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77265284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Evans%20%28tenor%29	Joseph Evans (tenor)	While a graduate student, Evans sang the role of David in the United States' premiere of Handel's Saul at St. Michael and All Angels Episcopal Church in Dallas in March 1968 which was presented in partnership with the Dallas Ballet Theater. In the mid 1960s he performed with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra (DSO) in concerts of Zoltán Kodály's Psalmus Hungaricus and Darius Milhaud's Miracles of Faith. In May 1968 he was the tenor soloist in the world premiere of Samuel Adler's oratorio The Binding which was made in honor of the composer's father, Hugo Chaim Adler. Hugo Adler's 1937 oratorio Akedah was written on the subject, but its score was lost after being confiscated and destroyed by the Nazis just prior to its scheduled premiere in Stuttgart. Samuel Adler conducted the premiere of The Binding with the orchestra being made up of member of the DSO. Both during and after completing graduate school, Evans worked as a music teacher. While a graduate student he worked as the director of choral music at the Hockaday School in Dallas. After completing his master's degree, he was a public school music teacher in Houston while simultaneously performing in the chorus and in small parts with the Houston Grand Opera (HGO). When conductor Sarah Caldwell was a guest conductor with the HGO she heard Evans sing and strongly encouraged him to pursue a career as a leading operatic tenor, something he had previously not imagined as possible.	1.984375
77265315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidoro%20Isolani	Isidoro Isolani	Isidoro Isolani ( – 1528) was an Italian Dominican theologian, lecturer and writer. He was a pioneer in Josephology and an early critic of Martin Luther. In the Italian Wars, he supported the French. Life Isolani was born around 1480, probably in Milan. Towards 1500 he joined the Dominicans of Santa Maria delle Grazie, where he later served as prior from 1526 to 1528. There he received a theological and philosophical education based on Peter Lombard's Sentences and Thomas Aquinas' Summa contra gentiles. In 1509–1510, he took part in the reform of the convent of Sant'Eustorgio. In 1513, he was a lecturer at Sant'Apollinare in Pavia. In 1514, he was at the oratory of Saint Joseph in Fontanellato. From 1516 to 1518, he was back in Milan. There he was attached to the circle around the mystic Arcangela Panigarola. In 1519, he was lecturing at the Dominican studium in Cremona. In the war of 1521–1526 over the Duchy of Milan, Isolani favoured France. In 1521, he was lecturing at Sant'Apollinare. In 1522–1523, he read the Sentences at the Dominican studium in Bologna and became a Bachelor of Theology. He may have served for a time as regent of the studium. The date of his death is unknown, but Philip Schaff places it between 22 April and 9 July 1528. Works Isolani wrote extensively in Latin. He began writing his most famous and influential work, Summa de donis sancti Ioseph, in March 1514. Completed in November 1521 and dedicated to Pope Adrian VI, it was printed at Pavia by G. Pocatela in 1522. It is "the first scholastically argued theological text devoted solely to [Saint] Joseph's godly qualities and powers as intercessor". In 1518, Isolani published Inexplicabilis mysterii gesta Beatae Veronicae, a biography of Veronica da Binasco, Panigarola's mystic predecessor. It was dedicated to King Francis I of France and Queen Claude.	2.171875
77265805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemaris%20aethra	Hemaris aethra	Hemaris aethra ranges from Maine to northern Ontario, with occasional records as far west as Saskatchewan. Its geographic range is moderately broad (200,000-2,500,000 square km or 80,000-1,000,000 square miles) but is limited by that of Diervilla lonicera, its host plant. H. aethra is found in mesic, open deciduous forest, mostly in igneous bedrock plant communities, conditions that likely reflects the requirements of its host. In contrast, H. diffinis is found in more xeric, savannah-like habitats where its host Symphoricarpos is common. The separation distance for both unsuitable and suitable habitat is 1 kilometer. In addition to being sympatric with H. diffinis in eastern Ontario and possibly other areas, aethra range overlaps with those of H. gracilis and H. thysbe. Description The H. aethra larva has multiple color forms, green being most common. It has bright red spiracles, a yellow prothoracic collar, and a caudal horn with a black apex fading to a pink-purple base; in contrast, diffinis larvae have black spiracles and the base of the caudal horn is bright yellow. Adults can be extremely difficult to tell apart from H. diffinis where they occur in sympatry, such as in eastern Ontario. Generally, aethra adults are slightly larger and more robust, and the dorsal thorax is a richer orange-brown color contrasting strongly with olive-brown dorsolateral stripes. The head is often greenish grey. The reddish-brown scaling on the apex of the forewings is generally larger and brighter red in aethra than diffinis, taking up 50% or more of the R4-R5 cell, and that on the hindwing anal margins is also more extensive. Ecology Like other Hemaris species, Hemaris aethra is a dayflying moth. It hovers at flowers to feed on their nectar, pollinating them in the process. Adults have been recorded nectaring on Vaccinium, Chicory, and Lonicera tatarica.	2.59375
77266005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202024%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20100%20metres	Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres	There was an early Preliminary round to give athletes representing countries without a qualified athlete a chance to compete. No Preliminary qualifiers advanced out of the heats. The veterans ran fast in the first round, Ta Lou-Smith had the fastest time with 10.87 with Fraser-Pryce tied with Daryll Neita for the next fastest at 10.92. In the semi-finals, Fraser-Pryce did not show up to the start line due to an undisclosed injury. Alfred had the fastest qualifying time 10.84, Richardson and Clayton shared the next best at 10.89. In the final, Alfred got out to a quick start, her rapid acceleration taking a clear lead in the first 10 metres. Next to her, Richardson gave up .08 just in reaction time, putting her dead last at the same point. As Alfred expanded her lead, a row of chasers formed across the track; Mujinga Kambundji, Clayton, Melissa Jefferson and Neita. Ta Lou-Smith was struggling and would stop running by 40 metres. Richardson was into her running form and was starting to pick off runners from the back. Richardson passed the row, still focused on Alfred but the gap was way too much to make up. She turned off the power and coasted the last three steps. Jefferson was able to separate from the others for a clear third. Alfred ran a new personal best, 10.72; a national record and the first ever gold medal for St. Lucia. Her time moved her up to tie Ta Lou for the #8 performer in history. Background The women's 100 metres has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1928. The 100 metres is considered one of the blue ribbon events of the Olympics and is among the highest profile competitions at the games. It is the most prestigious 100 metres race at an elite level and is the shortest sprinting competition at the Olympics. Qualification	2.140625
77266018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziad%20Zukkari	Ziad Zukkari	Ahmad Ziad Zukkari (Ziad Zukkari) (), (1926 – 11 September 2014) was a Syrian modern artist, painter and calligrapher. Ziad Zukkari is mainly a figurative painter, specialised in traditional scenes that represent traditional architecture and costumes. He also executed postage stamps. He painted most Syrian monuments and costumes. He was active since the mid XIXth century, and was « the first to document the Syrian cultural heritage », « omitting neither a coma nor a period ». The historian Muhammad Bashir Zuhdi (1927–2020) stated that « Zukkari has replaced the photographic camera with brushes ». He painted the old souqs and khans, the monuments of Palmyra, and old popular costumes. The artist and art critique Adib Makhzoum stated that Zukkari is « an important source for documenting local costumes ». Biography Ziad Zukkari was born in 1926 in Damascus. At age eight, he starts drawing with white or colour chalk the family trips or scenes of daily life on the walls of his family house in Douma. Later, his family leaves Douma to settle in Damascus, in the neighborhood of Al Bahsa Al Baraniyah, in front of the Al Tausiyah mosque (peacocks mosque), where many artists and calligraphers are living. He discovers the atelier of the painter Akram Khalqi located close to Arnous avenue in the neighborhood of Al-Salihiya, and he spends hours there. While he was employee with the Syrian Ministry of Culture, he makes study trips in all governorates in order to systematically document the national heritage.	2.28125
77266024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Wallace%20%28horticulturalist%29	Thomas Wallace (horticulturalist)	WW I service At Armstrong College, Wallace joined the University of Durham Officers’ Training Corps and distinguished himself by his outstanding conduct. At the outbreak of WW I, he was commissioned in the Special Reserve of Officers and assigned to the 3rd Border Regiment. He was soon sent to France and as an officer, attached to the Royal West Kent Regiment, fought in France and Belgium in the early part of WW I. He received in 1914 the Mons Star. In 1915 he was reattached to the Border Regiment which was part of the 29th Division serving in Gallipoli. He participated in the actions at Cape Helles and Suvla Bay. Near Krithea in Cape Helles, he won one of the UK's earliest Military Crosses to be awarded in the Gallipoli campaign. After surviving unwounded in his Gallipoli service, Wallace was in 1916 sent to France as an adjutant in 11th Sussex Regiment. In July 1916 at Richebourg-l'Avoué he was severely wounded, leaving him with permanent, serious joint stiffness in his left knee. After sufficient recovery from his wounds, Wallace was assigned to the Anti-Gas Department of the Royal Engineers. He attained the rank of captain. Wallace's first research was done on the chemistry of gases used in WW I. Career at the University of Bristol After working for a brief time as an industrial chemist for the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company, Wallace became in May 1919 a research chemist at the Long Ashton Research Station (part of the University of Bristol). Simultaneously, he was the Advisory Officer in Agricultural Chemistry for the Bristol Province. At the Long Ashton Research Station, he was from 1923 to 1943 the deputy director and from 1943 to 1957 the Director. After previously holding appointments as Lecturer and Reader, Wallace was appointed Professor of Horticultural Chemistry in the University of Bristol in 1943 and retained his professorship until 1957 when he retired as professor emeritus.	2.390625
77266287	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangery%20in%20Radzy%C5%84%20Podlaski	Orangery in Radzyń Podlaski	Sculptures The primary function of the Orangery is reflected in its sculptures, which depict Apollo's chariot, symbolizing the life-giving sun, and two groups of putti on the parapets of the pseudo-risalits. Above the central vault, amid the clouds, is a large sculpture of Apollo, representing the passage of the day. Apollo, draped in a flowing cloak, sits on a chariot (currently with a broken right wheel), drawn by three horses, originally holding the reins. At the edges of the composition are putti symbolizing Night and Day (or Twilight and Morning). Above the extreme avant-corps, on the sections of the attic, are two similarly composed figural groups featuring a trio of putti and a vase. In the western group, the central vase is held by a standing putto on a small pedestal decorated by a flower branch, featuring concave walls that transition into volutes. Flanking the vase, next to Rocaille cartouches, are two putti: on the left, likely a girl with a mis-reconstructed boy's head, holding a flower branch in her right hand and a cartouche with her left; on the right, a boy holding grape branches with both hands. The eastern group features a tilted vase in the center, adorned with a flower branch, similar to the western pedestal, with a kneeling putto attached to it. Flanking the vase, next to Rocaille cartouches, are two putti pulling on ropes originally attached to a now-lost element, possibly a carved orange tree emerging from the vase. While the rope in the left putto's hands is missing, it is partially visible in the right putto's. The putti above the western avant-corps likely represent the seasons: spring (leftmost), summer (middle), and autumn (rightmost). The putti above the eastern avant-corps are interpreted as a personification of Garden Works. Redler's sculptures decorating the Potocki residence in Radzyń Podlaski are unique on a European scale and are the most valuable element of the palace and park complex.	2.515625
77266640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rittersgr%C3%BCn	Rittersgrün	Rittersgrün is a district of the municipality of Breitenbrunn/Erzgeb. in the Saxon Erzgebirge district. The scattered settlement with around 1600 inhabitants grew up around several hammer mills, which operated on the course of the Pöhlwasser from the 15th to the 19th century and were supplied with ore from numerous surrounding mines. Due to its location on an important Erzgebirge pass, the settlement was repeatedly plundered by passing mercenaries during the Thirty Years' War. After the decline of the hammer mill industry in the middle of the 19th century, the village's economy was dominated by cardboard and sawmills. In 2007, Rittersgrün was incorporated into Breitenbrunn/Erzgeb. Today, Rittersgrün is primarily known as an excursion and winter sports resort. The main attractions include the Saxon Narrow Gauge Railway Museum and a well-developed network of hiking trails. Geography Geographical location Rittersgrün stretches from northwest to southeast in the Pöhlwasser valley, around seven kilometers south of the large district town of Schwarzenberg, at an altitude of up to 820 meters. Situated on the Rittersgrüner Pass, which has been actively used since the 16th century, the settlement is flanked to the west by the 792-metre-high Hirtenberg and the Kohlung to the south, and to the east by the 700-metre-high Sonnenberg and the 836-metre-high Ochsenkopf. State road 271 runs through the village from Raschau to Oberwiesenthal, into which a connecting road from Breitenbrunn, around 2.5 kilometers away, joins in the village. The border to the Czech Republic runs to the south of the village, over which there are border crossings for skiers, pedestrians and cyclists.	2.15625
77266640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rittersgr%C3%BCn	Rittersgrün	Settlement form Rittersgrün is not one of the woodland villages typical of the Ore Mountains, as the rocky subsoil hardly allowed for agriculture. The starting point for the settlement of the valley section was the hammer mills located on the Pöhlwasser. While the houses on the left side of the river are mostly grouped along the S 271, the scattered settlement on the Hammerberg above the former Rothenhammer forms the settlement core on the opposite side. Community structure The political municipality of Rittersgrün was only created in 1856 through the merger of the municipalities of Oberrittersgrün, Unterrittersgrün and Rothenhammer Rittersgrün in the Schwarzenberg court office. The Ehrenzipfel group of houses, which probably originated in the 17th century, has always belonged to Rittersgrün. In 1921, the previously independent estate district of Arnoldshammer became part of Rittersgrün. Oberglobenstein had already been incorporated in the middle of the 19th century, and in 1978 the whole of Globenstein became part of Rittersgrün. This was followed in 1994 by Tellerhäuser with the district of Zweibach. Today, only Rittersgrün and Tellerhäuser are designated as districts of Breitenbrunn under municipal law.	2.609375
77266640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rittersgr%C3%BCn	Rittersgrün	Rittersgrüner Meteorite A meteorite found in the forest near Ehrenzipfel in 1833 attracted national attention. The forest worker Karl August Reißmann came across the 86.5 kg iron meteorite during clearing work and initially stored it in front of his house as it could not be melted in various ironworks. Following a tip-off from Pfeilhammer's shift foreman, Freiberg mineralogy professor August Breithaupt traveled to Rittersgrün and bought the lump for the Freiberg Mining Academy's mineralogical collection. A plaster model of the meteorite is on display in the narrow-gauge railway museum. Hiking trails In addition to a number of smaller hiking trails, the cross-border Anton-Günther-Weg hiking trail, which passes the Wettinplatz with an Anton-Günther memorial stone at Ehrenzipfel, and the Pöhla-Rittersgrün mining nature trail, which can be used to reach various old mining and bismuth facilities, lead through Rittersgrün. A partially completed combined cycle and hiking trail between Rittersgrün and Raschau runs along the route of the narrow-gauge railroad, which was discontinued in 1971. Since 2009, a 30-kilometre cross-border bridle path has led from Rittersgrün via Halbemeile, Pernink and Nejdek to Děpoltovice and the Karlovy Vary district of Stará Role. Buildings	2.546875
77266640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rittersgr%C3%BCn	Rittersgrün	Public facilities Even before the incorporation of Rittersgrün into Breitenbrunn, the municipal administration was relocated to Breitenbrunn. Individual departments of the municipal administration hold regular consultation hours in a citizens' office in the station building. The Rittersgrün tourist information office is housed in the same building. The nearest police station is in Schwarzenberg. The depot of the volunteer fire department is located at the upper end of Rittersgrün. The district has two daycare centers. The AWO-Kinderland is located in a building above the school that was inaugurated in 1979 as the Soyuz-31 kindergarten. A private daycare center founded in 1997, which uses Montessori teaching methods, is located in Globenstein. Education The oldest church register of the parish mentions a schoolmaster in Rittersgrün as early as the end of the 17th century. It is not known whether a school building already existed at this time. What is certain is that in 1832 a new school building was erected near the church to replace a building that had been demolished in 1830. In the mid-1830s, around 200 pupils were taught in two classes each by a girls' and a boys' teacher. For capacity reasons, further school buildings were opened in the upper part of the village and on the Hammerberg in 1851 and 1878 and the number of teachers was increased. In 1905, a central school building for all pupils in Rittersgrün was inaugurated above the railroad station. In the year of its opening, six teachers were responsible for 541 pupils. A further education school and a vocational school for women were also attached to the school. From the 1960s onwards, pupils from Tellerhausen also had to attend classes in Rittersgrün, which made an extension necessary, which was completed in 1971. Since then, the school has been run as a Polytechnic Secondary School. After the collapse of the GDR, it initially housed a primary and secondary school.	2.078125
77266695	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdinasir%20Haji%20Ahmed	Abdinasir Haji Ahmed	Career Abdinasir Haji Ahmed was appointed as the chairperson of the Somali community in Yemen by the Ministry of Endowments and Guidance after successfully passing a test administered by the Ministry for several Somali scholars. He served as a teacher in numerous scientific institutes in Yemen for a decade, from 1982 to 1992. He returned to Somalia in 1992, a year after the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991. He settled in the city of Las Anod, the administrative capital of the Sool region, where he began contributing to Islamic preaching and teaching Islamic books. In 1994, Sheikh Abdinasir set to establish the Al-Furqan Institute of Islamic Studies, for teaching and preparing the next generation of scholars through agreements with Sheikh Ahmed Haji Abdirahman and Sheikh Abdulkadir Nur Farah. The institute successfully built and trained many students. Sheikh Abdinasir's contributions and accomplishments nearly three decades, from 1992 until his assassination in 2022, to spreading Islamic teachings throughout Somalia with an Islamic library with numerous books on legal issues. It's noted that Sheikh Abdinasir has more than a thousand discographies, but there is still more that has not been recorded. Assassination Sheikh Abdinasir Haji Ahmed was a vocal opponent of al-Shabab's attacks on civilians, such as targeting hotels, cafeterias, and markets, which he viewed as contrary to Islamic morals. He publicly condemned al-Shabab's actions multiple times, including at Islamic seminars held in Garowe, Bosaso and Las Anod. Al-Shabab threatened Sheikh Abdinasir and his colleagues, ultimately assassinating Sheikh Dr. Ahmed Haji Abdirahman in 2011 and Sheikh Abdulkadir Nur Farah in 2013. In early 2022, Sheikh Abdinasir continued to warn against al-Shabab's extremist ideology, On February 22, 2022, he was assassinated by a car bomb explosion during a visit to Kismayo, Jubaland. Al-Shabab claimed responsibility for his assassination.	2.109375
77266871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR%20Class%20252	DR Class 252	The 252 003 and 004 have a Sibas 16 microprocessor control system (Sibas = Siemens Railway Automation System) from Siemens Mobility. The software for this was developed jointly by Siemens and LEW. The main computer and a spare computer are located in the driver's cab rear wall 1. There are also four SIBAS-KLIP stations distributed throughout the locomotive. There is a display in the driver's cab to show operating statuses and to diagnose faults. As part of the last main inspections, the Sibas computers were removed from both machines and they were technically adapted to the other two machines. All four locomotives also received a time-division multiplexed dual traction control system (ZDS). Train protection devices and special equipment The locomotives of the 252 series are equipped with a PZB train protection system and a mobile radio for receiving and transmitting system (MESA). The train path radio antenna is located above the driver's cab at one end. The traction units are also equipped with a Sifa deadman's control system and have 13-pin UIC couplings for passenger train service as well as a power supply option for the train busbar with 800 kVA rated power. Since 2007, 156 001 has been equipped with multiple control, which allows it to be used in double traction with locomotives of classes 112, 114, 143 and 156. Traction capacity Designed as a heavy freight locomotive, the class 252 is capable of hauling high train masses. The adhesive weight of the machine is 120 tons. The table shows the traction capacity at certain speeds and the remaining tractive power reserve. With a homogeneous composition, InterCargo trains can even be hauled at speeds of up to 120 km/h or with a mass of up to 1800 tons without additional tractive power reserve. Liveries	2.09375
77266986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer%20Speicher	Großer Speicher	The Rosental was cut through by two streets, the aforementioned Rotkreuzgasse to the east and Rosengasse to the west. It was not until the end of the 16th century that the Staufenmauer in this area, which had become pointless due to subsequent fortifications, was demolished and the moat in front of it, the Hirschgraben, was filled in and transformed into the street of the same name. Until then, Rosengasse had been the kennel of the Hohenstaufen wall, which was described by Baldemar von Petterweil in 1350 as “hic proximus muro opidi”. This condition can still be clearly seen on the siege plan of the city from 1552, despite the fact that the streets in the area are only very vaguely marked. It was not until 1918 that it was given the name of Schüppengasse, which had disappeared in 1899, and the name of Rosengasse disappeared. Rotkreuzgasse, which was called Dietrichsgasse until the 17th century, was also mentioned in Petterweil's records. Battonn suspected that the courtyard of the eponymous court messenger Dietrich, mentioned there as early as 1273, was a predecessor of the Great Granary, without, however, providing any evidence in his documentary excerpt that it was actually a building on this exact spot. Regardless of this, the division of the Rosental into cross streets, which determined the later parcelling out of the land, can already be traced back to the first half of the 14th century. Previous history On the southern edge of the Rosental valley, a predecessor building to the later Great Granary was probably first erected in the 14th century, based purely on the development history of the Niederstadt described above. However, the earliest written sources referring to the building only date from the beginning of the 15th century. In 1412, a rent book described income from a “farm with garden” owned by a Lutz zum Wedel. The bridge over the still open moat was also explicitly mentioned.	2.375
77267002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulbaghia%20acutiloba	Tulbaghia acutiloba	Tulbaghia acutiloba, one of many plants named wild garlic, is a species of plant in the Allioideae subfamily of the Amaryllidaceae family. First described by William Henry Harvey in 1854, it is found in the countries of Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, and South Africa. Description Tulbaghia acutiloba is one of 22 members of the genus Tulbaghia found in tropical and southern Africa. The plant is a clump-forming, bulbous perennial that ranges from in height. The leaves are narrow and grass-like, they are in length, and in width. The rhizome of the plant can grow to in diameter. When the plant is touched, a garlicky scent is emanated. The flowers are small, trumpet-shaped, around in size, and green, white, and orange-brown in colour. Khaki colored flowers are surrounded by green, recurved tepals, and a fleshy orange to reddish-brown ring, with an umbel of around 2 to 6 flowers. The flowers are sweet in scent, and the scent is particularly noticeable during the evening. The plant flowers throughout the year, mainly between the months of August to November, which is late winter to early summer in Southern Africa. The plant can flower multiple times in a single season. Range Tulbaghia acutiloba is found in the countries of Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, and the eastern portions of South Africa. In South Africa, it is found in the provinces of Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North West. In Botswana, it is found in the southeastern portion of the country. Habitat The preferred habitat of Tulbaghia acutiloba is dry, rocky, grasslands of an elevation up to . Human interactions The leaves of the plant are edible, and young plants are eaten as food. In the provinces of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, it is used as a culinary herb. Traditionally, T. acutiloba was used to treat various illnesses, including infectious diseases and hypertension. Conservation In an assessment of South African plants in 2009 by Raimondo et al., Tulbaghia acutiloba was ranked as "Least Concern".	2.46875
77267025	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20Tramway%20Spandau-Nonnendamm	Electric Tramway Spandau-Nonnendamm	In 1913, line N, despite the heavy commuter traffic to the Siemens works, ranked third among the Spandau lines. While lines P to Pichelsdorf and H to Hakenfelde carried 3.26 million and 2.55 million passengers, respectively, the Nonnendamm line carried 1.865 million passengers. The other two lines, B and J to Spandauer Bock and Johannesstift, followed closely. Despite the extensions, the Nonnendamm line remained deficit-ridden throughout its existence. Revenue was relatively low because the line between Spandau and Haselhorst ran through predominantly undeveloped areas, and most passengers could use non-profit worker tickets. On the other hand, there were high operating expenses, which included the interest and amortization of the capital investment of 780,000 marks. Additional cars had to be provided for the commuter traffic, which concentrated within a few hours, but remained unused for the rest of the day. Finally, even after the city took over the tramway, it continued to source its electricity from the company's power plant, for which Siemens charged 12 pfennigs per kilowatt-hour. The municipal tramway transferred between 42,000 and 71,371 marks annually to the Nonnendamm line to offset its losses from 1910 to 1913. In 1912, the additional revenue was insufficient to cover the shortfall, so the city contributed an additional 11,000 marks. It was not until around 1914 that the situation seemed to improve. As the company was now fully integrated into the Spandauer Straßenbahn, considerations were made to dissolve the company from 1911. The city councilors made the decision on April 3, 1914. On October 1, 1914, the Elektrische Straßenbahn Spandau–Nonnendamm GmbH was removed from the commercial register.	2.0625
77267047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture%20in%20Stuttgart	Viticulture in Stuttgart	The Heid winery is located in Fellbach and cultivates, among other things, Pinot Noir & Lemberger in the large "Lämmler" vineyard. A large part of the 11 hectares of vineyards are Trollinger, Pinot Noir, Lemberger & Riesling. A small specialty of the winery is the "Endersbacher Wetzstein - Pinot Noir Auslese". The winery has been a member of the VDP since 2013 and has been certified organic since 2007. The Aldinger winery, based in Fellbach, cultivates a total of 23 hectares, including the Untertürkheimer Gips (9.6 hectares) as a monopoly site. 24% is Riesling, 19% Trollinger, 12% each Red Burgundy and Lemberger, and the rest Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Blanc, Cabernet grape varieties and Merlot. The Untertürkheimer Herzogenberg (15 hectares) is the sole property of the Untertürkheimer Wöhrwag winery. A total of 18.5 hectares are planted with 35 percent Riesling, 20 percent Trollinger and 10 percent each Lemberger and Merlot, the rest being Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscat, Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon. The Herzog von Württemberg winery in Ludwigsburg, which belongs to the court chamber of the House of Württemberg, owns 7.5 hectares in the Untertürkheimer Mönchberg on the Württemberg. The wines offered are Lemberger and Spätburgunder. The Fellbach winery Rainer Schnaitmann cultivates not only Fellbach vineyards, but also smaller areas in Uhlbach's Götzenberg and Untertürkheim's Altenberg. The former even produces a Grosses Gewächs.	1.90625
77267047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture%20in%20Stuttgart	Viticulture in Stuttgart	Feudal structures dominated winegrowing until the 18th century. It was not until 1813 that the so-called wine press ban was lifted, which only allowed noble and ecclesiastical landowners to operate wine presses. This meant that the amount of tithe wine could be precisely controlled. The wine presses became municipal property, but from then on were only allowed to be operated outside the city walls. The importance of wine growing for Stuttgart only declined with industrialization and the resulting displacement of the vineyards. In the first half of the 19th century, 400 wine-growing families cultivated just under a third of the Old Stuttgart area, but by 1895 this had fallen to just 15 percent - 400 hectares. Stuttgart's vineyard area grew again to 750 hectares through incorporations, but more and more vineyards fell victim to the growth of the city. In the middle of the 19th century, only six wine presses were still in operation in Old Stuttgart, but by the beginning of the 18th century, there were 27. Today, all that remains of these is the "Fruchtkasten" on Schillerplatz, which is used as a museum for old musical instruments. The last significant change was the consolidation of vineyards in the 1960s. The dry stone walls in Ober- and Untertürkheim, Hedelfingen, Rotenberg and Uhlbach gave way to wide terraces that are accessible via asphalted farm roads. 110 hectares still retain their original shape today. The vineyards on the Neue Weinsteige, which were threatened with decay, were restored by 1990 and replanted by the municipal winery.	2.46875
77267067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filbinger%20affair	Filbinger affair	This chapter of his biography first became a media topic in 1972, but was not publicly debated nationwide until 1978. Files from 41 cases in which Filbinger was involved, which had previously been ignored, were found in the Kornelimünster branch of the Federal Archives by June 13, 1978, but he did not release them for inspection. Filbinger's trial against Der Spiegel in 1972 On April 10, 1972, the magazine Der Spiegel reported on Kurt Olaf Petzold, who, as a prisoner in a British prisoner of war camp, had torn swastikas from his clothing and refused to comply with an order to move, saying: "You've done it now. You Nazi dogs, you are to blame for this war. I'll tell the English what Nazi dogs you are, then my time will come." On June 1, 1945, naval judge Filbinger sentenced him to six months in prison, citing a "high degree of moral deterioration." Petzold had "acted in a destructive and inciting manner for manliness." The term "manliness" came from Prussian military tradition and determined soldier training and military law under National Socialism. In the final phase of the war, Wehrmacht judges, particularly those of the Navy, had justified thousands of death sentences for mostly minor service or disciplinary offenses with a "danger to manliness."	2.3125
77267067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filbinger%20affair	Filbinger affair	After Filbinger's resignation, Franz Josef Strauß opened a Bundestag debate on the statute of limitations for Nazi crimes on August 14, 1978 with the accusation: "Collecting material, snooping, looking for dirt, shooting, inciting, character assassination, shooting down was a popular method of the Nazis, whose docile pupils the Reds are today." He called for a general amnesty for Nazi perpetrators. Herbert Wehner's counter-initiative to generally abolish the statute of limitations for murder found a cross-party majority in 1979. The Filbinger affair intensified the empirical research into the Wehrmacht justice system that had begun around 1966. In 1977, former Luftwaffe judge Otto Peter Schweling and Erich Schwinge had described it as an "anti-National Socialist enclave of the rule of law" and justified the death penalty for juvenile deserters who could even have been acquitted under Hitler's decree. Filbinger has been defending herself with her argumentation since 1978. In contrast, Fritz Wüllner and Manfred Messerschmidt from the Military History Research Office in Freiburg/Breisgau demonstrated in detail in 1987 that the Wehrmacht justice system was responsible for over 30,000 death sentences and tens of thousands of executions in "seamless adaptation to Nazi legal theory". Without Hochhuth's attack on Filbinger, the authors say, this would hardly have been investigated in more detail. Ingo Müller's book Schreckbare Juristen was published in 1987, which dealt with the role of the Nazi justice system and how the West German justice system dealt with it. In 1988, Heinrich Senfft pointed out in a book on political justice in Germany that the death sentences passed by Nazi judges were not atoned for after 1945.	2.234375
77267175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence%20between%20John%20III%20and%20Ivan%20IV	Correspondence between John III and Ivan IV	The correspondence between John III of Sweden and Ivan IV of Russia, exchanged in 1572 and 1573 have a unique character and reveal an irreconcilable hatred between the two monarchs. The letters are commonly known in Swedish as "Skällebreven" (roughly 'the scolding letters'). The exchange made peace settlements between their countries impossible to reach, prolonging the Russian Twenty-five years' War and worsening the atrocities committed during its duration; an example of which is the execution of Hans Boije af Gennäs. Background One of Russia's attempts to expand to the west failed in 1560, when the Russian tsar Ivan IV's marriage proposal to the Polish princess Catherine Jagiellon was turned down. She was instead married to duke John of Sweden for strategic reasons. A new opportunity arose in 1566 when king Eric XIV, duke John's brother, needed Russian support in the Livonian War against Poland. The tsar, in exchange, wanted Catherine to be handed over him. An agreement was signed and the next year a Russian delegation of 200 men came to Stockholm to fetch the duchess. The delegation had the misfortune of arriving during duke John's rebellion against king Eric. The Russian delegates were physically abused and humiliated by the duke's troops. They were sent back with a letter from duke John where he blamed everything on his deposed brother and stated he was willing to come a peaceful resolution.	2.546875
77267175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence%20between%20John%20III%20and%20Ivan%20IV	Correspondence between John III and Ivan IV	The letters While the Swedish delegation was imprisoned, the two rulers exchanged letters. The tsar let John know that the reason that, as he expressed it, "our wrath at your country has been lit" was due in part that John hadn't made an effort to save the Russian delegates from their humiliating treatment, in part that when the Swedish delegates had met with Ivan's boyars, they had comported themselves inappropriately. The tsar no longer wanted to participate in negotiations with John. Instead, should the Swedish king wish to avoid an unfriendly visit "on the Swedish islands" he would have to satisfy himself with negotiations with the governor in Novgorod. But John demanded to conclude his treatises directly with the tsar, and to be held by the tsar with the same regard as "the Roman emperor and all the Christian kings", for John was "a ruling Christian king" over a great kingdom and "not obliged to be submissive to any other lord in any way". In a reply from 1571 Ivan starts by "wondering and smiling over how he exalts himself, and is so haughty, forgetting his father was from a village in Småland" and claimed that John should have been grateful to have been allowed to negotiate with the tsar's governor, since the former was hardly of the same dignity as the tsar. He further claimed that Sweden once had been ruled by Novgorod, and that he was tired of the Swedish provocations in Livonia. He finished by informing John that he would possibly consider resuming negotiations if queen Catherine and her sons were sent to him.	2.1875
77267257	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy%20Road	Fitzroy Road	Fitzroy Road is a street in the Primrose Hill area of London. Located in the London Borough of Camden, it is a residential road lined with Victorian era houses. It runs roughly northeastwards from Regent's Park Road at the edge of Primrose Hill to Gloucester Avenue. Fitzroy Road is crossed around halfway along its route by Chalcot Road that links it to Chalcot Square to the north. The Princess of Wales pub stands at the corner with Chalcot Road. The street takes its name from the Fitzroy family who owned the estate in the area that was developed from 1840 onwards. A straight, wide road, most of its buildings date from 1850 to 1880. The eastern extremity of the road beyond Gloucester Avenue, a short cul-de-sac leading to the Main Line to Euston, was originally known as Fitzroy Place until 1872, when it was renamed Dumpton Place. The Irish writer William Butler Yeats lived in Fitzroy Road and is now commemorated with a blue plaque. Other notable residents of the street have included H. G. Wells, Jacquetta Hawkes, Arthur Rackham, Henry Wood, Martita Hunt and Lord Methuen.	2.109375
77267541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk%20Assault%20Regiment	Luhansk Assault Regiment	Russian invasion of Ukraine On February 24, 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine began. The city of Shchastia, where the battalion was stationed in, immediately came under attack. However, their efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, and the city was soon occupied. The battalion then moved to near the city of Severodonetsk to continue fighting. They also fought in nearby Kreminna and Rubizhne, before both also fell into Russian control. Following eventual Ukrainian defeats at the battles at Severodonetsk and Lysychansk, the battalion was again redeployed, this time to help Ukrainian forces in the Battle of Bakhmut. By September 2022, the battalion helped carry out the hugely successful Kharkiv counteroffensive, capturing villages including Balakliya, Verbivka, Novoselivka, and Stelmakhivka. In March 2023, the Luhansk-1 Battalion became part of the Liut Brigade. Then in October, the battalion was expanded into a regiment, gaining the current name Luhansk Assault Regiment. On December 28, 2023, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy praised the work of the Liut Brigade, which the regiment is a part of. He specifically praised lieutenant Ivan Krotov and captain Mykhailo Glavatskyi for their battlefield bravery. In the spring of 2024, the regiment were part of the Ukrainian forces defending the city of Chasiv Yar against Russian assaults.	2.0625
77267622	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism%20by%20country	Centrism by country	One could argue the first centrist movement was the Tertium Quids, also called the "Old Republicans." While initially founded as a radical movement in its own right seeking to uphold the principles of '98, this political faction eventually moderated (especially in Pennsylvania and New York State) and sought to work with both moderate Republicans and Federalists. Unlike the Jeffersonian Republicans, who sought to build a society, as historian Andrew Shankman put it, "Naive, utopian hopes for a simple agrarian commercial economy without debt, a standing army, a navy, or a vigorous national state," the Tertium Quids sought to work with the Federalists, especially in Pennsylvania, to help build up a trade-centered and urban manufacturing-based commercial economy. After World War II, centrism was a dominant political philosophy in the United States but lacked its own party in the traditionally two-party country. For example, historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. characterised political moderation as a vigorous "Third Force" in his 1949 book, The Vital Center. The book defended liberal democracy and a state-regulated market economy against the totalitarianism of communism and fascism. Harry Truman, who served as U.S. president from 1945 until 1953, is regarded as a centrist Democrat, while Dwight Eisenhower, president from 1953 to 1961, is regarded as a centrist Republican.	2.515625
77267954	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20Auxiliadora%20Balladares	María Auxiliadora Balladares	María Auxiliadora Balladares Uquillas (born 1980) is an Ecuadorian writer and professor at Universidad San Francisco de Quito. Biography María Auxiliadora Balladares was born in Guayaquil in 1980. She received bachelor of arts degrees in sociology and liberal arts at Universidad San Francisco de Quito, followed by a master's at the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador. She earned a PhD in Latin American literature at the University of Pittsburgh in 2018 with the dissertation Una rara inocencia: el debilitamiento de la metáfora en Dalton, Alegría, Ledesma Vázquez y Watanabe (A Rare Innocence: The Weakening of the Metaphor in Dalton, Alegría, , and Watanabe). She began her literary career by publishing stories that appeared in various local anthologies. With the story "Jamón serrano", she won second place at the tenth Pablo Palacio Short Story Biennial. Her first book was the short story collection Las vergüenzas (The Shames), published in 2013. It is made up of ten stories, and was well received by Ecuadorian critics. The story "En el sótano" (In the Cellar), originally written in 1999, tells the story of two children who discover their father's homosexual relationship with the man he had passed off as his brother for years. In 2017, Balladares published the poetry collection Animal, which was inspired by her affinity for wildlife and her relationship with the wilderness. The work took second place at the seventh Cuenca Festival de la Lira. Her poetry collection Guayaquil won first prize at the 2017 Pichincha Poetry Awards. The work, published in 2019 by the Provincial Council of Pichincha, brings together 22 poems that present the author's experiences during a trip to Guayaquil as a poetic journal. The writer and literary critic Daniela Alcívar Bellolio highlighted the book's exploration of themes such as the female body, loss, and lesbian love. She also pointed out the poem "A mí también me gusta Marosa di Giorgio" (I Also Like Marosa di Giorgio) as one of the most powerful in the work.	2.015625
77267974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishio%20style%20Aikido	Nishio style Aikido	Nishio style Aikido, often simply referred to by Aikido practitioners as Nishio Aikido, is a martial art style created by Shoji Nishio, a prolific Aikido practitioner. His style is characterized as dynamic and effective. Atemis and sword principles are deeply embedded in techniques. Philosophy, views Style classification While utilizing different underlying core mechanics, Nishio never considered his Aikido to be a different school of Aikido (like Iwama Ryu, Ki Society, Yoshinkan, Shodokan Aikido, etc.) He wanted his approach to be a branch part of Aikikai umbrella. As such, he decided against calling his Aikido style "Nishio-ryu" (but not the same for Iaido). Engagement with oppositions Nishio believed that one of Aikido's core tenets is about acknowledging the other person. Most Aikido techniques offer 3-4 opportunities to strike down an opponent but ultimately choose the least damaging option. Even when throwing, he said, Aikido practitioners should try not to injure the attacker. This type of choice materializes the philosophy of acknowledgment, understanding, acceptance and mutual respect of and for others, even as they are opposition. Aikido's philosophy stands in contrast to other martial arts' goal of overcoming others. Nishio believed that this context helps recreating each technique close to the spirit of Ueshiba.	2.546875
77268740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichophorum%20cespitosum%20subsp.%20germanicum	Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum	Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum is a subspecies of Trichophorum cespitosum. It is a characteristic plant of nutrient-poor moors, wet heaths and moorland forests in Europe. The mostly hedgehog-shaped form of its tufts is characteristic. Description Vegetative characteristics Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum is a perennial, herbaceous plant that grows to a height of 5 to 60 centimetres. This hemicryptophyte forms small to medium-sized, dense, rigid clumps, which in turn can form dense turfs; no runners are formed. The base of the stem is roundish to triangular-roundish. The basal leaf sheaths are leathery brown and shiny. The stems grow rigidly upright or diagonally upwards, sometimes bent over at fruiting time. The stems are round in cross-section, smooth and green to dark green. The leaf sheaths of the lower leaves are usually without leaf blades. The uppermost leaf sheath is cut off at an angle and is more than 2 millimeters deep at the base of the leaf blade. The 1 millimeter wide uppermost leaf blade is about twice as long as the cut-out is deep (see picture on the left). The ligules are very short. Generative features It flowers from May to July, rarely later. The one or two bracts are similar to the glumes and are about as long as the inflorescence. The inflorescence consists of a single, terminal, erect spikelet. With a length of 5 to 10 millimeters, the spikelets are obovate or elongated to club-shaped and contain three to twenty flowers. The flowers contain three stamens and three stigmas. The main axis of the spikelets, the spikelet rachis, is about 3 millimeters long after the fruit has fallen off. The glumes are elongated lanceolate, pointed, 3 to 4 millimeters long, yellow to reddish-brown, with a green keel and membranous edge. The five to six perianth bristles (perigone) are usually significantly longer than the fruit.	2.453125
77268740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichophorum%20cespitosum%20subsp.%20germanicum	Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum	The caryopsis, which is grey to yellow-brown when ripe, is flattened triangular at a length of 1.5 to 2 millimeters and narrows towards the upper end. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 104. Possibilities of confusion Trichophorun species are generally similar in appearance to Eleocharis species. In contrast to these, however, they have a clear, albeit short, leaf blade on the uppermost leaf sheath. The common rush (Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. cespitosum) is very similar. Its uppermost leaf sheath is only about 1 millimeter deep at the base of the leaf blade. The uppermost leaf blade is about five times as long as the notch is deep. The terminal spikelet is 5 to 6 millimeters long; the spikelet spindles are 2 millimeters long or longer after the fruits have fallen off. Distribution Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum occurs exclusively in western Europe, namely in Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark (including the Faroe Islands), Great Britain (including the Shetland Islands and the Hebrides), Ireland, Norway and Sweden. It is replaced to the south, north and east by Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. cespitosum. Its total area is estimated at 100,000 to one million km2. The proportion of its range in Germany is 10 to 33 percent. Here it is found in the northern Black Forest, the Harz Mountains and the northern German lowlands. The Federal Republic of Germany represents the south-eastern outer edge of its continuously populated range. Site conditions Trichophorum cespitosum subsp. germanicum rows optimally in full light and only tolerates shade to a limited extent. Its ecological focus is on wet, partially flooded, highly acidic, very low-nitrogen moorland soils and bogs. It is not saline. It is also a moderate heat indicator. IT is mainly found in submontane-temperate areas of western Europe with an oceanic climate. Its ecological behavior can be classified according to the Ellenberg indicator values as follows: L-8, T-5, K-2, F-9, R-1, N-1, S-0.	2.625
77269125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital%20Bicycle%20Club	Capital Bicycle Club	The club gradually shifted away from a purely masculine environment, with greater participation from members' wives and partners during the late 1880s at events such as group picnics. To accommodate female riders and their tricycles, many group events took a more leisurely pace, with a greater focus on smooth rides to scenic locales. An 1889 multi-day ride to Shenandoah Mountain was advertised as an "enjoyable and beneficial tour, making 25 and 30 miles per day". While the safety bicycle (featuring equally-sized front and back wheels) was initially viewed as less challenging and sportsmanlike by many American cyclists, the Capital Bicycle Club became interested in the design and its "practical riding", in large part due to its popularity among women. The club disbanded around 1914. A reunion banquet to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the club was attended by a group of 60 former members at the Cosmos Club on January 31, 1929. Notable members DeLancey W. Gill, photographer and artist Leland Ossian Howard, entomologist Alexander George McAdie, meteorologist	2.046875
77269221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid%20Rock%20%28New%20Mexico%29	Pyramid Rock (New Mexico)	Pyramid Rock is a pillar in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. Description Pyramid Rock is part of the Zuñi Mountains. The prominent landmark is located east-northeast of Gallup, northwest of the town of Church Rock, and can be seen from Interstate 40. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises in one-quarter mile (0.4 km). A 3.4 mile (round-trip) hiking trail provides access to the summit. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains to the Puerco River. This landform's descriptive toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Geology Pyramid Rock is composed of the Morrison Formation which dates to the Late Jurassic. This stratum overlays Zuni Sandstone, Bluff Sandstone, Summerville Formation, and Entrada Sandstone in descending order. Climate According to the Köppen climate classification system, Pyramid Rock is located in a cool semiarid climate zone (Köppen BSk). The summers are hot during the day, but the high altitude and low humidity mean that nights remain distinctly cool. Most rain falls in the summer from afternoon thunderstorms, and winter snow is common and sometimes heavy.	2.765625
77269846	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque%20d%27Orient	Banque d'Orient	The Banque d'Orient (, ) was a bank active in the Eastern Mediterranean with seat in Athens, Greece. It was founded in 1904 with sponsorship by the National Bank of Greece (NBG), and eventually absorbed by NBG in 1932. Overview The Banque d'Orient is commonly referred to under its French name, because French was the vehicular language of the financial and business community in early-20th-century Greece and the Ottoman Empire. It was originally founded as a joint venture between NBG and the Berlin-based Nationalbank für Deutschland. The latter, however, sold its shares after one year to France's Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris, and the Banque d'Orient sold its branches in Constantinople and Hamburg to the newly established Deutsche Orientbank. By 1915, the Banque d'Orient had operations in Alexandria in Egypt, Salonica in Northern Greece, and Smyrna in the Ottoman Empire. It had to close its Smyrna branch in 1923 as a consequence of the Treaty of Lausanne. In 1932, in the wake of the European banking crisis of 1931, the NBG took full control of the Banque d'Orient and integrated it into its operations. In the 2010s, activist , leader of the ultra-nationalist Assembly of Greeks, claimed ownership of assets from the Banque d'Orient in a publicity stunt that was quickly dismissed by the Greek authorities.	2.5
77269960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Bibes	Manuel Bibes	Manuel Bibes, born on July 15, 1976, in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, is a French physicist specializing in functional oxides, multiferroic materials, and spintronics. He is currently a Research Director at the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS). Biography After earning an engineering degree from the Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse in 1998, Bibes completed his Ph.D. under the supervision of Josep Fontcuberta at the ICMAB, at the Autonomous University of Barcelona in 2001, focusing on thin manganite films and their application in spintronics. His PhD was followed by a postdoctoral fellowship at the Joint Physics Unit CNRS/Thales (currently known as Laboratory Albert Fert) under the guidance of Prof. Albert Fert. Bibes joined the CNRS in 2003 at the Institute of Fundamental Electronics, now known as the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N). Afterwards he completed research stays at MIT and the University of Cambridge as a visiting researcher and joined the Laboratory Albert Fert at 2007. All his research publications are listed in Google Scholar.	1.976563
77270458	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Kalamata%20%281685%29	Battle of Kalamata (1685)	In March 1684, with the Ottoman Empire smarting from its defeat at the Battle of Vienna and its military forces embroiled in a costly war with the Habsburg empire and Poland, Venice joined the anti-Ottoman Holy League with the aim of conducting a parallel campaign in Greece, and thus exact revenge for the recent loss of Crete. The opening actions of the conflict in Greece saw the capture of Santa Maura (Lefkada) and the mainland fortress of Preveza in 1684, but the main aim of Francesco Morosini, newly appointed as the Venetian commander-in-chief, was to capture the entire Morea as recompense for the loss of Crete. Based on his experiences from 1659, he hoped for assistance from the native population, which was showing signs of revolutionary stirrings. This was especially the case for the Maniots, who resented the loss of privileges and autonomy, including the establishment of Ottoman garrisons in local fortresses, that they had suffered due to their collaboration with the Venetians during the Cretan War. The Maniots entered into negotiations with the Venetians but the Ottomans pre-empted them: in spring 1685 the (Ottoman commander-in-chief) of the Morea, Ismail Pasha, invaded the Mani Peninsula and forced the local population to submit, giving up their children as hostages. As a result, when Morosini's fleet approached the Morea in June 1685, Maniot envoys had met Morosini and asked him not to land at Mani, warning that the Maniots would not rise up until the Venetians had taken hold of a major fortress as a base of operations and refuge for their local allies. Morosini chose the fortress of Coron (Koroni) as his first target, lying across the Messenian Gulf from Mani. After defeating the Ottoman relief efforts and a 49-day siege, Coron was captured on 11 August and its garrison massacred.	2.6875
77270642	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnaprava%20Devi	Ratnaprava Devi	Ratnaprava Devi (11 December 1909 27 April 2001) also known as Ratnaprabha Debi, was a politician and writer from Odisha, India. She was a member of Odisha Legislative Assembly from 1957 to 1961. Biography She was the wife of King Shankar Pratap Singh Deo and the princess of the Sareikala Kharsuan Kingdom. She was the mother of Brigadier Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo, the current king of Dhenkanal. Her family background is deeply rooted in Odisha's royal heritage. As a legislator, Ratnaprava Devi played a role in bringing about reforms in Dhenkanal and Odisha. Her autobiography sheds light on the socio-political history spanning her lifetime and experiences. Ratnaprava Devi's impact extended beyond politics; she was deeply devoted to Lord Jagannath and worked tirelessly for the welfare of her people. Legacy The book titled "Autobiography of Queen Ratnaprava Devi" captures her seventy years of memories in Dhenkanal. Originally published in Odia in 1997, it has now been translated into English by Dr. Tapan K. Panda and Dr. Julie Mishra.	2.125
77270675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u%20Ti%E1%BA%BFng%20Lake	Dầu Tiếng Lake	Fisheries According to a survey conducted by the Livestock and Veterinary Bureau under the Tây Ninh Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Dầu Tiếng Lake is home to more than 50 fish species, including 10 economically valuable species such as featherback fish, catfish, snakehead fish, and anchovy. However, according to statistics from the Institute of Fisheries II under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the lake hosts around 60 fish species and numerous other aquatic species, with 15 species providing economic value such as carp, climbing perch, mystus fish, and catfish. Species belonging to the carp family are reported to account for about 33.33%, catfish family 30%, goby family 23.33%, and various other fish species. Since its construction, the number of fish species in the lake has increased by 14 compared to the upstream Saigon River, with 33 new species appearing and 19 species disappearing. The vanished aquatic species include climbing perch, fire snakehead, gourami, barred mystus, herring, giant gourami, and notably, giant freshwater prawn. The appearance of many other fish species is attributed to local residents farming various economically valuable fish in cages and pens. From 2005 to 2013, 7.8 million fish were released into the lake by local authorities to replenish the aquatic resources.	2.84375
77270825	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook%20of%20Forensic%20Psychopathology	Textbook of Forensic Psychopathology	Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Psychopathologie mit Berücksichtigung der Gesetzgebung von Österreich, Deutschland und Frankreich (English: Textbook of Forensic Psychopathology: Considering the Legislation of Austria, Germany, and France) is a book written by Richard von Krafft-Ebing in 1875 with subsequent revisions in 1881 and 1892. The book examines the intersection of mental illness and criminal behavior and thereby provides a framework for understanding and assessing the psychological conditions of offenders within a legal context. Context Until the Second World War the field of forensic psychology, where the psychological motives behind criminal acts were examined and their impact on legal responsibility was assessed, saw little development due to competition among various disciplines, including law, psychology, psychiatry, and pedagogy. In the late 19th century forensic psychopathology was still in its infancy. The dicipline emerged in Europe in response to reforms in criminal procedure and research on suggestion both of which raised concerns about the reliability of witness testimony.	2.359375
77270833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian%20Religion%20and%20Mythology	Babylonian Religion and Mythology	L.W. King studied Assyriology at King's College, focusing on ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, particularly their languages, literature, and culture. He gained expertise in the Assyrian language, through his specialized studies, field work and access to Assyrian collections, which he needed for interpreting cuneiform texts and inscriptions. King analyzed various ancient Near Eastern texts, including legal codes, religious writings, and administrative documents, which helped him understand the social and political structures of the time. His field research in Mesopotamia involved examining archaeological sites, inscriptions, and artifacts, giving him firsthand knowledge of the material culture and religious practices of ancient Babylon and Assyria. He also looked into the broader cultural context, including mythology, religion, and daily life. L.W. King published several works, including First Steps in Assyrian, which introduced the basics of the Assyrian language and expanded the understanding of ancient Near Eastern culture. King also authored The Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, interpreting inscriptions from the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, which focused on the legal, administrative, and religious aspects of his reign. L. W. King authored the volume Babylonian Religion and Mythology to address gaps in existing scholarship and incorporate recent research developments. Contents	2.546875
77270833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian%20Religion%20and%20Mythology	Babylonian Religion and Mythology	Reception L.W. King’s Babylonian Religion and Mythology was regarded within academic circles as a clear examination of Babylonian religious practices and was appreciated for drawing thoughtful comparisons with Hebrew religion. The work was praised for its meticulous analysis and breadth of approach, becoming a seminal reference in the field of Near Eastern studies. Since the publication of King’s work, the study of Babylonian religion and mythology has been shaped by new archaeological discoveries and advancements in scholarly methodologies. While King’s book was foundational and remains a respected historical reference, it has been supplemented by more recent studies that provide a nuanced and comprehensive view of Babylonian religion. For instance, Sir E. A. Wallis Budge’s The Babylonian Legends of the Creation offered further insights into Babylonian myths, and the publication of The Babylonian World edited by Gwendolyn Leick in 2008 provided an overview of Babylonian history, culture, and religious practices. Following the publication of "Babylonian Religion and Mythology," L.W. King continued to focus on ancient Mesopotamian civilizations in his subsequent books. Notable among these are "Egypt and Western Asia in the Light of Recent Discoveries", published in 1907, which compares religious practices across ancient civilizations, including Babylon; In the same year, he published "Chronicles Concerning Early Babylonian Kings", and "A History of Sumer and Akkad" three years later, both of which analyze the religious and mythological aspects of early Mesopotamian rulers. King also authored "Legends of Babylon and Egypt in Relation to Hebrew Tradition" in 1916 studying the connections between Babylonian myths and Hebrew traditions, and "The Seven Tablets of Creation" in 1902 which offered translations and analyses of the Enuma Elish, a central Babylonian creation myth.	2.171875
77270838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20History%20of%20Prostitution	The History of Prostitution	In Ancient Greece prostitutes were no longer celebrated, but still had a strong influence on politics and philosophy. Sanger compares the cities of Corinth and Sparta with Athens: While the former two showed conditions similar to the Egyptians in which sexuality and prostitution were displayed publicly without any backlash, in the latter some stigma against prostitutes existed depending on their status. Dicteriades were female slaves who were owned by the state and did not make any profit themselves. Their "prices" were considerably small and the money was all paid to the state. The dicteriades did not enjoy the same rights as regular citizens, but were treated as inferior and were kept away from noble districts and temples. Concubines were private slaves who had to answer to their master and mistress, and could also be used to satisfy the master's sexual desires. The hetairae, or kept women, were noble women who cohabited with a man and tended to his sexual urges. They were not as strongly stigmatized as other kinds of prostitutes, and had more freedom than the virtuous women who were not allowed to appear unveiled in public, attend the theater, or express philosophical thoughts. All of which the hetairae were permitted to do. Lastly, the auletrides, or flute-players, were foreign women who were usually not only flute-players but also dancers who the noble men could hire for events and who were not disinclined to also provide sexual favors to their clients if the price was right. Overall, while prostitutes were generally considered inferior and immoral, no such judgements were made about men who engaged with them. It was considered completely normal for them to engage with prostitutes or own concubines or hetairae by other men as well as their wives.	2.921875
77270850	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20and%20Peace%3A%20The%20Evils%20of%20the%20First%20and%20a%20Plan%20for%20Preserving%20the%20Last	War and Peace: The Evils of the First and a Plan for Preserving the Last	In one journal article "Pioneers of Peace" it was written that when politicians began to implement the peace movement's agenda into political action, Jay's plan was the one that captured their serious attention, particularly regarding the resolution of future disputes. The author's proposal for arbitration, supported by Joseph Sturge and the English Peace Society, gained significant recognition at peace congresses in Brussels (1848), Paris (1849), and London (1851). It was later endorsed by protocol No. 23 at the Congress of Paris in 1856, following the Crimean War, where several major powers - including France, Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia, and Turkey - unanimously agreed to seek arbitration through a friendly power before resorting to military conflict. After the publication, War and Peace made Jay one of the most recognized Americans in England, where he was greatly admired, particularly by reform-minded individuals. The judge kept on engaging in the peace movement and wrote other works related to the topic, one of which, A Review Of The Causes And Consequences Of The Mexican War, gained huge attention.	2.09375
77270856	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations%20of%20the%20Influence%20of%20the%20Mind%20upon%20the%20Body%20in%20Health%20and%20Disease	Illustrations of the Influence of the Mind upon the Body in Health and Disease	England, being Tukes place of birth and residence for most of his life, witnessed a time of rapid population growth and improved life conditions for the wealthy population between 1830 and 1900. This marks the historical period known as Victorian era with a notable increase in interest in general science and psychology. Initially, psychology was not viewed as a scientific discipline, which changed over time when it became integrated into the broader domain of scientific inquiry. Victorian psychology was marked by a strong desire for readings and theories based on different approaches than Freudian psychology. Psychology emerged as an inclusive new branch, trying to answer advanced questions, with theories based partially on so-called pseudosciences, such as phrenology, physiognomy, mesmerism as well as the study of extrasensory perception. Such an interdisciplinary approach was maintained in Tukes work. Herbert Spencer, George Lewes and Alexander Bain published widely acknowledged works on the mind which differed from previous opinions, while Thomas Laycock and William Benjamin Carpenter published additional pre-Freudian writings in the 1840s and 50s, quoted by Tuke in his publications. Victorian Psychology was marked by the continuous conflict between materialism and dualism, specifically the separation and interaction of the material body and the immaterial mind. Around 1870, a strong material shift was reintroduced by experiments of David Ferrier, John Hughlings Jackson and other neurologists, who attempted specific cerebral localisation. Their ambitions to link emotions and thoughts directly to certain brain parts, today known as neural correlates, was recognised by Tuke as he picked up such ideas. Even though bigger acknowledgement was given to dualism and the influence of mental states on the body, the degree and ways of working were not unitedly agreed on. So did some psychologists at the time still consider the mind as passive, merely reacting to inner and outer impressions	2.765625
77270863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essays%20on%20the%20Active%20Powers%20of%20the%20Human%20Mind	Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind	Reid's work played a major role in the development of Scottish Common Sense Realism, a philosophical movement that emerged as a response to the skepticism of thinkers like David Hume. Reid argues that basic principles—such as the reality of the external world, the reliability of perception, and the existence of free will—are self-evident and grounded in common sense. He uses common sense as argument and epistemiological way. This provided a counterpoint to the increasingly abstract and skeptical tendencies of Enlightenment philosophy. In his arguments Reid emphasized the direct perception of reality, which influenced not only his immediate followers but also later philosophers in both Europe and America. Due to Kant's strong critique and the latter's authority, an appropriate reception of Reid's philosophy was hindered in Germany. However the german philosopher Schopenhauer was a strong supporter of Reid's suggestions and agreed with his careful distinction of sensation and perception. While his work was not as much appreciated in Germany and England, it had a great impact on the french philosophy at that time and the philosophy of common sense was the dominant philosophy at American universities for half a century. This philosophy of common sense at American universities laid the groundwork for the American Pragmatism of the 19th and 20th centuries. Reid criticized the doctrine of his time which suggested that mental entities or ideas were the direct entities of thinking and that ideas only exist in the mind. This critique revived 150 years later in the writings of Bertrand Russell who also saw ideas rather as "curtain" between the outer reality and ourselves. The topic of human action and moral responsibility, as discussed in Reid’s Essays on the active powers of the human mind, evolved further in the centuries following its publication	2.6875
77271010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalung%20Kang	Yalung Kang	Yalung Kang (Yalungkar or alternatively Kangchenjunga West) is a high minor summit of the Kangchenjunga massif found in the Himalayan range. The peak lies west of Kanchenjunga's main summit in Taplejung, Nepal. The mountain range continues west to the final subsidiary peak of the massif, Kangbachen. While Yalung Kang has long been recognized by geographers to be over 8,000 m, there has been hesitation to consider Yalung Kang the 15th eight-thousander. At high, Yalung Kang would be the fifth highest mountain on earth if it were an independent peak, only eleven meters shorter than Lhotse. In 2014, Nepal officially recognized Yalung Kang as an independent peak and opened it for climbing. Despite Nepal's recognition, the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA) refuses to recognize Yalung Kang as an independent peak. Its lack of recognition as an independent peak has led Yalung Kang to be scarcely climbed when compared to Kangchenjunga's central summit. As of 2024, there have been only 22 recorded expeditions to Yalung Kang, compared to 201 on Kanchenjunga, according to the Himalayan Database. 12 of these have had successful summits, and five expeditions have experienced a fatality (22%), making it the most dangerous of the Kangchenjunga peaks. Climbing history The first successful summit of Yalung Kang was by the Kyoto University Yalung Khang Expedition in 1973. Two members of the 16 member expedition team reached the summit via the Southwest ridge, Yutaka Ageta and Takao Matsuda. Matusda was lost on the descent, all that could be found was part of a broken ice ax. 1980s In 1980, Sergio Hugo Saldano Meneses from the University of Mexico Himalayas Expedition made the first successful summit of Yalung Kang without bottled oxygen, climbing via the SE face. He, along with Alfonso Medina and Chowang Renzi Sherpa, were lost on the descent. In 1984, Laurence de la Ferrière made the first successful female ascent of Yalung Kang.	2.421875
77271045	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamel%20Wright	Jamel Wright	Jamel Santa Cruze Wright is an American academic administrator serving as the 27th president of Eureka College since 2017. Life Wright is the youngest of five children. She is from St. Louis. Her parents owned a janitorial services company and her mother, Shirley Santa Cruze, was a teacher. Wright earned a B.A. in communication studies from Missouri Western State University. She was a first-generation college student. She completed a M.S. and Ph.D. (2004) in communication studies at the University of Kansas. Wright served as the coordinator of the America Reads Program at Missouri Western, president of the St. Joseph Area Literacy Coalition, and a teacher with the Freedom School initiative of the Children's Defense Fund. While completing her doctoral studies, she was the communication specialist to J. David Arnold, then vice president for academic and student affairs at Missouri Western. Following graduation, Wright worked as an assistant professor of communication at Boston College. She later served as a professor at Saint Louis University. Wright joined Eureka College in 2014 as the special assistant to president Arnold. She was later promoted to vice president of strategic and diversity initiatives. She served as the interim president from July 1, 2016, to June 30, 2017. Wright became its 27th president on July 1, 2017. She is the first woman and African American to serve in the role. She received a 2024 Joseph R. Biden Achievement Award. Wright is married and has a daughter and stepson.	2.09375
77271543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorodishche%20Ghetto	Gorodishche Ghetto	On the same day, in the Mikhnovshchina forest, the Germans killed another 70 (68) Jews from the intelligentsia. Subsequently, Jews from nearby villages and some Roma were brought to the ghetto. The next "action" (used by the Nazis for mass murders) was carried out in early May 1942, when 35 Jews were shot near the Orthodox cemetery. In August 1942, about 100 more Jewish specialists were shot there. In the summer of 1942, a Jewish woman with two children, was shot near the church. In total, 3,830 Jews were killed in Gorodishche and the surrounding area (and in total, considering victims of other nationalities, about 4,000 people). Memory The Extraordinary State Commission discovered several mass graves in Gorodishche. One was located in the Pogoreltsy tract forest, two kilometers southeast of the town along the Gorodishche-Baranovichi road on the left side, 200 meters from the highway. There, on October 21 and 22, 1941, the Germans shot 154 Jews. The second grave was 300 meters near the Orthodox church. In 1994, memorial signs were installed near the Orthodox cemetery in Gorodishche and in the Pogoreltsy tract to honor the victims of the genocide of Jews.	1.953125
77271755	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranitomeya%20defleri	Ranitomeya defleri	Ranitomeya defleri is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is known from two sites in Colombia and Brazil, respectively. Description The adult male frog measures 15.3–17.7 mm in from nose to rear end. The skin of the head and dorsum is black with large yellow blotches behind the eyes. There are other yellow marks on the head and a yellow-green vertebral stripe. There is a yellow mark in the shape of an hourglass under the chin. The belly and all four legs are black with dark blue reticulations that form spots on the legs and other marks on the ventrum. Etymology Scientists named this frog for Thomas Defler, a primatologist who worked in Colombia for 32 years and founded the Estación Biológica Caparú. Habitat This semi-arboreal frog inhabits lowland primary forest that remains wet year-round. When found, the frog was always near flowing water. This frog was observed at 68 meters above sea level and 98 meters above sea level. Life cycle The male frog sits at the bottom of a tree or on a bromeliad plant high in the branches calls to the female frogs. Scientists describe his call a buzz. Tadpoles have been observed swimming in pools of water in bromeliads. Threats The IUCN classifies this frog as least concern of extinction due to its presumed large range, which includes at least one protected park: . Original description	3.046875
77271882	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Clay%20%28patriot%29	Charles Clay (patriot)	Charles Clay (December 24, 1745 – February 8, 1820) was an American planter, clergyman and politician in Virginia who represented Bedford County, Virginia in the Virginia Ratifying Convention. Today he is best known either for his friendship with Thomas Jefferson, or as a member of a political family which included his brothers Congressman Matthew Clay and Kentucky Senate president and General Green Clay, as well as his four sons, especially Odin Green Clay who continued the political tradition of this branch of the family as well as became president of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad Company. Early life and education He was born to Martha Green and her planter husband Charles Clay in then-vast Goochland County in the Colony of Virginia, probably in the part that became Cumberland County in 1749 and again split in 1777 and became Powhatan County. He received a private education appropriate to his class. Younger brothers included future Congressman Matthew Clay (1754–1815) and General Green Clay (1757–1828), who were also well educated. Other siblings included Rev. Eleazer Clay and Thomas, Henry and Martha Clay. His father had also patented (claimed) much land in what became eastern Pittsylvania County, which Matthew Clay would ultimately inherit from a sibling (but which at the time of Matthew's birth was in Halifax County).	1.96875
77271882	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Clay%20%28patriot%29	Charles Clay (patriot)	Clay served as justice of the peace in Bedford county from 1782 until 1785. Bedford County voters elected Clay and John Trigg as their representatives to the Virginia Ratifying Convention in Richmond, during which his brother Green Clay served as one of the representatives for Madison County (which would later become Kentucky). Like his brother and Trigg, Clay voted to require amendments to the proposed new federal constitution and then voted (unsuccessfully) against ratification. On the last day he voted for a proposed amendment to reduce Congress' taxation powers. Clay also unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1790 and 1792 before ending his political career. Personal life Clay married Editha Landon Daviews on July 4, 1796, who bore four sons who survived to adulthood. Death and legacy Clay died at home on February 8, 1820, and was buried on the estate. A very large cairn of stones reportedly marks his gravesite, either to deter road building in the area, or because Clay required each of his sons to throw a rock on the pile for every wrongful act they committed. His last will provided for his widow as well as distributed his land and slaves and shares of the Farmers Bank of Virginia among his sons, and also mentioned a small silver cane given him by Thomas Jefferson.	2.21875
77271993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrade%C4%8Dn%C3%A1	Hradečná	Geology Geologically, the massif of Hradečná belongs to a unit known as the and is composed of metamorphic rocks, mainly phyllites (biotite, muscovite, chlorite), schists (graphite), greenschist, and igneous rocks, primarily meta-diabase. The shape of the mountain and the presence of diabase suggest its volcanic origin. Waters The summit and slopes of Hradečná belongs to the Baltic Sea basin, with waters flowing into the Oder river, fed by mountain streams from this part of the Hrubý Jeseník. These streams include those flowing near the mountain, such as Bílá Opava and Bělokamenný potok. Several short, unnamed streams originate from the northeastern and southern slopes, feeding into the aforementioned streams Bílá Opava and Bělokamenný potok. About 770 m northeast of the summit (northeastern slope) at an altitude of 831 m above sea level, near road No. 450, there is a spring marked as Studánka bez jména. Additionally, at the foot of the northeastern slope, in the village of Karlova Studánka, near road No. 445, there are two fountains. Due to the relatively gentle slopes, there are no waterfalls or cascades on the mountain. Nature preservation The entire mountain is within the designated protected area called the Jeseníky Protected Landscape Area. This area was established to protect rock formations, soil, plants, and rare animal species. There are no nature reserves or other monuments named as nature monuments on its slopes. At the foot of the northeastern slope begins an educational trail NS Bílá Opava about 5.5 km long, running along a route with a 550 m elevation gain: Karlova Studánka (Hubert) – Hradečná – Bílá Opava stream valley – – Praděd–V – Praděd – mountain hut – U Barborky (with 6 observation points) Tourism Tourist trails The Czech Tourist Club has marked four tourist trails in the area around the mountain, with small sections at the northeastern foot of the slope on the following routes: Karlova Studánka (Hubert) – Hradečná – Hvězda Pass – Kopřivový vrch – Železný vrch – Malá Morávka	2.53125
77272318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor%20Ernst%20Mommsen%20%28historian%29	Theodor Ernst Mommsen (historian)	Theodor Ernst "Ted" Mommsen (; July 11, 1905, Berlin – July 18, 1958, Ithaca, New York) was a German historian of medieval cultural and intellectual history with wide-ranging scholarly interests, from the church father Augustine of Hippo to the early Renaissance poet Petrarch. He was the grandson, and namesake, of the renowned Roman historian Theodor Mommsen. Mommsen began his academic career in Germany but emigrated to the United States in 1936 to escape Nazism. Early life and education Theodor Ernst was born in Berlin in 1905. His father, Ernst (1863-1930) was an eminent physician and the second son of Roman historian and Nobel literature laureate Theodor Mommsen (1807-1903), widely considered one of the greatest European scholars of the 19th century. His mother, Klara (1875-1953), was the sister of the sociologist and political economist Max Weber. Another uncle by marriage was the classical scholar Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff. He had three older siblings, Konrad (b. 1896), Helene (b. 1893), and Clara (called Clärchen) (b. 1901). A younger brother, Ernst Wolf (b. 1910), became a prominent businessman and industrialist in West Germany after the war. Theodor Ernst was educated at the universities of Heidelberg and Vienna, and received his Ph.D from the University of Berlin in medieval history in 1929. He then became a research fellow ("wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter") at the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH) under the supervision of its demanding director, Paul Fridolin Kehr. One of his main assignments was to assemble material for the Monumenta's edition of the diplomas and legislation of the Holy Roman emperors Louis the Bavarian (1328-47) and Charles IV (1355-78), a task which took him on frequent study trips to archives in Germany, France, and Italy.	2.1875
77272387	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato%20Industrial%20Museum%20D.%20Nomikos	Tomato Industrial Museum D. Nomikos	Tomato Industrial Museum "D. Nomikos" () is an industrial museum in Vlychada on the island of Santorini in Greece. It was founded as a tomato paste factory in 1945 but closed in 1981. In 2014, it reopened as a museum to preserve the remaining buildings, objects and stories connected to Santorini's tomato processing past. It also includes digital exhibits featuring augmented reality and holographic fans. The Nomikos family, as of 2016, still operates tomato processing plants in Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. History Dimitros Nomikos established his first tomato processing business in 1915 in Messaria. By 1922, he established "one of the first canneries in the Balkans" in Monolithos. His son George Nomikos founded the Vlychada tomato processing plant in 1945, naming it after his father. Prior to a volcanic eruption in 1950, Santorini was known as "tomato island". Tomatoes were a significant crop on the island, which over centuries had developed a variety suited to the volcanic soils and needing little water. This variety had a thin skin, thick flesh and strong taste, qualities ideal for making tomato paste. Nine factories operated on the islands until the late 1950s. In 1956, the site was flooded and subjected to an earthquake. During its busiest periods, 3500 baskets of tomatoes were processed on a daily basis. The factory closed in 1981 due to a reduction in tomato cultivation on the island. As of 2016, the Nomikos family continued to run similar processing plants in Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In 2014, the site re-opened as an industrial museum, recording the history of specialist tomato processing on the island. The museum is part of a wider organisation called Santorini Arts Factory. Collections and interpretation	2.484375
77272491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenentist%20revolts%20in%20Mato%20Grosso	Tenentist revolts in Mato Grosso	In response to the revolt in São Paulo, the army command in Mato Grosso called up reservists and began a large mobilization and concentration of troops in Campo Grande. Approximately 2,000 men were available, at least half of whom were irregulars. The CMMT had orders to form one of the three brigades that would surround the city of São Paulo from the state's countryside. The first objective in the state of São Paulo would be the municipality of Bauru, but the delay in Mato Grosso allowed the rebels to occupy the city on 18 July. Disorganization, distrust and transportation difficulties meant that the first loyalist force only crossed the border on the 29th. General Costa blamed the brigade commander, lieutenant colonel Ciro Daltro, who may have slowed down the movement in favor of the rebels. According to major Frederico Siqueira, who served as head of the General Staff, "the command is not missing his [Daltro's] useless, delaying, harmful actions". Some officers left the state on their own to join the rebels in São Paulo.	2.390625
77272537	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Lopiansky	Aaron Lopiansky	Aaron Lopiansky (Hebrew: אהרן לופיאנסקי), also known as Rav Ahron, is an American-Israeli Orthodox rabbi, author, posek, and Rosh Yeshiva at the Yeshiva of Greater Washington – Tiferes Gedaliah. He has written more than 20 works on Torah thought, liturgy, and philosophy. Early life and education Lopiansky was born and raised in New York's Lower East Side, the son of Holocaust survivors. His upbringing was deeply influenced by his parents. Growing up, he was immersed in Torah learning. He attended the local Rabbi Jacob Joseph School, where he achieved high scores on statewide tests. His formal rabbinic training began at the Mir Yeshiva in Jerusalem under the guidance of scholars such as Chaim Shmuelevitz and Nachum Partzovitz. He was also greatly influenced by his father-in-law, Rav Beinish Finkel, the late Rosh Hayeshiva of the Mir, and by his close association as a talmid (student) of Harav Moshe Shapiro. Career Lopiansky began his teaching career at Aish HaTorah in Jerusalem, where he taught from 1983 to 1990. He then taught at his alma mater, the Mir Yeshiva, for five years. In 1994, the headmaster of the Yeshiva of Greater Washington, Yitzchok Merkin, reached out to Lopiansky, who was then serving as a maggid shiur at Mir Yerushalayim, with an offer to become the Rosh HaYeshiva of the Yeshiva Gedolah in Silver Spring, Maryland. Lopiansky initially moved to America alone, returning to Jerusalem to ensure that he was never away from home for more than three consecutive Shabbosim. In August 2001, his wife Rebbetzin Yaffa Lopiansky and their four children joined him. In 2019, he published a sefer, Orchos Chaim: A Ben Torah for Life. During a speech at the 2019 Aguda convention, Rav Elya Brudny notably remarked, "Every family that has made that transition [from kollel to the workplace] should own the book". Rav Yosef Elefant spoke next. “In the modern era, there hasn’t been a sefer that touched on the topics critical to our existence, with honesty and clarity and respect, like this one has."	2.125
77272674	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Kadir%20%28Turkish%20poet%29	Abdul Kadir (Turkish poet)	Abdul Kadir, full name İbrahim Abdülkadir Meriçboyu (pen name, A. Kadir; 1917, Istanbul – March 1, 1985, Istanbul), was a Turkish poet among the socialist poets of the 1940s generation. Early life and education Kadir completed his secondary education at Eyüp Middle School (1933) and Kuleli Military High School (1936). As a final-year student at the Turkish Military Academy (1938), he was arrested with Nâzım Hikmet and sentenced to ten months in prison. After being released from prison, he completed his military service as a private. He enrolled in the Istanbul University Faculty of Law (1941). Career His poetry book Tebliğ, published in 1943, was banned and confiscated. He was exiled by martial law along with individuals deemed problematic to remain in Istanbul. He spent his exile in Muğla, Balıkesir, Konya, Kırşehir, and Adana. In 1947, he returned to Istanbul and began working in a biscuit factory. After leaving this job, he worked as a proofreader and translator in various publishing houses. After 1965, he continued his writing career by publishing his books himself. Having shared a cell with Nâzım Hikmet in Ankara Prison, A. Kadir was initially heavily influenced by this poet. This influence is clearly seen in the poems published in the magazines Ses and Yeni Edebiyat. His first book, Tebliğ, which expressed his love for his country, openly opposed war and realistically reflected the lives of poor people. After returning from exile, he occasionally published his poems in magazines. He and Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı translated Rumi's poems from Persian into prose and compiled them into a book titled Mevlâna in Today's Language (1955).	2.25
77273089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFF%20Ada	KFF Ada	KFF Ada were an Albanian women's professional football club based in Velipojë. They last competed in Kategoria Superiore Femra during the 2012–13 season, finishing first in an eight-team league. Ada Velipojë's successor, Vllaznia, would go on to become the most successful club in the history of women's football in Albania. Aside from the inaugural 2009 season, in which the club did not participate, it has dominated professional competition for more than a decade, remaining undefeated. History The history of Ada began on 6 March 1996, when football enthusiasts Lazër Matia and Alfred Pjetri, along with Prend Perdreca, Filip Kërcunga and Marash Qytetza, founded an amateur team in Velipojë. The club was named Ada, after the small island located at the confluence of the Buna river estuary, in the Adriatic Sea, marking the boundary between Albania and Montenegro. Initially, Ada started as a small club for young boys, but it soon attracted notable coaches such as A. Bushati, R. Rragami, F. Paçrami, E. Rakigi, F. Axhani, A. Medja, P. Ndoja, S. Bizi, and A. Cungu. Founders Matia and Pjetri also played for the team and under Pjetri's coaching, Ada reached its peak by eliminating a strong Dinamo side in the 2004–05 Albanian Cup, by a score of 3–2. On 9 August 2007, the duo established a women's team, along with a youth academy for players aged 10 to 19. Despite having an assembled core of players at the time, Ada did not participate in the first women's championship, which was won by Tirana AS. However, a formidable team was quietly being put together.	2.1875
77273149	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Bengal%20Sugar%20Mills	North Bengal Sugar Mills	North Bengal Sugar Mills () is a Bangladeshi state owned sugar mill corporation located in Sadar Gopalpur, Lalpur Upazila, Natore District. Md Humayun Kabir is the managing director of the North Bengal Sugar Mills. History North Bengal Sugar Mills was established in 1933 by the Messrs Surujmal and Nagrumal during the British Raj. The mill produced bagasse, molasses, and Sugarcane press mud. In 1965, the government of Pakistan nationalized the mill. During the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971, the Pakistan Army killed 150 staff of the mill including administrator Lieutenant M Anwarul Azim. This was in revenge for a Mukti Bahini ambush on the Pakistan Army at the Gopalpur railway station, later renamed Azim Nagar. The bodies were dumped in a pond at the mill which was later renamed to Shaheed Sagar (martyr sea). Azim was awarded the Independence Award, the highest civilian award of Bangladesh. The incident is called the Gopalpur massacre and commemorated every year. In February 2008, the government stopped production at the mill amidst rising price of sugar. North Bengal Sugar Mills suspended production in 2010 while facing mounting losses. It lost 120 million BDT that year while missing production target due to low yields. The mill stopped production in February 2012 due to shortage of raw material. Workers of the mill went on strike demanding the mill implement the wages recommended by the National Wages and Productivity Commission. The mill owns 22,729 hectares of farm land and 1.62 billion BDT in assets. In 2014, the mill started a project to develop its facilities to produce refined sugar and electricity at the same time. The project was supposed to be completed in December 2016. Its deadline was extended to June 2021 but the Project Evaluation Committee stopped it in January 2021 and ordered a new survey. Bangladesh Planning Commission blamed the cancellation on poor planning and implementation of Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation.	2.359375
77273491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington-Catalina%20Airline	Wilmington-Catalina Airline	Wilmington-Catalina Airline, Ltd. (WCA) was a US scheduled airline founded in 1931 by the Wrigley family of chewing gum fame to provide air transportation with amphibious aircraft on the 30-mile flight from Wilmington, California to Santa Catalina Island. In 1941, the name of the company changed to Catalina Air Transport (CAT) in anticipation of changing to land-based aircraft, but it ceased operation in June 1942 as a result of World War II. After the war, United Air Lines provided service to the island under contract to CAT until 1954. In 1955 CAT formally lost its airline certificate and the company dissolved in 1956. Despite the airline’s modest size, WCA was captured by the 1938 Civil Aeronautics Act and was thus certificated in 1939–1940 as a scheduled airline by the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) on the basis of flying domestic scheduled service prior to the passage of Act (“grandfathering”). This put WCA in the same regulatory category as trunk carriers such as United, American Airlines, Eastern Air Lines and other far larger airlines certificated the same way. History	2.328125
69733268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguelete%20Tower	Miguelete Tower	The six iron yokes of the machined bells were replaced with wooden yokes. The wooden windows that act as a loudspeaker were replaced, as well as the ratchets. The playing platform has been put at a safer height for the bell ringers, and this also allows them to better see their work. The rooms have been equipped with new electric wiring and new barred doors that allow visitors to see the interior even if closed. Electronic mechanisms for daily and automatic ringing have been replaced twice due to the rapid evolution of technology. On 25 December 2014, the Jaume bell suffered a serious incident that has not been investigated and for the recovery of the bell a destructive, invasive and irreversible system was chosen, consisting of sawing the handles and drilling the crown thus mutilating the bell. The Bells The Cathedral of Valencia has three sets of bells, differentiated by their use, and therefore located in different places. The Bell Tower, and especially the set of bells, are in immediate operation. On the deck of the dome, is the old signal bell that is now in disuse. In the bell of the Bell Tower are the two bells of the clock: that of the quarters, from 1736 and the Miguelete, intended exclusively for playing the hours. The latter gives its name to the tower and is the largest that was used throughout the Crown of Aragon; it was first melted after agreement of 1418 and had to be recast several times: in 1465, 1484 and 1521, until it was last in 1539.	2.8125
69733394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%20%26%20Rich%20Mountain%20Railroad	Oklahoma & Rich Mountain Railroad	The Oklahoma & Rich Mountain Railroad was a logging railway running from Page, Oklahoma to Pine Valley, Oklahoma, about 17 miles. It began in 1926 and was abandoned in 1942. History A place called Muse, having been established in Indian Territory on October 1, 1896, became a logging company town renamed Pine Valley on December 16, 1926. (A new town called Muse was established on May 11, 1927, at a slightly different location.) The logging enterprise, called the Pine Valley Lumber Company, a subsidiary of Dierks Lumber & Coal Company, ran a railway that same year from Page, Oklahoma into Pine Valley, about 17 miles, said line being located in the area of a long ridge across parts of Oklahoma and Arkansas known as Rich Mountain. Operationally, the railroad carried mostly wood products; however, it was a common carrier, so it did also provide passenger service. It interconnected with the Kansas City Southern Railway at Page. At its peak, Pine Valley had a population of about 1,500. However, over time the depletion of the forests started to dry up both operations in the town and traffic for the railroad. In 1942, the railroad was abandoned, and Pine Valley became essentially a ghost town soon after. (Muse continues to exist, with a population of several hundred.)	2.28125
69733526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20de%20Noronha%20e%20Brito%2C%208th%20Count%20of%20Arcos	Marcos de Noronha e Brito, 8th Count of Arcos	Slavery Noronha e Brito believed that slave masters were too strict and petty for punishing their slaves with unnecessary rigor, forcing them to work too much, feeding them poorly, and giving them minimal leisure. For him, slaves were "uneasy" due to mistreatment. Therefore, he encouraged the festivities held by slaves, unlike their masters. The Count of Arcos chose to deal with slaves through deterrence. In his view, when the slaves practiced their religions, they would come into conflict with each other, since the African ethnic plurality was enormous, which was also reflected in Brazil. He believed this to be a better option than inducing the practice of Christianity among them, as that could lead to unity and possibly rebellions. The Count of Arcos also believed that slavery was a necessary evil that could be alleviated by making it more bearable for the slaves. In some cases, the Count encouraged disagreements among African peoples. He supported the jejê-nagô brotherhood of Barroquinha and the brotherhood of the Martírios, causing discord with the Angolan brotherhood Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos, which was prominent among them. His goal was to exploit existing rivalries to prevent them all from uniting against the government. It was with his support that the brotherhood of Barroquinha managed to build a noble hall attached to its temple. The temple also gained more equipment and increased in size. The meetings, which were prohibited by the previous governor, the Count of Ponte, became legal by the Count of Arcos and, therefore, had a substantial improvement even in their structures.	2.921875
69733578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni%20High%20School	Zuni High School	Zuni High School (ZHS) is a public high school in Black Rock, New Mexico, with a Zuni Pueblo postal address. It is a part of the Zuni Public School District. It includes sections in Cibola County and McKinley County (including Zuni Pueblo and Black Rock). History It was previously a part of the Gallup-McKinley County Schools. It was built in 1956, making it the first public high school in the community. It included 16 teacher housing units. In 1968, Ramah High School in Ramah, New Mexico closed, meaning students in that area would be bussed to Zuni High School. Several area students took two buses each, with Ramah being the transfer point. Circa 1977 the dropout rate was 43%. Of any New Mexico high school, this was the highest such rate. In 1980 the school was transferred into the control of the Zuni School District. In 1997 the school had fewer than 400 students. In the fall of that year groundbreaking of the current building occurred. Curriculum In 1974 the school began a course called "Publication", about Zuni culture and history, which could be used for Social Studies or English credits.	2.421875
69733816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107th%20Light%20Anti-Aircraft%20Regiment%2C%20Royal%20Artillery	107th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery	There was little Axis air activity over Malta during the 'Husky' build-up: the assault convoys sailed on 9 July and it was not until 20 July that 20-plus enemy bombers crossed the coast and attacked Grand Harbour and other ports and anchorages. The volume and accuracy of the AA fire they received meant that few bombs reached their intended targets. There were no military casualties or damage to military equipment, but a number of civilian casualties. A second raid on St Paul's Bay in the early hours of 26 July had similar results. After a few lone intruders there were no more air raids, though Malta remained a major base. 107th LAA Rgt now settled into its positions, with 351 LAA Bty at Grand Harbour and 353 LAA Bty at Ta' Qali. The Allies invaded the Italian mainland on 9 September, initiating the long Italian Campaign. Disbandment By the summer of 1944 British forces in Italy were suffering an acute manpower shortage. In June the Chiefs of Staff decided that the number of AA regiments in Italy must be reduced and their fit personnel converted to other roles, particularly infantry. The defences of Malta were being run down and 107th LAA Regiment went to Italy, where it became one of those selected for disbandment. On 7 July 1944 the regiment was at Afragola Camp near Naples under command of Maj L.M. Rudge, when it was ordered to disband. Of those on the regiment's strength, 17 officers and 268 other ranks (ORs) were sent for infantry training, 12 officers and 193 ORs for posting to other RA units, smaller parties of ORs to the Royal Armoured Corps, Reconnaissance Corps, Royal Engineers and Royal Corps of Signals for retraining. The process was completed on 25 July, when Maj Rudge went to run a Prisoner-of-war camp. Insignia 107th LAA Regiment adopted a regimental arm badge consisting of a red square with a gold Royal Artillery 'bomb' badge with motto 'UBIQUE' superimposed on a crashing aircraft. Footnotes	2.34375
69734013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska%E2%80%93Alaska%20Anchorage%20men%27s%20ice%20hockey%20rivalry	Alaska–Alaska Anchorage men's ice hockey rivalry	The Alaska–Alaska Anchorage men's ice hockey rivalry is a college ice hockey rivalry between the Alaska Nanooks men's ice hockey and Alaska Anchorage Seawolves men's ice hockey programs. The first meeting between the two occurred on November 16, 1979. History Alaska, originally Alaska Agricultural College, began playing ice hockey in 1925. However, due to being so far away from any other college team, the program had difficulty finding opponents. This was a contributing factor in the school suspending its ice hockey program several times over the next 50 years. Alaska Anchorage, with assistance of head coach Brush Christiansen, promoted its ice hockey program to varsity status in 1979. A year later Alaska, then Alaska–Fairbanks, followed suit. The two programs were able to stabilize one another by providing a consistent opponent and allowing each team to steadily improve. Due to their proximity and the sheer number of times they played one another in the 1980 it would have almost been impossible for the two programs to not have become rivals. In 1984, both programs were promoted to Division I status when the entire Division II level collapsed. A year later they joined with two teams from the lower-48 to form the Great West Hockey Conference. The experiment lasted just three years but it did give the two Alaska schools a greater profile in college hockey and eventually led to both joining other more established conferences. When Alaska Anchorage joined the WCHA in 1993, it caused the number of meeting between the two schools to drop but they continued to play one another each season. In order to continue the relevance of the rivalry, the 93–94 season was the inaugural year that the Governor's Cup was awarded.	2.078125
69734077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah%20Middle/High%20School	Ramah Middle/High School	In 1967 Ramah High had 136 students and seven employees. In 1968 the school had 58 students in grades 9-12 and 61 students in grades 7-8. In 1968 150 students lived in the BIA dormitory. In 1968, 12 secondary school aged Native Americans from the area went to Albuquerque Indian School instead of attending Ramah High, while 18 Native Americans from the area stayed in BIA dormitories in Albuquerque and attended Albuquerque Public Schools facilities. In 1967 W. B. FitzSimmons, the Gallup-McKinley superintendent, asked the BIA to expand the dormitory so 240 additional students could stay there. Bond stated that the BIA stated it would expand the dormitory but then did not do so. In March 1968 the New Mexico State School board officially disapproved of Ramah High School, which means the school is asked to improve its performance for the following year or else it would have its money from the state cut off. State officials stated that the building was in a worse condition compared to other Gallup-McKinley schools. Additionally they criicized how female students had no vocational classes available, and how the school did not staff its library with an appropriate certified employee. By 1968, there was a lawsuit filed by DNA, Inc. against the school board, which alleged that the school district did not properly notify people the school would close, and that by sending area Native American students to Zuni High School, it would put them in a more heavily Native American environment and count as a form of discrimination. In October of that year, Frank B. Zia, the district court judge, dismissed the lawsuit and asked Gallup-McKinley school district administrators to research new bus routes. The Ramah High building became condemned in 1968. That year the district closed Ramah High, arguing that the enrollment was not high enough. By December 1968 the school board was considering how to sell or give away the school site.	2.5625
69734808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Golden-Haired%20Children	The Golden-Haired Children	Dilalem's Fairy Garden Kunós collected another Turkish tale which he titled Dilalem tündérkertje ("Dilalem's Fairy Garden"). In this tale, a padishah walks at night with his retinue when they sight a candlelit house in the distance. They approach the house and overhear the conversation between three sisters: the elder two say they can cook extravagant meals to feed the padishah's army, and the youngest promises to bear him children. The padishah returns the next day, takes the girls to the palace and marries the youngest. After nine months, a boy is born to third sister, just as she promised, but the elder sisters replace him for a puppy and throw him in the water. He is found and raised by a shepherd and is mocked by his peers for being a foundling. Some time later, he goes to the padishah's city and buys a castle as his house, then goes to meet the padishah on some hunts. Afraid of the boy revealing the truth, the elder sisters bribe a koja to trick the boy into going on dangerous quests: first, for a magic cluster of pearls that belongs in the garden of maiden Dilalem, and next for Dilalem herself. The boy gets the cluster and returns to fetch the maiden, being warned about her petrifying powers. He rides his horse to Dilalem's tower in her garden and shouts at her three times, but, since she is still in her forty day sleeping cycle, she does not answer. The boy becomes stone. After Dilalem wakes up from her slumber, she sees the statue of the boy and, falling in love with him, sprinkles some water to revive him. Dilalem and the boy return to the padishah's realm and she reveals the whole truth.	2.203125
69734808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Golden-Haired%20Children	The Golden-Haired Children	The Cobbler's Daughters Turkologist Ignác Kúnos published a tale titled Äскіџі кызы (Turkish: Eskici Kızı; English: "The Cobbler's Daughters"), in the 8th volume of Vasily Radlov's Proben der volkslitteratur der türkischen stämme. Johannes Østrup summarized it with the title Pjaltekræmmersken. In this tale, the sultan bans lighting candles at night. He goes with the vizir to check on the only house that is still illuminated, and listens to the conversation between three sisters: the youngest says she wants to marry the sultan and bear him twins, a boy and a girl with teeth of pearl and golden hair. Years later, a witch sends the boy on a quest for a sewing needle, a magic mirror and a fairy woman named Bilal. Cengidilaver In the tale Cengidilaver, the tale begins with the sultan's queen giving birth to twin children, a boy and a girl, who are replaced for puppies and cast into the water by another woman that lived in the sultan's palace. The sultana is condemned by her husband to be buried in the ground up to the neck, and her children are saved by a poor miller. Sixteen years pass, and after the miller dies, the twin children, now homeless, wander around, until the sister finds some stones on the ground and picks them up. They meet a jeweler and ask for shelter. The jeweler adopts them and they live together with money from the stones. One day, the sultan's second wife sends the brother on a quest for the rosebush and the nightingale of a man being Cengidilaver, and finally for the man himself. The third time the brother visits Cengidilaver, he disenchants the creature. In return, Cengidilaver, now a normal man, thanks the brother and gives him the former sultana's golden ring, advising him to invite the king for dinner with the twins. This tale was originally collected by German orientalist with the title Die goldhaarigen Zwillingskinder ("The Twin Children With Golden Hair").	2.375
69734808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Golden-Haired%20Children	The Golden-Haired Children	From the Uysal-Walker Archive In a Turkish tale collected from a female teller from Malatya, in 1990, and archived in the Uysal–Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative with the title The Abused Youngest Sister, three sisters wish to marry the padishah: the first claims she can make a huge meal for the padishah and his army, the second that she can sew a tent for the whole army and the third that she can bear a boy and a girl, one of them with golden hair and the other with silver hair. The elder sisters renege on theirs claims and try to humiliate their youngest before she gives birth. After she gives birth to three children, two boys and a girl in three consecutive pregnancies, the sisters replace them for a pup and two kittens and throw them in the river. Years later, the siblings are sent for a magic tree that talks and sings and belongs to a fairy woman anamed Ahelifim-Vahelifim, and lastly for the fairy woman herself. In another Turkish variant from the Uysal-Walker Archive, collected from teller Gülşah Gülen from Kars Province in 1977 and titled The Persecuted Wife, the third sister promises to bear twins with golden hair and pearly teeth. The twins are raised by a couple of giants and given the names Şah Ǐsmail (the boy) and Mihriban (the girl). The aunts send them for the "saçlı fırak", the laughing rose (güllü kahkaha) and lastly for their owner, a woman named Güllüzar Hanım.	2.015625
69736545	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudbeckia%20auriculata	Rudbeckia auriculata	Growth and reproduction Studies show R. auriculata is pollinated by the mining bee Andrena aliciae where plants exist in large numbers. In contrast, when populations are small the most numerous pollinators are bees in the family Halictidae. A species of pollen mimic fungus Fusarium semitectum capitalises on the plant pollinator relationship, its spores are morphologically similar to Rudbeckia pollen and are transported between flowers by A. aliciae. The fungus sporulates on the disk flowers for effective dispersal. Artificial pollination experiments reveal that the plant is xenogamous as few fertile seeds are produced from self-pollination. If pollinated the achenes mature and once seed is ripe the seedheads slowly break apart releasing seeds close to the plant. Once dispersed, seeds require cold stratification in order to germinate once temperatures rise and the photoperiod lengthens. To germinate, these seeds require bare soil such as would be produced after herbaceous plants and shrubs are cleared by fire or when buried soils are uplifted by stream scouring. Because these events are infrequent and fires are often suppressed by humans seedlings are rarely recorded in the wild. Despite its ineffective seed dispersal, this species can spread through clonal reproduction. Resultantly, often the entire population consists of a single genet. Distribution and habitat	2.921875
69736916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20Tunisia	Architecture of Tunisia	In the 9th century the province of Ifriqiya, while still nominally under the control of the Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad, was de facto ruled by the Aghlabid dynasty. The Aghlabids were major builders and erected many of Tunisia's oldest Islamic-era monuments, including military structures like the Ribat of Sousse and the Ribat of Monastir, religious buildings like the Great Mosque of Sousse and the Great Mosque of Sfax, and practical infrastructure works like the Aghlabid Reservoirs of Kairouan. The al-Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis, which was founded earlier around 698, owes its overall current form to the Aghlabid emir Abu Ibrahim Ahmad (r. 856–863). Much of Aghlabid architecture, even their mosques, had a heavy and almost fortress-like appearance, but they nonetheless left an influential artistic legacy. For example, the Mosque of Ibn Khayrun (also known as the "Mosque of the Three Doors") possesses what is considered by some to be the oldest decorated external façade in Islamic architecture, featuring carved Kufic inscriptions and vegetal motifs.	2.265625
69736916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20Tunisia	Architecture of Tunisia	The Hafsids, a branch of the Almohad ruling class, declared their independence from the Almohads in 1229 and developed their own state which came to control much of Ifriqiya and some of the surrounding region. They were also significant builders, particularly under the reigns of successful leaders like Abu Zakariya (ruled 1229–1249) and Abu Faris (ruled 1394–1434), though not many of their monuments have survived intact to the present-day. While Kairouan remained an important religious center, Tunis was the capital and progressively replaced it as the main city of the region and the main center of architectural patronage. Unlike the architecture further west, Hafsid architecture was built primarily in stone (rather than brick or mudbrick) and appears to have featured much less decoration. In reviewing the history of architecture in the region, scholar Jonathan Bloom remarks that Hafsid architecture seems to have "largely charted a course independent of the developments elsewhere in the Maghrib [North Africa]".	2.65625
69736916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20Tunisia	Architecture of Tunisia	The Muradids built and restored many monuments and structures throughout the country during the 17th century, aided by a flourishing economy. The Mosque of Hammuda Pasha, built by Hammuda Pasha (r. 1631–1664) between 1631 and 1654, reprises many of these same elements as the Yusuf Dey Mosque. Both the Hammuda Pasha Mosque and, to a lesser extent, the Yusuf Dey Mosque make use of marble columns and capitals that were imported from Italy and possibly even carved by Italian craftsmen in Tunis. Hammuda Pasha was also responsible for starting in 1629 a major restoration and expansion of the Zawiya of Abu al-Balawi or "Mosque of the Barber" in Kairouan. While the Zawiya has been further modified since, one of its characteristic 17th-century features is the decoration of underglaze-painted Qallalin tiles on many of its walls. These tiles, generally produced in the Qallalin district of Tunis, are painted with motifs of vases, plants, and arches and use predominant blue, green, and ochre-like yellow colours which distinguish them from contemporary Ottoman tiles. The artistic height of these tiles was in the 17th and 18th centuries. In Testour, the Great Mosque there was begun in 1615 and constitutes one of the most important examples of mosque architecture influenced by Andalusian morisco immigrants who fled Spain in this period. Its three-tiered minaret has a lower square shaft while its two upper tiers have octagonal shafts decorated with marble paneling, tiles, and – unusually – a 24-hour clock. Elements of the minaret and the mosque appear to be inspired by the architectural styles and construction methods of Aragon and Castile, where the moriscos originated. The minaret of the al-Qsar Mosque in Tunis, added in 1647 by Muhammad Laz Dey (r. 1647–1653) to the much older mosque, also combines a diversity of styles.	2.890625
69736916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20Tunisia	Architecture of Tunisia	Traditional Tunisian houses of this era, like those of preceding periods, were centered around a square or rectangular interior courtyard, around which most rooms were arranged. Arcaded galleries usually ran along each side of the courtyard, or sometimes on two sides facing each other. The largest rooms were transversal rectangular halls connected to the courtyards, or T-shaped halls with a part of the room projecting outwards at the middle back of the hall. Few windows opened to the outside, with most of the light being provided by the courtyard, and most embellishments were concentrated on the inside. Colonial period to present day French colonial rule France invaded Tunisia in 1881, imposing the French Protectorate which lasted until 1956. Unlike Algiers, where the French demolished much of the old city after 1830 to build their own colonial edifices, in Tunis the French built their new planned city outside the existing historic walled city. The old city became known as the medina (from the Arabic word for "city") while the new city became known as the Ville Nouvelle (French for "New City"). The new European-built districts across the country were built in contemporary French and European architectural styles, but in many cases architects also constructed buildings in what they considered to be the "Arab" style. The latter style ranged from extravagant pastiches of Moorish/Islamic architecture to more academic designs resulting from study of the country's indigenous architecture. This "Arabizing" (arabisant) architecture (similar to Neo-Moorish) could be seen in many official buildings such as railway stations, post offices, and law courts, as well as in some private villas. One lavish example is the villa designed by Italian millionaire Georges Sebastian in 1939–40 near Hammamet.	3.0625
69737124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment%20of%20Belgrade%20%281914%29	Bombardment of Belgrade (1914)	The Bombardment of Belgrade was an attack carried out by Austria-Hungary on the Serbian capital during the night of 28–29 July 1914. It is considered the first military action of World War I. The bombardment started hours after the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Serbia. Three warships of the Austrian Danube Flotilla opened fire on the Serbian capital, followed in the early morning by Habsburg artillery from the town of Semlin (Zemun) across the Sava. The sporadic shelling caused widespread damage and marked the opening of the first Serbian campaign. Upon hearing the news, Tsar Nicholas II's government ordered general mobilisation of the Imperial Russian Army. The bombardment was followed, on 12 August, by the Habsburg Balkanstreitkräfte invasion of Serbia. Background Following the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, on 23 June 1914, the Austrian government alleging official Serb involvement, issued an ultimatum which expired on 25 July. Serbia responded within the time limit but Vienna rejecting negotiation, declared the Serb response unsatisfactory, severed diplomatic relations with Serbia and ordered military mobilisation. Prelude	2.046875
69737388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-cardiac%20arrest%20syndrome	Post-cardiac arrest syndrome	Signs and symptoms The severity of PCAS is highly dependent on many variables including: the underlying cause of the arrest, the length of the ischemic period, the quality of CPR received, and a patient's physiologic reserve. However, organs generally respond to an ischemic period in predictable ways and therefore PCAS has an average presentation. The symptoms of PCAS are related to the effect of ischemia-reperfusion injury on individual systems, though there is significant co-morbidity between all organs' responses. Brain Being highly metabolic with low blood reserves, the brain is the most sensitive organ to ischemia. As a result, any amount of brain ischemia, especially when it is prolonged in cases of cardiac arrest, typically results in brain injury. Increasingly severe injury can lead to long term consequences such as cognitive dysfunction, persistent vegetative state and finally brain death. The brain sustains irreversible injury after about 20 minutes of ischemia. Even after blood flow is restored to the brain, patients can experience hours-days of hypotension, hypoxemia, impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation, brain edema, fever, hyperglycemia and/or seizures which further insult brain tissue. Diagnosis of brain injury involves neurological examination, EEG, brain imaging and/or biomarker evaluation (such as S100B and NSE). For out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, brain injury is the cause of death in most patients who undergo ROSC but ultimately die.	2.390625
69737388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-cardiac%20arrest%20syndrome	Post-cardiac arrest syndrome	Kidneys The kidneys are the third most sensitive organ to ischemia. Prolonged renal ischemia from cardiac arrest leads to acute kidney injury (AKI) in about 40% of patients. While PCAS may independently present with AKI, the development of AKI can be exacerbated by the administration of intravenous contrast if the patient undergoes angiography. It is unclear if the development of AKI worsens PCAS overall prognosis, but it does not seem to be a major contributor to death or poor neurological outcome at this time. PCAS patients, both as a cause and a consequence of the arrest, present with acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. Accumulation of lactate and carbon dioxide during the ischemic period largely accounts for the metabolic acidosis seen in PCAS patients, though strong ion gaps and phosphate also plays a role. Worse acidosis is generally predictive of worse outcomes. Finally, though electrolytes can present variably, PCAS patients most often demonstrate hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and hypomagnesaemia Acute kidney injury is not the leading cause of death after cardiac arrest. However, evidence suggests that the kidney damage after a cardiac arrest should be highly considered in the prognosis of the patients' health outcome. Liver PCAS patients, especially those with longer ischemic times, can present with liver complications. About 50% of PCAS patients present with acute liver failure (ALF), while about 10% may present with the more severe hypoxic hepatitis. Development of hypoxic hepatitis predicts poor PCAS outcomes, however ALF-similar to AKI- is not necessarily associated with poor outcomes.	2.15625
69737838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenkeme	Kenkeme	The Kenkeme (; , Keŋkeme) is a river in Yakutia (Sakha Republic), Russia. It is a tributary of the Lena with a length of — together with the Yagas-Yyaabyt at its head— and a drainage basin area of . The Mirny — Yakutsk stretch of the A331 highway has a bridge over the Kenkeme. The river flows across a desolate region. The only inhabited place in its basin is an Evenk settlement in the middle course. Since it is not far from Yakutsk, the Kenkeme is a popular summer destination for kayaking and rafting. Course The Kenkeme originates in the northeastern edge of the Lena Plateau, at the confluence of the Yagas-Yyaabyt (Ыагас-Ыйаабыт) and Yolyong-Yurege (Ёлёнг-Юрэгэ) rivers. Is sources are about to the west of Yakutsk in a straight line. It heads first in a southeastern direction, bending to the east and then to the north, forming meanders in the floodplain and flowing across the Central Yakutian Lowland parallel to the Khanchaly to the west and the Lena to the east. Finally it joins the left bank of the Lena from its mouth, shortly after the great river makes a big bend to the west; east of the mouth of the Aldan and nearly opposite of the mouth of the Belyanka in the facing bank. The Kenkeme has a large river basin which includes parts of the Gorny District, Khangalassky District, Yakutsk Urban District, Namsky District and Kobyaysky District. The river is fed by snow and rain. Between November and May it freezes to the bottom. The largest tributaries of the Kenkeme are the long Chukul, as well as the Delaiah and the Chakyya from the left. Flora and fauna The vegetation of the river basin consists of lightly spread coniferous forests, where the main tree species is larch. There is continuous permafrost in the region. Ide, dace, pike, roach and grayling are the main fish species found in the waters of the Kenkeme.	1.945313
69737874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20Spokane%2C%20Washington	Architecture of Spokane, Washington	In the second half of the 20th century, Spokane again became noticed for its architecture, this time by a new cadre of architects in the modern architecture movement, which flourished in the city. During this period which lasted from 1948 to the mid-1970s, prolific architects in the city such as Warren C. Heylman gave Spokane a great breadth of mid-century architecture. The modernists in Spokane gave the city a new look and were instrumental in the developments, design, and legacy of the Expo '74 World's Fair in what is now Riverfront Park. The city's landscape architecture and park system was strongly influenced by the Olmsted Brothers, who designed a comprehensive plan for Spokane's park system in 1908 and was implemented almost in its entirety with a $1 million ($ in dollars) bond issue in 1910. Manito Park, which was the city's primary community park until 1974, is noteworthy for having a European style formal garden with input from the Olmsted Brothers and a Japanese Garden designed by Nagao Sakurai. Background	2.140625
69737874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20Spokane%2C%20Washington	Architecture of Spokane, Washington	Likely the first trained architect to practice in the city was Herman Preusse, a German immigrant who studied at the College of Architecture in Holzminden before moving to the United States in 1870 and eventually finding himself in Spokane in 1882. As a growing city recently connected to a Northern Pacific railroad line, Spokane officials retained Preusse to plan the design of buildings in the commercial district and help establish an image of Spokane as a progressive, and prosperous emerging city in the west. Although most of his buildings burned up in the Great Fire of 1889, he remained productive and had more building contracts than any other architect in the city following the fire. Some of his most notable surviving works were for the Jesuits at Gonzaga College, where he was hired to do all of their architectural work and was willing to accept land as payment for it. Preusse is known for designing Gonzaga's St. Aloysius Catholic Church, Carnegie Library, Peyton Building, and Fernwell Building. Kirtland Cutter	2.0625
69737874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20Spokane%2C%20Washington	Architecture of Spokane, Washington	In 2016, a study was conducted partly funded through a grant by the National Park Service and Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation to document examples of the modernist movement in the city and help understand why it flourished in Spokane. The study counted 53 never before inventoried structures built by 27 architects from 1948 to 1973, of which 16 are commercial buildings, 13 are institutional, and 24 are residences. Some of the partnerships and firms created by the Spokane area modernists survive today in some form through mergers, such as NAC Architecture, Integrus Architecture, and ALSC Architects. Warren C. Heylman Warren C. Heylman is considered one of the city's foremost and influential architects in contemporary times and is credited with giving the city a great breadth of mid-century architecture. A native of Spokane, after studying engineering at the University of Kansas, he returned to Spokane to briefly work for G.A. Pehrson and Whitehouse & Price before starting his own firm in 1952. Heylman's career was most prolific during the 1960s and 1970s, where his main body of work was designing numerous residential houses, apartment buildings, and architectural embellishments. During Expo '74, Warren designed all of the international exhibition structures with the exception of the Chinese Pavilion. Some of his most noteworthy works in Spokane include The Parkade, Spokane International Airport, Spokane Regional Health Building, Cathedral Plaza, Riverfalls Tower, and the Burlington Northern Latah Creek Bridge over Hangman Valley. Before retiring in 1984, he received six AIA awards, a Concrete Institute Award (for the Parkade), and was inducted into the American Institute of Architects College of Fellows in 1983. The Riverfalls Tower was the first Heylman building in the city to be listed on the local historic register in 2021, listed two years before reaching the usual 50-year mimumum age guideline so the 98-year old Heylman could appreciate the event. Historic preservation	2.109375
69738186	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro%20de%20Bellas%20Artes%20de%20Caguas	Centro de Bellas Artes de Caguas	Centro de Bellas Artes de Caguas (English: Caguas Center of Fine Arts), officially the Ángel O. Berríos Performing Arts Center, is a multi-purpose performance center located on Ruiz Belviz and Luis Padial streets in Caguas Pueblo (downtown Caguas). It was inaugurated in 1993 and named after Ángel O. Berríos, former mayor of Caguas, Puerto Rico. The performing arts center is one of the largest of its kind in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. The complex is divided into three arts venues: the Felipe Rodríguez Concert Hall, the José Luis Moneró Room, and the Carmita Jiménez Convention Room. The complex is also home to several restaurants and cafés, and has further capacity for conventions, meetings and miscellaneous activities such as school ceremonies, proms and business events. The Caguas Center of Fine Arts is located in a commercial and entertainment district of downtown Caguas, close to the main town square (Plaza Palmer), several museums such as the Caguas Museum of Art, and both the old and new municipal city halls. The complex is connected to the Caguas City Hall through a promenade called Paseo de las Artes Abelardo Díaz Alfaro ("Promenade of the Arts"). The district is also home to several popular restaurants and bars. Myraida Chaves was the center's director until her death during 2021; since, Ivonne Class has been the director. Gallery	1.921875
69738319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristimantis%20gretathunbergae	Pristimantis gretathunbergae	Pristimantis gretathunbergae, dubbed Greta Thunberg's rainfrog, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae, native to Panama. It is named in honor of Greta Thunberg, a climate activist. It lives in small pools of water held in bromeliads growing on the cloud forests of Mount Chucantí and other mountains of the Darién Gap, and of central Panama. The type specimen was discovered by an international team of biologists led by Abel Batista, from Panama, and Konrad Mebert from Switzerland in Cerro Chucantí, a private reserve located in the province of Darién. The specimen was name after Greta Thunberg and activist, due to their natural environment facing changes with the climate, endangering the organism. Moreover, this species appearance the frog has dark iris, which is different from its other fellow species as they typically paler irises. Additionally, they have a pale light-colored upper lip and a groin coloration which varies from red to a cream color In addition, at night, the frog is known to be seen 0.5 to 3 meter above the ground. While in daytime it spends most of its time on bromeliads, where it engages in vocalization.	2.703125
69738629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiltaba%20Nature%20Reserve	Hiltaba Nature Reserve	One of the main purposes of creating the nature reserve is to help to create an almost completely unbroken east–west corridor of nearly across which the native animals, including the yellow-footed rock wallaby, could move freely. All sheep were removed from the area, and by the time of its opening as a reserve (although not yet to the public) on 3 May 2013, around 6500 feral goats had been removed. Workers were continuing to shoot feral cats and lay down bait for foxes. There was a special dedication at the opening ceremony to Damien Pearce, a DEWNR employee who had worked hard to achieve the corridor in the arid lands but died in 2010, before the purchase of the property. In 2018 two budget bush campgrounds were opened on the property: one at Pretty Point, with only a toilet, no showers, while the one at the Old Shearers Quarters has showers and toilets. Description Hiltaba Nature Reserve adjoins the Gawler Ranges National Park, which is managed by the South Australian Department for Environment & Water, in consultation with the traditional owners. It lies north of the park, around north of Poochera (population 59 in 2016), with the town of Wudinna (population 549 in 2016), around away. The area is part of the northern Eyre Peninsula Not far from its western border lies the Yellabinna Regional Reserve. The property includes unique and significant geological formations composed of granite and diverse grass and woodland habitat for a diverse range of native flora and fauna. Scientific surveys have discovered 21 new species of spiders, 13 species of snails, a number of pythons, monitor lizards, and various plants found nowhere else on the planet. Rock holes in the granite, which gather rain water and are of Aboriginal cultural significance, are maintained on the property.	2.609375
69739144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Alfred%20Plater	Adam Alfred Plater	In 1857 he took up the post of honorary superintendent of the Švenčionys Gymnasium. In 1861, he became the marshal of the Raseiniai County. He took positions loyal to the Russian government and fought the influence of the "whites" in the region. Nevertheless, after the outbreak of the January Uprising, he accepted the nomination for the insurgent chief of the district. After the collapse of the uprising, having a choice of death, he allegedly agreed to become marshal of the Vilna county. In August 1863, together with his father, he was one of the first landowners to sign a pledge of allegiance to the Tsar in Vilnius. Nevertheless, Plater supported the Lithuanian National Revival and is rumored to had smuggled the prohibited Lithuanian press. On 29 January 1864, he became a marshal of Vilna County, then in 1878 of Vilna Governorate. In 1888 he became the Russian Stallmeister, in 1903 the Hofmeister, and finally an Active Privy Councillor. He received various Russian orders: Saint Vladimir 2nd class (1894), White Eagle (1896) and Saint Alexander Nevsky (1900). He was the only Pole present at the unveiling of the monument to Mikhail Muravyov in Vilnius in 1898. In 1872, he became one of the founders of the Vilnius Land Bank and served on its board for 32 years, including as chairman in 1900–1908. On 21 October 1878, he became president of the Vilnius Charity Society. He also served as chairman of the committee for the reconstruction of St. Anne's Church in Vilnius. He died on 24 December 1909 in Švėkšna. He is buried in a crypt under the main altar of the Švėkšna church. He donated his numismatic collection to the Potocki family from Krzeszowice and his archaeological collection (about 450 items) to the Museum of the Society of Friends of Science in Wilno.	2.03125
69739187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lord%20Otis	John Lord Otis	John Lord Otis (July 15, 1827 – March 14, 1894) was an American politician who served as a brevet brigadier general in the Union Army during the period of the American Civil War. Otis began working in a cotton factory at the age of 8 where he gained knowledge of mechanical engineering. On March 1, 1847, he married Catherine Preston (1818-1901) with whom he had two sons. In 1851, he took control of the Pacific Mills of Manchester, Connecticut, and later established the Otis Manufacturing Company. After the war, Otis ran the Florence Sewing Machine Company and helped establish the Northampton Emery Wheel Company. He was elected state representative in 1877 and state senator in 1879 and 1880. In his last years, Otis was in ill health and would spend winters in the South. In January 1894, he had a heart attack. He attempted to return to New England, but he died when he reached Tarpon Springs on March 14, 1894. Otis was wounded once at the 1862 Battle of New Bern and twice at the Battle of Kinston. He fought with General Ambrose Burnside in North Carolina and General John Gray Foster in South Carolina. In 1864, he joined the Army of the James. Otis had been promoted to the rank of colonel in February 1863. At the end of the war, he was named a brevet brigadier general with a promotion date of March 13, 1865.	2.625
69739403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticle%20interfacial%20layer	Nanoparticle interfacial layer	Analysis A wide variety of techniques can be used to analyze the interfacial layer, often SAXS, NMR, AFM, STM are used, but other methods, like measuring the refractive index can reveal information as well. Small-angle X-ray diffraction provides data about the size and dispersion of the nanoparticles, and gives information about the density of the interfacial layer. Because the amount of scattering is proportionate with the density. On top of this the thickness of the layer can be estimated. However a disadvantage is that SAXS is destructive. AFM and STM measurements can reveal information at atomic resolution about the structure and shape of the interfacial layer. This information is limited to the surface of the nanoparticle, as you can only probe the surface. Another drawback of STM is that it's only applicable if the interfacial layer is conducting. (Solid-state) NMR can be used to study the composition, short range ordering and dynamics in the interfacial layer. The dynamics can be studied over a wide range of timescales, which allows the intermolecular interactions, chemical reactions and transport phenomena to be analyzed.	2.40625
69739601	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi%20Flores	Naomi Flores	Naomi Flores (1921-2013) (code name Looter) was active in the Philippine resistance to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II. Flores was a member of the "Miss U Spy Ring." Working clandestinely and at great risk to herself, she delivered life-saving supplies and messages to American and Filipino prisoners of war in prison camps. She later married an American and moved to the United States. She was honored by the United States with a Medal of Freedom in 1948. Early life According to her daughter, Flores was born in Baguio, Philippines. She was an orphan and was raised in the household of a retired American Army officer, William E. Dosser. She was an Igorot, the Indigenous peoples in the mountains of Luzon Island. When Japan invaded the Philippines in December 1941, Flores was a 20-year old hairdresser in a beauty salon in Manila. Camp O'Donnell In May 1942, Flores met Margaret "Peggy" Utinsky at the beauty salon. Utinsky was an American citizen who had avoided detention by the Japanese occupiers by claiming to be Lithuanian. Utinsky and Flores had a common interest in gathering supplies to help American and Filipino POWs imprisoned in Camp O'Donnell, located about north of Manila. Flores moved into Utinsky's apartment and became, in Utinsky's words, her "right-hand man." In June, Utinsky and Flores journeyed together to Capas, the nearest town to the POW camp and delivered clothing, medicine, and money to the Red Cross for the POWs. Flores ability to get donations and collect supplies earned her the code name of "Looter." With a half-American, half-Filipina woman named Evangeline Neibert ("Sassy Susie"), Flores returned to O'Donnell several times. In addition to supplies, the two women smuggled medicine, messages, and money into the camp and received messages from the POWS inside. However, O'Donnell was soon closed and the POWs were moved to Cabanatuan camp.	2.03125
69739868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol%20of%20Sacrifice	Symbol of Sacrifice	Symbol of Sacrifice is a 1918 film dramatisation of the 1879 Anglo-Zulu War. It follows English soldier Preston Fanshall from the British defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana to Rorke's Drift where he participates in the successful defence of that post. His love interest, Marie Moxter, is captured by the Zulu during the battle and taken to their capital at Ulundi. Moxter's black servant, Goba, travels to Ulundi and intervenes to protect her from the advances of German villain Carl Schneider who has allied with the Zulu. The film shows the British defeat at the Battle of Hlobane and the arrival of reinforcements, including Napoléon, the French Prince Imperial. The prince becomes a central character for a portion of the film and is shown, in a lavish flashback, meeting Queen Victoria and Empress Eugénie at Windsor Castle. The death of the prince at the hands of the Zulu is shown. A second love triangle involving a Zulu woman, Melissa, with a warrior, Tambookie, and a villainous witchdoctor, is also depicted. The film ends with the British victory at the Battle of Ulundi, ending the war. Goba and Tambookie help Moxter to escape, but Goba is killed in the process and Tambookie enters Moxter's employment.	2.359375
69740342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanbu%20dialect	Nanbu dialect	Akita Prefecture As a former territory of the Nanbu clan, the Kazuno Region (including Kazuno City and Kosaka) in Akita Prefecture is classified as separate from other dialects in the prefecture. Phonology The Nanbu dialect shares various phonetic traits with other Northern Tohoku dialects. Although speakers of Tohoku dialects commonly do not distinguish between the sounds shi (シ) and su (ス), chi (チ) and tsu (ツ) and ji (ジ) and zu (ズ), in the Coastal dialect of Iwate Prefecture a distinction is made. In this article, the characteristic Tohoku dialect nasalisation that occurs before voiced mora will be denoted with a n (ん). The Nanbu dialect has a gairin (外輪 ‘outer rim’) Tokyo standard pitch accent (or close variation thereof). Pitch rises on a single mora, like in atama ga (あたまが head...), compared to atama ga (あたまが) in Tokyo. As a general rule, fourth- and fifth-class two-mora nouns have a rising first mora (ame (あめ rain)). In areas such as Morioka and central Iwate however, if the second mora of such words contains a wide vowel (a, e, o) they may have a rising final mora, like in ito (いと string, yarn). In turn, this type of change does not occur in areas like Hachinohe or the Sanriku Kaigan coastal area. Grammar and syntax Inflection	2.46875
69740342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanbu%20dialect	Nanbu dialect	Verbs Verb inflection is essentially identical to standard Japanese, save for a few exceptions. For Godan verbs, the standard volitional form ~shiyo (~しよう) is replaced with be (べ) or be (べえ). For example, kako (書こう lets write) becomes kaku be (書くべ). In Iwate Prefecture, certain archaic hypothetical forms remain in use. For example, kakeba (書けば if I write) can become either kagenba (かげんば) or the more antiquated kaganba (かがんば). Likewise, okireba (起きれば if/when I wake up) becomes ogirenba (おぎれんば) or the archaic ogiranba (おぎらんば). In Ashiro and other parts of north-west Iwate and Aomori, the u-ending (former) yodan verb kau (買う to buy) changes to a ru-ending (karu (かる)). The plain form of the irregular verb suru (する to do) can be either shi (し), su (す), suru (する) or shiru (しる), although shi and su tend to be most common. The negative form of suru, shinai (しない do not), may become either shinea (しねぁ) or sanea (さねぁ), whilst the hypothetical form sureba (すれば if I do) typically becomes senba (せんば) (or henba (へんば) in Aomori). Lastly, the imperative form of suru, shiro (しろ do (command)), becomes se (せ).	2.234375
69740813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Anderson%20%28museum%20creator%29	Margaret Anderson (museum creator)	Margaret Anderson, (14 December 1834 to 2 October 1910), was an early Scottish museum founder. She is known for her roadside museum in Buchan, Scotland. Life Margaret was born on December 14, 1834, in Tarland, Scotland, to Elspet Grant and Robert Anderson . Margaret's work life started at the age of seven, when her education ended upon being employed to herd sheep. Her other occupations included working in harvest, in domestic service, and at a primary school. Later, due to her parents' ill health, she stepped in to oversee the family croft. This was in spite of many health challenges of her own. Though her education was cut short, Margaret's curiosity was not. At a young age, she had begun to collect items, which would later be displayed at her museum. These items included shells, old agricultural and household items, and unique stones. She received donations from friends as well, including animal skins from their travels. Margaret left her museum in the care of Lord and Lady Aberdeen, who set it up in a physical structure in Tarland. After the start of World War I, however, the museum was shut down because it was needed for use during the war.	1.96875
69741290	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Parks	Twin Parks	Twin Parks is a housing development in the Bronx, New York City. Its buildings were designed by leading architects, and were widely hailed as "the cutting edge of public design" when constructed in the early 1970s. The project, divided into Twin Parks West and Twin Parks East, consists of 2,250 apartments, three schools, and three day care centers; it is located in the central Bronx. The two segments of the Twin Parks development are located several blocks from each other in the East Tremont, Tremont and Fordham neighborhoods, with Twin Parks East situated adjacent to Bronx Park and Twin Parks West near Webster Avenue. The development is named after Bronx Park and Crotona Park, which also is nearby. Despite its early promise, Twin Parks was deemed a failure because the project was beset by violence and failed to curb neighborhood decline. It was the site of a fire that claimed 17 lives and injured 44 others on January 9, 2022. Background Twin Parks was originally designated as an urban renewal area in 1963. At the time, the neighborhood was undergoing transformation from largely Italian-American to Puerto Rican and black. The city government hoped that new housing would prevent "white flight" to the suburbs and foster integration. A group of recent architecture school graduates commenced a "Twin Parks Study" in 1966, which identified possible locations for middle and low-income housing. The plan was developed in collaboration with the Twin Parks Association, a neighborhood coalition.	2.359375
69741423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblos%20altar%20inscription	Byblos altar inscription	The Byblos altar inscription is a Phoenician inscription on a broken altar discovered around 1923 during the excavations of Pierre Montet in the area of the Byblos temples. It was discovered outside the temples and tombs, a few meters from the hypocausts, in a modern wall. A four-line Phoenician inscription is engraved on one side. The inscription has been translated as follows: The form of a number of the letters, particularly the he and the let was different from any that had been found the Lebanon previously, closer to neopunic, so it was originally dated to the Roman era. It was later redated to 200-100 BCE by Brian Peckham. As such it is considered to be of great importance as a "limiting case" of Phoenician inscriptions from Byblos. The altar is 36cm in height, and has the inscription on only one of its faces. It was first published in 1924-25 by René Dussaud, and is held in the National Museum of Beirut. It is known as KAI 12, and is one of thirteen significant inscriptions discovered in Byblos. Bibliography Montet, Pierre, BAH 11 - Byblos et l'Egypte Quatre Campagnes de Fouilles à Gebeil 1921-1922-1923-1924(1928), p.258, item: 1020	2.21875
69741561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa%20Shameel	Mustafa Shameel	Mustafa Shameel (; July 3, 1941 – May 13, 2013) was a Pakistani scientist and educator noted for his work in the fields of barobiology, phycochemistry and taxonomy of algae. He spent most of his five decades' academic career at the University of Karachi. Early life and education Mustafa Shameel was born on 3 July 1941, as Syed Mustafa Shameel Quadri, to a family of Syed Amirul Hassan Quadri and Mohammadi Begum in Rudauli, Uttar Pradesh, British India. He earned his MSc degree in botany from the University of Karachi in 1962; In 1965 Mustafa Shameel also earned his MSc degree in homoeopathy from the International Medical College Lahore, but he did not practice it; and Dr. rer. nat. in marine botany from the University of Kiel in 1972 under DAAD Scholarship in Bonn, Germany. In 1977 he completed postdoctoral research from the same university under Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship. Career Mustafa Shameel started his academic career as a lecturer at the department of botany, University of Karachi, in 1962. In 1972, upon receiving his PhD from Kiel University, he progressed to assistant professor, to associate professor in 1978, professor in 1985, meritorious professor in 1999, and eminent professor (HEC) in 2003. From December 1977 to July 1978 he worked as Assistant Professor of the Department of Botany at El-Fateh University in Tripoli, Libya. From 1994 to 1998 he served as a director of the Institute of Marine Science, and from 1999 to 2001 as a director of the Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology at the University of Karachi. Also, from 1994 to 2008 he worked as Honorary Professor of the Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan. In 2001-2003 Shameel was the President of Pakistan Botanical Society. In 2005 he was elected a Fellow of Pakistan Academy of Sciences, and a Fellow of The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, Trieste, Italy, in 2008. Scientific contributions	2.1875
69741609	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Third%20Rainbow%20Girl	The Third Rainbow Girl	Following various events in Charlottesville, Virginia in the mid-2010s, including the Charlottesville car attack, Copley Eisenberg decided she wanted to write about the county using nonfiction and to "be part of a broader conversation that was going on about the South and Appalachia and gender and class and race and sexual violence." She remembered hearing about the Rainbow Murders and upon researching the topic, found "it was written about so poorly with so many of the stereotypes and offensive, really nasty, violent language." From here, the idea developed to discuss the larger issues within the context of these murders. After drafting the book, Copley Eisenberg asked several people from within Appalachia and from outside of it to review the material to check whether it told the story clearly, correctly, and portrayed Appalachians the way they wish to be portrayed. Before the book's publication, she had the book professionally fact-checked. Reception Reviews Overall, The Third Rainbow Girl was positively received by critics, with rave reviews from The New York Times Book Review, Booklist, Star Tribune, The Globe and Mail, The Seattle Times, and NPR, as well as positive reviews from Library Journal, Kirkus, Publishers Weekly, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, On the Seawall, and Bookreporter Many critics commented on the book's portrayal of modern misogyny and women's fears. NPR's Maureen Corrigan called The Third Rainbow Girl "[a] haunting ... book about restless women and the things that await them on the road." Writing for The New York Times Book Review, Melissa Del Bosque called it "an unflinching interrogation of what it means to be female in a society marred by misogyny."	2
69742102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene%20Heisler	Charlene Heisler	Charlene Heisler (1 December 1961 – 28 October 1999) was a Canadian astronomer. She is best known for her work on Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). The Astronomical Society of Australia created the Charlene Heisler Prize in her honour. Early life and education Charlene Heisler was born in Calgary, Alberta. Heisler graduated from the University of Calgary with a BSc in applied maths and physics in 1985. During her time at Calgary, she worked as a summer research assistant for Sun Kwok and Gene (Eugene) Couch as well as working at the Calgary Centennial Planetarium. Before starting her PhD, Heisler was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis and was informed by her doctor she would not live more than two years and that she should abandon her PhD studies. However, she went on to live 8 more years and she completed her PhD at Yale under the supervision of Jeanette Patricia Vader in 1991. The focus of her thesis was on the properties of galaxies with spectral energy distributions that peaked at sixty microns, referred to as "Sixty Micron Peakers".	2.21875
69742170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester%20County%20Courthouse	Worcester County Courthouse	Worcester County Courthouse is a historic Greek Revival and Classical Revival building at 2 Main Street in Worcester, Massachusetts in the Lincoln Square district and within the historic Institutional District. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021. History The oldest portion of the current building was constructed in 1845 by Ammi B. Young on a parcel of land which had been the site of a courthouse since the 1730s. Stephen C. Earle constructed an 1878 addition onto the building and an 1899 addition was completed by Andrews, Jaques & Rantoul. The last major addition was in the 1950s. From 2019 to 2021, the building was extensively renovated and converted into 118 private residential housing units known as the Courthouse Lofts, and the building houses a historical display about Major Marshall Taylor, a prominent local African American bicyclist. The courthouse site also contains a statue of General Charles Devens by Daniel Chester French and Edward Clark Potter, and the courthouse site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.	1.921875
69742199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Christian%20Science%20movement	History of the Christian Science movement	On Thursday, February 1, 1866, Mary Baker Eddy, then known as Mary Patterson, fell on the ice in Lynn, Massachusetts. She had been on the way to a Good Templars meeting, an organization supporting the temperance movement, with friends from the organization. After her fall, the Lynn Reporter wrote that she was "in an insensible condition" and had internal injuries, and the notes of Dr. Alvin M. Cushing, a homeopathic doctor, who was called to the scene, state that he found Eddy "partially unconscious, semi-hysterical and complaining by word and action of severe pain in the back of her head and neck." She was taken to the nearest house, that of Samuel M. Bubier the future mayor of Lynn, and spent the night there. Cushing attended to her multiple times that day and during the night, which Gill writes "indicates that he considered the accident serious," and he gave orders that homeopathic medicine be continually given her at intervals of every half hour when she was awake while he was not present. Cushing later told Sibyl Wilbur that Eddy "was taken up unconscious and remained unconscious during the night" and that he thought she was "suffering from a concussion, and possible spinal dislocation."	2.140625
69742199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Christian%20Science%20movement	History of the Christian Science movement	Eddy continued to revise the book until her death in 1910. In 1902 she added a chapter, "Fruitage," recounting healing testimonies from the Christian Science Journal and Christian Science Sentinel. There were over 400 editions (the final ran to 18 chapters and 600 pages), seven of them major revisions, according to Gottschalk, and members were encouraged to buy them all. Other income derived from the sale of rings and brooches, pictures of Eddy, and in 1889 the Mary Baker Eddy souvenir spoon; Eddy asked every Christian Scientist to buy at least one, or a dozen if they could afford to. When the copyright on Science and Health expired in 1971, the church persuaded Congress to extend it to 2046. The bill was supported by two of President Richard Nixon's aides, Christian Scientists H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman. The law was overturned as unconstitutional in 1987, after a challenge by United Christian Scientists, an independent group. By 2001 Science and Health had sold over nine million copies. Sickness as error Science and Health expanded on Eddy's view that sickness was a mental error. People said that simply reading Science and Health had healed them; cures were claimed for everything from cancer to blindness. Eddy wrote in the New York Sun in December 1898, in an article called "To the Christian World," that she had personally healed tuberculosis, diphtheria and "at one visit a cancer that had eaten the flesh of the neck and exposed the jugular vein so that it stood out like a cord. I have physically restored sight to the blind, hearing to the deaf, speech to the dumb, and have made the lame walk." Eddy wrote that her views had derived, in part, from having witnessed the apparent recovery of patients she had treated with homeopathic remedies so diluted they were drinking plain water. She concluded that Divine Mind was the healer:	2.21875
69742199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Christian%20Science%20movement	History of the Christian Science movement	While Eddy argued that reality was entirely spiritual (and therefore entirely good), it remained true that human beings were affected by their belief in evil, which meant it had power, even if the power was an illusion. Evil was "like a bankrupt to whom credit is still granted", writes Wilson. To defend herself against it, Eddy organized "watches", during which students (known as mental or metaphysical workers) would give "adverse treatment" to her enemies. This was called "taking up the enemy in thought". According to former students, Eddy would tell them to say (often with Richard Kennedy in mind): "You are affected as you wish to affect me. Your evil thought reacts upon you," then to call Kennedy bilious, consumptive or poisoned by arsenic. Eddy set up what she called a secret society of her students (known as the P. M., or private meeting) to deal with malicious animal magnetism, but she said that the group only met twice. In her later years, Wilson writes, Eddy came to see animal magnetism as an impersonal force and concluded that individuals ought not to be "taken up in thought". From 1890 she felt that her students were focusing on it too much, and thereafter public discussion of malicious animal magnetism declined, although Gottschalk adds that it continued to play an important role in the teaching of Christian Science. Adam H. Dickey, Eddy's private secretary for the last three years of her life, wrote that hour-long watches were held in her home three times a day to protect her against it. The Manual of the Mother Church forbids members from practising it, and requires that Christian Science teachers instruct students "how to defend themselves against mental malpractice, and never to return evil for evil". Witchcraft trial, conspiracy charge	2.078125

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