltime working artist showing her works at art fairs, Black memorabilia shows and through commissions.
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68434267
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick%20Kobayashi
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Roderick Kobayashi
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Roderick T. Kobayashi (January 7, 1932June 17, 1995) was an American aikido teacher and founder of Seidokan Aikido. He is one of the teachers profiled in the book Aikido in America.
Kobayashi was born in Hawaii and raised in Japan by his grandfather. His father was instrumental in helping to bring Koichi Tohei to Hawaii in order to introduce the art to the United States in 1953. He got his early training starting in 1957 under Yukiso Yamamoto, Kazuto Sugimoto, and Isao Takahashi in Hawaii, and under Tohei in Japan. Kobayashi received the ranks of shodan (1st degree) in 1962, nidan (2nd degree) in 1965, and sandan (3rd degree) in 1966. He became a full-time professional instructor in 1968, and was promoted to being one of only two foreign members of the instruction staff at the Aikikai Hombu Dojo.
After returning to the US, Kobayashi joined the Physical Education Dept. of California State University at Fullerton as a lecturer in 1972, where he began teaching aikido classes. When Tohei broke away from the Aikikai to devote himself to the Ki Society in 1974, Kobayashi followed him into the new organization, as chief instructor for the Western USA, ranked 6th dan in Shin Shin Toitsu Aikido. He resigned from the Ki Society in 1981, at which time he founded the Seidokan style and organization.
Kobayashi died at his home in Downey, California in 1995 at the age of 63.
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68434745
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JULIAN
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JULIAN
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JULIAN is a nonprofit organization founded by civil rights attorney Jill Collen Jefferson. JULIAN conducts investigations into suspected civil rights violations, provides free legal services, and advocates for policy and government action.
In 2021, an $11.3 million wrongful death judgement was awarded in a case investigated by JULIAN, and in 2022, JULIAN filed a civil rights lawsuit against the city of Lexington, Mississippi.
Background
JULIAN was founded by Jill Collen Jefferson as a civil rights organization in 2020. Jefferson is an attorney from Jones County, Mississippi who graduated from Harvard Law School, and named the organization after her mentor Julian Bond.
In 2017, Jefferson began research into suspected lynchings of Black people in the United States and then focused on Mississippi in 2019. To help support the organization, Jefferson received a grant from Jrue and Lauren Holiday through their JLH Social Impact Fund.
2020–2021
As a pro bono case, Jefferson investigated the hanging death of Willie Andrew Jones Jr. in Scott County, Mississippi. In December 2020, The Bellinder Law Firm and JULIAN filed a wrongful death lawsuit on behalf of his survivors, which resulted in a 2021 judgment for more than $11.3 million. Jefferson and JULIAN then focused on advocacy for criminal charges.
Some of JULIAN's other cases include investigations into the deaths of Raynard Johnson, Nick Naylor, Roy Veal, Frederick Jermaine Carter, Otis Byrd, and Deondrey Montreal Hopkins, who were all found hanging from trees in Mississippi between 2000 and 2019.
2022
A former police officer gave JULIAN a recording of then-Lexington police chief Sam Dobbins boasting about killing Black people, which led to Dobbins being fired in July 2022, soon after JULIAN released the recording to the media.
| 1.90625
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68434876
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Later%20Roman%20Empire
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History of the Later Roman Empire
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The first tetrarchy ended with an unprecedented act, the voluntary retirement of Diocletian and Maximian on 1 May 305. On this occasion, Galerius and Constantius Chlorus were promoted to the rank of Augustus, and two Illyrian military commanders, Maximinus Daia and Valerius Severus, were appointed as the new Caesars. Their appointment apparently demonstrates Galerius' influence on the ailing Diocletian: Maximinus Daia was his nephew and Valerius Severus was his friend. Although both Constantius' son, Constantine, and Maximian's son, Maxentius, were adults, the composition of the new tetrarchy ignored their claims to succeed their fathers. When Constantius Chlorus died in Britain on 25 July 306, his troops proclaimed Constantine his successor. Three months later, Maxentius took control of southern and central Italy and Africa. Valerius Severus attacked Maxentius, but his troops who had served under Maximian mutinied and captured him. After seizing northern Italy, Maxentius persuaded his father to abandon his retirement and again rule as Augustus in spring 307. Constantine married Maximian's daughter Fausta, and his new father-in-law appointed him as Augustus. After a conflict between Maximian and Maxentius, Maximian sought refuge at Constantine, and the governor of Africa, Domitius Alexander assumed the imperial title.
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68434876
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Later%20Roman%20Empire
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History of the Later Roman Empire
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From the 350s, the nomadic Huns were invading the Pontic steppes from the east, and the natives could not long resist them. In the summer of 376, thousands of Goths fleeing from the Huns gathered along the northern bank of the Lower Danube to seek asylum in the Roman Empire. Regarding them as potential recruits, Valens allowed them to settle in Thrace, but failure to provide ample amounts of food, and abuses by Roman officials outraged the Goths. Further waves of asylum seekers crossed the river and the Goths rose up in rebellion. Valens had concentrated his troops in Antioch in preparation for a military campaign against Persia, and the Roman troops left behind in the Balkans could not crush the rebellion. Valens sought military assistance from Gratian, while the Goths hired Huns and Alans to invade Roman territory. Without waiting for the arrival of reinforcements from the west, Valens engaged the Goths in person at Adrianople on 9 August 378. The East Roman army was nearly annihilated and Valens died in the battlefield. Gratian appointed a talented general Theodosius to deal with deteriorating situations in the Balkans, and awarded him with the title Augustus early in 379. Theodosius recruited new troops, but he was unable to defeat the rebels. The conflict ended with a compromise in 382, unprecedented and humiliating to the Romans: the Goths were allowed to settle in groups in Thrace and Pannonia as , or allies, but they were not subjected to Roman officials' rule. Theodosius appointed his elder son Arcadius co-emperor.
| 2.875
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68434876
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Later%20Roman%20Empire
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History of the Later Roman Empire
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The Huns extracted 350 pounds of gold as a yearly tribute from the Eastern Roman Empire, and the amount was doubled in a new treaty in 434. The same treaty prohibited the Romans to receive fugitives from the Hunnic Empire, but the influx of asylum seekers could not be stopped. The Vandals resumed the war and captured Carthage in 439. Theodosius dispatched relief troops to north Africa, but a Hunnic invasion of the northern Balkans forced him to abandon the naval campaign. In return for the renewal of the peace treaty, Theodosius agreed to pay a higher yearly tribute, probably 1,400 pounds of gold, but after his fleet returned from northern Africa he ceased to pay it. In 442 Valentinian acknowledged the Vandals' conquest of two wealthy provinces, Africa proconsularis and Byzacena in return for their abandonment of the rest of the Maghreb. The Vandals built a new fleet and emerged as a major naval power in the western Mediterranean. To enforce the tribute payment from the Eastern Romans, the Hunnic king Attila plundered the Balkans as far as Constantinople and Thermopylae in 447. He only withdrew his troops when Theodosius agreed to pay 6,000 pounds of gold in compensation for the arrears and increase the annual tribute to 2,100 pounds of gold.
| 2.84375
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68434876
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Later%20Roman%20Empire
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History of the Later Roman Empire
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The childless and ailing Justin appointed his nephew Justinian I as Augustus shortly before he died on 1 August 527. Justinian was one of the most ambitious Roman emperors and he implemented systematic reforms to improve state administration and the army. He continued the war against the Sassanians, but neither the Roman nor the Persian army could achieve a decisive victory. In spring of 532 Justinian and the new Sassanian king Khosrow I concluded a peace treaty whereby Justinian paid 11,000 pounds of gold, reportedly in remuneration for the defense of the Caucasian passes by the Sassanians. Justinian introduced harsh measures against rioters to restore public order in the major cities, and his officials implemented his laws with great vigour. After a bloody riot following the races on 10 January 532, seven fans of the racing teams were arrested for murder. Five were executed, but one each from the Blue and the Green team escaped. Three days later, at the next racing, the Blues and the Greens made public appeals to Justinian on the two convicts' behalf, but he ignored them. The fans of both clubs united in a riot of elementary force, chanting the word Nika ("Conquer!") as a rallying cry. Although the Nika riots lasted for less than a week, the rioters destroyed much of the city center. Justinian's three generals, Narses, Belisarius and Mundus, crushed the riot mercilessly, reportedly slaughtering at least 30,000 townspeople.
| 2.578125
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68434876
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Later%20Roman%20Empire
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History of the Later Roman Empire
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The pro-Roman Vandal king Hilderic was deposed by his cousin Gelimer in 530. The ensuing insurrections in Sardinia and Tripolitania provided Justinian with a pretext to intervene. He appointed Belisarius to lead the invasion against the Vandal Kingdom early in 533. Theodoric's daughter, Amalasuntha, who ruled the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy as regent for her son Athalaric, allowed the Roman expeditionary forces to use the port of Syracuse during the campaign. In a year, Belisarius defeated the Vandals with the native population's support and conquered their kingdom. The pacification of the reconquered northern African territories lasted for years because of riots by unruly Berber tribes and their cooperations with rebellious Roman troops. In Italy, Athalaric died and Amalasuntha's cousin Theodahad had her assassinated in 535. An unidentified natural catastrophe, likely dust from a major volcanic eruption, darkened the sun between 24 March 535 and 24 June 536. The low temperature caused disastrous crop failures and massive famine. The catastrophe did not prevent Justinian from going to war against the Ostrogoths. In 535 Mundus conquered Dalmatia and Belisarius captured Sicily. During the following five years, Belisarius occupied almost whole Italy, but an Ostrogothic kingdom survived in the north. Taking advantage of the concentration of the Roman troops in Italy, the Bulgars launched a pillaging raid over the Balkans, and Khosrow resumed the war. He invaded Syria, sacked Antioch and restored Sassanian suzerainty over Lazica.
| 2.75
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68434876
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Later%20Roman%20Empire
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History of the Later Roman Empire
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Phocas replaced many high-ranking officers with his relatives. He could not gain popularity, and he faced popular riots in Constanstinople. The Avars and the Lombards made simultaneous raids against Dalmatia, and Slavic troops in Avar service assisted the Lombards to capture Cremona and Mantua in Italy. In the east, Narses took up arms in favor of a young pretender whom he had identified as Maurice's son, Theodosius, claiming that Theodosius survived the purge. A hastily concluded peace treaty with the Avars enabled Phocas to deploy troops against Narses from the Balkans. As the Balkans was left almost undefended, the Slavs resumed their raids and attacked Thessaloniki. Narses's revolt provided Khosrow II with a pretext to capture and destroy Dara in 604. Narses was fooled into surrender with a promise of amnesty, but Phocas had him burnt alive.
The plague returned and a bad harvest caused a famine in 608. Maurice's old comrade Heraclius, who was the governor of Roman Africa, revolted and refused to ship grain to Constantinople. He sent a fleet to Sicily under the command of his son and namesake, and appointed his nephew Nicetas to invade Egypt. Phocas was forced to relocate troops from the eastern provinces to Egypt, enabling the Persians to make raids as far as the Bosporus. In 610, Nicetas overcame the loyalist forces in Egypt, and the younger Heraclius sailed for Constantinople. On his arrival in October, the Greens and the commander of the imperial guard, Priscus deserted to him. A mob captured Phocas and dragged him to Heraclius, who reportedly beheaded him in person.
| 2.71875
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68435018
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Saudi%20Arabia%20relations
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Nigeria–Saudi Arabia relations
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Nigeria-Saudi Arabia relations are the bilateral relations between Nigeria and Saudi Arabia. Nigeria has an embassy in Riyadh while Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Abuja. Both countries are member of OPEC.
History
Relations between the two nations have existed since 1960.
In 2021, Nigerian Senate President Ahmad Lawan asked the Government of Saudi Arabia to bring back over 10,000 detained citizens held in detention centers in Saudi Arabia. Many were detained for breaking Saudi Arabia's ban on Nigerian pilgrims to Hajj. Lawan also appealed to Saudi Arabia to use its influence in OPEC to increase Nigeria's crude oil production quota.
Saudi Ambassador to Nigeria, Faisal Ebraheem Alghamdi, stated the Kingdom is ready to expand its bilateral relations with Nigeria in critical economic sectors such as Oil, Gas and Agriculture.
In 2021, Saudi Arabia banned Nigerian pilgrims from attending the 2021 Hajj due to Covid-19 concerns. Over 70,000 pilgrims from Nigeria were given refunds for their deposits. It was the second year in a row that the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Hajj and Umrah banned Nigerian pilgrims from attending.
Trade
In 2019, Nigeria exported US$12.4 million worth of goods to Saudi Arabia. The biggest export was charcoal. Saudi Arabia in the same year exported US$334 Million of which the largest export was Polypropylene.
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68435378
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sund%C3%A5s%20battery
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Sundås battery
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Sundås battery () is a defunct coastal artillery site located at Sundåsen in Sandefjord Municipality (historically part of Stokke Municipality) in Vestfold county, Norway. The fortifications were constructed in 1899 during turbulent times with Sweden during the Union between Sweden and Norway. It was part of the newly established Norwegian Coastal Artillery (). The fort was erected to keep potential enemies from entering the Tønsberg area by sea, and was also meant to protect the Marine harbor in the village of Melsomvik. Work on the fort began in 1897, and the forts at both Håøya Island and Sundåsen were completed in 1899. Trenches, commando posts, fencing, concrete gun pits, and other remains from the fort can still be seen at Sundås. The fort lies by the Tønsbergfjorden with surrounding views of Færder Lighthouse and islands such as Håøya, Tjøme, Veierland, and Nøtterøy. The cannons were dismantled by German occupational forces in 1942 during the German occupation of Norway and moved to other fortifications elsewhere in Norway. After the war, the battery reverted to the Norwegian Armed Forces who managed the property until 1962 when an agreement for maintenance and management was made with the municipality in return for public access. In 2005, the area was sold off to Stokke municipality.
The fortifications were originally constructed to protect the marine harbor in Melsomvik from a potential Swedish invasion. Views from the fort include the Tønsbergfjord, the Swedish coastline in the east, and the Skrim mountains in the west.
| 1.9375
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68436286
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazolium%20salt
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Triazolium salt
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Triazolium salts are chemical compounds based on the substituted triazole structural element. They are composed of a cation based on a heterocyclic five-membered ring with three nitrogen atoms, two of which are functionalized and a corresponding counterion (anion). Depending on the arrangement of the three nitrogen atoms the triazolium salts are divided into two isomers, namely 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazolium salts as well as 1,2,4-triazolium salts. They are precursors for the preparation of N-heterocylcic carbenes.
1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazolium salts
1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triaolium salts can be synthesized from 3,4-disubsituted-1,2,4-triazol molecule by quaternization of the 1 nitrogen. This quaternization can be done by reaction with alkyl iodides (or other alkyl halide, albeit less yield is generally observed due to less reactivity, alkyl fluoride are rarely seen as they are mostly unreactive) yielding the corresponding 1,3,4-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazolium salt with iodine. Similarly 1,3,5-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazolium salts can be obtained from 3,5-disubsituted-1,2,4-triazol.
1,4-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolium salts
1,4-disubstituted 1,2,4-triaolium salts can be synthesized from 4-subsituted 1,2,4-triazol molecule by quaternization of the 1 nitrogen. This quaternization can be done by reaction with alkyl iodides (or other alkyl halide, albeit less yield is generally observed due to less reactivity, alkyl fluoride are rarely seen as they are mostly unreactive) yielding the corresponding 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazolium salt with iodine.
| 2.25
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68436832
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Jocelyn
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Harry Jocelyn
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Henry David Jocelyn, FBA, FAHA (1933–2000), commonly known as Harry Jocelyn, was an Australian Latinist and classical scholar. He was the Hulme Professor of Latin at the University of Manchester from 1973 to 1996.
Early life and education
Born on 22 August 1933 at Bega, New South Wales, Jocelyn's father John Daniel Jocelyn was a police officer; both he and Jocelyn's mother Phyllis Irene (née Burton) were born in Australia, though John was descended from English migrants who settled in the goldfields and Phyllis from English and Irish convicts transported to Australia. In 1944 the family moved to a suburb of Sydney and Harry won a place at Canterbury Boys' High School two years later, where he enjoyed classics and ranked top of his year. From 1951, he read classics at the University of Sydney, graduating in 1955 with a first-class degree for which he received two university medals. Among his chief influences were G. P. Shipp, R. E. Smith, A. J. Dunston and A. H. McDonald. Supported by a travelling scholarship from Sydney, Jocelyn studied at St John's College, Cambridge (1955–57), completing part II of the classical tripos. He received the Sandys (1957) and Craven (1958) studentships from Cambridge and was student at the British School at Rome from 1957 to 1959. During that time, he completed doctoral studies at Cambridge under C. O. Brink. Among his other influences were Scevola Mariotti. His PhD was awarded in 1963.
Career
| 1.992188
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69718046
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Tidswell
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Thomas Tidswell
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Thomas Tidswell was an Australian architect, notable for his design of sporting facilities in Sydney.
Birth and education
Tidswell was born in Sydney, the sixth of nine children of hotelier Frederick Squire Tidswell (1831–1898) and his wife Mary Ann (1836–1912). The fourth child of the Tidswell family, Thomas Francis (1864–1866), had died in a tragic accident in front of his parents' hotel in Devonshire Street, Sydney, and the fifth and sixth children were named in his honour: Frank Tidswell (1867 – 1941) and Thomas Tidswell (1870–1950). He lived in rural New South Wales until his parents bought Nugal Hall in Randwick, New South Wales. Tidswell attended Newington College (1881–1886). After high school Tidswell was articled in architecture and studied at Sydney Technical College (STC). In 1890 he was awarded Honours in Design at STC.
Architectural career
On entering the architectural profession Tidswell entered into partnership with Arthur Beckford Polin (1872-1961). One of the firm's early works was the design of the Mechanics Institute in Coonamble in rural NSW. Another was the enlargement of the
Right Rev Dr Higgins, Roman Catholic Auxiliary-Bishop of Sydney’s residence Mount Eagle in Forbes Street Darlington.
Late in the 1890s Tidswell went into practice on his own using numerous premises until he took space in Challis House in Martin Place in Sydney. In this period he designed the buildings of the original Orange Hospital including general wards, isolation wards, a kitchen block and an operating theatre. These facilities were demolished in 1959.
| 2.40625
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69718199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thankful%20Arnold%20House%20Museum
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Thankful Arnold House Museum
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The Thankful Arnold House Museum is an American historic house museum in Haddam, Connecticut. It consists of a gambrel-roofed house built circa 1800, along with a garden and grounds. The museum is open year-round.
Description and history
Built between 1794 and 1810, the house's namesake was Thankful Arnold (d. 1849). The couple had 11 children in 15 years of marriage, and Thankful Arnold continued to live in the house after her husband Joseph's death in 1823. The museum's director described the widow a "typical river valley housewife" of the post-American Revolution generation.
The house remained in the family until her great-great-grandson, Isaac Arnold, purchased it in 1963, paid for it to be restored, and donated it to the Haddam Historical Society. The house opened to the public that same year.
Named in honor of Isaac's daughter, the Wilhelmina Ann Arnold Barnhart Memorial Garden was dedicated in 1973. Plantings include herbs and vegetables commonly grown in the region's household gardens circa 1830.
The museum is a stop on the Connecticut Women's Heritage Trail.
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69719244
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Governor%27s%20Task%20Force%20on%20Marijuana%20Eradication
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Tennessee Governor's Task Force on Marijuana Eradication
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The Tennessee Governor's Task Force on Marijuana Eradication (GTFME), a multi-agency law enforcement task force founded in 1983, is managed by the Office of the Governor of Tennessee composed of local, state agencies organized expressly to eradicate illegal cannabis cultivation and trafficking in Tennessee. The Governor's Task Force is operated by the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation's Tennessee Dangerous Drugs Task Force. The eradication season lasts from May through September in Tennessee, where outdoor marijuana cultivation ranks second in the United States, behind California. The task force, divided into three regional teams, East, Middle and West, centralized marijuana eradication in the state into a coordinated multi-agency program.
The task force, created by then Tennessee Governor Lamar Alexander's Executive Order #51 in April 1983, originally included the Tennessee Alcoholic Beverage Commission, the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, the Tennessee Highway Patrol, Tennessee National Guard, and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. A 2018 law removed the Tennessee Alcoholic Beverage Commission from the task force. The task force often uses helicopters, flown by the Tennessee Highway Patrol and Tennessee National Guard, for aerial surveillance of outdoor marijuana grow sites in rural eastern Tennessee.
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69719466
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taydula%20Khatun
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Taydula Khatun
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Political role following the death of Öz Beg
After Öz Beg's death in 1341, Taydula's position of influence only increased: already the chief wife of the former khan, the current khan's mother commanded even more respect, and enjoyed extensive financial power, apparently amplified by her grateful son. She had her own revenue based, for example, on the taxes paid by Italian merchants and other foreigners. She also intervened decisively in politics. When Öz Beg died, his eldest son and designated successor Tini Beg was absent from court, residing in the lands of the recently suppressed Ulus of Orda. Although he was duly recognized as khan, Taydula Khatun favored her younger son, Jani Beg, who perhaps acted as regent during his brother's absence, or had perhaps already been designated successor by their father himself. Jani Beg murdered one of his other brothers, Khiḑr Beg, for his ambitions. When Tini Beg was on his way back to court, perhaps fearing for Jani Beg, Taydula Khatun incited the emirs to murder Tini Beg, which they did at Saray-Jük in 1342. Jani Beg now became khan.
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69719951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoel%20Bin-Nun
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Yoel Bin-Nun
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Philosophy
A significant part of Bin-Nun's thinking revolves around Tanach and its study. Following Yehuda Elitzur, he strives to draw contemporary meanings from the Bible and to explain the text according to its simple meaning (Pshat). He was one of the prominent voices in the "Bible at Eye Level" (Hebrew: "תנ"ך בגובה העיניים") debate, in which he criticized the approach of the rabbis of the Har Hamor yeshiva. Bin-Nun believed that it is important to see the nuances, complexity and even faults of the heroes of the Bible and as having a humanity that is not fundamentally different from those learning the text. According to him, only in this way can value and moral meaning truly be drawn from the stories of the Avot (patriarchs).
Bin-Nun also deals with the midrashim of Chazal, focusing on the principled controversy between the midrashim of Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Ishmael, as well as an original interpretation of Rav Kook's teachings.
Similarly to his Rabbi, Rav Zvi Yehuda Kook, and Kook's father, Rav Abraham Isaac Kook, Bin-Nun strongly promotes the value of Achdut Yisrael, unity among the Jewish people. Bin-Nun believes that only through Achdut will the Jewish people thrive and that the Geulah (redemption) itself is a process that is a function of the Ahavat Chinam and Achdut in Am Yisrael.
Political activity
Bin-Nun was one of the drafters of the Kinneret Charter, which seeks to create a common denominator between the various segments in the Jewish public.
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69720041
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus%20gargaricus
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Crocus gargaricus
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Crocus gargaricus is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is a cormous perennial native to Turkey.
Crocus gargaricus grows only on Kaz Dag, also known as Mount Ida. The rarity in its cultivation is due to its being recently recognized as its own distinct flowering plant.
Description
Crocus gargaricus is a herbaceous perennial geophyte growing from a corm. It is a small crocus species with bright yellow (occasionally lemon yellow) to orange flowers that commonly has orange, three branched, styles. The corms are small with finely netted, fibrous tunics. Corms produce three or four leaves, about 2mm wide, that emerge from the soil about the same time flowering occurs. Flowering occurs from February to March. Plants reproduce quickly, forming many short stolons that generate new corms.
Habitat
Crocus gargaricus grows in damp pasture and open pine woodlands at an elevation range of 1200 to 2300 meters. Often found near snow melt in mountain meadows with peaty soils, growing with Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana and Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmuelleria.
| 2.5
| 0
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69720363
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selago%20ramosissima
|
Selago ramosissima
|
Selago ramosissima is a species of plant in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is endemic to the Western Cape, South Africa.
Description
Selago ramosissima is a small, perennial shrublet, branching profusely from its lower stem. The stems are covered densely in small, thick, adpressed, obtuse-tipped, linear-oblong leaves. New branches are minutely hairy, old branches with persistent dead leaves that are eventually shed.
The principal flowering season is September to October.
Relatively short racemes appear at the tips of the numerous branches, containing white flowers with hairy sepals and exserted stamens.
The bracts are very long - at least as long as the flowers' corolla tubes - and have obtuse tips.
The bracts, like the calyx, are noticeably very furry.
Related species
Selago ramosissima is part of a group of very similar Selago species, including Selago aspera, Selago diffusa, Selago neglecta, Selago thomii and Selago triquetra. These species are small shrublets with solitary (non-fascicled), ericoid leaves, and terminal, raceme-like inflorescences.
Distribution
Selago ramosissima is endemic to the Western Cape, South Africa, where it occurs in the Overberg-Riversdale region in rocky succulent karoo habitats.
It occurs from the Swellendam area in the west (the type locality is near the Riviersondered-Breede river confluence), south to the ruggens hills between Bredasdorp and De Hoop, and eastwards through Riversdale and Albertinia, as far as Great Brak.
| 2.03125
| 0
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69720381
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selago%20thomii
|
Selago thomii
|
Selago thomii is a species of plant in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is endemic to the Western Cape, South Africa.
Description
Selago thomii is a perennial bush, branching densely and profusely from its lower stem. The stems are covered densely in small, adpressed, obtuse-tipped, linear-oblong leaves. New branches are minutely hairy, old branches with persistent dead leaves that are eventually shed.
Flowers are produced at various times of year, but especially from November to June.
Elongated racemes appear at the tips of the branches, containing numerous white flowers with glabrous or faintly glandular-hairy sepals and exserted stamens.
The lanceolate-linear bracts are almost as long as the flowers' corolla tubes, and have acute tips.
Related species
Selago thomii is part of a group of very similar Selago species, including Selago aspera, Selago diffusa, Selago neglecta, Selago ramosissima and Selago triquetra. These species are small shrublets with solitary (non-fascicled), ericoid leaves, and terminal, raceme-like inflorescences.
Selago diffusa differs by having wider spikes and bracts, and longer calyx and corolla tube. The inflorescence of S. thomii is in many ways very much smaller.
Selago ramosissima differs by having more obviously hairy bracts, calyces and lobes.
The bracts, calyx and lobes of S. thomii are glabrous or only very faintly glandular. The interior of the S. thomii calyx tube is always glabrous. The S. thomii lobes are also usually glabrous with at most a few tiny glands at the apices.
Distribution
Selago thomii is endemic to the Western Cape, South Africa, where it occurs in rocky renosterveld or fynbos habitats, in the Little Karoo and Overberg regions.
It occurs from the Robertson and Montagu areas in the north-west, southwards into the Overberg region (recorded from Hermanus, Riviersondered and Riversdale), and north-eastwards as far as the Uniondale area.
| 2.21875
| 0
|
69720399
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig%20category
|
Rig category
|
In category theory, a rig category (also known as bimonoidal category or 2-rig) is a category equipped with two monoidal structures, one distributing over the other.
Definition
A rig category is given by a category equipped with:
a symmetric monoidal structure
a monoidal structure
distributing natural isomorphisms: and
annihilating (or absorbing) natural isomorphisms: and
Those structures are required to satisfy a number of coherence conditions.
Examples
Set, the category of sets with the disjoint union as and the cartesian product as . Such categories where the multiplicative monoidal structure is the categorical product and the additive monoidal structure is the coproduct are called distributive categories.
Vect, the category of vector spaces over a field, with the direct sum as and the tensor product as .
Strictification
Requiring all isomorphisms involved in the definition of a rig category to be strict does not give a useful definition, as it implies an equality which signals a degenerate structure. However it is possible to turn most of the isomorphisms involved into equalities.
A rig category is semi-strict if the two monoidal structures involved are strict, both of its annihilators are equalities and one of its distributors is an equality. Any rig category is equivalent to a semi-strict one.
| 2
| 0
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69720504
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selago%20eckloniana
|
Selago eckloniana
|
Selago eckloniana is a species of plant in the family Scrophulariaceae. It is endemic to the Western Cape, South Africa.
Description
Selago eckloniana can be distinguished from other related Selago species by the short hairs that cover its stems (often arranged in longitudinal lines). Its slender-linear leaves are concave-channelled along the basal portion of their upper (adaxial) faces.
The flowers are internally glandular, born on short pedicels, and enclosed basally by lanceolate bracts.
The bracts of all but the lowest flowers are constricted basally to enclose the pedicel-base.
Several related species are easily confused with S. eckloniana.
However, Selago trichopylla has leaves that are hairy, while Selago marlothii has wider bracts, leaves that are nearly terete (unifacial), and racemes that are significantly shorter.
Distribution
It is restricted to the arid Little Karoo region of the Western Cape, South Africa, where it grows in succulent karoo and renosterveld vegetation, on rocky slopes and hills.
Its distribution extends from Robertson in the west, to Uniondale in the east.
| 2.640625
| 0
|
69720506
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teofil%20Magdzi%C5%84ski
|
Teofil Magdziński
|
At the end of the 1860s, he settled in Bydgoszcz (then Prussian Bromberg) at "28 Posener straße" (today Poznańska street) and developed an intense nationalist activity. On his and Julian Prejs's initiative, on 27 October 1872, was created the Towarzystwo Przemysłowego w Bydgoszczy (), bringing together local notables, craftsmen, workers and small industrialists.
The association organized many activities:
an amateur theater group (1873);
a Polish library (1875);
a singing club (1880), which is at the origin of the still active "Hałka" choir in Bydgoszcz;
a Sunday craft school for students (1885).
The Society was one of the most active organizations of this type in Poznań Province, gathering with time other local activists (Emil Warmiński, Piotr Piskorski, Jan Teska, Jan Biziel).
He was as well a shareholder of the "Bank Przemysłowy w Bydgoszczy" ("Industrial Bank in Bydgoszcz").
Political activity
Teofil Magdziński was an authority for the inhabitants of Bydgoszcz of Polish origin. He represented them at the City Council and never ceased to demand their rights to be respected.
In 1871, he opposed the project of the municipality to organize celebrations on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Poland's joining the Kingdom of Prussia: he argued that highlighting the date of this "crime" would be wicked and irritating Polish minds.
In 1873, he became a member of the Landtag of Prussia from the Buk-Kościan district. He held this mandate till his death.
In 1876, he started his career as a member of the North German Confederation Reichstag, representing various constituencies, successively:
Jarocin-Pleszew-Września (1876);
Koźmin Wielkopolski-Krotoszyn (1877–1878);
Grodzisk Wielkopolski-Kościan -Nowy Tomyśl-Śmigiel (1878–1881);
Jarocin-Pleszew-Września (1881–1889).
| 2.453125
| 0
|
69720835
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalie%20Baisch
|
Amalie Baisch
|
Amalie Baisch (née Marggraff; 8 October 1859 in Munich – after 1904) was a German writer, best known for her Victorian era guide books on young women's etiquette. She wrote under the pseudonym Ernesta.
Life
Amalie Baisch was born in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, on 8 October 1859. Her father was Rudolf Marggraff, a professor of Art History and Fine Art at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich. Her mother was called Elisabeth Marggraff. Amalie Basch attended the Gymnasium Max-Josef-Stift and subsequently took a job as a teacher in Paris. She was a guest in the Parisian salons and travelled extensively. She documented her experiences in a series of literary sketches.
In 1885, Baisch married the author Otto Baisch (1840–1892). Otto had known Rudolf Marggraff since the 1870s. Before his death, Marggraff had been working on a biography of Johann Christian Reinhart, which Otto completed as published in 1882 under the title Johann Christian Reinhart und seine Kreise.
One year before their marriage, Otto took up the position of editor-in-chief of the illustrated magazine Über Land und Meer in Stuttgart, and thus the pair relocated there. Amalie found a stimulating cultural atmosphere in Stuttgart. In 1886, Baisch gave birth to a son, Hermann Baisch.
From 1886 the family lived in a rented flat at 123 Neckarstraße, in the building of the Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, the publishers of Über Land und Meer. After the death of Otto Baisch in 1892, Amalie and her son moved to 31 Kernerstraße for a year, before moving back to Munich, were they lived in 14 Barerstraße. Amalie Baisch later remarried to a Major Florian Gassner.
Work
Amalie Baisch's books had a target audience of young women and were predominantly advice books. Below is a selection of her works:
| 2.5
| 0
|
69720865
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Reparations%20Task%20Force
|
California Reparations Task Force
|
The California Reparations Task Force was a non-regulatory state agency in California established by California Assembly Bill 3121 in 2020 to study and develop reparation proposals for African Americans, especially those who are descendants of persons enslaved in the United States. It was the country's first statewide reparations task committee and was created to study methods to resolve systemic racism against African Americans resulting from slavery's enduring legacy. The task force was designed to recommend ways to educate the California public of the task force's findings and to propose remedies.
Five members were appointed by the governor, two members were appointed by the president pro tempore of the Senate, and two members by the speaker of the Assembly. The members voted to limit their study to exclusively address redress for descendants of antebellum slavery in the United States, rather than a broader application to people of general Black African descent who live in the United States.
After almost three years of fact-finding, reports, and public hearings, California’s first-in-the-nation reparations task force on Thursday, June 29th, 2023, released its final report to state lawmakers with recommendations for how the state should atone for its history of racial violence and discrimination against Black residents.
| 2.875
| 0
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69721077
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20Friends
|
Progressive Friends
|
In the 1840s, two intertwined issues increasingly created divisions within the Hicksite branch of the Quakers. One issue was its hierarchical structure, which placed local bodies under the authority of higher-level bodies and gave meetings of ministers and elders the authority to discipline members. The other issue was the question of whether Quakers should be allowed to join organizations that were leading the campaign against slavery. Quakers condemned slavery but discouraged members from mixing with non-Quakers where possible, and that included broad-based anti-slavery organizations.
An additional issue was the status of women. Quaker men and women met separately, and some of the decisions of the women's meetings required approval by the men's meetings. In 1837, a proposal originating with the Junius Monthly Meeting in western New York asked Genesee Yearly meeting to eliminate this subordination and place the men's and women's meetings on equal footing. Their proposal was adopted by the Genesee Yearly Meeting but not by Yearly Meetings in other areas of the country.
Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends (Waterloo, NY)
| 2.78125
| 0
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69721115
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto%20%28river%29
|
Porto (river)
|
Valley
The lower and middle parts of the valley are in the Sevi Infora landscape.
The Porto river descends to the coast through a deep and narrow valley.
There is luxuriant vegetation in the valley floor below bare rocky walls.
The walls of the valley, which is not visible from the sea, rise to less than from the shore.
The village of Ota is from the sea on a slope below the crest of Andatone.
It is surrounded by olive groves, holm oaks and chestnut trees.
Upstream of Ota a dominant position named U Castellu was settled in prehistoric times, and later was the site of a castle that controlled access to Porto from the fertile valleys of the high mountain territory.
Edward Lear (1812–1888) wrote of the central valley in his Journal of an English Landscape Designer (1868),
The upper valley is in the Sevi Ingrentu landscape, and contains the valleys of the Lonca and Aïtone tributaries of the Porto, and the Tavulella tributary of the Aïtone.
The three valleys are almost parallel, and are oriented southwest.
Each valley has a narrow gorge cut into the mountain barrier, which higher up gives way to a more open terrain.
Edward Lear wrote in 1868 “Look at the high peaks, beyond the pass, the massive dark pine forest contrasts with the golden green undulations of the birch wood. While strolling in the heart of a shaded valley, you notice the lights on the road, or the immaculate snow on the verges. Omnipresent beauty."
Hydrology
Measurements of the river flow were taken at the Ota station from 1996 to 2021.
The watershed above this station covers .
The maximum daily flow was recorded on 6 November 2000.
Average annual precipitation was calculated as .
The average flow of water throughout the year was .
Tributaries
The following streams (ruisseaux) are tributaries of the Porto (ordered by length) and sub-tributaries:
| 2.703125
| 0
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69721151
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20textbook%20of%20general%20botany
|
A textbook of general botany
|
Edward M. Gilbert
Edward M. Gilbert was a prominent name in mycology, phytopathology and botany since the 1920s. Gilbert completed his graduate work at the University of Wisconsin where his main interest was in mycological research. In 1922 he became the Professor of Botany and Plant Pathology at the University of Wisconsin. His greatest interest became fungal cytology and he would go on to study fungal diseases of a citrus aphid and plant pathogenic fungi.
James B. Overton
James B. Overton began to work as a botany instructor in the University of Wisconsin in 1904. Later he became the professor of plant physiology. Overton was one of the first people to study the parthenogenesis in plants and gave an explanation to this phenomenon. He continued with studies about meiosis, the formation of spores and nuclear organisation. Overton successfully induced the pathogenesis under controlled conditions of the Fucus genus. During and after the publishing to A Textbook of General Botany, Overton published a series of studies with Gilbert Smith.
Rollin H. Denniston
Rollin H. Denniston graduated in pharmacy at the University of Wisconsin and then completed his doctorate in botany in 1904. He began teaching as an assistant in pharmacy, which included the responsibility of the drug museum, comprising many botanical pharmaceuticals. Denniston's main interest was in pharmacy, including drugs of botanical origin. He became the assistant professor of botany in 1907. Denniston also published about anatomy and taxonomy.
| 2.5
| 0
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69721151
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20textbook%20of%20general%20botany
|
A textbook of general botany
|
Reception
Smith et al.'s textbook was well-received by its public, especially students and teachers. The book was unique due to its thorough and detailed yet easily understandable writing style. It was larger than many other botany textbooks at the time, including a vast range of topics beyond the scope of most books on general botany. The textbook was alternatively known as the "Wisconsin textbook" and was considered one of the most successful modern botany texts. In over a dozen years, it effectively established itself as a standard in the field of botanical teaching.
With every new edition, improvements were praised. Integrating physiological and functional aspects with the structural and morphological aspects aided in students' understanding of botany. Each edition contained new illustrations that were highly accurate in detail and proportion and showed depth and perspective. This was a considerable improvement over botanical drawings in other elementary botany textbooks.
Some criticised the book for its conservative viewpoint in teaching comparative morphology, arguing that it was "written for the convenience of the teacher rather than for the information of the student". A textbook in general botany did not present any problem-solving section, question, exercise, or laboratory information for students, which was a significant issue for an educational textbook. It seems however that it was the case of most textbooks at the time.
Other critics were reported on the scientific content of the book, such as the absence of historical material about science and the lack of sufficient information about life cycles and reproductive features of the described species.
| 2.453125
| 0
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69721190
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Plunkett%2C%207th%20Baron%20of%20Dunsany
|
Patrick Plunkett, 7th Baron of Dunsany
|
Patrick Plunkett, 7th Baron of Dunsany (died 1601 or 1602) was an Irish nobleman.
Family
Patrick was the son of Christopher Plunkett, 6th Baron of Dunsany, and his wife Elizabeth (née Barnewall), daughter of Sir Christopher Barnewall of Crickstown. He succeeded his father in the title in 1564 or 1565, but was a minor, and was placed in the wardship of a relative of his mother, Christopher Barnewall, a politician and landowning knight, of Turvey House, County Dublin. Plunkett married the 11th youngest daughter (one of nineteen children) of his guardian (and his wife Marion (née Sherle)), Mary Barnewall. The couple received in 1572 a substantial gift of money and farm animals, partly as the advance dowry for the future marriage of their son Christopher Plunkett to another of Sir Christopher Barnewall's daughters.
Education and politics
The 7th baron attended a grammar school at Ratoath, and was reputed for his learning; a book by Richard Stanihurst about Ireland, published in 1584, was dedicated to him. The 7th baron attended at least the 1585 Irish Parliament and held a local appointment in 1599. He assisted the government in dealing with a rebellion in 1600, alongside Henry Óg O'Neill and Sir Geoffrey Fenton. He was acquainted with Queen Elizabeth I, who granted him 20 horsemen and funding to support them, and a mug reputedly from whom has been held at Dunsany Castle since the 16th century.
Death and succession
Patrick Plunkett died in 1601 or 1602, and was succeeded briefly by his son Christopher, who in turn died in 1603, not having fulfilled the marriage pledge with the Barnewalls, and was succeeded by his son Patrick.
| 1.929688
| 0
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69721864
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20currency
|
Iron currency
|
Iron currency bars are objects used by Iron Age people to exchange goods.
Materials
The bars were expensive objects, as it would take 25 man-days to produce of a finished bar, usually shaped with a small socket at one end, and consume of charcoal.
Usage history
Iron spits were used as money in Greece before silver currency. Sparta deliberately used iron currency to make amassing wealth unwieldy, and remained on an iron currency standard all through Greece's golden age.
Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars, mentions iron currency in Britain.
"For money they use bronze or gold coins, or iron bars of fixed weights." — Julius Caesar, 54 BC
Iron hoes circulated as money in India, Africa, and Indochina, and were the smallest monetary unit of the Bahnar people.
During the nineteenth century, iron bars circulated as money in the Congo. During the nineteenth century, iron hoes circulated in the remote areas of Sudan. The western Uganda Chiga used hoes as their unit of account without using of them as a medium of exchange or store of value. In Portuguese East Africa a hoe standard replaced a cattle standard, and some hoes circulated only as currency and were never used agriculturally. In the French Congo, iron bars, shovels, hoes, blades, and iron double bells played the role of currency. In mid-nineteenth-century Nigeria, a slave cost 40 iron hoes.
In 1824, 394 currency bars were found, 1.2m below the surface, at a re-used camp on Meon Hill, Mickleton, Gloucestershire.
In 1860, currency bars were discovered at Salmonsbury Camp, Bourton-on-the-Water.
In 1942, Iron currency bars were found around Llyn Cerrig Bach and the surrounding peat bog in Wales.
| 2.765625
| 0
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69722656
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio%20Luis%20von%20Hoonholtz%2C%20Baron%20of%20Teff%C3%A9
|
Antônio Luis von Hoonholtz, Baron of Teffé
|
Antônio Luis von Hoonholtz, Baron of Teffé (9 May 1837 – 6 February 1931), was a Brazilian admiral, politician, explorer and geographer.
Biography
His father was , a Prussian captain who emigrated to Brazil in 1824.
He was enrolled at the Naval School on 25 January 1852 and became a midshipman in 1854. In December 1858, he was promoted to second lieutenant and professor of the 4th year course at the Naval School. He was a precursor in hydrography and gave his first course in this subject at the Marine Academy of Rio de Janeiro in 1858. He then published the first treatise on hydrography in Portuguese.
During the Paraguayan War, commanding the gunboat , he was one of the heroes of the bombardment of Corrientes, occupied by the defenders of Paraguay. Then, on 11 June 1865, he won the officer's medal of the Imperial Order of the Southern Cross for his actions in the naval battle of the Riachuelo. On 13 and 14 July 1865, in new battles, he managed to set fire to the Paraguayan steamer , which had run aground. On 28 November 1865, he chased the Paraguayan steamer Pira-Guirá, forced it to run aground and seized it.
He then explored the coasts of Brazil in the vicinity of Santa Catarina Island.
In 1871, he was entrusted with the delimitation of the borders between Brazil and Peru: leaving with his colleagues from Rio de Janeiro in October 1871, he travelled up the Amazon to beyond the Pongo de Manseriche, up the Huallaga river to the rapids in the foothills of the Andes, the Rio Negro and the Japurá River to the cataracts, then the Apaporis, the Madeira, the Purus, the Jutaí, the Putumayo and part of the Juruá rivers.
On 17 January 1874, the group entered the course of the Javary River. On 15 March 1874, they found the source and set the boundary marker between Peru and Brazil. He was the only Brazilian to return from this expedition in July 1874. Even his brother Carlos von Hoonholtz who accompanied him died of beriberi. This expedition earned him the title of Baron of Teffé.
| 2.234375
| 0
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69722980
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty%20Carp
|
Betty Carp
|
Bertha "Betty" Carp (June 15, 1895 – June 12, 1974) was an American embassy official and intelligence agent, called "The Best Known American in Turkey".
Early life
Carp was born in Constantinople, the daughter of German or Austrian parents. She was educated at schools in Turkey, London, and Vienna.
Career
Carp worked at the American embassies in Istanbul and Ankara for most of her life. She was hired by ambassador Henry Morgenthau in 1914 as a messenger, typist and telephone operator. She became an interpreter, attaché, consul, and political officer. She received the State Department's Superior Honor Award at her retirement in 1964 from Secretary of State Dean Rusk, who called her a "living legend" and noted that she "is to be commended for her sociological reports, especially on religious, minority, educational, and legal matters". She was "confidant to two dozen ambassadors and their wives" and "knew all the policemen and the shopkeepers and the crippled children of Beyoglu."
During World War II and after, from 1942 to 1947, Carp worked for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in New York, where she compiled biographical profiles of Balkan leaders using her language skills and wide network of diplomatic contacts. She was a longtime, close colleague to CIA director Allen Dulles. She was also active in fundraising for the American Hospital in Istanbul.
| 2.0625
| 0
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69723030
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Britt
|
Benjamin Britt
|
Benjamin Franklin (Ben) Britt (May 5, 1923 – June 26, 1996) was a figurative, surrealist and abstract painter, and art teacher. His subjects were African American culture, religion and children, which he captured in oil and charcoals. Britt signed his works "B. Britt," dotting the "i" with tiny round circles.
Early life and education
Benjamin Franklin Roundtree was born on May 4, 1923, in Winfall, North Carolina. His parents changed their surname to Britt after being forced to flee from their home state to Philadelphia. According to Britt's son Stanford, the name change came about as follows: Britt's father got into a fight with his white employer, hit him with a shovel and killed him. The father went into hiding. His mother's white employer told her to use his last name and leave town, fearing that the Ku Klux Klan would come after the family.
When his family moved to Philadelphia, Britt was around six or seven years old. In North Carolina, he was close to his mother's father, a Baptist minister, who read Bible verses to him. Several of Britt's earliest paintings bear religious titles – "Yield Not," "Wife of Lot," "Prodigal Son."
Britt grew up in North Philadelphia and attended Dobbins Technical High School where he met his future wife Marjorie who was studying to be a beautician (years later, he and his brother would build a beauty shop for her in the basement of their home). Britt was taking classes in commercial art. One of his teachers at Dobbins was artist Samuel Joseph Brown Jr. Britt graduated in 1943.
For two years, Britt served in the Coast Guard, traveling to France and England. When he returned home, he studied at the Hussian School of Art (1947–1950), the Philadelphia College of Art (1951) and the Art Students League in New York (1952–1953).
| 2.53125
| 0
|
69723654
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingos%20Torrado
|
Domingos Torrado
|
Domingos Torrado, O.S.A. (1555–1612) was a Roman Catholic prelate who was named as Titular Bishop of Fisicula (1605–1612). He is also known as Domingos Terrado or Domingos da Trinidade.
Biography
Domingos Torrado da Trinidade was born in Elvas, Portugal in 1555 and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Augustine.
He served as vicar general of his congregation.
He traveled to Asia where he founded a convent in Colombo.
On 7 Feb 1605, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement VIII as Titular Bishop of Fiscula and auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Goa (some sources name him as titular bishop of Salé).
On 13 Apr 1608, he was consecrated bishop by Alexeu de Jesu de Meneses, Archbishop of Goa.
In 1610, de Meneses returned to Europe and Torrado served as administrator of the Archdiocese.
On 21 January 1612, Pope Paul V separated the east coast of Africa (from the Cape of Guardafui in the north to the Cape of Good Hope in the south) from the territory of the Archdiocese of Goa creating an separate ecclesiastical territory (prelature nullius) and named Torrado as the first Administrator of the Prelature of Mozambique.
He never succeeded as Administrator of Mozambique as he died on 30 Dec 1612 in Goa.
| 1.921875
| 0
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69724078
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20and%20Oklahoma%20Railroad%20%281902%29
|
Texas and Oklahoma Railroad (1902)
|
The Texas and Oklahoma Railroad (T&O) existed briefly from its incorporation in mid-1902 to its consolidation with another line at the end of 1903. Its main accomplishment was to construct 40 miles of track northwest out of Coalgate, Oklahoma.
History
The Texas and Oklahoma Railroad Company was incorporated on May 15, 1902, under the laws of the Oklahoma Territory. In that year, the railway constructed track from Coalgate to a point about 40 miles northwest of that town. On December 12, 1903, the railway was consolidated with the Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad Company (of 1901) to form the new Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad Company (of 1903). The latter built 78 miles of rails from the end of T&O's tracks into Oklahoma City. The physical assets of that entity were sold June 30, 1904 to the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway Company.
In subsequent history, while the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway Company was merged into the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railway (Katy) in 1922, the trackage between Oklahoma City and Coalgate was not part of the reorganized company. Instead, that line was sold in 1923 to a Mr. H. R. Hudson, who took the trackage, together with leased trackage between Coalgate and Atoka, Oklahoma built by another affiliate, to create the Oklahoma City–Ada–Atoka Railway. That line become one of the Muskogee Roads in 1929, and was in turn sold to the Missouri Pacific Railway's Texas and Pacific Railway subsidiary in 1964. Said trackage was subsequently sold to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The entire line between Oklahoma City and Atoka was later abandoned.
This railway is not to be confused with another company of the same name, the Texas and Oklahoma Railroad incorporated in 1991. That line originally had trackage in both Oklahoma and Texas, but has since been shortened to a route between Sweetwater and Maryneal in Texas.
| 2.265625
| 0
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69724127
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20and%20Oklahoma%20Railroad%20%281991%29
|
Texas and Oklahoma Railroad (1991)
|
The Texas and Oklahoma Railroad (TXOR), created in 1991, ran between Oklahoma and Texas on rail purchased from the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (AT&SF). Much of the trackage has since been sold or abandoned; however, the railway continues to exist as a shortline carrier operating between Sweetwater, Texas and Maryneal, Texas.
History
The TXOR was incorporated April 22, 1991 as a Delaware corporation. It purchased two disconnected segments of track from the AT&SF, about 351 miles in total. The trackage was part of a line that had originally been laid around 1908 as part of the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway, an attempt to link Kansas City, Missouri to its closest Pacific Ocean port, Topolobampo, Mexico. However, that line never got south of Texas.
The northern and far longer segment purchased by the TXOR ran from Cherokee, Oklahoma south through Fairview, Thomas, Clinton, Altus and into Elmer on the Oklahoma state line. Then it continued into Texas near Chillicothe to the Orient rail junction located just north of the town of Sweetwater. The southern segment ran from Shaufler, Texas south to Maryneal, Texas. In addition, the company obtained trackage rights between Orient Junction and Shaufler over AT&SF tracks, as well as rights in a trainyard in Sweetwater.
However, major changes quickly occurred. Part of the Oklahoma trackage, south from Westhom (near Thomas) to Elmer, about 102 miles, was purchased in January 1993 by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation, which then leased it to Farmrail to operate. Some of this trackage was purchased by Farmrail in September 2013, and some has continued to be operated by Farmrail in connection with its affiliated line, Grainbelt Corporation. The remaining Oklahoma tracks north to Cherokee were abandoned. In Texas, the segment from Chillicothe down to Sweetwater was abandoned in 1995. That left TXOR operating between Sweetwater and Maryneal.
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69724354
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghivetch
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Ghivetch
|
Ghivetch (, , , , , / , , ) is a traditional Balkan autumn vegetable stew most closely associated with Moldova, where it is a national dish, and Bulgaria. It is traditionally cooked in an earthenware pot called a güveç. It is often made only with vegetables, though some versions include meat, fish, or poultry. The Washington Post in 1985 called it "one of the world's great vegetable melanges". Mimi Sheraton called it "really the last word in vegetable stews".
Origins
Ghivetch is known throughout the Balkans as a traditional autumn vegetable stew, but it is most closely associated with Moldova and Bulgaria. It is a national dish of Moldova, where it is called ghiveci. It is a dish eaten by Danube Swabians.
Ingredients
Ghivetch is often made only with vegetables, sometimes as many as 40, but versions exist that include meat, fish, poultry and dairy. In the Western Balkans it is often consumed with rice.
Mimi Sheraton, writing in the Wall Street Journal, described it as traditionally including "some pleasing pucker" from the inclusion of grape leaves or other sour ingredients such as sour salt, and paprika, either hot or sweet.
Preparation and serving
Traditionally the stew is prepared in a clay pot called a güveç, duvech, or gyuvech; in Greece the pot is called yiouvetsi. According to Paula Wolfert the pot is "beloved for its ability to impart a great earthy taste and aroma". Traditionally the dish is assembled at home, then taken to a local bakery, and delivered to the customer by a delivery boy wearing a cushion on his head. Truck delivery has replaced the delivery boys. Some specialty bakeries allow customers to order ghivetch to be assembled by the bakery rather than by the customer at home; customers return the empty pot to the bakery.
Ghivetch can be served hot or cold. It is sometimes pureed. It is often garnished with sour cream or yogurt.
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69724487
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Doherty%20%28musician%29
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Jim Doherty (musician)
|
Jim Doherty (born 1939) is an Irish composer and jazz pianist. He is a member of Aosdána, an elite association of Irish artists.
Early life
Jim Doherty was born in 1939; he was a son of Michael Kevin O'Doherty and Patricia (née Roche); and grandson of the Irish republican couple Katherine O'Doherty (1881–1969) and Séamus O'Doherty (1882–1945). The family lived in Sandymount, Dublin.
Career
Doherty has been performing since the late 1950s, leading jazz trios, quartets and bands. One of his earliest roles was with the Chris Lamb & The Universals showband. He went to London in 1960 to study composition and orchestration. In 1965, he competed in the Irish selection for the Eurovision Song Contest; his Jim Doherty Trio performed "Love Me Truly" but did not win. In 1968, his Jim Doherty Quartet won the Press Prize at the Montreux Jazz Festival for the jazz suite Gael Blowin, based on Irish traditional music.
He has written music for theatre, radio, TV, dance, film and orchestra. He has written one play, The Lugnaquilla Gorilla, performed at the Abbey Theatre in 1983, and also wrote the jazz ballet Spondance (1986). He worked with RTÉ, composing music for many programmes including Wanderly Wagon and The Late Late Show.
Doherty has performed with Gerry Mulligan and Ray Charles.
Doherty was a life-long associate of guitarist Louis Stewart (1944–2016); they released an acclaimed album, Tunes, in 2014.
Doherty was elected to Aosdána in 2020.
Personal life
Doherty married Ann in the 1960s; they live in Ballsbridge, Dublin. They have three children: the comedian David O'Doherty, playwright Mark Doherty and Claudia Doherty. David added the prefix “O’” to the surname Doherty to distinguish himself from his father and brother.
| 2.21875
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69724544
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori%20%28historic%20province%29
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Lori (historic province)
|
Lori () is a historical geographical region of Armenia. In ancient times and the Middle Ages, it was also known as Tashir or Tashirk. After the construction of Lori Fortress by King David I Anhoghin in the 11th century, the region was also referred to as Lori.
Name
In ancient times, the region of Lori was known in Armenian as or (, in Georgian). Pliny refers to the region as (Robert Hewsen suggests the reading *). In the Middle Ages, Georgians also called the place Somkhiti, i.e., Armenia, along with the other nearest regions. The central part of the region was also referred to as , meaning 'Tashir plain' in Old Armenian (currently Lori Plateau). Until the 7th century, its center was Odzun; later, Lori (Lore) or Loriberd became the central town. It was in the 11th century that the region began to be called Lori after its principal settlement.
Geography
Lori was located in between the Javakheti (to the west), Virahayots (to the north), Bazum (to the south), and Gugark (to the east) mountain ranges, which are parts of the Lesser Caucasus. It corresponded to the historical district of Tashir and the former Kalinino, Stepanavan and Tumanyan districts of Armenia (the northern part of modern-day Lori Province). Lori encompassed the Lori Plateau and the basin of the Debed River.
History
Ancient Times
In the historical memory of the Armenians, all the regions in the province of Gugark (including Tashir) were governed by the descendants of Gushar, the offspring of Hayk, the legendary patriarch of the Armenian nation.
According to Cyril Toumanoff, the region of Tashir was seized from Armenia in the wake of the Pharnavazids' expansion. That opinion was shared by Robert H. Hewsen. After coming into possession of the Armenian regions of Tashir, as well as Ashotsi, the Pharnavazids united them into the Duchy of Samshwild. In the 2nd century B.C., the re-established Armenian monarchy returned Tashir to Armenia. The Artaxiad dynasty, in turn, created a separate administrative unit including Tashir.
| 2.46875
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69724544
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori%20%28historic%20province%29
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Lori (historic province)
|
In the period between 1110 and 1123, King David the Builder united several Armenian lands – including Lori – to Georgia. A Georgian chronicler left records about David's invasions: "... The same year he conquered the Armenian fortress of Lore". According to Vardan the Great, the latter united "Gag, Terunakat, Tavush, Kayan, Kaytson, Lore, Tashchir and Makhanaberd, subjecting all the Armenian possessions to his rule". Afterwards, the Georgian king also held the title of the King of Armenians. Lori was soon handed over to the Orbeli family. Shortly after the suppression of the Orbeli uprising (1177), King George III handed over Lori to the Khubasar, the Kipchak ruler. Eight years later, however, Queen Tamar handed over the region to Sargis Mkhragrdzeli-Zavaryan, the new amirspasalar (commander-in-chief) of Georgia. According to Cyril Toumanoff, Lori was ruled by the Kingdom of Zakaryans (Mkhragrdzeli) between the 12th and 13th centuries. North-Eastern Armenia, which was under Georgian reign, was ruled by Amirspasalar Zakare and his son, Shahinshah, in the 13th century. The entire north of Armenia was liberated from the Seljuks, with the reign extending to vaster areas. Also in the same period, the small region of Dsegh appeared briefly under Mamikonian rule. From 1236 until 1237, Lori, along with other major cities of Armenia, was captured by the Mongols. Ahead of the Mongol conquest, it was one of the main centers of crafts and trade in Northern Armenia. The fortified city fell under the rule of Qarachar Noyan. In the late 14th century, Lori was destroyed by Tamerlan. Lori was among those regions of historic Armenia that suffered the most severe consequences of the Timur invasion as part of the Georgian Kingdom. In 1435, Georgian King Alexander I handed over the region to the Orbelian dynasty. Between 1474 and 1477, traveler Ambrogio Contarini wrote the following record about Lori:
| 2.609375
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69724544
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori%20%28historic%20province%29
|
Lori (historic province)
|
The region was a center of Armenian monastic life. In the early 5th century, Mesrop Mashtots visited Tashir. According to S. Peter Cowe, he sought to spread literacy among the Armenian population in an effort to preserve their authenticity after the region was captured from Armenia.
Among the medieval monasteries, there are such famous landmarks as Odzun, the Holy Mother of God Church of Kurtan, Tormak in Gulagarak, Jrashen in Vardablur and Bardzrakadh in Dsegh. The 6th-century basilica of Odzun is of a special cultural value. In the 10th century, the monasteries of Sanahin and Haghpat, major historical monuments of Armenia, were built in the east of the Tashir-Dzorakert Kingdom. Lori was home to such representatives of the Armenian culture as Hovhannes Sarkavag, Grigor Tuteordi, David Kobayretsi, Anania Sanahentsi, etc.
In the first decades of the 13th century North-Western Armenia (which was under the Zakarian dynasty's rule) saw a period of an economic and cultural boom. The event played a crucial role in the 13th-century history of the Armenian church, solidifying the Chalcedonians' positions while simultaneously approximating the two denominations.
In the early 13th century, a number of monasteries were estranged from the Armenian Apostolic Church to be handed over to the Chalcedonian Armenians. Among them were Pghindzavank (Akhtala), Kobayr, Khuchap, Hnevank, Kirants, Srveh, Sedvivank, Bggavor, etc. According to Aleksey Lidov, the region, which formed part of the Georgian Kingdom in different periods of history, remained the stronghold of the Armenian culture. According to The Cambridge History of Christianity, the Chalcedonian Armenian monasteries of Kobayr, Kirants and Pghndzavank (Akhtala, Lori region) performed the translation of texts unavailable in the Armenian language in the 13th century. Anthony Bryer, David Winfield, Dawit Isaak and Selina Ballance refer to Lori as the Chalcedonian-Armenian region of Georgia in the 13th century.
| 2.515625
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69725702
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Talab%20Hilal
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Muhammad Talab Hilal
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Muhammad Talab Hilal was a Syrian military officer and politician. He was the Minister of Supply in the Ba'athist government of Yusuf Zuayyin and after Zuayyin's resignation in 1968, also under Nureddin al-Atassi. In 1971 Hilal took part in a delegation consisting of Hafez Al Assad and other Syrian Ministers visiting Moscow, Soviet Union. Under Assad, he served as a deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Agrarian Reform and acting Minister of the Interior. at different times. Before he was the governor of Hama and the chief of police in the Governorate of al-Hasakah. While he was the chief of police Hasakah, Hilal wrote a book on Syria's Jazira region which was influential for the Syrian government's "Arab Belt" in the Kurdish populated regions in Syria. He denied an eventual existence of a Kurdish language and ethnicity and supported the shutting down of Kurdish schools also when they taught in the Arabic language. He deemed the existence of the Kurds in the vicinity of the Arab nation a similar threat as the Jews in Israel.
Hilal completed his study on the National, Political, and Social Study of the Province of Jazira in November 1963. In view of the Kurdish uprising in Iraq he warned of a similar situation in Syria and suggested the creation of an Arab populated area in the border region between Syria, Turkey and Iraq.
Hilal produced a twelvefold strategy to achieve the Arabization of the al-Jazira Province. The steps were:
| 2.171875
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69725834
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysiloma%20candidum
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Lysiloma candidum
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Lysiloma candidum, most commonly known as the palo blanco, is a tree of the family Fabaceae near-endemic to the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico. It may grow to a height of and is one of the few spineless woody legumes in the region. It has compound leaves with oval gray-green leaflets. The creamy-white, globose clusters of flowers bloom in March through May and perfume the air with a light, spicy fragrance. The flowers are followed by red-brown pods up to long that hang delicately on the thin branches. This species is distributed throughout the Baja California Peninsula, from Rancho El Barril in southern Baja California state to the Cape region of Baja California Sur, and is also very rarely found in the state of Sonora.
Description
Lysiloma candidum generally grows as a slender, straight, and dichotomously branched trunked tree up to in height. The bark is smooth and silvery white, but dark on the small branches. The compound leaves are 3 to 7 cm long, with 1 to 3 pairs of pinnae. Each pinnae has 5 to 17 pairs of gray-green to blue-green oval leaflets, 8 to 22 mm long. The pinnate veins continue to the margin. The stipules are leaf-like, shaped oblong, oblique, and 6 to 15 mm long.
The bracts are small and caducous. The flowers are capitate, with the heads pedunculate in short racemes or clusters. The bracteoles are similar to the calyx lobes but shorter. The calyx is 3 mm long, and the corolla is 3.5 mm long. The corolla and calyx lobes are pubescent (covered in hairs) and are thickened at the tip. There are 40 to 50 stamens united in a tube. The flowers form globose clusters of flowers with a creamy-white color, blooming from March through May. The flowers give off a light, spicy fragrance in the air around the plant.
The fruit is a pod, suspended on a short stipe, hanging gracefully off of the slender branches. The pod is 8 to 15 cm long, and 25 to 30 mm wide, smooth, and reddish-brown. The thin walls of the pod fall away during dehiscence.
| 2.625
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69726627
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogymnia%20wilfiana
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Hypogymnia wilfiana
|
Hypogymnia wilfiana is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in western North America, where it grows on conifer trees.
Taxonomy
Hypogymnia wilfiana was formally described as a new species in 2010 by the lichenologists Trevor Goward, Toby Spribille, and Teuvo Ahti. The type specimen was collected in Clearwater Valley, British Columbia, at an altitude of . Here it was found growing on a branch of Pseudotsuga. The specific epithet honours Canadian bryologist Wilfred Borden Schofield (1927–2008).
Description
The lichen has three typical growth forms: appressed, imbricate, and swollen; the first two forms are most common at lower elevations. Hypogymnia wilfiana contains the secondary compound 2-methylene-3-carboxy-18-hydroxynonadecanoic acid ("apinnatic acid"), recorded for the first time from the genus Hypogymnia. Other compounds present in the lichen are atranorin (upper cortex), physodic acid, and di-O-methylphysodic acid.
Habitat and distribution
The distribution of Hypogymnia wilfiana spans from the Yukon south to Oregon and western Montana and extends to western Alberta in Canada. It occurs in inland, mostly intermontane regions. In the Pacific Coast area, it occurrence is mainly limited to the upper crowns of old trees. It is usually found on conifers, particularly Pseudotsuga, Abies, Picea, and Tsuga.
| 2.09375
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69728002
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona%20Canyon
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Mona Canyon
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Mona Canyon (Spanish: Cañón de la Mona), also known as the Mona Rift, is an submarine canyon located in the Mona Passage, between the islands of Hispaniola (particularly the Dominican Republic) and Puerto Rico, with steep walls measuring between in height from bottom to top. The Mona Canyon stretches from the Desecheo Island platform, specifically the Desecheo Ridge, in the south to the Puerto Rico Trench, which contains some of the deepest points in the Atlantic Ocean, in the north. The canyon is also particularly associated with earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis, with the 1918 Puerto Rico earthquake having its epicenter in the submarine canyon.
Geomorphology
The Mona submarine canyon geomorphology is highly complex yet unexplored. The complex seafloor is the result of oceanographic and tectonic forces that are actively forming and reshaping the landscape of the region. The canyon is located in an intricate and irregular tectonic region at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates, where the east–west transversing subduction Septentrional Fault ends in an approximately hole west of the landform.
| 2.65625
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69728512
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean%20Tatar%20literature
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Crimean Tatar literature
|
The earliest Crimean Tatar literary works are dated back to the times of the Golden Horde (13th-15th centuries), while its golden era took place in the times of Crimean Khanate (15th-18th centuries).
History
Middle Ages
"The poem about Yusuf and Zuleykha" by Mahmud Qırımlı from 13th century is regarded as the oldest work in Crimean Tatar. Among other prominent authors of that time were Ali (d. 1232), Mahmud (13-14 c.), Mevlana Receb bin Ibrahim (d. 1386), Mevlana Şerefeddin bin Kemal (d. 1438) and Kemal Ummi (d. 1475).
Classical period
During the Golden Horde period after Crimean Tatars adopted Islam, Divan poetry or Palace poetry (Crimean: saray edebiyatı) started to form. Its authors were khans and aristocrats. Famous poets of that time were Abdul-Mecid Efendi, Usein Kefeviy, Meñli I Giray, Ğazı II Giray, Ramel Hoca, Aşıq Ümer, Mustafa Cevheriy, Leyla Bikeç, Aşıq Arif, Canmuhammed, and Edip Efendi. Ğazı II Giray in particular was known for his poetry, love of literature and works on music. The Bahadır I Giray's wife Han-zade-hanum was also known as a poet. In the 15th-17th centuries anthologies of Crimean poetry appeared.
All literary works of that period were written in Arabic script. The language of poetry was influenced by Arabic and Persian as it used long and short vowels rhymes while Turkic language didn't differentiate vowels this way. At the same time, a more colloquial language with few borrowings was used in folklore (e.g. "Çorabatır", "Kör oğlu", "Tair ve Zore").
Other works include writings about historic events and multiple yarlıqs.
After the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire in 1783, Crimean Tatar literature was frozen as the principal patrons of its development were Crimean khans.
| 2.59375
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69728613
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingkhar%20Lam
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Shingkhar Lam
|
Shingkhar Lam Kunzang Wangchuk (1928 – 16 October 2014) was a Bhutanese politician, who served as a speaker of the Gyelyong Tshogdu (national assembly of Bhutan). After his uncle went missing, he served two Druk Gyalpos (kings) of Bhutan. He created the insignia for the Royal Bhutan Army and rewrote the (national anthem).
Early life
Shingkhar Lam Kunzang Wangchuk was born in 1928 to Shingkhar Lam Koncho Gyaltshen and Pema Tshoki. He was a descendant of Longchenpa, a fourteenth-century Buddhist philosopher. He was recognized by his local community as the reincarnation of the lama Nyungne Rinpoche by the age of five, and soon entered into religious education and training. He visited Shingkhar, Kurtoe, and Zhongar for religious purposes.
Career
At 16, he began serving Jigme Wangchuck, the second Druk Gyalpo (king) of Bhutan. According to Karma Phuntsho, a friend of Lam's, it was "customary" for vacancies in the king's court to be filled by relatives; Lam's uncle had served the king, but went missing around this time. After Jigme Wangchuck died, he retired for a few years, before serving the third Druk Gyalpo, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. He was made a secretary to Jigme Dorji Wangchuck in 1964, and given the honorific Dasho in 1968. He was made speaker of the Gyelyong Tshogdu (the national assembly) and a deputy minister in 1971.
He created the insignia for the Royal Bhutan Army, and rewrote the , the national anthem of Bhutan.
| 2.34375
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69728627
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwan%20Shan%20Mei
|
Kwan Shan Mei
|
Wong Fang Yan (Chinese: 王芳彥; pinyin:Wáng Fāngyàn; 1922 – 8 May 2012), better known by her pseudonym Kwan Shan Mei (Chinese: 关山美; pinyin:Guān Shānměi), was a Chinese-born artist based in Singapore.
She is most well known for her illustrations in children's books and textbooks, including Moongate Collection and Mooty the Mouse series, as well as the Ministry of Education's Primary Pilot Project (PPP) series.
Early life and career
Kwan was born Wong Fang Yan in Harbin, China. Influenced by her politician father who was an avid art collector, she was an understudy for the artist and prominent cartoonist Chow Han Mei in Shanghai for a year.
From 1949, she worked as an illustrator in Hong Kong for Chinese publications, including the Sing Tao Daily, where she was a cartoonist. The Hong Kong film 血染相思谷 (Bloodstained Valleys) was based on her novel.
Career in Singapore
She arrived in Singapore in 1963, starting her career as Chief Figure Artist for the now dissolved Far East Publishing Company.
In 1970, she moved on to illustrate for the Nanyang Siang Pau (Singapore), creating the complementary drawings of Chinese beauties for their daily Chinese classical poems.
She then joined the Educational Publications Bureau, where she illustrated the covers of the PPP readers for Primary One. She simultaneously worked full-time for several other book publishers as an illustrator.
Her most popular illustrated series was created with author Chia Hearn Chek, Moongate Collection – Tales from the Orient (Moongate), which picked up international recognition and was translated into several languages including Urdu, Japanese and Chinese.
Outside of book illustration, she also designed costumes for the Ministry of Culture's National Dance Company in their Monkey God production.
| 2.453125
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69728655
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20Foundation
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Nature Foundation
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The "Kids on Country" program, for Aboriginal adolescents, is aimed at improving well-being, teaching life skills, building self-confidence, strengthening cultural identity and connection to country, and inspiring an interest in conservation and land management in this group, thus improving school retention rate. Programs are tailored to the secondary school curriculum, and include a high degree of STEM-related topics.
The program, which is run in collaboration with Aboriginal community leaders, secondary schools, and industry partners comprises:
A program induction workshop at participating schools
Access to a specially-created e-learning program
A 5-day camp program, run in collaboration with traditional owners and industry experts
Camps are run at both Hiltaba and Witchelina. In the third camp of the programme at Hiltaba in 2018, 16 students aged from 12 to 14 years old from Ceduna spent a week on the property, where they helped to improve the property as a nature reserve, while at the same time learning about Aboriginal peoples' unique connection to country, along with STEM learning. The aim was to help the children to connect the Aboriginal, palaeontological, and geological stories of the area. The students helped to prepare bush tucker such as kangaroo tail and wombat meat, and to clean the rock holes. Another camp was held at Hiltaba in 2019.
| 3.296875
| 0
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69728717
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Fei
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Yan Fei
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Yan Fei (), courtesy name Wenlin (), was a Grand Administrator of Jingzhao during the Three Kingdoms period.
Yan Fei was from Jibei. When Cao Pi was the presumptive heir to the Cao Wei throne, Yan was one of his attendants. After Cao became the emperor, Yan was appointed a , an official who served at the palace. After Jingzhao experienced a civil war and was conquered by the general Ma Chao, Yan "restored good and popular government" upon becoming the region's grand administrator. People at the time largely had little experience in farming. Yan encouraged his people to do urban agriculture work, suggesting that they use their leisurely time to farm. At his home, Yan started vegetable plots. Observing that the citizenry were in the predicament of lacking carts and cattle, he urged them to make carts, sell pigs and dogs, and buy cattle. Within two years, nearly all households had carts and cattle. According to the Chinese historical text Weilüe, under Yan's leadership, Jingzhao became the best of Yongzhou's ten prefectures.
| 2.359375
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69728808
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jano%20K%C3%B6hler
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Jano Köhler
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Jano Köhler (sometimes spelled Jano Koehler; 9 February 1873 – 20 January 1941) was a Czech painter. He is known for decorating sacral buildings with frescoes and sgraffiti.
Life and education
Köhler was born in a Czech-German family, but his German father died soon after. He showed interest in fine arts and went to study in Prague. He graduated from Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design (1893–1897) and Academy of Fine Arts (1897–1900). During his studies, he gained valuable experience in the field of monumental painting, especially in the field of frescoes and sgraffiti.
He was student of Kamil Hilbert, Stanislav Sucharda, Felix Jenewein, Otakar Hostinský, František Ženíšek and Maximilian Pirner.
In 1899, he bought a house in Nenkovice where he set up a studio, and moved here in 1901. From 1926 until his death he lived in Strážovice. He died in a hospital in Brno in 1941 and was buried in Strážovice.
Work
Köhler was active mostly in Moravia, but he travelled to work all over the country. He created most of his works in Prostějov, where he received his first contract in 1900 to decorate Prostějov Castle. During his career he decorated 40 churches and 35 secular buildings. His work counts a total of 2,500 works, mostly with a religious focus. He created his own distinctive ornament, drawn from the sources of Moravian folk art.
Köhler specialized in frescoes and sgraffiti, but he also worked with the ceramic mosaic technique. During his life he created or designed 40 mosaic works, including decoration of 11 Stations of the Cross on the pilgrimage Hostýn hill.
During the winter months, when work on the buildings was not possible, he devoted himself to designs for the warmer months, and occasionally dealt with watercolors, oil paintings, drawings, illustrations and graphics.
| 2.140625
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69729020
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205910
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NGC 5910
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NGC 5910 is an elliptical galaxy located about 540 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens. It was discovered by astronomer William Hershel on April 13, 1785. NGC 5910 is also a strong radio source with a conspicuous nuclear jet.
Physical characteristics
NGC 5910 appears to have a double nucleus, with a faint nuclear dust lane also being observed.
A pair of asymmetries in the isotopotal profile of NGC 5910 with one of them being brighter than the other, weaker asymmetry suggests a past merger and collision of one or more galaxies.
Group membership
NGC 5910 is the brightest and dominant member of a compact group of galaxies known as Hickson Compact Group 74. The group consists of 5 members in total, with a velocity dispersion of 537 km/s and a diameter of . The other members are 2MASX J15193179+2053005, PGC 54692, PGC 54694, and MCG+04-36-036. The other galaxies appear to be embedded within a common envelope that belongs to NGC 5910.
NGC 5910 appears to lie near the Hercules Superclusters.
Supernovae
Two supernovae have been discovered in NGC 5910: SN 2002ec, and PSN J15192497+2054024.
SN 2002ec
SN 2002ec was discovered in NGC 5910 in July 2002 via unfiltered KAIT CCD images by Li and Beutler. It was located 8.5" east and 12.9" south of the nucleus and was classified as Type la.
PSN J15192497+2054024
PSN J15192497+2054024 was discovered in NGC 5910 on 17 March 2013 by the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey and Stan Howerton. It was located 2" west and 20" north of the center of NGC 5910 and classified as a type Ia.
| 2.1875
| 0
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69729022
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbrookdale%20Formation
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Coalbrookdale Formation
|
In 1978, John M. Hurst, N. J. Hancock and William Stuart McKerrow determined the geological setting as Wenlock Group based on the distribution of brachiopod fossils collected from the surrounding areas. The rich store of Silurian fossils was first discovered by Robert J. King, a mineralogist and retired Curator in the Department of Geology at the University of Leicester. In 1990, King spent summer vacation in Herefordshire and found tiny nodules in mineral cements (concretions) which he later cracked open to find fossils inside. He returned to the same site and collected nine such concretions, four of which contained fossils. In December 1990, he donated the fossils to the Department of Geology. In 1994, the then curator Roy G. Clements gave the specimens to David J. Siveter for identification. Microscopic examination convinced Siveter that the specimens were unique Silurian fossils. With the help of his twin brother Derek, a Silurian geology expert at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, he was able to identify arthropod with well-preserved limbs. Encouraged by such a good finding, the Siveters and King made more systematic investigation in December 1994. The next year they sought assistance from Derek E. G. Briggs at the University of Bristol, an expert in fossil taxonomy, who joined their expedition from 1996.
| 2.65625
| 0
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69729084
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinton%20Tidswell
|
Quinton Tidswell
|
Quinton Tidswell (11 May 1910 – 8 May 1991) was a New South Wales–born Australian artist who was known for his etchings and works on paper. For many years Tidswell was a resident of the state of Victoria and the Castlemaine Art Museum hold a selection of his work. The National Gallery of Australia hold fourteen of his works. His father was an architect working in Sydney and Tidswell’s important works on paper are often of now demolished architecture in and around Macquarie Street, Sydney and of the historic and early settlement of Windsor, New South Wales.
Birth and family
Tidswell was born in Randwick, New South Wales, the fifth pregnancy of Elsie Winifred Tidswell (née Robinson) to her husband Thomas Tidswell. A fourth child was stillborn hence the fifth child received the name Quinton. His father was at the time of his birth a prosperous and self-employed architect working from Challis House in Martin Place, Sydney. His extended family were well known in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney where they owned the mansion Nugal Hall in Randwick and the popular seaside Coogee Bay Hotel at Googee Beach. He was the nephew of the renowned physician Frank Tidswell.
Although Tidswell's birth is registered in Randwick his brothers were all home births so he might have been born at the family hotel in Coogee. At the time of his birth his parents lived at 29 Musgrave Street, Mosman. The home, designed by his father, still stands overlooking Sydney Harbour. His three older brothers were Frank born in 1896, Noel born in 1897 and Squire born in 1900. Frank and Noel both served in World War I where Noel was killed in action in 1918. In 1931 during a flash flood Elsie Tidswell and her third son Squire were swept away in the Minnamurra River at Jamberoo and Mrs Tidswell died. The District Coroner returned a verdict of accidental death by drowning. Thomas Tidswell retired at 40 and lived as a widower until 1950.
| 2.203125
| 0
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69729398
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peitahigan%20Lake
|
Peitahigan Lake
|
Peitahigan Lake is a lake in Meadow Lake Provincial Park in the Canadian Province of Saskatchewan in the boreal forest ecozone of Canada. The lake is one of six notable lakes in the Rusty Creek watershed. The other lakes include Rusty, First Mustus, Second Mustus, Third Mustus, and Fourth Mustus. Rusty Creek and the lakes are part of the Waterhen River drainage basin. The Waterhen River is a tributary of the Beaver River, which flows north into Lac Île-à-la-Crosse and the Churchill River, a major tributary in the Hudson Bay drainage basin.
Several streams feed into Peitahigan Lake, including ones that drain the southern slopes of the Mostoos Hills. The outflow is a short east-flowing creek that flows into Third Mustus Lake.
Access to the lake is via a gravel road that runs along the west side of the lake that connects up with Highway 224 south of Peitahigan Lake. An 11-kilometre section of the Boreal Trail goes around the lake and over by the Mustus Lakes.
Fish species
Fish species found in the lake include lake whitefish, northern pike and walleye. The lake was last stocked with 200,000 walleye fry in 2022.
| 2.34375
| 0
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69729747
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20Rangiita%2C%20New%20Zealand
|
Te Rangiita, New Zealand
|
Te Rangiita is a small settlement in the Tauranga Taupō area of the Taupō District, New Zealand.
Location
Te Rangiita is one of three settlements of Tauranga-Taupō. It is located on the south eastern shores of Lake Taupō and west of the Tauranga-Taupō River.
Oruatua and Waitetoko are the other two settlements that boarder either side of Te Rangiita. State Highway One connects the settlements to each other and with the rest of the North Island. Oruatua is located south and is near the mouth of the Tauranga Taupo River. Waitetoko is north and is known for its beachside location on Lake Taupo.
The closest towns are Tūrangi which is 13 km south of Te Rangiita and Taupō, which is 37 km northwest .
History
The shores of Lake Taupō were first inhabited by Ngāti Hotu during the fourteenth century. Māori legends speak about explorers Tia and Ngātoro-i-rangi. Both competed to claim land along the shores of Lake Taupō. and would have passed through what would later be named Te Rangiita. The children of Ngātoro-i-rangi's descendant Tūwharetoa came to the Taupō District and created the iwi Ngāti Tūwharetoa. A descendant of Tūwharetoa named Te Rangi-ita and his son Tama-mutu became important figures in the iwi around the seventeenth century. They were warrior chiefs who established territories in the Taupō District and established the Ngāti Te Rangi-ita hapū in the Tauranga Taupō area.
Some descendants of Te Rangi-ita still bear his name as a surname and the hapū is still based in the Tauranga-Taupo area.
Colonisation
Europeans began arriving to the Taupō area in the early nineteenth century. The first road along the south eastern side of the lake was built in 1883. 1924 saw the construction of the Tauranga-Taupō bridge completing the road from Taupō to Tokaanu. This would later become State Highway One.
Modern day
| 2.421875
| 0
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69729996
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis%20County%20African%20American%20Hall%20of%20Fame%20Museum%20and%20Library
|
Ellis County African American Hall of Fame Museum and Library
|
The Ellis County African American Hall of Fame Museum and Library was established to recognize and tell the stories of African Americans with ties to the city of Waxahachie, Texas. The museum and library are housed in a historic fraternal building in Waxahachie, Texas. The building was built in 1926 and housed a lodge of the Knights of Pythias of North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. The building was listed as endangered before being restored and receiving funding for roof work.
The museum and library, which opened in 2016, are at 441 East Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard.
Jamal Rasheed, CEO and President of the Hall of Fame, has spoken about the area’s Prince Hall Cemetery, efforts to preserve it and the veterans buried there.
Recognition
In 2022 a ceremony was planned to induct new wall of fame honorees. Carl O. Sherman Sr. was the keynote speaker. The organization also maintains monuments in the area.
Jamal Rasheed advocated to have a section of highway named for aviator Bessie Coleman honored. An overpass where her home was located was renamed for her.
| 2.5625
| 0
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69730264
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofumigation
|
Biofumigation
|
Biofumigation is a method of pest control in agriculture, a variant of fumigation where the gaseous active substance—fumigant—is produced by decomposition of plant material freshly chopped and buried in the soil for this purpose.
Plants from the Brassicaceae family (e.g., mustards, cauliflower, and broccoli) are primarily used due to their high glucosinolate content; in the process of decomposition, glucosinolates are broken down to volatile isothiocyanates which are toxic to soil organisms such as bacteria, fungi and nematodes, but less toxic and persistent in the environment than synthetic fumigants. Alternatively, grasses such as sorghum can be used, in which case hydrogen cyanide is produced to similar effect.
The method consists of mowing and chopping the plants during flowering to ensure maximum glucosinolate content and speed up decomposition. The ground needs to be irrigated to field capacity, after which the chopped material is incorporated into the top layer and covered with impermeable film to prevent the gas from escaping. After three or four weeks, the film is removed and the ground is ready for planting 24 hours later. Burying biofumigant crops after the growing season to plant cash crops normally next year may in theory lead to buildup of active substance in the soil after a few cycles of crop rotation, but direct short-term suppression of pests is not notable in this case.
| 2.640625
| 0
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69730466
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Geissler
|
Catherine Geissler
|
Catherine Alison Geissler, Lady Auld is a prominent British nutritionist and author and co-author of widely recognised reference textbooks on human nutrition.
Education
Geissler was born in Edinburgh and educated at the Mary Erskine School for girls. On leaving school she attended Edinburgh University, where she studied dentistry, obtaining her Bachelor of Dental Surgery BDS in 1963.
In 1963-64 she spent a research year in Paris, followed by a year as a dental surgeon in Scotland before moving to California, where she initially taught dental radiography in San Francisco City College. She was then appointed to a research position in the Department of Nutrition, University of California, Berkeley, which led to a Masters in Nutrition (1971). After her Master's degree she went to the National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute in Teheran (under Habibollah Hedayat), where she participated in studies of energy expenditure of agricultural workers, carpet weavers and rural women. as well as her personal work for her PhD on lactation in different socio-economic groups in Teheran. Her PhD in Human Nutrition at Berkeley was based on her lactation studies in Teheran, Iran.
Professional appointments
Professor of Human Nutrition, King's College London; Head of department of Nutrition and Dietetics, King's College London; Head, Division of Health Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, King's College London; Director of UK Higher Education Academy, Centre for Health Sciences and Practice. She has worked as Attachée de recherche, Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine (INSERM), Hôpital Bichat, Paris(1972-1974) in the group of Jean Trémolières, Visiting Professor at the Division of Nutritional Sciences Cornell University Ithaca, New York (1989–90) and at MRC Human Nutrition Research, and associate at Darwin College, Cambridge (2010).
| 2.0625
| 0
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69730708
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20John%20Farm%20Limestone%20Bank%20Barn
|
Big John Farm Limestone Bank Barn
|
The Big John Farm Limestone Bank Barn, located north of U.S. Route 56 and east of Big John Creek in Council Grove, Morris County, Kansas, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
It is a bank barn, which is a barn built against a hillside having entrances on two levels.
Built during 1871-1872, the limestone barn measures . The stone walls are thick. The roof is of a double truss design of native oak. The property, at one time, was owned by Seth Hays and it is likely he paid for its construction.
The farm was purchased by Morris County in 1877 for use as a poor farm, and it served as that until 1945.
At the time of the National Register listing in 1990, study was underway about how the barn could be restored and reused in some way; a grant had been received to hire an architect or engineer to address structural problems.
During 1992 to 2006, the barn's roof, windows, and drainpipes were replaced, and its walls were repaired.
It is located behind (on the north side of) what the Morris County Fairgrounds is now. A sign on westbound Highway 56 indicates "OLD STONE BARN" at what is also an entrance to the Morris County Recycling Center and the Morris County Transfer Station. Big John Creek runs through the property.
| 1.921875
| 0
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69731066
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny%20Bennett-Tuionetoa
|
Jenny Bennett-Tuionetoa
|
Jenny Bennett-Tuionetoa (born ) is a Samoan writer and LGBTQ rights activist. In 2018, she was the Pacific regional winner of the Commonwealth Short Story Prize.
Biography
Jenny Bennett-Tuionetoa was born in Samoa around 1987. After fighting depression and low self-esteem in her teen years, she began writing in her early 20s. Her first short story was published in the Samoa Observer in 2008, with the support of editor Savea Sano Malifa.
In 2013, Bennett-Tuionetoa graduated with a bachelor's degree from the University of the South Pacific. From 2014 to 2016, she taught English in the university's College of Foundation Studies, on its Alafua campus. As of early 2021, she was pursuing a master's degree in literature from the same university.
Bennett-Tuionetoa has received the most recognition for her short story "Matalasi," meaning "varied" or "many-fold" in Samoan. The story deals with the experiences of a fa'afatama, a third gender person in Samoan culture who was assigned female at birth but possesses both masculine and feminine traits. Bennett-Tuionetoa herself is non-binary.
In 2017, "Matalasi" won in the Samoan category for the Samoa Observer Tusitala Story Competition. Then, in 2018, "Matalasi" was named the winner for the Pacific region of the Commonwealth Short Story Prize.
In addition to her writing, Bennett-Tuionetoa is an activist for LGBTQ rights.
| 2.21875
| 0
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69731089
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamashiro%20ikki
|
Yamashiro ikki
|
Encouraged by this success, local meetings of peasants and jizamurai were organized across southern Yamashiro Province. Eventually, the samurai members of the ikki met again at Byōdō-in in February 1486, occupying this traditionally aristocratic temple for ten days. They agreed to assume power in the province, and selected 36 individuals to form a government. In May, the ikki magistrates seized full control in the province by declaring that half of the local taxes to external proprietors would be withheld, with the exception of three shrines. This development was closely monitored by the government in Kyoto: on one side, the uprising had driven away the destructive Hatakeyama armies, but the confiscation of taxes was a prerogative traditionally held by the shogunate. Intending to restore his full control over the province, the shogun appointed Ise Sadaroku as new sugo of Yamashiro. However, the ikki assembly rejected the appointment and continued to factually defy the authority of Kyoto. Historian Ishida Yoshihito argued that the takeover by the ikki was facilitated with de facto support by the powerful politician Hosokawa Masamoto; according to his view, the Yamashiro ikki governed the area on Hosokawa's behalf and with his protection, shielding it from reprisals by other samurai or the shogun.
| 2.359375
| 0
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69731089
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamashiro%20ikki
|
Yamashiro ikki
|
The Yamashiro ikki was part of a wider tendency of local uprisings which involved jizamurai and opposed both shugo as well as their vassals. As they were a direct challenge of the traditional hierarchies and societal organization, the ikki were often crushed with uncharacteristic violence by the samurai warlords.
Organization
Formally, the Yamashiro ikki was a kuni or sokoku ikki, a coalition of warrior kokujin ikki and village do ikki. It included men aged 15 to 60 who mainly originated from southern Yamashiro Province. The ikki had its own constitution, called the "Rules and Laws of the Province", which was formulated during the Byōdō-in meeting in 1486. However, the Yamashiro ikki was a horizontal alliance, not a united government, as the warriors and villagers did not form one ruling body. The 36 men who formed the provincial government were kokujin lords and acted as the representatives of the local samurai. Three members of this group served as magistrates in rotation each month. The decisions of this government were carried out by the village councils which were responsible for the day-to-day governing. This meant that the villages ultimately sustained the kokujin lords' rule. As a result, historian Miura Hiroyuki called the Yamashiro ikki the "people's parliament of the Warring States period". Accordingly, the ikki began to break down once the peasants and 36-men council could no longer agree on the governance.
The Yamashiro ikki returned estates to the direct management of their owners and prohibited new tax barriers. Several aristocrats and abbots based in Kyoto initially responded positively to this development, sending inspectors to survey their estates in the ikki-held area. The monthly magistrates also took responsibility for judicial affairs, presiding over land disputes and at least one murder trial.
| 2.90625
| 0
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69731425
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Wilhelm%20Colenbrander
|
Johan Wilhelm Colenbrander
|
Colenbrander returned to England in April 1911 penniless, his passage provided for by the British consulate in New York. Ten days after arriving in England he was arrested on fraud charges relating to $1,250 () he had accepted as payment for a shooting expedition in central Africa. The complainant, Aylmer Francis Richard Dunlop Quin, alleged that he had made the payment on the basis that he was promised valuable mineral and land concessions would result from the expedition. Colenbrander presented evidence, including letters to Robert Baden-Powell, that the expedition was of a purely sporting nature. The charge was dismissed at Bow Street Magistrates' Court on 10 May 1911 after the magistrate decided that on the basis on evidence heard no jury would convict Colenbrander. Colenbrander married Catherine Gloster in 1911, with whom he had a son, John; Catherine died in 1982. After the court case Colenbrander returned to South Africa, funded by BSAC, but enjoyed little financial success.
In 1918 Colenbrander worked on the filming of Symbol of Sacrifice, about the Anglo-Zulu War. He served as a historical advisor and as an actor, portraying the British commander Lord Chelmsford. One scene depicted the British force crossing the Tugela River at the start of the campaign. The Klip River stood in for the Tugela in a scene filmed at Henley on Klip, Transvaal. The river was in flood when the scene was shot on 10 February and the film's producer, I.W. Schlesinger tried to dissuade Colenbrander from attempting the crossing. Colenbrander insisted on continuing with the scene as written. His horse lost its footing and he was thrown into the river. He attempted to swim to the bank but was drowned, alongside two other actors, in a sequence caught on camera. Colenbrander's body was not recovered.
| 2.25
| 0
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69731754
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching%20of%20Richard%20Dickerson
|
Lynching of Richard Dickerson
|
The lynching of Richard Dickerson took place in Springfield, Ohio, on 7 March 1904. Dickerson was an African American man arrested for the fatal shooting of a white police officer, Charles B. Collis. A mob broke into the jail and seized and lynched Dickerson. Riots and attacks on Black-owned businesses followed.
Background
Between 1902 and 1904 eleven African Americans were lynched in Springfield, Ohio. Most of those charged in the crimes received light sentences.
Dickerson, also known as Richard Dollon, came to Springfield from Cynthiana, Kentucky. Some people who knew him spoke of his "bad reputation." On Sunday, 6 March 1904, he had an altercation with a woman whom he called his wife, and he asked police sergeant Charles B. Collis to help him retrieve something from her. Next, Dickerson was alleged to have shot his wife and then spun around and shot Collis. When word spread, there was talk of lynching Dickerson.
The next day, Monday, 7 March 1904, Collis died from his wounds, and the mob resolved to lynch Dickerson. Members of the Anti-Mob and Lynch-Law Association implored the sheriff to ask for help, but the sheriff said he could protect the prisoner.
Lynching
At 9:00 pm on 7 March 1904, a mob came to the jail and demanded that Sheriff Routzahn turn over Dickerson. The Sheriff told the crowd to disperse and said he would defend Dickerson. He said he would "do his duty at whatever cost." A mob had been trying to knock down one of the jail's doors and they stopped after the Sheriff's statement. The Sheriff thought the trouble had passed, but an even larger mob returned and broke through the south door of the jail. The deputies and Sheriff Routzahn were overrun.
Once inside the jail, the men used sledgehammers and began beating down the iron jail partitions. Finally, the sheriff relented and turned Dickerson over to the mob. The attackers found Dickerson crouched in the corner of his cell. Two leaders of the mob were Albert Loback and George Hill.
| 2.25
| 0
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69731813
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Senegalese%20parliamentary%20election
|
2022 Senegalese parliamentary election
|
Parliamentary elections were held in Senegal on 31 July 2022 to elect the 165 members of the National Assembly. President Macky Sall's United in Hope coalition remained the largest bloc in the National Assembly but lost its majority it had held since 2012.
Electoral system
The 165 members of the National Assembly are elected by two methods; 112 are elected by either first-past-the-post or party bloc vote in single- or multi-member constituencies based on the 46 departments, with an additional 15 elected by overseas voters. The other 53 seats are elected from a nationwide constituency by proportional representation, with seats allocated initially using the simple quotient, with remaining seats allocated using the largest remainder method.
Campaign
Ousmane Sonko was disqualified as a candidate by the Constitutional Council as a result of his arrest due to rape charges, leading to violent protests. Alongside Sonko, Khalifa Sall and Karim Wade were disqualified as candidates.
Aminata Touré of the APR called on Senegalese youth to vote for her party, citing Macky Sall's work for the country.
Results
Polls opened at 8:00 GMT and closed at 18:00 GMT on 31 July 2022. Partial results were expected to be announced on 31 July, with the provisional overall results to be announced on 5 August 2022. Women won 64 of the 165 seats, in line with the requirement of the 2010 gender parity law on Senegalese elections.
| 2.5
| 0
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69732029
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symon%20Rak-Michaj%C5%82o%C5%ADski
|
Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski
|
Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski (also spelled Symon Rak-Mikhailoŭski; ; 2 April 1885 – 27 November 1938) was a Belarusian political leader, writer, and teacher. He was a member of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic and a deputy of the Sejm (Parliament) of the Second Polish Republic (1922–1927). He wrote extensively for several newspapers, including Naša Niva, Belarus and Zvon, and authored music for the famous song "Zorka Venera" (the Venus Star) based on a poem by Maksim Bahdanovič.
Early years and the beginning of political career
Rak-Michajłoŭski was born into a farming family in the village of Maksimaŭka in Vialiejka district, Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire (nowadays – in Maladziečna district, Minsk Region of Belarus) on 2 April 1885. Having graduated from the Maladziečna Teachers' Seminary (1905), he taught in various schools in Belarus for several years, participated in cultural activities and collected folk songs.
His political activities among Belarusian peasants date back to the period of the first Russian Revolution in 1905, when Rak-Michajłoŭski was elected by the peasants of his region to be their lobbying delegate in the State Duma (Parliament of the Russian Empire). In 1906 he was imprisoned for three months for distribution of social democratic literature. Rak-Michajłoŭski wanted to continue his education in the Vilna Teachers' Institute but was not accepted due to his involvement in politics. The persecution by public authorities forced him to relocate to Crimea, where he graduated from the Feodosia Teachers' Institute (1912) and, later, worked as a college teacher.
Rak-Michajłoŭski was called up for military duty during World War I and served as a clerk due to his poor health. At this time, he disseminated revolutionary ideas among soldiers and started writing for various newspapers. His first article "Some thoughts during a military campaign" () was published by Naša Niva in 1915.
| 2.171875
| 0
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69732140
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%20Comes%20the%20Sun%20%28Dennis-Benn%20novel%29
|
Here Comes the Sun (Dennis-Benn novel)
|
The story, set in 1994, follows Delores and her two daughters Margot and Thandi, residents of the fictional town of River Bank, Jamaica. Delores spends her days selling trinkets to tourists to support her family. Thandi, a student, feels pressure to perform well in school but longs to become an artist, to lighten her skin, and to date Charles, a poor son of a fisher.
Margot works at a resort whose managers' development plans threaten to displace the residents of River Bank. She moonlights as a prostitute and later as a madam. She is secretly in a romantic relationship with a reclusive woman named Verdene, who is ostracized and harassed by the community because of her sexual orientation.
Themes
Stigmatization and danger of sex work
Margot works as a prostitute at the hotel in order to save up additional money for Thandi to be able to go to private school and then college. Like many Jamaican sex workers, Margot does this because she has to, and she is often afraid that her coworkers at the hotel will find out and turn her in. Sharpe and Pinto explain that “Caribbean women see sex work as a legitimate way to raise money for...sending their children to private schools." There is also an underground sex tourism that brings both men and women travelers to Jamaica in order to explore their own sexuality and live out fantasies of having sex with someone 'exotic.' Nicole Dennis-Benn shows this in her novel through Margot, who explains the way men (male tourists) so often just want to see her black skin and see what her body looks like. Sharpe and Pinto confirm that studies show "Tourists often extend the romance of their vacation on an island paradise to the sex workers themselves."
| 1.96875
| 0
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69732260
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%20Stories
|
Her Stories
|
Her Stories: African American Folktales, Fairy Tales, and True Tales is a 1995 collection of nineteen stories by Black women, retold by Virginia Hamilton and illustrated by Leo and Diane Dillon. They include animal tales, fairy tales (including a version of Cinderella, "Catskinella"), and three biographical profiles of real Black women. All the stories feature comments on their sources from Hamilton.
Publication history
1995, The Blue Sky Press, , hardback
Reception
A review by The Manhattan Mercury called Her Stories "an uplifting book to enjoy and savor for the color and verve of both its language and pictures," drawing particular attention to Leo and Diane Dillons' "stunning and graceful illustrations."
The Des Moines Register praised the collection of tales, noting that they all "vibrate with story-teller spirit" and are "all of a length for perfect bedtime reading."
Awards
Her Stories has received two awards:
1995 Laura Ingalls Wilder Award winner
1996 Coretta Scott King Award author winner
| 2.640625
| 0
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69732442
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aime%20M.%20Awl
|
Aime M. Awl
|
Aime Rebecca Motter Awl (née Aime Rebecca Motter; – ), also known more commonly as Aime M. Awl, was an American scientific illustrator who worked for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the U.S. National Museum (now the National Museum of Natural History). Awl is internationally recognized for her scientific illustration, especially of fish species.
Biography
Aime Rebecca Motter was born in Frederick, Maryland on January 15, , to Effie Buhrman (née Market) and Judge John Columbus Motter. She graduated from the Girls' High School of Frederick. Awl married Major Francis Asbury Awl, Jr., on May 22, 1922 in West Virginia and they had no children. Awl attended classes at the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, where she was a student of Max Brödel.
Awl worked as a scientific delineator for the Smithsonian Institution and her work appeared in a wide range of scientific publications and the Encyclopædia Britannica. She drew fish species, such as Daniops Myersi.
Awl died on October 15, 1973, at the Vindobona Nursing Home in Braddock Heights, Maryland.
| 2.4375
| 0
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69732483
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20F.%20Jopling
|
Carol F. Jopling
|
Carol Farrington Jopling ( – ) was an anthropologist, librarian, and chief librarian of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute between 1981 and 1984.
Personal life
Carol F. Jopling was born on in Louisville to Elizabeth Farrington and her husband. She had one brother, Robert K. Farrington.
She married aeronautical engineer Peter White Jopling in 1940. They had three children: Morgan W. Jopling, John P. Jopling, and Hannah Jopling. Carol and Peter Jopling would later divorce.
Education
Jopling graduated from Vassar College in 1938 with a bachelor's degree in Art history. She earned both of her master's degrees from Catholic University of America one in library science in 1960 and the second in anthropology in 1963. In 1973, she received her doctorate from the University of Massachusetts in anthropology. Her dissertation is titled "Women Weavers of Yalalag; Their Art and Its Process."
Career
From 1960 to 1961, Jopling worked as a librarian at the University of Maryland. Jopling worked for several federal entities throughout the 1960s. She worked for the Library Congress (1961), Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology (1961–1962), the United States Information Agency (1962–1963), and the Central Intelligence Agency (1963–1967). She was a social science bibliographer at University of Massachusetts Amherst. She also taught art and anthropology from 1967 to 1975 at American University, Catholic University of America, North Adams State College, Harvard University, University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Tufts University. From 1975 to 1979, Jopling was a research associate at Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.
In 1981, Jopling became the chief librarian of the Smithsonian's Tropical Research Institute located in Panama.
She retired in 1984.
Awards and honors
Carol F. Jopling's book Puerto Rican Houses in Sociohistorical Perspective (1988) won the 1989 Allen Noble Book award for best edited book from the International Society for Landscape, Place, & Material Culture.
| 2.3125
| 0
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71303506
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin%20rhythmic%20hexameter
|
Latin rhythmic hexameter
|
Commodian
Apart from such inscriptions, the earliest surviving hexameter poetry in the rhythmic style is believed to be that of Commodian, whom one of the manuscripts of his Carmen Apologeticum describes as "African Bishop". His date is probably 3rd century, although some have argued for the 4th or 5th century. There are indications in his poetry that he may indeed have lived in North Africa, although it is possible that he originally came from Gaza, since the last poem in his book , quoted below, in which the name "Commodianus" is hidden in a reverse acrostic, is entitled or .
The lack of attention to the length or shortness of vowels in the Urbanilla epitaph and in Commodian's poetry may in fact be a North African feature, since St Augustine tells us, in the 4th book of his On Christian Doctrine, published in 426, that the people of the region made no distinction between long and short vowels, pronouncing "mouth" and "bone" identically. (See African Romance.) Augustine in his book on Music imagines a dialogue between a pupil and teacher in which the pupil admits that he can hear the difference between long and short syllables but adds "the trouble is, that without being taught I have no idea which syllables are supposed to be long and which short". The grammarian Consentius (5th century) agreed that it was a characteristic of African pronunciation to say and instead of and . But it seems that in other parts of the Roman world, distinctions of vowel length continued to be observed until at least the 5th century.
Commodian wrote two books of rhythmic hexameter poetry, one called , consisting of 80 short poems, and the other the 1055-line or . The following is an example from :
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th%20Texas%20Cavalry%20Regiment
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28th Texas Cavalry Regiment
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At the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry on 30 April, Confederate Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby Smith attacked the retreating Union column under Major General Frederick Steele. However, the well-positioned Union soldiers drove back every assault. Walker's division arrived last and was immediately thrown into action, but it was also defeated. Scurry's brigade arrived first and fought alone for 40 minutes until Waul's brigade arrived; Randal's brigade came into action last. Both Scurry and Randal were mortally wounded, and casualties among the rank and file were substantial. The 28th Texas Cavalry sustained losses of 20 killed, 40 wounded, and 2 missing. Afterward, Steele's force retreated to Little Rock, Arkansas. Brigadier General Robert Plunket Maclay replaced Randal in command of the 2nd Brigade.
On 17 June 1864, Major General John Horace Forney assumed command of the division from the popular Walker. The soldiers disliked Forney because he was a strict disciplinarian. On 18 February 1865, Forney's division marched to Shreveport where the soldiers put on a military review and ate a good meal hosted by the townspeople. In late February 1865, Forney's division was expanded by several regiments and a new 4th Brigade was created. Still led by Colonel Baxter, the 28th Texas Cavalry was reassigned to the 4th Brigade which was led by Brigadier General Wilburn H. King. On 5 March, the division was ordered to march to Hempstead, Texas, and reached there on 15 April near Camp Groce. By 19 May most of the soldiers had gone home, though the formal surrender date for the Trans-Mississippi Department was 26 May 1865.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography%20of%20the%20Eighty%20Years%27%20War
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Historiography of the Eighty Years' War
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17th and 18th century
A group of 17th-century Dutch Protestant chroniclers such as Hooft, Bor, Meteren, Grotius, Aitzema and Baudartius could build on first-hand reports. As liberal historian Fruin and Catholic historian Nuyens would agree in the mid-19th century, 'before 1798, it was impossible for Catholics in the Northern Netherlands to describe the history of the revolution of the sixteenth century', because the Dutch Republic was dominated by the Dutch Reformed Church (although not formally a 'state church', it was publicly privileged), whose Calvinist preachers were able to influence the secular authorities (the States) to punish any Catholic inhabitant for mounting public criticism of the Protestant consensus on history. Nuyens (1869) summarised the situation as follows:
Aside from them, there were a few Catholic historians who covered the Eighty Years' War, but either wrote in Latin, such as Floris Van der Haer and Michael ab Isselt, or were foreigners, such as Famiano Strada and Guido Bentivoglio, and as such were either inaccessible for Dutch Catholics, or could not speak on their behalf.
De Bello Belgico by Strada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography%20of%20the%20Eighty%20Years%27%20War
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Historiography of the Eighty Years' War
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L.J. Rogier (1947) wrote that the importance of religious motives varied throughout the war: although the Eighty Years' War would not have started because of religion, that would become the most important reason for its continuation because of "uproar of Calvinists". At the Truce negotiations in 1608, the revolt had already evolved so much to a war of religion that the Austrian archduke and archduchess were prepared to renounce their sovereignty over the United Provinces in exchange for their demand of complete freedom of worship for the Catholic religion in the North, thus putting religious interests above political ones. Van der Lem (1995) stated: 'The Revolt in the Netherlands or Eighty Years' War (...) was about three fundamental rights pertaining to all times, all countries, and – unfortunately – have lost nothing in relevance: about the freedom of religion and conscience, the right to self-determination, and the right to co-determination' (representatives having a say in decision-making).
Groenveld (2020) stated that the 'extraordinary result' of the war had not been envisioned by anyone at the start. 'All intended goals had been far more limited. Each one had manifested within a group of proponents, which had proven to be too weak to accomplish something definitive on its own. That goes for the efforts to establish a monopolish Calvinist church, to counter the Habsburg centralisation policies and the defence of endangered privileges, to maintain the power of both the greater and lesser nobility, [and] the attempts to definitively remove foreign troops.' Only because all these dissatisfied groups gradually joined forces over time in their struggle against the sovereign's advisors, and eventually the sovereign himself, with many unexpected turns of events, this result could come about. Quoting Hooft, Groenveld stated that the conflict had elements of civil war, revolt against lawful authority, and religious war.
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71303941
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography%20of%20the%20Eighty%20Years%27%20War
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Historiography of the Eighty Years' War
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Historians, including Dutch ones, are in broad agreement that Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma was an unmatched diplomatic and military genius. Mulder et al. (2008) called him 'a smart diplomat and a talented general.' Likewise, Groenveld (2009) referred to Farnese's 'capable military and diplomatic performance'. Winkler Prins (2002) stated: "Farnese, who was not just an outstanding general, but also a great diplomat, not only accomplished the reconquest, but also the reconciliation of the Southern Netherlands." Belgian historian Henri Pirenne (1911) went as far as to say that the assassination of Orange in 1584 was a meaningless crime, because he had already been powerless to mount a proper defence against Parma's seemingly unstoppable advances for years. Fruin (1857), seconded by Van der Lem (2019), emphasised that the Dutch breakthroughs during the Ten Years (1588–1598) would have been impossible without the bulk of the Spanish army under Parma being tied up in France. Van der Lem (2019) concurred with Fruin that the Ten Years were militarily 'crucial', although it had more to do with the absence of Parma than the brilliance of the Republic's war efforts and economics. Only Winkler Prins (2002) alleged that Maurice of Orange 'mastered the new mathematics-based art of war equal to [Farnese]', although Maurice wasn't very politically gifted.
Maurice of Orange and Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
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71304390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodia
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Mastodia
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Mastodia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Verrucariaceae. It has six species.
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed in 1847 by Joseph Dalton Hooker and William Henry Harvey. The type species, Mastodia tessellata, is a bipolar (i.e., found in both the Arctic and Antarctica), coastal lichen. It forms a symbiotic association with the macroscopic genus Prasiola; this is the only known lichen symbiosis involving a foliose green alga. Studies suggest that throughout its geographic range, the lichen comprises two fungal species (the mycobionts) and three algal lineages (the photobionts) that associate.
Mastodia was once classified in the eponymously named, monogeneric family Mastodiaceae, proposed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1908. Over a century later, molecular phylogenetics analysis demonstrated that Mastodia tessellata belongs to the family Verrucariaceae, and has a sister taxon relationship with the marine genus Wahlenbergiella.
Description
Mastodia has a foliose (leaf-like) thallus, which is either (attached at a single point like a navel) or stalked, with a somewhat uneven or mixed structure. In Mastodia, the outer layers, or cortices, are not distinctively separated. The medullary hyphae, which are the internal fungal filaments, run perpendicularly between the groups of algae cells. These hyphae stimulate the algal cells to divide into groups of 16 or 32, aiding in the lichen's growth.
The reproductive structures of Mastodia, known as , are either partially submerged in the thallus or protrude from it. The opening of these structures (ostiole) is centrally located. The surrounding tissue, called the , varies in colour from transparent to pale brown, but it does not have a (blackened) appearance. The , which are filament-like structures within the perithecia, tend to disappear quickly. The asci (spore-producing cells) are either club-shaped or cylindrical and typically contain eight spores. The are transparent and range from long oval to spindle-shaped, with a single internal compartment.
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