Split (1)

train · 1.04M rows

id stringlengths 2 8	url stringlengths 31 381	title stringlengths 1 211	text stringlengths 1.02k 2.05k	edu_quality float64 1.91 4.03
78643952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne%20Pierce%20Misko	Joanne Pierce Misko	Pierce's first posting as an agent was in St. Louis, Missouri, where she focused on white-collar crimes. In early 1973, she acted in the FBI response in a tribal war of the Wounded Knee Occupation on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. In the late 1970s, Pierce became "one of the first female supervisors at FBI Headquarters," working in the unit processing agent applications. She later worked in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, "where she pursued fugitives and military deserters". There, she met fellow agent Michael Misko (d. 2021), whom she married in 1981. After retiring from the FBI in 1994, she worked as an audit investigator in a bank. At the time of her retirement, she had been "the longest-tenured female agent in FBI history". Misko said that she generally faced little resistance within the FBI for her gender, although in 1994, she filed a lawsuit against the Department of Justice, asserting that she had not been promoted due to her gender. The suit was settled in 1996. On the job, Misko said she could use her gender to her advantage, as many suspects did not think she could be an agent. Awards and recognition 1995 Lifetime Law Enforcement Achievement Award, American Police Hall of Fame	1.953125
78644216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietization%20of%20Western%20Byelorussia%20%281939-1941%29	Sovietization of Western Byelorussia (1939-1941)	The captured natives of Western Byelorussia were divided into two categories: those released and those sent to camps. On October 3, 1939, the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, Lavrenty Beria, by order No. 4441/B, ordered that captured soldiers of the Polish army (Ukrainians, Belarusians and other nationalities) from among the residents of Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia be sent home. This order prescribed that 25 thousand of the soldiers released from Soviet captivity be sent to the construction of the Novograd-Volynsky - Korets - Lvov road. Soldiers from among the natives of the part of Poland that had gone to Germany were sent to special camps. Officers, police officers and law enforcement officers were also sent to the camps. Thus, the overwhelming majority of mobilized residents of Western Byelorussia (from among the Belarusians) returned home almost immediately after the end of the fighting. It was more difficult with prisoners of war from the Vilnius region, which was transferred to Lithuania in October 1939. Hundreds of these prisoners of war remained in the Soviet Union. An appeal from the Chancellery of the Government of the Lithuanian Republic for Vilnius and the Vilnius region regarding "residents of Vilnius and the region, now Lithuanian citizens, taken away by the USSR authorities" has been preserved, dated January 12, 1940. This document reports on residents of the Vilnius region who ended up in the USSR: 533 taken away to the USSR and 139 interned in the USSR. Formation of Soviet authorities in Western Byelorussia The system of Soviet authorities was formed gradually in Western Byelorussia. In November–December 1939, the replacement of the Provisional Administrations with committees of the Communist Party of Bolsheviks of Belarus began.	2.5
78644216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietization%20of%20Western%20Byelorussia%20%281939-1941%29	Sovietization of Western Byelorussia (1939-1941)	The Polish system was different in two ways. Firstly, it was Polonized - most schools taught in Polish, university education was only in Polish, and there were no schools in Belarusian or Ukrainian. Secondly, it was only possible to study for free in primary school, which did not give the right to enter a university. Thirdly, the Polish authorities expelled a number of teachers from schools who were not Polish by nationality. Western Byelorussia was characterized by a high (by Polish standards) level of illiteracy among the population. In the interwar period, it decreased, but still remained significant. For example, according to the last Polish census of 1931, 39% of the residents of the Nowogródek Voivodeship and 50% of the residents of the Polesie Voivodeship were illiterate. These figures were significantly better than those of the 1921 census, according to which 55% of the people in the Nowogródek Voivodeship were illiterate, and 77% of the people in the Polesie Voivodeship were illiterate. However, in Poland as a whole, only 27% were illiterate in 1931. That is, the proportion of illiterates in Western Byelorussia was 1.5 to 2 times higher than the average in Poland. In the late 1930s, only 77% of school-age children attended school in the eastern voivodeships of Poland, while the average in Poland was 90%. Moreover, the Polish authorities were unable to significantly increase this figure, although the number of students in primary schools was growing steadily. The enrolment rate of children in the eastern voivodeships of Poland in the 1928/29 school year was 77.9% of children aged 7–13, and in the 1937/38 school year it was the same 77.9%. During this period, the number of primary schools in the eastern voivodeships increased from 462 to 842, and the number of students in them increased from 3,572 thousand to 4,877 thousand.	2.609375
78644216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietization%20of%20Western%20Byelorussia%20%281939-1941%29	Sovietization of Western Byelorussia (1939-1941)	On January 1, 1940, a pedagogical higher educational institution was opened in Białystok, Pinsk, Grodno and Baranovichi. Moreover, in Białystok there was a four-year pedagogical institute that trained teachers for secondary specialized educational institutions, and in Pinsk, Grodno and Baranovichi there were two-year teacher training institutes that trained teachers for schools. There were relatively few Poles among the students of the new Western Belarusian higher education institutions- lower than their share in the population of the cities of the region. However, a great many Belarusians and Jews entered the universities. For example, in Białystok, where Poles predominated, among the 269 students accepted to the first year, 44% were Jews, 25% Belarusians, 16% Poles, and 14% Russians. The teaching staff of Western Belarusian universities was partly recruited locally. There were prominent scientists among the university teachers. For example, the famous mathematician Adolf Lindenbaum taught at the Białystok State Pedagogical Institute.	2.46875
78644216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietization%20of%20Western%20Byelorussia%20%281939-1941%29	Sovietization of Western Byelorussia (1939-1941)	After the defeat of France, the Union of Armed Struggle decided to refrain from armed uprisings on former Polish lands. Moreover, in mid-1940, most of the Polish partisan units were defeated by the NKVD (the partisan headquarters were particularly severely defeated on June 23, 1940, in the Kobelno tract and on July 10 of the same year in Chervonoe Bolot). To combat the Polish underground, anti-banditry departments were created in May 1940 at the NKVD Directorates for the Belostok and Baranovichi regions. As a result, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, an armed anti-Soviet underground existed in Western Byelorussia, but (compared to Western Ukraine) there were few cases of murders of Soviet activists. According to a review by the 6th Department of the 3rd Directorate of the NKGB of the USSR, in May 1941, as a result of terrorist acts throughout the territory of the Byelorussian SSR, 4 people were killed, while in Western Ukraine during the same period, as a result of terrorist acts, 57 people were killed and 27 people were wounded.	2.265625
78644292	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teungku%20Fakinah	Teungku Fakinah	Teungku Fakinah (1856 – 10 October 1940) was an Acehnese female warrior and Islamic scholar. Early life and education Fakinah was born in Lam Beunot in 1856 to Tengku Datuk, who was an Aceh Sultanate Government official, and Tengku Fathimah. She received education from her parents. Her mother taught her the Quran, Islam, Arabic, sewing, weaving, cooking, and embroidering, whereas her father tutored her on hadith, fiqh, tasawwuf, history, and Arabic. She also received a basic military education. During her military training, she met a young cleric named Tengku Ahmad, and she decided to marry him in 1872. Upon marriage, the couple taught religion at Dayah Lam Pucok (Lam Pucok Islamic boarding school). Due to her presence, female students began to study at Dayah Lam Pucok and she taught them sewing and filigree. Aceh War In 1873, the Dutch declared war against Aceh Sultanate and Dayah Lam Pucok provided military training to the students to fight the Dutch. On 8 April 1873, Tengku Ahmad and his pupils fought against the Dutch in Cermin Beach, and he died during the battle, causing Fakinah to become a widow. After the death of Tengku Ahmad, Fakinah established a body whose members consisted of women, especially widows. This body was tasked to coordinate financial and logistic support for Acehnese resistance and provide medical treatment for wounded soldiers. She also visited several places in Great Aceh to collect money and logistic supplies from wealthy people and local figures to assist the Aceh resistance forces. Through traveling, she befriended the wife of Acehnese warriors.	2.890625
78644974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib%20Kambanga	Habib Kambanga	Habib Gallus Kambanga (/hɑˈbiːb ˈɡæl.əs kæmˈbæŋ.ɡə/, Hah-beeb Gal-luhs Kam-bahn-gah; born 4 April 1968) is a Tanzanian politician who has been serving as an ambassador for The United Republic of Tanzania since 23rd June 2024. Before being appointed as a new ambassador, he was the Deputy Director General of Tanzanian Intelligence and Security Service (TISS). Biography Early Life and education Kambanga was born in Tanzania on 4 April 1968 in Mtwara Region to two agriculturalists. He completed his secondary education in 1990. The following year he went on to serve in the Tanzanian Military Service. He went on to achieve his Bachelor of Arts In Political Science at Osmania University in Hyberabad, India from 1995-1998. He went on to complete his postgraduate degree on Strategic Studies at University of Aberdeen in Scotland in 2004. Kambanga has also pursed many different courses that are based on counter-terrorism. He was awarded certificate on Threat Analysis and Counter Surveillance in Virginia, USA. In the December of 2023, he graduated from the Open University Of Tanzania (OUT) with a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Political Science. Career From the years of 1992 up to 2000, Kambanga worked at the Tanzanian Intelligence and Security Service (TISS) as a Desk officer/Analyst located in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The following year he was promoted to become the Policy Analyst of TISS and for the next 5 years he worked as the Deputy head of Secretariat of the Directorate of Internal Operations of TISS. In 1998 to 1999, Kambanga was chosen as the team leader from Tanzanian Intelligence and Security Service to work on the Al-Qaeda terrorist bombings on the United States embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania from August 1998 - May 1999.	2.296875
78645152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi%20K%C3%BChn	Heidi Kühn	Heidi Kühn, an American from California, was the 2023 winner of the World Food Prize for her work with the nonprofit organization Roots of Peace to remove landmines around the world and turn the land into productive agricultural areas. Early life and education Kühn comes from Marin County, California, and traces her ancestors back five generations to early settlers who became farmers. She attended San Rafael High School in San Rafael, and was a high school exchange student in Japan. In 1979, she obtained a degree in political economics from the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), where she met her husband. Living in Juneau, capital of Alaska, she founded a television news company and reported for major television networks on the Exxon Valdez oil spill. She was also the first US reporter to visit the eastern region of the Soviet Union. Roots of Peace After surviving cancer, Kühn set up the nonprofit organization Roots of Peace in 1997. Initially the aim was to contribute to landmine removal but she realized that this was not enough and that the land had to be restored as agricultural land. Starting in Croatia, her original plan was to replace "mines with vines". For this, she sought funding from the Californian winemaking industry, approaching notable producers such as Mike Grgich, Robert Mondavi, Diane Disney Miller and Francis Ford Coppola. In Croatia, Roots of Peace assisted farmers to re-establish both vineyards and orchards, making use of modern techniques such as cement trellising for vines. Her NGO planted 25,000 grapevines and 14,000 apple trees, as well as cherry trees and lavender. Roots of Peace now has 300 employees with an annual budget of US$200mn.	2.140625
78645157	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Fanc%C3%A1	Battle of Fancá	The Battle of Fancá (1886) was a military engagement that took place in Fancá, modern-day Gabú, Guinea-Bissau, between Portuguese colonial forces, commanded by Marques Geraldes, supported by local allies under Nbuku, and the forces of Fuladu, led by Musa Molo. Background The Fuladu kingdom was founded by Alfa Molo in 1869, after his death in 1881, his brother, Bakari Demba, had succeeded him, and later to Musa Molo, Alfa Molo's son. In Geba, the Portuguese found themselves powerless to counter Musa Molo's demands for taxes and levies. However, by 1886, Nbuku, the ruler of Ganadu and one of Musa Molo's provincial chiefs, had grown discontented with his Musa's rule. Seizing the opportunity, the Portuguese asked the Nbuku to form an alliance against Musa Molo. This alliance was solidified, and preparations began for a coordinated military campaign. Battle On 6 September 1886, Lieutenant Francisco António Marques Geraldes, commanding the Portuguese garrison at Geba, led a force of 80 Portuguese soldiers, supported by 4,300 Fula and Mandinka allies, 170 Biafadas, 120 grumetes, and two pieces of artillery. The coalition launched an assault on the fortified tabanca of Fancá. The battle lasted three hours, during which Musa Molo's forces resisted fiercely but were ultimately overwhelmed. The Portuguese and allied forces forced Musa Molo and his warriors to abandon their positions. Retreating north to Casamance, Musa Molo left behind the dead and wounded. Aftermath After their victory, the Portuguese began incorporating parts of Fuladu into the newly proclaimed province of "Guiné Portuguesa." The operations would finish on September 15, but Marques Geraldes would lead another campaign against Musa Molo in 1889-1891.	2.140625
78645308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem%20Vliegen	Willem Vliegen	Wilhelmus Hubertus "Willem" Vliegen (20 November 1862 – 29 July 1947) was a Dutch journalist and politician of the Social Democratic Workers' Party who served as a member of the House of Representatives from 1909 until 1915, and again from 1922 until 1937. He also served as a member of the Senate from 1917 until 1922. Early life and career Wilhelmus Hubertus Vliegen was born in Gulpen on 20 November 1862 to Jan Martinus Hubertus Vliegen, a carpenter, and Helena Jacquemin. He attended lower education until the age of 11, and then worked as a typesetter. He was introduced to socialism while working in Liège, and after moving to Amsterdam in 1883, he became a member of the Social Democratic League (SDB). He started working at Excelsior, the SDB's publishing office, in The Hague in 1887, and became a member of the executive board of the party's local branch. In 1889, Vlieger moved to Maastricht, where he established a local SDB branch. He also became editor of the SDB-aligned paper the following year. For some time, Vlieger was conflicted about the party's internal struggle between revolutionaries and reformists, but he ultimately joined the latter in leaving the party, and became one of the twelve founders of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) in 1894. In 1897, he became editor of and was elected chairman of the SDAP's national party board. He briefly lived in Paris, where he was inspired by the constructive politics of Jean Jaurès, and in 1902 he became editor of Het Volk.	2.078125
78646124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecistocephalus%20diversisternus	Mecistocephalus diversisternus	This species shares an especially extensive set of traits with its closest relative, M. japonicus. For example, both species feature trunks without dark patches and cephalic pleurites without setae. Furthermore, both species feature a furrow on their sternites that is not forked. These close relatives, however, can be distinguished based on other traits. For example, M. japonicus not only features more legs (63 or 65 pairs) than M. diversisternus but also is much larger, with adults that range from 7 cm to 17 cm in length. Furthermore, the side of the clypeus in M. japonicus features 20 to 30 setae where M. diversisternus features only a few. Moreover, the clypeus in M. japonicus is wider relative to its length, with a width/length ratio that ranges from 1.9 to 2.2, greater than that observed in M. diversisternus. The species M. diversisternus also resembles its close relative M. smithii. For example, both of these species include specimens with 59 leg pairs, and the cephalic pleurites in both species lack setae. These two species can be distinguished, however, based on other traits. For example, the side of the clypeus in M. smithii features 20 to 22 setae where M. diversisternus features only a few. Furthermore, the furrow on the sternites on the anterior leg-bearing segments in M. smithii is forked with short branches, whereas the sternal furrow in M. diversisternus is not forked. Moreover, M. smithii is also larger, ranging from 7.4 cm to 8.8 cm in length.	2.171875
75643627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Marta	Battle of Marta	The Battle of Marta is a military confrontation between a coalition of rebellious Berber tribes led by Carcasan and the forces of John Troglita and his Berber ally Cusina, at Marta (current-day Mareth, Tunisia), in the summer of 547. It follows a significant Byzantine victory through which John Troglita managed to suppress the Berber rebellion led by Antalas. However, in this instance, the Berber rebels manage to re-organize and prevail, for the pacified Moors gain the victory for Byzantines in the battle of the fields of cato which procopius mention as unexpected. Background After the conquest of the Vandal Kingdom in 534, the Byzantine Empire restored Roman rule over North Africa, but it quickly faced resistance from Berber tribes concerned about their autonomy. Following several more or less suppressed uprisings, a major rebellion erupted in 543, jeopardizing the Byzantine position in Africa. In 546, Emperor Justinian dispatched John Troglita to take control of the province, weakened by divisions and the incompetence of Byzantine leadership. Successfully forming an alliance with Cusina, a Berber chief, and engaging in a pitched battle against the rebel coalition led by Antalas, Troglita achieved a significant success upon his arrival.	2.625
75643627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Marta	Battle of Marta	Aftermath This defeat is a setback for John Troglita, who had embarked on a campaign to eradicate the Berber rebellion. However, his defeat is mitigated by his ability to organize the retreat of his troops and avoid the annihilation of his army. According to Corippus, the author of "La Johannide," an epic dedicated to John Troglita and the primary account of the battle, the defeat is explained by the nature of the terrain and the numerical superiority of the Berbers. Finally, he attributes the success of the Byzantine retreat to the Berbers' inability to organize an effective pursuit, as they are hindered by the size of their herds. After their victory, Procopius notes that the Berber rebels extended their raids to the walls of Carthage and "exercised horrible cruelties on the inhabitants of the country." Antalas, upon learning of the victory of the rebels, immediately rises and joins the Tripolitanian tribes the following year. On the other hand, John Troglita manages to rally several Berber leaders, including Cusina, Ifisdaïas, and Iaudas, enabling him to achieve a decisive victory at the Battle of the Fields of Cato and bring an end to the Berber rebellion.	2.515625
75643901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qemberxanim	Qemberxanim	In the early 1950s, she created and choreographed the dances "The Liberated Girl", "The War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea", and adapted "Liberation Army Dance". In 1956, she visited the Soviet Union with the Chinese Dancers Investigation Group. She successively served as the director of the ethnic department of Northwest Arts College, the director of the art department of Xinjiang University, the vice president of Xinjiang Arts School (the later Xinjiang Arts Institute), the chair of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Dancers Association, and the vice chair of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Federation of Literary and Art Circles. In November 1979, she was elected vice chair of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and vice chair of the Chinese Dancers Association. She was the vice chair of the 4th to 6th Xinjiang Committee of the CPPCC. She was also a member of the 5th to 6th National Committee of the CPPCC. In October 1992, an art foundation named after her was established. She died in March 1994.	1.9375
75644284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art%20in%20Bergamo%20and%20Brescia	Renaissance art in Bergamo and Brescia	The works he produced in this short period, not all of which have come down to us, demonstrate a general reworking of his artistic language in the light of the increasingly pressing Renaissance innovations, derived primarily from Leonardo da Vinci's teachings, while remaining faithful to his characteristic "archaizing" style. Thus one finds the Pala della Mercanzia, conceived in an iron will for linear and luminous absoluteness: the resulting trepid and yet rarefied reality would constitute a crucial lesson for Moretto. From the same period is the polyptych from which comes the Nativity of Jesus at Chiesanuova, painted precisely in this spirit of reworking. In the Stendardo di Orzinuovi, a last work painted by the almost 90-year-old Foppa, humanity and nature are defined in a stern and monumental language, while the various figures are charged with an expressive intensity imbued with physicality: this true "pictorial testament" would also constitute a solid starting point for Moretto and a clear reference for Savoldo, who was already working at the time. Upon his return to Brescia, Foppa obtained, as an ultimate recognition from the city's General Council, the entrustment of a regular art course to instruct local youths, for an annual stipend of 100 lire.	2.09375
75644284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art%20in%20Bergamo%20and%20Brescia	Renaissance art in Bergamo and Brescia	The "intermediate generation" Vincenzo Foppa and Moretto constitute the two cornerstones of Brescian Renaissance painting, and it was the latter who would eventually become the major exponent of the local school. However, in order to fully understand the development of Brescian Renaissance art, it is not possible to overlook what is usually referred to as the "intermediate generation," that is, a number of painters who worked between the end of the fifteenth century and the first thirty years of the sixteenth century (exactly between Foppa and the maturity of Moretto), producing a series of works of high artistic merit developed within a local culture influenced mainly by Foppa, an environment that would prove no stranger to the formation and subsequent establishment of the great masters. Floriano Ferramola Floriano Ferramola (ca. 1480-1528) was schooled in the late fifteenth-century Brescia nurtured by the art of Foppa and his elaborations, including those of Vincenzo Civerchio, generating a vast output especially in the second and third decades of the sixteenth century. More influenced by local movements than by Foppa's cultured art, his style is related to Umbrian-Emilian painting that penetrated into eastern Lombardy through Perugino and Lorenzo Costa. Ferramola's works always kept to modest but novelistic, storytelling tones.	2.390625
75644284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20art%20in%20Bergamo%20and%20Brescia	Renaissance art in Bergamo and Brescia	It was Ferramola's art that attracted the vast majority of civil and religious patrons in early 16th-century Brescia: his famous Stories of Saints found widespread success in a variety of monasteries in the city and territory, for example in Santa Giulia, San Giuseppe, Santa Croce, and Santa Maria del Carmine (in collaboration with Civerchio), and then again in Lovere, Bedizzole, Nave, Bovezzo and Quinzano d'Oglio, creating a veritable school and influencing almost all provincial painters: most of the early 16th-century frescoes that have come down to us in churches throughout the Brescian territory can be traced to his style. Many interventions occurred in the palaces of the nobility of the time, especially in a city context: the cycle in the hall of honor of Palazzo Calini, now dispersed among the Victoria and Albert Museum, National Gallery and Pinacoteca Tosio Martinengo, represents one of the finest productions of secular painting in early sixteenth-century Lombardy. The narrative serenity of which Ferramola became a master, as well as his chromatic tonalities, varied and delicate naturalistic, scenic and environmental notions had substantial repercussions on Moretto, who reached artistic maturity precisely during Ferramola's period of greatest productive activity (1520–30). Vincenzo Civerchio A native of Crema, Vincenzo Civerchio (1468/70-1544) worked mainly in Brescia from the last years of the 15th century. In this period he produced a substantial number of works, some lost (such as the frescoes in the choir of the Old Cathedral) and others that have come down to us, such as the Deposition in the church of Sant'Alessandro and part of a decorative cycle in the chapel of the Virgin for the aforementioned church of Santa Maria del Carmine, done in collaboration with Ferramola.	2.265625
75644384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20L.%20Devereux	Dorothy L. Devereux	Dorothy Louise Devereux ( Nelson; November 9, 1911 – January 15, 1994) was an American politician from the state of Hawaii. She was one of the first women elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives after statehood in 1959. Devereux was a native of Spokane, Washington, the daughter of John and Olive ( Davis) Nelson. A registered nurse by profession, she received her nursing education at the California Lutheran School of Nursing in Los Angeles and also did postgraduate work at Chicago Lying-in Hospital. She resided in Chicago, working in the public health sector until the around 1935, when she moved to Hawaii. She married John William Devereux in 1934 and had four children. After moving to Hawaii, she served on the Governor's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, Conference on Education, Hawaii School Survey, as president of the Hawaii Parent-Teacher's Congress and on the Governor's Advisory Committee on Vocational Rehabilitation. In 1958, Devereux was elected to the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives as a Republican. She was elected once again after statehood in 1959 to represent the 15th district, Manoa-Waikiki. Alongside Eureka Forbes, she was one of the first two women to be elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives after statehood in 1995. She served until 1972. Later, Devereux was also a founding member of the Hawaii Crippled Children's Society as well as the Sultan Foundation Nursery School. Devereux died at a hospital in Honolulu on January 15, 1994. Her husband predeceased her in 1968.	1.960938
75644590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea%20novogranatensis	Nymphaea novogranatensis	Nymphaea novogranatensis is a species of waterlily native to Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. Description Vegetative characteristics Nymphaea novogranatensis is an aquatic herb with ovoid rhizomes, which are stoloniferous in the initial growth phase. The broadly elliptic-ovate to suborbicular, subcoriaceous to skin-like, 24 cm long and 21 cm wide leaves have a green adaxial surface. Purple spotting occurs on younger foliage. The brownish purple abaxial leaf surface may also feature dark spotting. The glabrous, 5 mm wide petioles have 2-4 primary and 6-8 secondary air canals. Generative characteristics The nocturnal flowers either float on the water surface, or are slightly emergent. They are attached to the glabrous, 7.5 mm wide peduncle with 5, 6, 15, or 18 primary air canals. The flowers are slightly fragrant. Cytology The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 28. Reproduction Vegetative reproduction The rhizomes of Nymphaea novogranatensis are stoloniferous in the initial growth phase. Proliferating pseudanthia are absent. Generative reproduction Nymphaea novogranatensis depends on sexual reproduction. Contrary to other Nymphaea species, autogamous seed production is less fruitful. Therefore, it is more reliant on cross-pollination. Taxonomy It was first described by Wiersema in 1984. Type specimen The type specimen of Nymphaea novogranatensis was collected by from a small depression along the road by Wiersema and González in Guarico, Venezuela on the 31st of August 1981. Placement within Nymphaea It is placed in Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis. It is closely related to Nymphaea tenuinervia. Etymology The specific epithet novogranatensis is a demonym for Colombia, formerly called Nueva Granada. Conservation In Mexico, it is threatened with extinction. Nymphaea novogranatensis is vulnerable to habitat loss resulting from human activities. Ecology	2.28125
75644663	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20McCune%20Gallaher	Sarah McCune Gallaher	Sarah McCune Gallaher (June 8, 1864 – July 23, 1964) was an American politician from the state of Pennsylvania. She was one of the first women elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1923, alongside Alice Bentley, Rosa de Young, Helen Grimes, Sarah Gertrude MacKinney, Lillie Pitts, Martha Speiser, and Martha Thomas. A Republican, she served a single term, until 1924. Gallaher was born in New Washington, Pennsylvania and attended Indiana University of Pennsylvania where she earned her bachelor's and master's degrees. She later attended Cornell University, earning a Bachelor of Philosophy degree. Gallaher also received education from Oxford University, the Université de Paris, and University of Pennsylvania and was an educator by career. She was the proprietor (along with her sister Ada) and principal of Hallesen Place at Ebensburg Elementary Boarding School from 1904 to 1942 and also established a boarding school in Puerto Rico. Gallaher was also noted as a historian and authority on George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and William Penn. She died in Spangler, Pennsylvania, just over a month after her 100th birthday, in 1964.	2.40625
75644763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus%20Van%20Dijk	Jacobus Van Dijk	In 1986, Geoffrey Thorndike Martin the field director of a combined British and Dutch eight person archaeological team that included Jacobus Van Dijk rediscovered the tomb of Maya, Tutankhamun's treasurer, after a 10-year search at Saqqara. Maya's tomb at Saqqara had been partly discovered in the 19th century and the statues of Maya and his wife Merit were removed from the tomb and acquired by the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden in 1826. Karl Richard Lepsius later re-excavated Maya's tomb in 1843 and its impressive reliefs were recorded in line drawings and taken to Berlin. Over time, the tomb was covered by sand, and its location had been lost. In 2001, the New York Times reported that "a limestone relief depicting the head of an Egyptian goddess and dating to the 13th century B.C. was returned to the Egyptian government yesterday by the Metropolitan Museum of Art from New York due to the intervention of Jacobus Van Dijk: "who recognized it as a piece from the chapel of Seti I, at the ancient pharaonic capital of Memphis. Upon returning home, he confirmed his hunch by checking a French publication where the same goddess's head was featured in a photograph of the Seti I chapel, taken around 1948, the year the site was discovered by archaeologists."	2.71875
75644882	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024%20Gaza%20Strip%20preterm%20births	2023–2024 Gaza Strip preterm births	The Gaza Strip faced a premature baby crisis during the Israel–Hamas war. The situation escalated when the Israeli Defense Forces raided Al-Shifa Hospital, Al-Nasr Children's Hospital, and Kamal Adwan Hospital. Reports of premature babies in intensive care having to be evacuated from Al-Shifa, as well as the destruction of embryos destined for implantation added to concerns about the rising number of preterm births in Gaza. The newborns gained global attention. Background Starting on 21 October 2023, Medical Aid for Palestinians and UNICEF issued an "urgent warning" that 130 premature babies would die if fuel did not reach Gaza hospitals soon. On 23 October, officials in Gaza confirmed that due to the Israeli siege on fuel, when hospitals lost electricity, premature babies in NICUs were at risk of death. A press release from the International Rescue Committee (IRC) in April 2024 stated that pregnant women in Gaza had been experiencing premature labor and miscarriage at rates three times higher than before the conflict intensified. The rise was attributed to displacement, trauma, and malnutrition. In November 2024, Adele Khodr, UNICEF's Regional Director for the Middle East and North Africa, emphasized the severe challenges faced by newborns in the Gaza Strip, stating that the war had disrupted fetal development, childbirth, and postnatal care, resulting in an increased need for intensive care among infants. Khodr also referenced reports from doctors highlighting a rising number of premature births, undernourished infants, and newborns with developmental complications. Al-Shifa Hospital On 11 November, IDF spokesman Daniel Hagari stated the army would help evacuate babies from al-Shifa Hospital, but a Gaza Health Ministry spokesman stated Israel had not provided "any mechanism to get the babies out to a safer hospital." The same day, Physicians for Human Rights–Israel stated two premature babies had died due to the loss of electricity.	2.1875
75644898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIFA%20railway%20station	AIFA railway station	AIFA will be the northern terminus of a branch of the Tren Suburbano. It will be located in the Municipality of Zumpango, State of Mexico. The station is expected to be opened in summer 2024. Overview The terminal will be housed in the basement of the user parking building. It will provide a fast and efficient service to passengers and employees of Felipe Ángeles International Airport (AIFA), transporting them in a comfortable and safe way between Mexico City and the State of Mexico. The station will cover an area of almost 12,000 square meters, and it will have elevators, escalators, service stairs, and closed circuit television and equipment. Connections The terminal will be connected to Lines I, II and IV of the Mexibús. The stations on Line I to connect with the station are: Loma Bonita, Ozumbilla, San Francisco, Hueyotenco, Tecámac, Haciendas del Bosque (location to be defined), Glorieta Militar, Combustibles, Hacienda and Passenger Terminal. Furthermore, to connect the station with Line IV, an extension is planned from the Universidad Mexiquense terminal to AIFA, thus connecting from La Raza in Mexico City to the Aerodrome. It is expected to use the new road on the way to Tonanitla, which has not yet been delivered. Places of interest Paleontological Museum of Santa Lucía Quinametzin (Museo Paleontológico de Santa Lucía Quinametzin) Military Aviation Museum (Museo Militar de Aviación) Museum of Historic Railway Cars and Historic Cultural Train (Museo de Vagones Históricos de Ferrocarriles y Tren Histórico Cultural)	1.953125
75645349	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonha%20language	Sonha language	The Sonha language also known as Sonaha, Sunha, or Sunah is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Sonha people in Lumbini Province, specifically in Bardiya District, covering Geruwa and Rajapur municipalities. It is also spoken in Sudurpashchim Province, particularly in Kanchanpur District and Bhimdatta of Nepal. Sonha exhibits linguistic similarities with Awadhi, with reported lexical similarities of 69% with Rana Tharu, 73% with Kathariya Tharu, and 72% with Dangaura Tharu. Notably, Sonha and Kathoriya serve as a lexical bridge connecting Rana and Dangaura varieties of Tharu. The linguistic features of Sonha include a SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) word order, postpositions, noun head final structure, content question words in situ, case-marking for indicating clause constituents, verbal affixation marking number, split ergativity, and the presence of passives and voice. The language is non-tonal. Sonha speakers engage in mixed-use activities, involving interactions related to friends, religion, and work. The community comprises both young people and adults, with "Sonha" representing an occupational caste, particularly associated with gold panning. The religious affiliations within the Sonha community includes Hinduism, Christianity, and traditional beliefs. The language is considered threatened due to losing speakers and no monolingual speakers of the language.	2.34375
75645696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murina%20guilleni	Murina guilleni	Murina guilleni is a species of vesper bat found in Thailand and the Nicobar Islands. Taxonomy and systematics Murina guilleni was described as a new species in 2013. Its description was the result of a taxonomic split of the round-eared tube-nosed bat (Murina cyclotis). The holotype had been collected in 2010 by P. Soisook at Rajjaprabha Dam in the Surat Thani province of Thailand. The eponym for the species name guilleni is Antonio Guillén- who, in 1997, was the first to collect this species. There are two subspecies: the nominate subspecies, Murina guilleni guilleni, which is in Thailand, and M. g. nicobarensis, which is in the Nicobar Islands. Description Murina guilleni is considered a medium-sized member of the genus Murina. Its forearm length ranges from , with an average length of . The fur on its back is bicolored: the roots of individual hairs are gray, while the tips are orangeish-brown. Its belly fur is dark gray, with hairs around the throat and chest tinged with orange. Echolocation Murina guilleni echolocates to find its insect prey. Its echolocation calls are frequency modulated, meaning that they vary in pitch within the call. Based on recordings of two males, the frequency of maximum energy is from 120.1 to 155.7 kHz.The starting frequency of calls ranges from 175.0 to 184.0 kHz, while the ending frequency is 53.0–63.0 kHz. Range and habitat Murina guilleni has been documented in forests in Southern Thailand and the Nicobar Islands.	2.234375
75645727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%20First%20Union%20400	1986 First Union 400	The 1986 First Union 400 was the seventh stock car race of the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 36th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 20, 1986, before an audience of 29,500 in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina at the North Wilkesboro Speedway, a oval short track. The race took the scheduled 400 laps to complete. By race's end, Richard Childress Racing's Dale Earnhardt was able to hold off a late-race charge by Bud Moore Engineering's Ricky Rudd, securing his 17th career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his second victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Hendrick Motorsports' Geoff Bodine finished third. The race was the first start for African-American driver Willy T. Ribbs, after previous failed attempts in the 1986 season. With the start, Ribbs became the sixth African-American driver to make a start in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the first African-American driver since George Wiltshire in 1975. Background North Wilkesboro Speedway is a short oval racetrack located on U.S. Route 421, about five miles east of the town of North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, or 80 miles north of Charlotte. It measures and features a unique uphill backstretch and downhill frontstretch. It has previously held races in NASCAR's top three series, including 93 Winston Cup Series races. The track, a NASCAR original, operated from 1949, NASCAR's inception, until the track's original closure in 1996. The speedway briefly reopened in 2010 and hosted several stock car series races before closing again in the spring of 2011. It was re-opened in August 2022 for grassroots racing. Entry list (R) denotes rookie driver.	2.234375
75646123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midas%20and%20Bacchus%20%28Poussin%29	Midas and Bacchus (Poussin)	Midas and Bacchus (German: Midas und Bacchus) is an oil painting usually attributed to Nicolas Poussin and dated to about 1624–1629, which is now in the Alte Pinakothek, Munich. Description This subject exhibits the avaricious King of Phrygia, attired in a blue vesture and a yellow mantle, bending on one knee supplicating Bacchus to take back the power with which he had endowed him, of changing whatever he touched into gold. The deity stands near, holding a cup in one hand, while the other is compassionately extended towards the suffering king. Silenus is recumbent near them, and a beautiful nymph lies naked asleep on the foreground, with an infant by her side. Beyond this group are three fauns, one of whom is seated drinking, a second is playing on a double pipe, and a third is gathering fruit. In addition to these, on the right, may be noticed two boys playing with a goat, and more remote are a recumbent river god and a youth; the latter is kneeling on the bank of a stream. The surrounding country represents a beautiful Arcadian scene. Attribution Blunt (1966), citing the confused iconography and awkward spatial awareness of the composition, disputes the authenticity of this picture, which he tentatively ascribes to the so-called Heytesbury Master. However, it is accepted by Wright (2007) and the Alte Pinakothek as an early work of Poussin. Provenance First recorded in the inventory of the Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, in 1751. Thence moved to the Alte Pinakothek in 1836.	2.234375
75646378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20of%20St.%20Jerome%20Tourneux	Mary of St. Jerome Tourneux	Mary of St. Jerome Tourneux was a French Roman Catholic nun who established the first monastery of the Order of Our Lady of Charity in the United States. Biography Julie Josephine Adelaide Tourneux de la Galaiserie was born on 16 November 1808 in Piré-sur-Seiche, France. She was the seventh of eleven children born to Marie Rosalie Rubillon Du Lattay and Jean Baptiste Tourneux, three of whom died in childhood. Her oldest sister, Mary Rose, joined the Sisters of Providence. Despite opposition from her parents, Tourneux joined the Order of Our Lady of Charity in Rennes in June 1829, where she took the religious name Mary of St. Jerome. She took the habit on 25 September 1829, and made her vows on 13 October 1831. In 1845, she was sent to become superior of the monastery of her order in Blois, where her two predecessors had resigned due to community conflicts. She served there for two three-year terms before being recalled to Rennes. In 1855, John Timon, the bishop of Buffalo, asked Rennes to send a group of nuns to his diocese. Tourneux volunteered to lead the group, accompanied by Mary of St. Stephen Etienne, Mary of St. Cyr Corbin, and Mary of St. Martin Dugree. The group left Rennes on 4 April 1855, and traveled second-class on a steamer to Buffalo. There, Tourneux became the abbess of their new monastery, and the nuns worked to establish homes for women in need.	1.992188
75646672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Beatriz	Santa Beatriz	The urbanization section was planned according to North American characteristics (very consistent with Leguía's time), with main avenues (Arenales, Arequipa and Petit Thouars), two-storey mansions, garages for cars and large gardens similar to mansions. Its urbanization in the early 1930s broke all the residential patterns of Lima, where wealthy families began to leave the Centre of Lima to move beyond the limits of Paseo Colón and also for direct access to the Miraflores spas. The architecture of the houses surrounding Arequipa and Arenales avenues had a European style and in the area of Petit Thouars avenue adjacent to the Lince neighbourhoods (the former Lobatón hacienda) they had an Art Deco style. In 2024, the Casa Boza, one of the neighbourhood's oldest houses that was built in 1925, was demolished to make way for a university building after its inclusion in the national heritage registry was controversially rejected by the Ministry of Culture. Landmarks The Santa Beatriz urbanization concentrates three of the main arteries of the city of Lima: Arequipa, Petit Thouars, and Arenales avenues, and also houses various public buildings and cultural centres such as: The National Stadium of Peru Lima Art Museum The headquarters of the Founders of Independence Society Rospigliosi Castle, built in 1929 by . Since 1949, it has been the headquarters of the Air Warfare Academy, as property of the Peruvian State. The Church of Saint Thérèse The Istituto Italiano di Cultura, the Colegio Raimondi until 1997 The Spanish Cultural Centre The Radio Nacional del Perú Luigi Pirandello Theatre The Park of the Exhibition Hernán Velarde Park The Park of the Reserve, which houses the Magic Water Tour The Lawn Tennis Club A number of EsSalud buildings	2.1875
75646946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang%20ancestral%20deification	Shang ancestral deification	The Shang dynasty developed a complex viewpoint of tomb building, and the layout of their works was dictated by the status of the person buried. The largest place for the "afterlife" lay in the Royal Cemetery, located in what is now Xibeigang (西北岡), Anyang. The site, located in the ancient capital city of Yin, served as the resting place for almost all royal family members. Several tombs also served for the purpose of rites, mostly as honorary temples where scheduled offerings were conducted to the person interred. Studying the cemetery's overall structure, scholars also pointed out that the tombs' positions harmoniously aligned with the northern celestial pole, which housed the power of the ancestors in the form of a collective Shangdi. Using radiocarbon dating and other techniques, researchers have constructed a list of genealogy of the individuals buried. The study reports of Koji Mizoguchi and Junko Uchida, published in 2018, reveal that the Royal Cemetery's tombs were intended to be built in a complex manner that indicates the buried individuals' relationships to each other. Apart from several exceptions, tombs of later kings were constructed in a position that was "respectful" towards his predecessors. In that way, attendants at the funeral of a king or queen would be paying nominal respect to remote ancestors in other tombs. Some graves bear striking resemblances, which the authors interpreted as attempts to imitate virtuous royal ancestors by the kings. Respect to Pan Geng, Xiao Xin and Xiao Yi	2.40625
75646987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn%20Adams%20%28rower%29	Evelyn Adams (rower)	Evelyn Adams (born 1950) née Gardiner and later Sommer, is an Australian pioneer representative rower. With Lydia Miladinovic she rowed in Australia's first international representative women's crew. A ten-time Australian national champion, accomplished as both a sculler and sweep-oarswoman, Adams' two World Rowing Championship appearances were made as a heavyweight whilst four of her Australian championship titles were achieved in the lightweight division. She represented at the 1974 World Rowing Championships and 1978 World Rowing Championships. Club and state rowing An Abbottsford, Sydney local, Adams brought herself to rowing in 1965 when at one day at age 15 she enquired at the boatshed of the Sydney Women's Rowing Club. Her senior club rowing was from the Sydney Women's Rowing Club at a time when there was nil integration and little co-operation with the men's Sydney Rowing Club boatshed and clubhouse. After relocating to the ACT in 1986, Adams' rowing including her significant involvement in Masters competitions, has been from the Canberra's Black Mountain Rowing Club. She began contesting national titles at Australian Rowing Championships from 1969. She won the gold and a national championship title in the junior scull in 1973, and in the coxless pair with Lydia Miladinovic in 1974. In 1975 she raced the coxless pair with Denise Phillips and in 1976 she raced as a lightweight, picking up silvers in both the junior scull and lightweight scull championship event. Her eligibility to race the junior scull in 1976 related to her inexperience as a sculler at that time rather than her age. In 1977 Adams raced in a coxed quad scull in SWRC colours. They won a national title in 1977 and took the silver in a coxless quad in 1978.	1.945313
75647084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-1808%20importation%20of%20slaves%20to%20the%20United%20States	Post-1808 importation of slaves to the United States	Enforcement of the law was initially poor, as the slave trade was banned in the midst of the Napoleonic Wars and Latin American Wars of Independence. Privateers loyal to all sides were active in the Caribbean and used their existing smuggling networks in the United States to also bring slaves into the country. There were at least 100 slave smugglers (privateers and pirates) importing slaves into the U.S. in the 1800s; the Lafittes were the most famous of these. Historian David Head has identified 30 cases of privateers landing or being captured in the U.S. that resulted in 4,000 slaves being imported or captured and then sold. These ships operated operated primarily off Louisiana, near Galveston, and in the vicinity of Amelia Island off the coast of Florida. In 1820 the Act to protect the commerce of the United States and punish the crime of piracy (Act of May 15, 1820, Chap. 113, 3 Stat. 600) instituted massive fines and the death penalty for pirates caught importing slaves into the United States. The new laws, combined with geopolitical stability and peace in the Caribbean region, caused a decline in the slave trade after 1820.	3.15625
75647258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calocephalus%20platycephalus	Calocephalus platycephalus	Calocephalus platycephalus commonly known as western beauty-heads or yellow top, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is an upright to sprawling herb with white hairy branches and yellow ball-shaped flower heads and is endemic to Australia. Description Calocephalus platycephalus is a herb with upright to ascending, whitish woolly to hairy branches and about high. The leaves are arranged alternately, linear to lance-shaped, mostly long, wide, more or less smooth to hairy, apex blunt to occasionally ending in a short triangular point in the upper leaves. The flower heads are yellow, broadly rounded to globe-shaped and 17-22 bracts. Flowering occurs mainly from spring to summer and the fruit is a bristly achene long. Taxonomy and naming This species was described in 1867 by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name Pachysurus platycephalus. In 1867 George Bentham changed the name to Calocephalus platycephalus and the description was published in Flora Australiensis. The specific epithet (platycephalus) means "headed". Distribution and habitat Western beauty-heads grows in sandy and sometimes semi-salines locations in New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory.	2.5
75647537	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwood%20Van%20Someren%20Taylor	Birdwood Van Someren Taylor	Birdwood Van Someren Taylor (1852 – 31 July 1939) was an English physician, teacher and clergyman. He was the second Church Mission Society medical missionary to go to China in 1878, working during the height of the Opium War, with a focus on Fuzhou (Fuh-Chow), Fukien, and Hinghwa. Noted for his work addressing opium addiction and leprosy, Taylor founded mission hospitals in Fukien, including three significant hospitals with the largest in Hingwa. He incorporated medical education into the hospitals and translated English medical textbooks into the local dialects. He also served as the founding Principal of Union Medical College in Western China. Taylor was also known for bringing English lawn tennis to the Fukien area. Early life and education Birdwood Van Someren Taylor was born in 1852 in Borsad, India. His parents, J. V. S. Taylor, and Eliza Sarah Pritchard Taylor were Christian missionaries and worked primarily in Gujarat, India. They served as missionaries until Eliza fell sick, causing them to move back to Scotland with their children. Eliza died in June 26, 1858 when Taylor was 6 years old. He grew up primarily in Scotland with a Protestant upbringing. Later, he attended the University of Edinburgh where he received his M. B and C.M, becoming both a medical doctor and an ordained member of the clergy. Personal life On 1 August 1878, Taylor married Christiana Downing in Viewforth, Midlothian, Scotland. They were married by his grandfather, George Pritchard. Taylor and Downing had three children. Career Shortly after his marriage to Downing, Taylor left for Fuh-Chow, China, arriving on 30 November 1878 to work as the second medical missionary for the Church Missionary Society in China. He followed William Welton, who helped the Chinese Medical Society establish the first dispensary hospital in Fuh-Chow in 1850. He opened the first hospital in Funing in 1883.	1.953125
75647747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20Pay%20Agreements%20Act%202022	Fair Pay Agreements Act 2022	Introduction and first reading The Fair Pay Agreements Bill was introduced to Parliament on 29 March 2022. The Bill passed its first reading on 5 April 2022 by a margin of 77 to 43. While the Labour, Green parties and Te Pati Māori supported the Bill, it was opposed by the opposition National and ACT parties. The bill's sponsor Labour MP Michael Wood (the-then Minister for Workplace Relations and Safety) argued that a fair pay agreements system would protect the rights and economic security of workers, and provided a framework for sector-wide collective bargaining between employers and unions. Similar sentiments were echoed by fellow Labour MPs Stuart Nash, Meka Whaitiri, Marja Lubeck, Angela Roberts, Camilla Belich, Ibrahim Omer and Green MP Jan Logie, who argued that the FPA system did not target "good" employers, would protect workers' rights, ensure fairness in the workplace, address cost of living pressures. National MPs Paul Goldsmith, Scott Simpson, David Bennett, and Todd McClay and ACT MP Chris Baillie argued that the FPA system would favour unions at the expense of employers and employees, impede entrepreneurialism, and impose red tape on businesses, and harm the economy. Goldsmith claimed that trade unions were increasingly irrelevant in New Zealand and that the bill amounted to "compulsory unionisation" by stealth. Baillie also claimed that the fair pay agreements system was unnecessary since employees' pay and conditions had improved substantially following the introduction of the employment contracts agreement system in 1991. McClay claimed that the FPA system would hurt the New Zealand and impede recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic.	1.992188
75647929	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871%20Liberian%20coup%20d%27%C3%A9tat	1871 Liberian coup d'état	The 1871 Liberian coup d'état, also known as the Roye affair, resulted in the overthrow and death of President Edward James Roye of the True Whig Party and his eventual replacement by Joseph Jenkins Roberts of the Republican Party. Roye, a wealthy businessman, had been elected president of Liberia at the 1869 general election as the first True Whig to hold the office. Early in his term a referendum was held to extend the length of the presidential term from two years to four years. Republicans refused to recognise the results as valid and instead organised a presidential election in 1871. Roye and the True Whigs did not recognise the election as invalid and did not participate, with Republicans declaring Roberts to have been elected unopposed. In October 1871, prompted by a controversial loan agreement signed by Roye's government, riots and street fights broke out between the supporters of Roye and Roberts. The Republicans sent multiple delegations demanding Roye's resignation, but he refused to resign and instead declared a state of emergency. He was ultimately arrested by a Republican mob on 28 October and imprisoned. Roye was initially succeeded by a provisional government and then by his vice-president James Skivring Smith, pending the commencement of Roberts' term in January 1872. Along with six of his supporters, Roye was convicted of treason in February 1872 and sentenced to death. He died in disputed circumstances while attempting to escape from custody a few days later. Background Roye became president of Liberia in 1870, having won the 1869 presidential election as the candidate of the True Whig Party. Roye was a wealthy Americo-Liberian businessman and member of the predominantly mulatto merchant class which dominated Liberian politics. Initially a member of the Republican Party, he later became the standard-bearer of the True Whigs, an alliance of "mostly dark-skinned upriver planters and the dark-skinned faction among the coastal merchants."	2.46875
75648038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20of%20the%20Mamluk%20Sultanate	Military of the Mamluk Sultanate	This policy has left coastal countries such as Cyprus, Rhodes, the Crusader state of Acre, and others living in a state of constant fear of any Egyptian attack. Acre was conquered in 1291 after the Crusaders of Acre killed Egyptian merchants there, and Cyprus was conquered in 1426 after the Cypriots stole the goods of the Egyptian merchant Ahmad bin el-Humaim. Rhodes was entered in 1444 after it carried out a raid on the Egyptian coast. Emir Alaa el-Din bin el-Emam brought about a qualitative shift in the Egyptian Navy during the Mamluk era. It is mentioned that he asked Sultan al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri not to import ships from European Venetians and to suffice with importing wood that did not exist in Egypt, and to build Egyptian ships with pure Egyptian hands in the Egyptian port of Rosetta, so Emir Alaa el-Din built an Egyptian fleet from scratch and on the latest models. With the Portuguese threatening Egypt, Sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri commissioned Emir Alaa el-Din bin el-Emam with a major mission, which was to build an Egyptian naval arsenal capable of confronting the Portuguese. Alaa el-Din gave orders to build dozens of galleons, which were the most advanced warships of the Middle Ages, making Egypt's Portuguese rivals fearful of Egypt's new power.	2.84375
75648038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20of%20the%20Mamluk%20Sultanate	Military of the Mamluk Sultanate	Horses: Horses, naturally, were very important to the army because they were the vehicles of the knights, and for this reason they cared about horses in Egypt. One of the tricks that the Egyptian army used in battles to fight the enemy's horses was the drum, and the second trick was to release the horses’ spurs so that the males of the enemy's horses would run after them and shake the lines of enemy knights. Egypt in the Mamluk era faced armies containing Crusader knights, Mongolian knights, and others. They were very skilled knights. They needed great training and preparations and had high-level horses. The Mamluk knights were superior, and one of their tactics was to besiege the enemy knights in a circle in order to eliminate them. Not all of Egypt's knights were Mamluks. Ajnad al-Halqa had high-level knights among them who participated in battles. The person in charge of the royal/sultanic stable was called “Amir Akhur (أمير آخور).” Saddles, bridles, and all the tools of the horses were kept in warehouses called “Bayt al-Rakab (بيت الركاب)” and the person in charge of it was called “Muhtar al-Rakab Khanah (مهتار الركاب خاناه).”	3.015625
75648647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Bettolo	Giovanni Bettolo	Later career Though he never returned to ministerial office after 1910, Bettolo remained an active member of the Chamber of Deputies. In 1913 he argued in the chamber that the navy did not need to have technically detailed and fixed specifications laid down in law as it needed to move forward as naval science evolved, and that it was better to have a series of short term shipbuilding plans that could be delivered quickly according to the changing financial circumstances of the country. He also clashed in the chamber with his successor as Navy Minister, Pasquale Leonardi Cattolica, over the delays and inefficiencies of the battleship building programme. Meanwhile his naval career continued. From 1900-1903 he served as commander of the Naval Academy. Appointed vice admiral in December 1905, in 1906 he assumed command of the Maritime Department of Venice. In 1907 he once again held the position of Chief of Staff of the Navy. In 1908 he established the Navy War School (renamed the Maritime War Institute in 1921) for the training of senior officers, and in the same year he visited Brindisi, which the navy was starting to develop into a major base. In 1911 he retired from active service and was raised to the nobility as a count for the services he had rendered to the country. After his retirement he continued to take an active role in public life. In 1912 he was elected President of the Lega Navale Italiana, a role he retained until his death. He became head of the Italian Scouts and Guides Association in 1913, at a time when there was a question as to whether the association should remain strictly secular, or find some accommodation with the nascent Catholic scouting movement. Bettolo negotiated an agreement with the leaders of the Catholic movement, but the Association disavowed it and Bettolo had to resign in September 1915. The Catholics then formed their own movement, the Associazione Scouts Cattolici Italiani.	2.40625
75649184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macar%20Tarihi	Macar Tarihi	The Macar Tarihi ('Hungarian History') is a small Ottoman Turkish chronicle about the history of the Hungarians, written in 1740. The manuscript is a source of the history of Transylvania during the Ottoman–Habsburg wars and the Great Turkish War. Manuscript The 39-page manuscript was preserved in a codex (3386/5, pages 63–101) kept in the library of the Nuruosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul. It was discovered by Turkish scholar Cengiz Orhonlu, who wrote a brief summary about it in 1975. The text was translated into Hungarian and annotated by Turkologist József Blaskovics in 1982. Author By analyzing the text, Blaskovics attempted to identify the author. Since Hungarian orthography is almost always impeccable with regard to personal and place names, while German names are distorted, Blaskovics identified the author to be of Hungarian ethnicity. Transylvanian events appear in much more detail, consequently he originated from this region. He used Latin-language sources for his work too (several personal names appear in Latin form), demonstrating his high education. The theological connections of the tendencies of the Reformation appear at several points, thus the author perhaps was a Transylvanian Protestant, who converted to Islam and became a faithful Ottoman Turk. Blaskovics considered that the author belonged to those Kuruc emigrants who found shelter in the empire, alongside princes Emeric Thököly or Francis II Rákóczi. Others identified him with Ibrahim Muteferrika, who was the first Muslim to run a printing press with movable Arabic type.	2.421875
75649484	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder%20City%20Conservation%20Easement	Boulder City Conservation Easement	The BCCE borders the Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area to the northwest, the Lake Mead National Recreation Area to the east, and the Avi Kwa Ame National Monument to the south, and with other protected areas in California forms a much larger contiguous protected area system in the Mojave Desert. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), National Park Service (NPS), and private lands also border the Easement. The BCCE land is marked with restricted use signs in green lettering with the Boulder City and Desert Conservation Programm logos. Animal and plant species in the protected area The United States Fish and Wildlife Service and Clark County Desert Conservation Program conducted translocations for the California gopher tortoise from 2014 to 2019. The translocated Desert tortoises came from the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center (2014 only) and locations from the wild. Bird species such as Ferruginous hawk, Burrowing owl, Loggerhead shrike, Phainopepla, LeConte's thrasher and Bell's vireo occur in the preserve. Mammals include species such as kit fox. Other animal species include California kingsnake, speckled rattlesnake, Gila monster, Zebra-tailed lizard, Mojave rattlesnake, Long-nosed leopard lizard and desert iguana. The cactus Ferocactus cylindraceus occurs.	2.5625
75649678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Eritrea	Climate change in Eritrea	Eritrea, a small coastal nation situated along the Red Sea in the Horn of Africa, is one of the most vulnerable countries of the world to the adverse effects of climate change and increased climate variability has already been evidenced in the country. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Eritrea's CO2 emissions in 2020 were 6,242.49 thousand metric tons, showing a 1.02% increase from 2019. Fossil CO2 emissions in Eritrea were 684,140 tons in 2016. CO2 emissions increased by 4.79% over the previous year, representing an increase of 31,259 tons over 2015, when CO2 emissions were 652,881 tons. Climatology The climate of Eritrea exhibits a diverse range of conditions, characterized by hot and arid regions near the Red Sea, temperate climates in the highlands, and sub-humid conditions in isolated micro-catchment areas along the eastern escarpment. Approximately 71% of the country experiences hot to very hot weather, with an average annual temperature exceeding 27 °C. Another 24% of the nation is warm to mild weather, with mean temperatures hovering around 22 °C. The remaining 5% of Eritrea's territory is of a cool climate, showcasing an average annual temperature below 19 °C. Rainfall distribution also varies significantly, with precipitation increasing as one moves from north to south. In the northwest lowlands, rainfall barely exceeds 200 mm annually, while the south-western lowlands receive more than 700 mm of rainfall per year. Overall, Eritrea is predominantly arid, with approximately 70% of its land area classified as such and average annual rainfall of less than 350 mm. Climate Change Impacts	3.046875
75649678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20change%20in%20Eritrea	Climate change in Eritrea	Temperature and weather changes Since the 1960s, there has been an increase in temperature of approximately 1.7 °C, with an average rate of 0.37 °C per decade. Eastern Africa, including Eritrea, has witnessed a more frequent occurrence of extreme precipitation changes, such as droughts and heavy rainfall events, during the past 30–60 years. An analysis of data from 1912-2005 also indicates a decline in rainfall for the central and southern highlands, where rain-fed agriculture prevails as the dominant economic activity. Impact on water resource Current climate change projections suggest that the Anseba River's base flows and the shallow groundwater along the stream bank will be significantly impacted. As highlighted in the NAPA report, it is anticipated that rising temperatures and increasing rainfall variability will lead to a decline in overall groundwater supply and an elevated demand for crop water. Impact on people The escalating impacts of climate change, including droughts and frequent drought-related crises, have led to displacement and increased vulnerability among communities in Eritrea. This has been particularly observed in at-risk communities. Agriculture and livestock	3.046875
75649962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney%20Roughs%20Nature%20Park	McKinney Roughs Nature Park	The first discovery at the McKinney Roughs archaeological site revealed a compact fireplace with charcoal, charred rocks, and lithic rubble. These findings provided evidence for archaeologists, indicating the presence of ancient campfires. Subsequent extensive excavations uncovered additional campsites from the same Archaic Period. During the exploration, archaeologists unearthed various ancient tools and weaponry, including flake scrapers, raw chert cores used in crafting tools and weapons, and a small dart projectiles known as Ensor and Darl. Radiocarbon dating of the Ensor points at McKinney Roughs indicates an age roughly between 100 B.C. and 200 A.D., corresponding to approximately 1800 to 2100 years ago, marking the early phase of the Transitional Archaic period. Additionally, the Darl projectile, found at the site, serves as a "time marker," dating the location to approximately 1,100 to 1,150 A.D. The Darl, a transitional weapon utilized by hunters during the Transitional Archaic period, represents an early form of the arrow point. Researchers consider the arrow as the hallmark weapon of the forthcoming Late Prehistoric period, signifying that the ancient people at the McKinney Roughs site were alive during the last years of the Archaic Period. Modern day In the early 1850s, the land and Windmill Ranch, which now constitutes McKinney Roughs Nature Park, belonged to the family of John Calhoun Wise. Mr. Wise married Cynthia Houston, a close relative of Sam Houston, and they had eight children together. Their descendants resided on the property until the 1950s, after which it changed hands among various owners for over 50 years. In 1990, the land title passed to the Wilton and Effie Hebert Foundation, which subsequently sold the tract in 1995 to the Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA), a power utility company overseeing the Colorado River. The LCRA expanded its holdings by acquiring two adjoining parcels in 1996 and 1998, culminating in the creation of McKinney Roughs.	2.59375
75649962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney%20Roughs%20Nature%20Park	McKinney Roughs Nature Park	McKinney Roughs is home to various mammals, reptiles, birds, and amphibians. Common wildlife sightings at the park include gray foxes, rabbits, white-tailed deer, and squirrels. The park and other parts of the Lost Pines forest serve as a habitat for a diverse array of over 250 bird species. The park collaborates with the LCRA, the Hyatt Regency, the Bastrop County Audubon Society, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department’s Lost Pines Master Naturalists, and the National Audubon Society to organize annual bird-watching events. Throughout specific seasons, visitors have the opportunity to observe various bird species, including but not limited to cardinals, eastern bluebird, green kingfisher, Carolina chickadee, hummingbirds, eastern screech-owl, Carolina wren, tufted titmouse, wood duck, northern parulas, common ground doves, hooded warblers, and the bald eagle—the national bird of the United States. Bastrop is one of the four cities certified by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department as having a "bird city" status. McKinney Roughs is recognized as one of the leading birding-viewing destinations within Bastrop County. As of 2019, there are no regulatory restrictions related to threatened or endangered species or wetlands at McKinney Roughs.	2.515625
75650093	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Mays	Richard Mays	Richard Leon Mays Sr. (born August 5, 1943) an American retired politician, judge, lawyer, and businessman from the U.S. state of Arkansas. Elected to the Arkansas House of Representatives in 1972, he was one of the first three African Americans to serve in the Arkansas General Assembly since the Reconstruction era. Governor Bill Clinton appointed Mays to the Arkansas Supreme Court in 1980. Early life and education Mays was born on August 5, 1943, in Little Rock, Arkansas, the younger son of Barnett George Mays and Dorothy Mae (Greenlee) Mays. His father owned and operated a restaurant and liquor store in North Little Rock. Richard Mays graduated from Horace Mann High School in 1961 and received his bachelor's degree from Howard University in 1965. He received his law degree in 1968 from the University of Arkansas School of Law, from which he was the first African American to graduate in over a decade. After graduation, Mays worked as a U.S. Justice Department trial attorney before returning to Little Rock a year later as a deputy prosecutor. He was the first African American prosecutor for the 6th Circuit Court in Pulaski County and perhaps the first Black prosecutor in Arkansas history. In 1971, he entered private practice with Walker, Kaplan, and Lavey, the first racially integrated law firm in Arkansas.	2.5
75650098	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoplaca%20oasis	Flavoplaca oasis	Flavoplaca oasis is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It is widely distributed across Europe, and has been reported in Western Asia, China, and North Africa. Taxonomy It was first formally described in 1856 by the Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo, as a variety of Callopisma aurantiacum. Ödön Szatala promoted it to distinct species status in 1932, classifying it in the genus Caloplaca. Ulf Arup and colleagues transferred the taxon to the genus Flavoplaca in 2013, following a molecular phylogenetics-based restructuring of the family Teloschistaceae. Description The lichen Flavoplaca oasis has a typically visible yet thin thallus, characterised by small or , particularly noticeable at the . The thallus presents a pale yellow hue. It features an (honeycomb-like) cortex, and its is distinctly separated by fungal hyphae. This species lacks a prothallus and does not produce vegetative propagules such as isidia, soredia, and . The medulla of the thallus is white.	2.109375
75650118	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovannini%20%28Coronel%20Fabriciano%29	Giovannini (Coronel Fabriciano)	In Coronel Fabriciano, Alberto Giovannini worked as a businessman, merchant, landowner and banker. He inaugurated the Banco da Lavoura, the city's first bank branch, and donated land for the construction of the Senhor do Bonfim Municipal Cemetery, and the municipality's first state school, inaugurated in 1969 and named Alberto Giovannini State School. He also helped negotiate the construction of Fabriciano's first bus terminal, now known as the Rodoviária Velha, where stores and low-class apartments are concentrated. In 1978, the cornerstone was laid for the Church of the Good Shepherd, built in an area that had been used by the population for events. The structural and demographic development, combined with representative commerce, has made Giovannini one of the most populous areas in the city. Geography and demography The Giovannini neighborhood has a total area of 0.5 km2 and is bordered by the districts of Melo Viana, Santo Eloy, Belvedere (to the north), Alto Giovannini (to the west), Nazaré, Centro, Professores (to the south), Bom Jesus, Vila Bom Jesus and Júlia Kubitschek (to the east). Alto Giovannini originated as an extension of the original occupation, but is considered an independent neighborhood by both the IBGE and the municipal administration's geoprocessing system of 2020. It is bordered by the Caladão Stream, which cuts through the city and receives dirt and pollution from homes and small industries, workshops or slaughterhouses on its banks.	2.234375
75650438	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse%20Trap%20%281986%20video%20game%29	Mouse Trap (1986 video game)	Mouse Trap is a platform game written by Dave Mann (using the pseudonym Chris Robson) and published by Tynesoft in 1986 for the Acorn Electron and BBC Micro home computers. One year later the game was released for the Atari 8-bit computers, Atari ST, Amiga, and Commodore 64. Gameplay The player takes on the role of a mouse named Marvin, who must complete 21 stages fraught with traps to reach a piece of cheese. The player must collect all the items (varying from cakes to balloons) from the level within a certain time, which will open an exit to which they must go to complete the level. Along the way, the player must avoid contact with moving (and stationary) objects (except platforms and elevators) and falling from too high a height, resulting in loss of life and restarting the level. The in-game music is Golliwogg's Cakewalk from Children's Corner Suite, composed by Claude Debussy. Reception Mouse Trap received very mixed reviews. Michael Kohl for Aktueller Software Markt found the graphics "colorful and pretty to look at", recommending it to every Amiga user. Raze magazine criticized the "dated graphics and poor sound" and rated the game 37%.	1.984375
75650503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Funoun%20Palestinian%20Popular%20Dance%20Troupe	El Funoun Palestinian Popular Dance Troupe	El Funoun Palestinian Popular Dance Troupe () is a Palestinian dance troupe that was established in 1979. They are also called El Funoun Palestinian Popular Dance Troupe. They currently are based in Ramallah and have a direct mission to "resist the genocide of their people and culture." As of 2021, the dance troupe has between 50 and 230 volunteer members of men women and children. Their members are also both Muslim and Christian. El Funoun translates to 'The Art'. Goals/Mission Through the choreography of their dances, they aim to represent Arab-Palestinian traditions. While they perform Dabke, a traditional folkloric dance, they also choreograph different types of dance that also encompass their mission to share their vision of Palestinian dance. Their dances have roots in traditional dances that historically were performed at celebrations and weddings and adapts them for the current context. They aim to appeal to the younger audiences as well and in doing so bring Palestinian culture into the present and let it evolve. They aim to preserve and engage with Palestinian history and traditions through dance and choreography and through performance. Their work in preserving Palestinian culture and creating spaces for Palestinians to engage with their traditional culture and dance through performances, is in opposition to Israeli suppression of Palestinian expression since the Nakba in 1948.	2.65625
75650620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Polus	David Polus	In Eretz Israel Polus was a member of the Labor Battalion and the excavation group of Yitzhak Sadeh. His first sculpture in the Land of Israel was unveiled while he was in the Labor Battalion in Migdal Tzedek: a bust of Aharon David Gordon. In February 1932, Paulus sent a proposal, published in the newspaper "Davar," to the management of the "Levant Fair" (Yerid Hamizrach) exhibition. According to the proposal, a sculpture competition would be announced, and the best works would be displayed in the exhibition, providing an incentive for artistic creation.Polus used to wander throughout the country. He lived in various kibbutzim and sculpted in them in exchange for a livelihood only, without additional pay. This was the case in Ramat David, Tel Yosef, Beit Oren, and Ramat Rachel. According to a document in the state archives dated September 22, 1936, Polus, registered as a teacher, resided on Herzl Street in Tel Aviv (then the Mahlul neighborhood), near the Delphinar-Yochananoff Silk Weaving and Dyeing Factory. He had a shack where he used to isolate himself and plan new works. Later on, he moved to Jerusalem and lived in the last twenty years of his life in another shack, in the heart of the Jerusalem Forest near the Ein Kerem neighborhood. In 1940 he sculpted the Alexander Zaid memorial near Beit Shearim. Polus passed away, unmarried and childless in Jerusalem in 1975. Artistic style Several of his works were of the realist style. Among these there are visual motifs depicting the rise of the Jewish people in their land. Polus used locally available, relatively simple and inexpensive materials such as concrete, plaster on lattice, and iron rods. This led to increased decay in his sculptures, requiring constant maintenance. During his time, Polus reinforced them himself. Over the years, some have been renovated, while others have withstood the test of time. Selected works	2.53125
75650786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Cothran	Tom Cothran	Thomas Walter (Tom) Cothran (1947–1987) was an American musicologist and composer, notable for his professional collaboration and personal relationship with American conductor and composer Leonard Bernstein. Early life and education Tom Cothran was born in San Antonio to parents Walter M. and Betty (Nogle) Cothran. Walter was at the time a business equipment salesman. The family remained in Texas for some years, then moved to Pasadena, California, where Tom graduated from Pasadena High School in 1965. Cothran attended Northwestern University for two years, then transferred to UC Berkeley where he studied music and became interested in linguistics. Never graduating, he found employment at San Francisco radio station KKHI (then an all-classical format), rising to program director. Cothran met Bernstein at a party in 1971 and quickly found common interests with the composer/conductor. Bernstein introduced Cothran to acquaintances and friends within the former's social and professional orbit. Multiple sources report that the two became lovers. As assistant to Bernstein Cothran assisted and advised Bernstein in small ways during the period of development of the latter's Mass (1971) and was a frequent house guest in the Bernstein household. The pair's romantic relationship was kept hidden. From 1972, he was employed by Bernstein's Amberson Enterprises as an assistant to the maestro, initially for the development of what became Bernstein's Harvard Norton Lectures. He relocated to Cambridge for this work. Regarding the Norton Lectures, critic Mark Swed credits Cothran as the source of their Chomskian approach and "practically their ghost writer", but reports that Cothran later characterized his own role as "preventing them from becoming even more embarrassing than they already were".	2.140625
75650935	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwackhia%20viridis	Zwackhia viridis	Zwackhia viridis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), script lichen in the family Lecanographaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, and has been documented in Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe, and Oceania. Taxonomy The lichen was first formally described by the Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius, as Opegrapha rubella var. viridis. Ignaz Poetsch and transferred it to the genus Zwackhia in 1872. Description Zwackhia viridis is characterised by a subtle and svelte thallus that can range from being barely noticeable to a fine texture. Its colour spectrum includes shades of pale brown, grey, greenish-grey, brownish-grey, and green, all in a finish. On occasion, a prothallus can be observed, distinguishable by its dark brown hue and a width spanning 0.1–0.2 mm. The ascomata (spore-producing structures) are dispersed relatively evenly across the thallus, though sometimes they appear in clusters of two to four. These structures are (slit-like) in shape, generally straight, but can also have curved or slightly patterns. They are black and measure between 0.2 and 1.2 mm in length and 0.15–0.3 mm in width. Their hymenial is not and looks like a distinct slit. Underneath the hymenium, the is of a dark brown shade which turns an olivaceous colour upon a potassium hydroxide (K) chemical spot test. This structure's width varies from 25 to 50 μm on the sides to 15–80 μm at the base. The beneath is pale brown, stands 5–20 μm tall, and reacts to tests with an olivaceous hue on K and a red hue on iodine. The hymenium itself is clear and devoid of oil droplets, standing at a height between 75 and 120 μm. When exposed to potassium hydroxide and iodine (K/I), it turns blue. The branched intertwine and measure between 1.0 and 1.5 μm in width without a distinct enlarged tip. The on top is a pale brown shade, which turns red when exposed to iodine.	2.078125
75651099	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Tamang	Eastern Tamang	Eastern Tamang is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is spoken in mainly in Bagmati and Koshi provinces of Nepal as well as the states of Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal (Darjeeling), and Sikkim in India by the Tamang people. The Eastern Tamang language is a SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) structured language with postpositions, genitives following nouns, and noun heads appearing at the end of phrases. It lacks noun classes or genders, features content question words in situ, and employs a system of one prefix and up to three suffixes. Clause constituents are marked by case, and it follows an ergative alignment. It includes aspects of tense with no passives or voice, has 34 consonant and 16 vowel phonemes, and exhibits CV, CVC, CCV, V, and CCVC syllable structures. The language is tonal, with 5 basic vowels, 5 long vowels, 6 diphthongs, and phonemic distinctions in aspiration and length. In addition to Eastern Tamang, speakers also speak Bhojpuri, Central Tibetan (in religious contexts) mainly by Vajrayana Buddhists, and the Maithili language. Speakers of Eastern Tamang also speak Nepali, especially among those who have received education or attended schools where Nepali is the medium of instruction or traveled to other parts of Nepal. Eastern Tamang is also spoken by Tamang Hindus, Christians, as well as followers of traditional beliefs.	2.640625
75651113	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra%20Zero	Astra Zero	Astra Zero, born Dustin Nicholls, is a Canadian digital artist, illustrator, photographer, creative director, graphic designer and musician. He began to use the name Astra Zero as a teenager in a punk band "and we all decided we wanted alter egos and for whatever reason". Family and early life Nicholls grew up in Faro, Yukon. His biological father is part-First Nation, part-Scottish. He was a keen artist from a young age, painting and drawing. His grandfather, also an artist, taught him as a child. He began experimenting with digital art as a teenager, using a family scanner and printer saying, "I would collect random stuff like leaves and garbage and scan it and then layer it over old photos and then print them out and draw over them." He then moved into using Photoshop and other similar programmes. Work Astra Zero's greatest influence is the Canadian artist, Floria Sigismondi. Other inspirations are horror, sci-fi and fantasy films, 90s cartoons plus gay and pop culture. Collections have included Infernal, Queer Horror Icons, Night Rebels, Dirty Paper, Latex and Bones, Restless Vampire, Pop Culture and Dark Vintage. Historical parodies He created historical parodies of: The Descent from the Cross (1435) Rogier van der Weyden Age22 (1493) Albrecht Dürer Sleeping Venus (1508) Giorgione The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian (1577) El Greco The Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest (1580) El Greco Girl with a Pearl Earring (1665) Johannes Vermeer Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his Wife (1788) Jacques-Louis David Nymphs and Satyr (1873) William-Adolphe Bouguereau The Wave (1896) William-Adolphe Bouguereau Triumph of Darkness (1896) Sascha Schneider La Jeune Fille et la Mort (1900) Henri-Léopold Lévy Soldat Germain Avec un Casque (1902) Osmar Schindler His most popular parody is Temptation of Adam & Steve, a revamp of Adam and Eve (1628) by Peter Paul Rubens.	1.921875
75651204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Tamang	Western Tamang	Western Tamang, also known as Gyot Tamang, is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Tamang people in Nepal. It belongs to the Tamangic branch within the Tamang languages, which is part of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Its sentences are structured in a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order and uses postpositions for case marking. Nouns can serve as both initial and final heads in phrases, and genitives follow nouns while relative clauses come before them. The language lacks noun classes or genders. Content question words typically start sentences, and word formation involves up to 2 prefixes and up to 11 suffixes. Clause structure relies on word order, and the language exhibits an ergative-absolutive alignment. There are no passive constructions, and it has a phonological system consisting of 24 consonants and 5 vowels, with tonal distinctions. In religious contexts in the northwestern dialect, Central Tibetan may be used mostly by Vajrayana Buddhists. Additionally, Nepali is commonly spoken, especially among younger people, as it serves as the medium of instruction in schools. It is also spoken by Tamang Christians and followers of traditional beliefs.	2.796875
75651407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea%20divaricata	Nymphaea divaricata	Nymphaea divaricata is a species of waterlily native to Angola, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Description Vegetative characteristics The elongate rhizome is 1-2 cm wide. The leaves are 8-24 cm long. The foliage of Nymphaea divaricata is distinctive in that it predominantly consists of submerged leaves, with floating leaves being a rare occurrence. The leaves are divaricately lobed. Generative characteristics The yellow, pink or blue, floating to slightly emerging flowers are 4-10 cm wide. The four acute, lanceolate or ovate-oblong sepals are 2.6–4.5 cm long and 0.8–1.2 cm wide. The 12–15 acute, lanceolate, or obtuse petals are as long as the sepals. The androecium consists of 20–30 stamens with acute appendages of the connective. The gynoecium consists of 12–18 carpels with short styles. Taxonomy It was first described by John Hutchinson in 1931. Etymology The specific epithet divaricata references divaricately lobed leaves of this species. Conservation The IUCN conservation status is Data Deficient (DD). It is a rare species. Ecology Habitat Nymphaea divaricata occurs in deep, slowly flowing waters, rivers, lakes, and pools. It also occurs in nutrient-poor waters. In its natural habitat, the submerged foliage forms a dense carpet.	2.46875
75651411	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugend%20voraus	Jugend voraus	Background There were suspicions that someone had manipulated Jugend voraus against Else Ury's will and Nazified it without her knowledge. Meidingers Jugendschriften Verlag was a subsidiary of the Jewish department store conglomerate Wertheim. In 1941, Meidingers’ name ceased to exist, and its assets were taken over by the Globus Verlag, apparently an "Aryanization measure." The publishing house was probably under political pressure in 1933. The question remains whether Else Ury shaped the tenor of the book of her own accord or whether she was forced in some way. Financially, she did not need to applaud Hitler publicly against her convictions after 38 successful books and numerous other publications. Ury biographer Marianne Brentzel interviewed Ury's nephew Klaus Heymann, whose recollection dispels all doubts about the authenticity of the book. His aunt showed him the end of the book when he was age 15 and asked for his opinion. They were in the Riesengebirge, where Else Ury had a home, and what he read did not please him. He said she couldn't include such things in her book. "But she thought she had to, otherwise the whole thing wouldn't end correctly, and she wanted to conclude the story with this national uprising." Only about the last drawing of the League of German Girls in uniform and with the swastika flag did his aunt get terribly upset and ask the publisher to at least remove the swastika flag. "The publisher refused, and she was more than disappointed, she was quite angry about it. I still know that."	1.90625
75651452	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco%20legislation%20in%20Switzerland	Tobacco legislation in Switzerland	Tobacco advertising Unlike other European countries, tobacco advertising is still very present in Switzerland, particularly at points of sale, discotheques and youth festivals. Advertising is regulated, but the legislation is not as strict as elsewhere. Federal law Tobacco product advertising is banned on radio and television (Article 10 of the Federal Law on Radio and Television), but remains authorized in newspapers and magazines, on billboards, in cinemas, on articles of daily consumption and at points of sale, as well as direct promotion and direct mailings aimed at adults. A large number of cultural events are sponsored by the tobacco industry, which takes advantage of the opportunity to carry out promotional operations (special cigarette packs for the event, for example). Many festivals are sponsored by the tobacco industry. Switzerland is the last European country, along with Belarus, to authorize tobacco industry sponsorship of events. A bill to further restrict tobacco advertising is being considered, but it would not affect sponsorship operations. The advertising industry is opposed. Federal Councillor Alain Berset's proposal for a partial ban was rejected by the Council of States in June 2016, then by the National Council on 8 December 2016, despite 58% of the population declaring themselves in favor of a total ban, as practiced in France and Italy, for example. Faced with the bill's lack of ambition, the was launched in March 2018 to obtain a ban, for tobacco products, on "all forms of advertising that reach children and young people". It is supported by health and youth organizations and can be signed online as well as in doctors' offices and pharmacies. The ban would apply in particular to advertising in cinemas, on billboards and at points of sale. The initiative committee is chaired by Hans Stöckli. On 26 August 2020, the Federal Council proposed that Parliament recommend rejection of the initiative.	1.914063
75651702	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin%20Khakoo	Yasmin Khakoo	Yasmin Khakoo (born 1964) is an Indian-American pediatric neuro-oncologist and editor-in-chief of the medical journal Pediatric Neurology since 2022. In 2023, she won the Arnold P. Gold Foundation Humanism in Medicine award of the Child Neurology Society for her mentorship and work with minorities and underserved communities. She is currently the President Elect of the Child Neurology Society. Early life and education Khakoo was born in New York City, and attended high school in the Bronx. She did her undergraduate studies at Barnard College, went to Columbia University for medical school, and then to the University of California, San Francisco for residency in pediatrics and child neurology. Career Khakoo completed a fellowship in neurooncology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. She remained as a member and became child neurology director there in 2015. Simultaneously she holds an academic position at Weill Cornell Medical College, where she became a full professor in 2020. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and a fellow of the American Academy of Neurology, where she was selected for the "Women Leading in Neurology" program in 2019 and has served on the "Advancing Women in Academics" subcommittee since 2021. She served many years on the scientific selection and program planning committee for the Child Neurology Society, and was elected to the board as the councillor for the East, 2023-2025. Scientifically, she focuses on neurocutaneous melanosis and is building a registry of children with this rare disease; paraneoplastic syndromes; and ependymomas. She stepped into the role of editor-in-chief of Pediatric Neurology in 2022. Prior to that, she was on the editorial board of the Journal of Child Neurology, where she edited a special issue on Pediatric Neurooncology in 2016 and recorded a podcast as well.	2.046875
75651812	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman%20Liberman	Hyman Liberman	Hyman Liberman (1853 - June 23, 1923) was a Polish-born South African politician, produce merchant and philanthropist. He served three consecutive terms as the Mayor of Cape Town between 1904 and 1907. He was the city's first elected Jewish mayor. David Bloomberg, who served as mayor of the city in the 1970s, said that Liberman's appointment was "extraordinary" at the time as much of the Council was made up of gentry from England, Scotland and Ireland. He became the second Jewish person in South Africa to hold mayoral office, after H.H. Solomon in Port Elizabeth in 1875. According to Milton Shain, Liberman may have been the inspiration behind a Jewish caricature cartoon by D. C. Boonzaier. He was born in Suwałki in Poland and spent much of his childhood in Birmingham, where he served a business apprenticeship, before emigrating to South Africa in 1873 at age 20. He was a senior partner in the produce merchants firm, Liberman & Buirski and became very successful. This allowed him to be an active philanthropist, and he also showed great care and concern for the refugees and unemployed that fled to the Cape during the Second Boer War. He was congregation president of the Gardens Shul and formally opened the new synagogue in 1905. The facade of the synagogue also contains the Liberman Memorial stained glass windows. As mayor he also opened the newly completed Cape Town City Hall. He was a member of Cape Town City Council from 1900 to 1916. He died on 23 June 1923 and is buried at the 7th Avenue Jewish cemetery in Maitland. Legacy	1.976563
75652014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlia%20Kubitschek%20%28Coronel%20Fabriciano%29	Júlia Kubitschek (Coronel Fabriciano)	The name of the neighborhood was suggested by the then federal deputy Aníbal Teixeira de Souza, a friend of Fábio's, to honor Professor Júlia Kubitschek, mother of former president Juscelino Kubitschek, who had died that same year. He attended the founding ceremony of the JK, the abbreviation by which the residential area is now known. The designation was formalized by Fabriciano's Executive and Legislative branches during the term of Mayor Mariano Pires Pontes. When Juscelino Kubitschek visited, the neighborhood had few streets and houses and no water supply or sewage collection. During heavy rains, there were floods in the lower part and major landslides in the upper part. In the 1980s, the area began to develop structurally and demographically. On October 1, 1982, the Zacarias Roque State School was founded, the first large school that had operated since 1964 in the Bom Jesus neighborhood and was transferred to a larger space in JK. Its name pays homage to José Zacarias da Silva Roque, the first notary of the Melo Viana district, which became the municipality of Coronel Fabriciano in 1948. In 1984, the Community Association of Residents of Bairro JK was created (now inactive) and in 1985, the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes was inaugurated. In the 1990s, there was an expansion of electricity supply services, sewage systems and bus routes. Geography and demography	1.914063
75652200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20J.%20Helble	Joseph J. Helble	Joseph J. Helble is an American academic who has served as the dean of Dartmouth College's Thayer School of Engineering from 2005 to 2018, as Dartmouth's provost from 2018 to 2021, and as President of Lehigh University since 2021. Early life Raised in North Haledon, New Jersey, Helble is a Lehigh graduate from the class of 1982. A student in the P.C. Rosin engineering school with a degree in chemical engineering, he also worked as a Gryphon. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1987 with a PhD in chemical engineering. He worked in the private sector for Physical Sciences, Inc., as well as working as a science policy fellow for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as well as being named a Revelle Fellow. Authoring over 100 scientific papers and three books, he was also awarded the National Academy of Engineering's 2014 Bernard M. Gordon Prize for Innovation in Engineering and Technology Education. He also received the National Science Foundation's CAREER award in 1998. Academic leadership Dartmouth From 2018 to 2021, Helble was the provost of Dartmouth College, and from 2005 to 2018 he was the dean of Dartmouth's Thayer School of Engineering. Lehigh On July 30, 2021, Lehigh University President John D. Simon stepped down with provost Nathan Urban acting as president until Joseph J. Helble assumed the office on August 16 during homecoming weekend or Founders Weekend. Helble's naming as president was well received by the engineering alumni and students of Lehigh due to Helble's former office of Provost of Dartmouth's Engineering school. Additionally, Helble's predecessor, John D. Simon, clashed frequently with the student body, with the conflict coming to a head with the school's COVID policy, as such, students were optimistic that Helble's leadership would usher in a new period of Student-Administration relationships.	1.976563
75652539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerivoula%20depressa	Kerivoula depressa	Kerivoula depressa, commonly called Miller's flat-headed woolly bat or the flat-skulled woolly bat, is a species of vesper bat found in Southeast Asia. Taxonomy and etymology Kerivoula depressa was initially described by American zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. The holotype had been collected near Taungoo, Myanmar by Leonardo Fea. It was long considered a subspecies of Hardwicke's woolly bat until a 2017 paper showed cryptic diversity within the species: based on genetic differentiation, the authors determined that K. depressa should be considered a species rather than a subspecies. Description Kerivoula depressa is considered a medium-sized member of the genus Kerivoula. Its forearm length is about . It has a flattened skull lacking any sagittal crest, with the greatest length of skull around . The fur on its back is bicolored—individual hairs are black at the bases but dark brown at the tips. The fur on its belly is paler in color, also with bicolored hairs that are dark brown at the bases and brownish yellow at the tips. Range and habitat Kerivoula depressa is found in Southeast Asia, where its range includes Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is found at elevations from above sea level in evergreen forest habitats. Conservation As of 2021, it is evaluated as a least-concern species by the IUCN. It has a large geographic range, presumably large population that is not experiencing rapid decline, its range includes protected areas, and it can persist in environments experiencing disturbance.	2.234375
75653133	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Sebastian%27s%20Church%2C%20Lima	St. Sebastian's Church, Lima	St. Sebastian's Church () is a Catholic church in the historic centre of Lima in the corners of Ica and Chancay streets, one block from Tacna Avenue, in the old neighbourhood of Monserrate (then Cuartel Primero). Its pink and white front faces Jirón Ica. In antiquity, it is the third parish in Lima founded in 1554; It was preceded by the Tabernacle, in 1535, and Santa Ana, in 1550. History The layout of the temple is incorrectly attributed to Francisco Becerra (1545-1605), architect or builder from Extremadura, native of Trujillo, Spain. This artist only arrived in Lima in the year 1582, 28 years later. Its most valuable element is the main altarpiece, which dates back to the 18th century, which was restored with the support of Spanish cooperation. On the balcony of the parish the only “crow's foot” that served as the lamp used as an element of public lighting is preserved. The parish house of San Sebastián is a small and modest building, but it forms a unit with the church and plays an important urban function as a closing element of the square. The square still preserves its old fountain that illuminates the complex, since 1888. This church witnessed the baptism of Rose of Lima, Martín de Porres, Francisco Bolognesi, José Santos Chocano, José María Eguren and other illustrious people from Lima.	2.03125
75653472	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20in%20American%20public%20domain	2024 in American public domain	Under the Copyright Term Extension Act, books published in 1928, films released in 1928, and other works published in 1928, enter the public domain in 2024. Sound recordings that were published in 1923 enter the public domain. The most famous work to enter the public domain in the United States in 2024 is Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks's animated film Steamboat Willie, which was the third appearance of Mickey Mouse, but the first Mickey Mouse cartoon to be released. Prior to January 1, 2024, the short film was owned by the Walt Disney Company. Other famous characters' original iterations such as A. A. Milne's Tigger and J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan also entered the public domain. Notable films such as Charlie Chaplin's The Circus and Harold Lloyd's Speedy and notable literature such as Lady Chatterley's Lover by D. H. Lawrence also entered the public domain. Notable songs entering the public domain included I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby; Makin' Whoopee; and You're the Cream in My Coffee. Background The Copyright Term Extension Act provides that works published in 1928 enter the public domain on January 1, 2024. Works that are published in 1928 and then translated in a later year may still be copyrighted. Sound recordings are treated differently and sound recordings from 1923 entered the public domain in 2024. Films The earliest incarnation of Mickey Mouse as well as Minnie Mouse entered the public domain in 2024. The most notable media featuring these characters is Steamboat Willie, but both The Gallopin' Gaucho and the silent version of Plane Crazy also entered the public domain that year. The sound version of Plane Crazy, released in 1929, did enter the public domain until 2025.	2.296875
75653575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family%20separation%20in%20American%20slavery	Family separation in American slavery	The death from cholera of Harriet Beecher Stowe's toddler in 1849 was one of the reasons she began writing about slavery; her grief at his death connected her to enslaved mothers who were irrevocably separated from their children by slave traders. Henry Watson recorded losing his mother in his 1848 slave narrative: "The old slave-woman who took care of me during my sickness, by way of consolation, gave me as much information as she could about my mother's being taken away. She told me that a slave-dealer drove to the door in a buggy, and my mother was sent for to come into the house; when, getting inside, she was knocked down, tied, and thrown into the buggy, and carried away. As the old woman related these things to me, I felt as if all hope was gone; that I was forsaken and alone in this world." Another survivor of American slavery told the WPA Slave Narratives project, "If you want to know what unhappiness means, just stand on the slave block and hear the auctioneer's voice selling you away from the folks you love."	2.609375
75653586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Armed%20Forces%20Nursing%20Service	Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service	The Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service is a joint military administrative and staff service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces— since it is not restricted to the army but service members of other branches of the Pakistan's military are also its part. Overview The staff branch was established by the British Royal Navy's Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service at the request of Pakistan Army Medical Corps in 1952— its first director was Colonel C. P. Maudsley from the British Army, which he served till 1964. The Nursing Service is all female military unit according to the constitution of Pakistan. In 1964, the Nursing Service saw its first officer Col. Fatima Qureshi as its director. The qualifications, training, and professional certifications in nursing, and personnel support for Nursing Service is provided by the Armed Forces Post Graduate Medical Institute in Rawalpindi since 1959. The Nursing Service is not restricted to the army but service members of other branches of the Pakistan's military are also its part– though the leadership comes from the army. Sources	2.3125
75653754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olgotrelvir	Olgotrelvir	Olgotrelvir (STI-1558) is an experimental antiviral medication being studied as a potential treatment for COVID-19. It is believed to work by inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), a key enzyme that SARS-CoV-2 needs to replicate, and by blocking viral entry. Mechanism of action Olgotrelvir is a prodrug that first converts to its active form, AC1115. AC1115 is believed to work by inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (also known as 3C-like protease). This protein is a crucial enzyme responsible for cleaving viral polyproteins into functional subunits essential for viral replication. By binding to the active site of the protease, the drug prevents this cleavage process, effectively halting viral assembly and impeding the virus's ability to produce future virions. Olgotrelvir also appears to inhibit cathepsin L (CTSL), a protein implicated in facilitating viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell. Clinical trials In September 2023, the drug's developer, Sorrento Therapeutics, announced top-line data that olgotrelvir had met its primary endpoints in a phase III clinical trial that enrolled 1,212 patients with mild or moderate COVID-19. The drug appeared to shorten the recovery time of 11 COVID-19 symptoms in olgotrelvir-treated patients by 2.4 days on average compared to patients in the placebo group. The drug was also shown to reduce the viral load at day 4 in treated patients compared to the placebo group. Side effects were mostly mild and infrequent, with the most common being nausea (1.5% vs. 0.2%) and skin rash (3.3% vs. 0.3%), which occurred more often in the olgotrelvir group.	2.1875
75653844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace%20William%20Heyman	Horace William Heyman	Sir Horace William Heyman, B.Sc., F.I.E.E., C.Eng. (March 13, 1912 - September 4, 1998) was a pioneer in the development of electric vehicles in the United Kingdom, and prominent in the economic development of the North East of England after World War II. After a successful career as Managing Director of Smith's Electric Vehicles (subsequently renamed Smith Electric Vehicles) he was Chairman of the English Industrial Estates Corporation, President of the Northumbria Tourist Board and Vice Chairman of the Newcastle Polytechnic. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1976. Early life and education Heyman was born Horst Wilhelm Heymann in Berlin, the son of Recha Heymann (née de Taube 1887–1978) and Max Heymann (1874–1918). He was educated in Berlin, with a year abroad (1928–29) at Ackworth School, a Quaker school, in Pontefract, York. After leaving school, he began studying Electrical Engineering at the Darmstadt Technische Hochschule. When the Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933, Heyman decided to go to England in 1933 with his girlfriend Edith Marcuse, to continue his Electrical Engineering studies at the University of Birmingham, a city where his stepfather lived. The distinguished physicist and electrical engineer Dr. Robert Pohl, D. Eng., D. Sc., F.I.E.E. (1878-1956), had many contacts, having worked in England from 1904 to 1919. He changed his name from Horst Wilhelm Heymann to Horace William Heyman, and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1936.	2.359375
75654077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varena%20gens	Varena gens	The gens Varena or Varenia, rarely Vorena, was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome. Only a few members of this gens are mentioned in Roman literature, but many others are known from inscriptions. Several of the Vareni held minor magistracies at Rome or in other towns during imperial times, including Lucius Varenus Lucullus, who was a military tribune and pontifex during the first century, and Quintus Varenus Ingenuus, who served as aedile and quaestor. Vorena, a woman of this family during the second or third century, seems to have been a Vestal Virgin. Origin The nomen Varenus belongs to a class of gentilicia ending in , typically derived from other nomina, or occasionally from the names of places. Many of the Vareni are known from inscriptions from towns of Umbria and Sabina, likely indicating their place of origin. Praenomina The main praenomina of the Vareni were Marcus, Lucius, and Titus, followed by Publius and Gaius. All of these were among the most common praenomina throughout Roman history. A few of the Vareni are found with other praenomina, including Quintus and Gnaeus, while there are individual examples of Decimus, Sextus, and Statius, a praenomen found primarily among the Oscan and Umbrian-speaking peoples of Italy. A freedwoman named Rufa Vorena who lived under the early Empire provides an example of a feminine praenomen. Members	1.96875
75654114	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta-coumba%20T.%20Aiken	Ta-coumba T. Aiken	Ta-coumba T. Aiken (born 1952, Evanston, Illinois) is a painter and public artist who identifies his work as superlative realism. He has created over 600 murals and public art works. A mural Aiken designed in 2013 using over 596,000 Lite Brite pegs holds the Guinness World Record for the largest picture made of Lite Brite. He has also taught and curated. He is sometimes referred to as the "mayor of Lowertown" for his neighborhood presence at his longtime studio in the Lowertown Lofts Artists Cooperative in the Lowertown neighborhood in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota. Early life Aiken was born on December 29, 1952, in Evanston, Illinois. His mother was a healer and worked as a house cleaner. His father worked as a garbageman and brought home damaged paint sets for his son from stores that had thrown them in the trash. His parents were religious and emphasized community, including keeping a separate freezer for food for anyone who needed it. His mother died on his 20th birthday, and he views part of his work as carrying on her legacy of healing. At the age of three, he was interested in painting, and by age six, he did an exhibit in his childhood home's basement. While in high school in Evanston, he attended the International Design Conference in Aspen, Colorado. He came to Minneapolis at the age of 16 for art school and graduated from the Minneapolis College of Art and Design with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1974. He initially intended to head for Madison's art scene but got lost and stopped to buy gas in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, where he asked where the nearest town was with more Black people. The gas station employee told him to go to Minneapolis. He worked at Honeywell in Minneapolis as an illustrator. While he worked there, he was invited to the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture in Nigeria, and that experience changed his artistic path, leading to his work in what he calls superlative realism. Work	2.1875
75654300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan%20fossil%20hoax	Himalayan fossil hoax	The Himalayan fossil hoax, or simply the Himalayan hoax, or technically the peripatetic fossils, is a case of scientific misconduct perpetrated by an Indian palaeontologist Vishwa Jit Gupta of Panjab University. Since his doctoral research in the 1960s and following the next two decades, Gupta worked on the geology and fossil record of the Himalayan region, producing hundreds of research publications that were taken as fundamentals to understanding the geological formation of the Himalayas. Australian geologist, John Talent from Macquarie University, had followed Gupta's research and happened to visit the Himalayas where he found that Gupta's fossils did not match the geological settings there and the fossils were particularly odd, with some of them extraordinarily similar to those from other parts of the world. In 1987, in the presence of Gupta at a scientific conference in Canada, Talent publicly displayed that Gupta's fossils were identical to those found in Morocco. Talent and his student Glenn Brock made systematic reanalysis of Gupta's research bringing out the evidence that Gupta had manipulated, faked, recycled and plagiarised his data.	2.03125
75654300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan%20fossil%20hoax	Himalayan fossil hoax	Talent publicly revealed Gupta's misconduct at the International Symposium on the Devonian System held at Calgary, Canada, in 1987. His systematic criticism was published in German serial Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg the next year, but was not widely read. Dubbed the Himalayan peripatetic (misplaced) fossils, the case became a global news in 1989 when Talent published the summarised story from Courier in Nature, with journalistic investigation by Roger Lewin published in Science. It came to light that Gupta's Himalayan fossils were mostly collected from different parts of the world. He had chosen "phantom localities" to attribute his fossil discoveries without ever visiting them. The University Grants Commission of India immediately withdrew its funding to Gupta. Although suspended for 11 months, Panjab University permitted him continued service until his normal retirement in 2002. The case became the "greatest scientific fraud of the century" by the Indian magazine Down to Earth, or according to Talent, "the biggest paleontological fraud of all time"; with Gupta being named "the greatest fossil faker of all time", the "most notorious known paleontological fraudster", and "Houdini of the Himalayas." Background Vishwa Jit Gupta worked for his Ph.D. degree under the supervision of Mulk Raj Sahni at Panjab University in Chandigarh. Focussing on the palaeontology and geological features of the Himalayas, he started his main research and field work in 1963. He and Sahni reported the initial findings in five research papers in 1964, − a discovery of graptolites in two papers in Nature, a fossil assemblage in two papers in Current Science, and one in the Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India. His doctoral thesis was entitled Palaeontology, Stratigraphy and Structure of the Palaeozoic Rocks of the Area South-East of Srinagar upon which he received his degree in 1966.	2.3125
75654300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan%20fossil%20hoax	Himalayan fossil hoax	Over 25 years, Gupta published over 458 research articles and five books. His publications were recognised as standard references on the geology and fossil record of the Himalayan region. As an honour, the Panjab University awarded him a D.Sc. and in 1972 created him a separate chair, Director of the Institute of Paleontology. Technical incongruities in Gupta's research were first pointed out by Sampige Venkateshaiya Srikantia, Om Narain Bhargava and Hari Mohan Kapoor of the Geological Survey of India. In 1978, Srikantia's team described the presence of bivalve mollusk fossils (Eurydesma cordatum and Deltopecten mitchelli) from Lahaul Valley, Himachal Pradesh, following a scientific exploration of the Himalayas. They came across the accounts of Gupta on the identification of Eurydesma at two locations in the Himalayas. In 1970 Gupta had reported finding the fossils in Lachulung La, identifying the deposits as Permian (Cisuralian, around 298 to 272 million years old) limestone. In 1973, he again described the same specimens from the Malung shale of Lahaul Valley in his book Indian Palaeozoic Stratigraphy. Here, Gupta assigned the fossils to a much younger Upper Permian (Lopingian, around 259 to 251 million years old). Srikantia's team noticed not only that Gupta's bivalves could not have existed in such different ages, but also found critical errors. They determined that Lachulung La was of a much younger series, the Triassic-Jurassic (250 to 145 million years old); Malung shale was already known to be of Upper Triassic (208 to 201 million years old). Their report ends with a cautionary statement: "the sequence built up by Gupta in the Sarchu area cannot be used for any stratigraphic work."	2.15625
75654300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan%20fossil%20hoax	Himalayan fossil hoax	In 1978, American geologist Gilbert Klapper from the University of Iowa met Willi Ziegler at the University of Marburg in Germany to discuss the progress of research on extinct jawless vertebrates, the conodonts. At that time, Ziegler had Australian guests, John W. Pickett from the Geological Survey of New South Wales and his associate John A. Talent from Macquarie University in Sydney. Talent by then was an established expert in Devonian geology of Australian and Indian regions. As the leader of the research team of the first International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP-1), a project of UNESCO, Talent had explored the Himalayas during 1973−1977. Pickett and Talent shared their Himalayan studies and discussed Gupta's research on Devonian conodonts. They had also investigated 20 locations around Nepal, where Gupta had claimed many discoveries from Triassic, Permian and Carboniferous (around 359 to 299 million years old) and Devonian (around 420 to 360 million years old) deposits, and to their astonishment, found not a trace of fossils, except one which belonged to Silurian (around 443 to 420 million years ago) and not Devonian. In one specific case, they explored the area where Gupta and William B. N. Berry (Director of the University of California, Berkeley's Museum of Paleontology) had reported in 1966 several fossils from Kashmir. They found that not only the rocks were wrongly identified, but were so deformed that no fossil could have been present.	2.359375
75654300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan%20fossil%20hoax	Himalayan fossil hoax	Another colleague, Shashi Bhushan Bhatia recalled his suspicion when Gupta told him that the rock samples from Kurig were of Devonian, but Bhatia's later exploration of the same site gave much younger geological age, Permo-Carboniferous. Bhatia could not remember an instance of Gupta visiting Kurig, but he gave ostracode fossils to Bhatia which he claimed were from Devonian sediments of Kurig. In 1972, as Gupta requested, Bhatia took the samples to British Museum of Natural History in London. There Bhatia analysed the specimens and found that they were the same as those from Haragan Formation in Oklahoma. In good faith, he, Jain and Gupta reported the discovery in 1982. When the controversy broke out in 1989, Bhatia consulted Robert Folke Lundin at Arizona State University, who confirmed that the Himalayan ostracodes were similar to American specimens. On the same topic, a collaborator, Udai K. Bassi of the Geological Survey of India, later verified that Kurig does not have Devonian deposits but only of Carboniferous (younger rock formations), and that border and village records did not have any mention of Gupta visiting the site.	2.09375
75654300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan%20fossil%20hoax	Himalayan fossil hoax	Gupta's case had lingering effect on Indian palaeontology, and the controversy was blamed as the reason "paleontology lost prestige" in India and caused "irreparable damage to Indian science." Indian discoveries on fossils were seen with suspicion. An example of such prejudice was the discovery of one of the oldest multicellular eukaryotes. The fossils were discovered from the Vindhyan Mountains in Central India by Rafat Jamal Azmi at the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, who reported in the Journal of the Geological Society of India in 1998. Azmi announced the discovery in Science and was immediately received with scepticism. When renowned palaeontologists including Nicholas Butterfield, Simon Conway Morris and Soren Jensen (all at the University of Cambridge) examined the samples, they concluded that they were not fossils at all but artifacts. The Geological Society of India conducted an expedition to verify the discovery, and found no evidence of Azmi's claims. In 2000, they issued a statement declaring: "the identification of fossils by R. J. Azmi is far from convincing, and that more detailed work [would be] necessary before the authenticity of the find is accepted." It became a lingering controversy until it was resolved in 2009 when Stefan Bengtson and his team at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm published the full analysis in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Azmi's discovery became accepted as genuine. In a further analysis published in PLoS Biology in 2017, Bengston's team established that the fossil was that of an alga, which they named Rafatazmia chitrakootensis after the discoverer, and was 1.6 billion years old, becoming the oldest known alga. Policy and popular culture In 1989, the US House of Representatives used the case as one of the evidences of scientific frauds in its first hearing on its policy on "Maintaining the Integrity of Scientific Research".	2.21875
75654352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bote%20people	Bote people	The Bote people are an ethnic group indigenous to the inner Terai regions of Nepal. They speak Bote language. The Bote people are well-known for ferrying travellers across the rivers through the boats, which often are prepared from the trunks of the trees. They are scattered around the bank of Kaligandaki, Narayani and Rapti River of Nepal. Bote and Majhi people are known as the ‘King of water’. Their ancestral occupation is fishing, boating and searching gold in the river whose settlement is nearby river and forest. The dialect and culture of Bote people in several ways is similar to that of the Danuwars, Darai, Tharus and Majhi. Origin There are two theories regarding the origin of Bote people. The community was known for laying tree trunks or branches across rivers to build makeshift seasonal bridges to allow people to cross. ‘Bot’ means a tree, and it could be that Nepali speakers started calling them Bote. Another theory suggest that they did not own land or houses, and took shelter under trees on the waterfront, they came to be known as Bote, since their existence revolved around the river. Culture Botes are mainly engaged in ferry driving. Bote community lives in the banks of the rivers like Kali Gandaki, Rapti, Narayani, and Sunkoshi. They are divided into two groups: Pakha Bote and Pani Bote. Pakha Bote live in hills or arable land and Pani Bote live on the banks of the Kali Gandaki, Rapti, and Narayani rivers. Their primary economic base is boating, that is a nominal. There’s similarity in custom and occupation of Bote or Majhi people though they live in different places of Nepal. Their dress is similar to that of Magar and Gurung dress but their language is what differentiates them from others. Living besides river, fishing boating, looking for gold, farming and rearing animals are the main occupations of these people.	2.859375
75654359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide%2C%20infanticide%2C%20and%20self-mutilation%20by%20slaves%20in%20the%20United%20States	Suicide, infanticide, and self-mutilation by slaves in the United States	European slavers of the 19th century maintained a number of folk beliefs about which ethnic groups were most likely to commit suicide or use certain methods to kill themselves. The Ibo of Nigeria were asserted to be especially likely to kill themselves if abducted into slavery. Mary Gaffney, interviewed for the WPA Slave Narrative Collection, described a slave who murdered his pregnant wife. The slave owner put him "in jail at night and in the daytime he had to wear chains around his legs. He never could go to any more dances or have not another free day there on the plantation...they told me he finally got hold of some wire and hung his self before freedom." A family reunification ad placed after the war sought information on scattered members of family that had been enslaved in Missouri, the author, seeking her lost sister, volunteered that "Our mother came to her death by hanging herself." Infanticide and filicide According to historian Walter Johnson, 25 percent of interstate slave trades destroyed a first marriage and 50 percent destroyed a family, "many of these separating children under the age of 13 from their parents. Nearly all of them involved the dissolution of a previously existing community." Thus, self destruction or destruction of children was arguably a means to avoid a different kind of destruction of self or family. The most famous case of infanticide in American slavery was that of Margaret Garner, who killed two of her children rather than see them delivered to slavery in the Deep South. Garner's story inspired Toni Morrison's novel Beloved and her libretto for an opera called Margaret Garner.	2.859375
75654359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide%2C%20infanticide%2C%20and%20self-mutilation%20by%20slaves%20in%20the%20United%20States	Suicide, infanticide, and self-mutilation by slaves in the United States	Similar crimes appear throughout slave narratives and in contemporary newspaper reports. In 1828, Annice was executed by the state of Missouri for deliberately drowning five children, two of which were her own. In 1837, Dorcas Allen and her four children were put up for sale by her old owner's wife's new husband. While in James H. Birch's pen, she killed two of her four children rather than see them sold south. District Attorney Francis Scott Key advised Nathan Allen, husband of Dorcas and father of the children, to raise money to try to buy their freedom. With contributions from figures like John Quincy Adams it was done and Allen and her surviving children were freed. In 1831, an enslaved woman in Tennessee reportedly drowned three of her children after being "chastised" by her legal owner. In 1848, a man killed his wife and child with a pocket knife and tried to kill himself while "confined in one room" by a slave trader using the Covington, Kentucky jail. In 1851 a Louisville, Kentucky newspaper reported that "a negro who had killed her new born babe by drowning it. The Georgetown Herald in commenting upon this said that death was the legal, but transportation the usual, penalty for such crime."	2.25
75654713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Cross%2C%20Cambridgeshire	Norman Cross, Cambridgeshire	Norman Cross is a hamlet in the Huntingdonshire district of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies south of Peterborough, between the villages of Folksworth, Stilton and Yaxley, and at the junction of the A1 and A15 roads. Traditionally in the county of Huntingdonshire, Norman Cross gave its name to one of the hundreds of Huntingdonshire and, from 1894 to 1974, to Norman Cross Rural District. The hamlet is situated partly in the civil parish of Folksworth and Washingley, west of the A1, and partly in Yaxley parish, to the east. Norman Cross was the site of one of the earliest purpose-built prisoner-of-war camps, Norman Cross Prison, and a memorial to the prisoners who died there was erected in 1914 and relocated in 2005. It takes the form of a bronze imperial eagle on a column, and is grade II listed. Norman Cross Hundred Norman Cross was the most northerly of the four Hundreds of Huntingdonshire, the hundreds into which the county of Huntingdonshire was divided. It was named after the cross which stood at the junction of Ermine Street and the road from Yaxley to Folksworth, which was named "Norman" after a Scandinavian settler or "Northman". According to Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales it "was known to the Saxons as Northmannescros".	1.976563
75655110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne%20Newson	Vivienne Newson	Vivienne Elizabeth (Viv) Newson born Vivienne Elizabeth Dobney (21 September 1891 – 16 August 1973) was an Australian women's rights activist and editor. She was vice-president of the United Associations (of Women) (UAW) and she edited a related news sheet from 1945 to a year before she died. Life Newson was born in 1891 in Goulburn. Her parents were Agnes May Fleming (born Browning) and Thomas Dobney and she was their first child. She had five younger siblings and in 1900 they moved to Wagga Wagga. Her father was a commercial traveller. She came to notice in 1933 when she joined the United Associations (of Women) (UAW) in 1933 and two years later she was elected to its executive. In 1941 the future prime minister Ben Chifley received a united deputation from a number of women's organisations. They were encouraging him to create a tax on men who were not married. This suggestion was made in preference to a proposal to introduce a new tax on the total income of married couples. The delegation was by Jessie Street, Erna Keighley, Edna Lillian Nelson and Newson. In November 1941 she gave a talk on the Burma Road on ABC radio and this was reported in ABC Weekly. Her trip had been with Princess Hteiktin Ma Lat on a shooting expedition to Kutkai. She reported on the indigenous people she saw and the 160,000 people working to improve the road and its bamboo bridges.	2.140625
75655123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skykomish%20people	Skykomish people	Housing In traditional Skykomish culture, several kinds of houses were built. The largest longhouses, often called potlatch houses, were centers of religion, learning, culture, governance, and the eponymous potlatch. The owners of a potlatch house often invited people from all over to take part in the potlatch, a gift-giving ceremony which was a crucial part of social life and the traditional Coast Salish economy. These longhouses also hosted elaborate religious ceremonies throughout the winter months. In Skykomish territory, these houses were built in the villages at Gold Bar and Index. At Index, a massive longhouse housed upwards of 240 people. Summer houses were also built. They were temporary structures which were used during seasonal travel to various hunting, fishing, and gathering spots. Seasonal patterns Traditional Skykomish life revolved around a yearly cycle of hunting, gathering, and fishing. People traveled all over Skykomish territory and beyond to facilitate this lifestyle. In the spring and summer, people traveled out to the Puget Sound and deep into the mountains to gather berries, roots, and clams, as well as fishing and hunting in the lowlands of the Sound. Around August, Skykomish activity in the Puget Sound would die down as they would travel back home to the Sultan Basin to go elk hunting and focus on the salmon runs. Hunting and fishing in Skykomish territory intensified in the early fall as travelers spread out into the Pilchuck, Skykomish, and Sultan basins to hunt deer, elk, bear, and other game. The late fall was prime goat hunting time, and many traveled to to hunt high in the mountains. In the winter, people returned to their respective villages for feasting and ceremonies. The cold winter months, when not engaging in religious ceremonies, were often spent building canoes, houses, and all other crafts. As the winter drew to a close, many Skykomish would fish for steelhead in the Pilchuck River () and begin preparing for the summer activities.	2.875
75655123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skykomish%20people	Skykomish people	Berries, roots, and other plants were another prolific resource in the Skykomish subsistence economy. Women were the primary berry-gatherers. Berries were mainly gathered downstream, along the river or in prairies. Mountain berries were gathered and sold fresh to settlers at lower elevation, or made into dried cakes for storage. Beargrass was collected to make baskets. Language The traditional language of the Skykomish is Lushootseed, an endangered Coast Salish language. Lushootseed has two primary dialects, Northern and Southern. It is debated among anthropologists and historians which dialect the Skykomish traditionally spoke. Ethnologist Colin Tweddell believed the Skykomish spoke a subdialect of Northern Lushootseed, along with the Snohomish. In 1852, Indian Agent E. A. Starling reported that the Skykomish spoke the same dialect as the Snohomish. However, in the same year, the Indian Claims Commission concluded that the Skykomish spoke Southern Lushootseed, as do the Snoqualmie. Although usage in Lushootseed has declined in recent years with the death of the last native speakers, both successor tribes of the Skykomish, the Tulalip and the Snoqualmie, have language programs and are working towards revitalizing the Lushootseed language. Primary focuses include increasing awareness of the language, preserving and passing on traditional cultural knowledge (known as in Lushootseed) and restoring daily usage of the language. Both departments have many language learning resources on their websites, and language classes are offered as well.	3.171875
75655282	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Gian%20Maillu	David Gian Maillu	Comb Books Maillu established Comb Books in 1972, publishing dozens of books over the next five years. These were mostly written by Maillu himself. The first release from Comb Books was also the first book of poetry ever published in Kikamba. Appearing under the title Kĩ Kyambonie: Kĩkamba nthimo, the book sold poorly due to the limited market, and Maillu quickly turned his attention to writing in English. It was Maillu's 1973 thrillers, Unfit for Human Consumption and My Dear Bottle, that brought him his first success as a writer and publisher. These two publications also demonstrated Maillu's versatility, with the first written in prose and the second as a long narrative poem. My Dear Bottle proved controversial, with Maillu presenting AIDS as a new scourge of Africa. These early titles appeared as 'Comb Mini Novels'; small format novellas measuring 3.5 x 5 inches and sold for five East African Shillings. In 1974 Maillu wrote and published After 4.30, which would again prove controversial. After 4.30 is long poem narrating the troubled life of a single mother, Emili Katongo, who is forced into prostitution. Schatzberg considers Maillu: 'remarkably ahead of his time in his acute perception of gender consciousness'. In 1975 and 1976, Maillu published his epic verse narrative The Kommon Man over three volumes. The Kommon Man is narrated by an average Kenyan struggling to survive in the difficult economic climate of the day. A series of injustices occur, illustrating the corruption and inequalities faced by many in the country. Maillu's status as one of Kenya's most popular authors was clear by this stage, with the first print run of The Kommon Man running to 10,000 copies. It included a 20-item questionnaire to capture his readership's interests.	1.976563
75655419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Christian%20Lund	Peter Christian Lund	Peter Christian Lund (born 25 October 1814 in Copenhagen , died 3 November 1891 Onsbjerg, Samsø) was a Danish physician and early pioneer in the study of disease transmission between humans and animals in tuberculosis. He was the last doctor at the Samsø Quarantine Station on Kyholm from August 1853 to April 1855. Its purpose was to protect Denmark against cholera. All ships suspected of having cholera had to remain at the quarantine station for 10 days, until Lund had approved the ship's crew. Lund was the son of cooper master Rasmus Jessen Lund and became a student from the Metropolitanskolen in 1833, passing his medical exam (Lægeeksamen) in1841 (candid.med. et chir.). He went to Marstal in 1842, became chief ship's doctor in 1846 and settled on Samsø in 1853. Tuberculosis study It was not until the 1880s that it became clear that tuberculosis was an infectious disease, but exactly how it was transmitted was not known, and it was a long time before it was understood that the disease could be transmitted between humans and animals, for example with infected cow's milk. But as early as 1865, Lund had investigated the possibility of infection between animals and humans, when he systematically gave his youngest son milk from a cow with tuberculosis. In 1879, his experiment was described in the medical journal "Nordiskt Medicinskt Arkiv" vol. 11.	2.703125
75655508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akikaze%20massacre	Akikaze massacre	On the same day, around 10 pm, Akikaze entered the port of Rabaul. Sub-lieutenant Yajirō Kai, who was assigned to the Akikaze crew at Wewak as a translator, testified after the war that he and Commander Sabe went to the 8th Fleet headquarters, where they were received by Lieutenant Shigetoku Kami. The two filed an execution report, Kami then ordered them to keep the events secret. He also ordered Sabe to secretly get rid of all the items that remained after the executions. Aftermath The massacre of the missionaries was followed by an attempt to eradicate Christianity from the occupied New Guinea. Shortly after the clergy were deported from Wewak, Japanese soldiers thoroughly destroyed nearly 90% of the plantations they ran, along with the churches and health centers located there. They also murdered many Papuan converts to Christianity, along with non-Christian Papuans. Sabe died on August 2, 1943, when Akikaze was attacked and damaged by American planes, sub-lieutenant Takeo Terada also died during the war. On 3 November 1944, the submarine USS Pintado fired a spread of torpedoes at the aircraft carrier Jun'yō, but Akikaze intercepted them, sacrificing herself to save the carrier. Akikaze was sunk, taking her entire crew of 205 men with her. Akikaze is considered as one of the Japanese "hell ships". Post-war investigation After the war, Australian investigators tried to determine the fate of several dozen civilians of European origin who fell into the hands of the Japanese after the fall of New Ireland. Analyzing the movements of Japanese ships and warships that traveled between Kavieng and Rabaul during the war, they interrogated several sailors from the crew of the Akikaze. During interrogations in December 1946, they admitted that in March 1943 a group of Europeans had been murdered on board the destroyer. Between January and April 1947, the Australians found and interrogated more sailors from Akikaze. Their testimonies allowed for a relatively accurate reconstruction of the course of the war crime.	2.359375
75656359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godly%20Play	Godly Play	Godly Play is a Montessori method for Christian education. The method has been utilized in churches around the world. Founding The method was developed by Jerome Berryman, an Episcopal priest. Berryman had studied the Montessori method in Italy, and had been trained in The Catechesis of the Good Shepherd. Berryman sought to develop something similar, suitable for a Protestant audience, incorporating existentialist theological concerns. Berryman and his colleague Sonja Stewart, a professor of Christian education at Western Theological Seminary, co-developed a series of lessons plans, the first of which were published in the book Young Children and Worship. Berryman then further developed these ideas into the Godly Play method. The lesson plans were published as a series of books. Teachers are expected to be trained—and, ideally, certified—in the Godly Play method, in order to teach Godly Play. Some of the first Godly Play trainings were held on the campus of Virginia Theological Seminary. Although there are apparent similarities in methodology and praxis, there are also key methodological and theological differences between the Catechesis of the Good Shepherd and Godly Play. Method As with the Montessori method, the Godly Play method is child-centered and hands-on. Led by trained teachers, children are guided through a series of lessons which teach the Bible, the church year, and the saints. The aim is to tap into the imagination and the religious potential of the child, as well as to attend to the child's existential limits.	2.859375
75656671	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Polachek	John Polachek	John Polacheck Bronze & Iron Works Company In 1910, after saving enough money, Polachek left Tiffany Glass Studios and opened his own bronze architectural company in a loft, called the John Polacheck Bronze & Iron Works Company at 480-494 Hancock Street & 577-591 Boulevard, Long Island City, Queens. But three months later, the two banks in which he deposited his money went bankrupt, and he borrowed $400 to pay his workers and meet his payroll. "Three months after I started I lost every cent I had put Into the business. The office boy called me up and told me that the two banks where I deposited my money had failed," according to Polachek, and then recounted, "It was a terrible shock. I didn't know whether to tell my men and let them go or keep them in ignorance of what had happened." He slowly saved his money again, and opened his business in another loft under the same name. In 1912 he purchased a 1.75 acre site in Long Island City, Queens at 34-19 Tenth Street. He hired fifty men, and it grew to one of the most important bronze fabricators in the field. In 1923, the John Polachek Bronze Company grew exponentially, and he finally incorporated the new entity, giving twenty-two workers who had been managers (those men with him from the beginning in 1910), a share in the corporation. "They received substantial dividends a few months ago when the business was reorganized. He turned over to them stock amounting to a million dollars."	1.992188
75657015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater%20Dei%20Parish	Mater Dei Parish	Mater Dei Parish (French: Paroisse Mater Dei), also known simply as Mater Dei, is a Roman Catholic parish church located in the Kimbondo neighborhood of the Mont Ngafula commune, within the Lukunga District in Kinshasa, situated in the western region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is part of the Italian Institute of Consolata Missionaries with primary hubs in Ngudia-Baka, Nsabuka, and Mitendi, along with sub-parochial outposts in Télécoms, Kimbanseke, and Masina Sans Fil. The parish commemorates its patronal feast on May 8, a tradition dating back to 1980 when Pope John Paul II made his inaugural visit to Zaire. History The Consolata Missionaries began their mission in then-Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) in the Orientale Province (now Haut-Uélé Province) in 1972. The founding members of this mission included Fathers Tiziano Basso, Piero Manca, and Enrico Casali. They started their journey in Kinshasa, where they met with other members arriving from Brussels. Guided by Father Noé Cereda, they explored the city before splitting into groups. Giovanni Venturini, Richard Larose, and Brother Alberto Donizetti headed North to Diocese of Doruma–Dungu, while Casali Enrico, Tiziano Basso, and Pietro Manca, accompanied by an African bishop, made their way to the Diocese of Wamba. The terrain oscillated from the luxuriant equatorial wooded expanse of Wamba to the arboreal and savannah near Doruma.	2.078125
75657358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Esfahani	Judeo-Esfahani	Judeo-Esfahani, also spelled Judeo-Isfahani, is a spoken variety of the Judeo-Iranian languages. It originated in Isfahan, Iran, and is used today in Israel and the United States. In 2023 there were an estimated 2,000-7,000 speakers of Judeo-Esfahani, compared to 100,000 in 1900. History Judeo-Esfahani is part of the provincial (Velāyati) subgroup of the Judeo-Median languages, or dialects from the Northwest branch of Iranian. Like other Jewish dialects of Iranian, Esfahani was named for its city, Isfahan. Esfahani is therefore the language of Jews of Isfahan, and spoken primarily in the Jubāre region, where many Jews lived. Many aspects of the Judeo-Iranian languages are unique to their regions, contributing to the lack of mutual intelligibility between these languages. Differences even arise between versions of Judeo-Esfahani in neighboring towns; the language spoken in Jubāre differed from that of Dardašt, an area with a smaller Jewish community. This variation was likely caused by language contact from a non-Judeo-Median language. Today, more Isfahani Jews live in New York than Iran or Israel. The population clusters around Long Island, where other Persian Jews immigrated. However, Persian is the dominant language, used in the press and at synagogues. Judeo-Esfahani is mostly limited to domestic use, especially if both parents are Isfahani, though children in general are more likely to use Persian to communicate. Vocabulary Esfahani often diverges from other dialects in its vocabulary. Writing system None of the Judeo-Median languages have a standardized written form. However, modern speakers have written texts in Judeo-Esfahani using the Hebrew or Persian writing systems. The only literature in Judeo-Isfahani is folklore. The širâ, or communal songs, comprise a significant portion of this.	2.5625
75657977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelaria%20Rodr%C3%ADguez	Candelaria Rodríguez	Early life and education Candelaria Rodríguez Hernández was born on 23 October 1928 in Havana, Cuba into the affluent family of a middle-class merchant. She attended elementary and secondary Catholic schools, before enrolling in law courses at University of Havana. She graduated in 1949 with a Doctorate of Law winning the Premio Nacional de Derecho Ricardo Dolz Arango (Ricardo Dolz Arango National Law Prize). At the time, there were few women lawyers in Cuba. Career Rodríguez joined the Havana branch of the International Federation of Women Lawyers and became active in leftist politics. In particular, she supported initiatives to revise the Cuban Civil Code, which vested authority for a family in the husband and father. Adoption of a new Cuban Constitution in 1940, barred discrimination based on class, color, race, or sex, but required enabling legislation, such as revision of the civil codes, to resolve conflicts with existing legislation. Along with Mirta Aguirre, María Argüelles, Edith García Buchaca, Ana M. Hidalgo, Celia Machado, Caridad Sánchez, Cipriana Vidaurreta, and María Josefa Vidaurreta, she founded the (Democratic Federation of Cuban Women) in 1948. The organization immediately became affiliated with the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF). On 20 December 1950, Law 9, (Women's Civil Rights Equalization Law), was passed with the necessary requirements to remove gender discrimination.	2.5625
75658035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Alice%20Douglas	Mary Alice Douglas	Mary Alice Douglas (1860–1941) was an English headmistress at Godolphin School. Early life and education She was born 29 November 1860 at Salwarpe, Worcestershire, the eighth of sixteen children of rector William Douglas and his wife Frances, née How. Educated at home, she taught at Worcester Girls’ High School at the age of 22 before attending Westfield College, London, in 1884–5. Headmistress of Godolphin Douglas was appointed headmistress of Godolphin School, Salisbury, in 1890. Her 28-year headship saw the student body expand from 22 to 230 and the opening of several new purpose-built buildings to accommodate the larger numbers of girls. Douglas’ stated aim was 'to teach the girls to think for themselves, to desire what is good and true and to overcome difficulties by perseverance'. In 1911, she and Sarah Burstall edited and published Public Schools for Girls: a Series of Papers on their History, Aims and Schemes of Study, arguing for greater specialisation in the curriculum of girls who intended to go on to college. Godolphin School sent several pupils to the women's colleges at Oxford and Cambridge under her headship. She chaired the Association of Headmistresses from 1911 to 1913, and helmed the school through World War I, when the pupils contributed to local farming. She retired in 1919 and died on 7 November 1941 at the home she shared with a brother and sister in Wantage, Berkshire.	2.171875
75658222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuettlingeria%20soralifera	Kuettlingeria soralifera	Kuettlingeria soralifera is a saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen species in the family Teloschistaceae, first described in 2006. It is similar to Kuettlingeria xerica but distinguished by the presence of soredia on its thallus. Taxonomy Caloplaca soralifera was described by the lichenologists Jan Vondrák and Pavel Hrouzek in 2006. Its species name, soralifera, refers to its distinct feature of producing soredia, which are grey or grey-violet in colour. The type specimen was collected near a small pond in Křivoklát, (Rakovník District, Czech Republic), at an altitude of ; there, it was found growing on the horizontal side of a concrete wall. Sergey Kondratyuk proposed that the taxon should be transferred to the genus Pyrenodesmia in 2020. Frolov, Vondrák and Arup transferred it to the genus Kuettlingeria in 2020. Description This lichen has a crustose, to somewhat thallus, typically dark to pale grey, and often appears whitish due to . The are flat to convex, measuring 0.2 to 0.8 mm in diameter. It produces dark grey to violet-grey soralia at the margins of the areoles and , which can sometimes cover the entire thallus surface. The of the thallus is greyish to violet-grey, and the comprises a mixture of algal and fungal cells. The soredia and cortex react positively to various chemical spot tests, indicating the presence of the pigment . Apothecia, when present, are small, with orange to brown and a yellow to orange . The hymenium is hyaline and contains oil drops. Asci are typically 50 to 80 μm in size, containing , hyaline spores. Chemistry Unlike most members of the Teloschistaceae, Caloplaca soralifera lacks anthraquinone substances in the thallus. Instead, this species contains the unique pigment Sedifolia-grey, which does not dissolve in acetone and is found in both the cortex and the soredia. This pigment gives the soredia their characteristic grey or grey-violet colouration.	2.125
75658284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20of%20Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric%20Chopin	Heart of Frédéric Chopin	Composer Frédéric Chopin had poor health throughout his life. He suffered from respiratory problems, chronic diarrhea, and weight loss. As an adult, he weighed less than . In 1849, knowing that he would soon die, Chopin made arrangements for his funeral. He had a fear of being buried alive (taphophobia) and requested to his sister that his heart be removed from his body and taken to Warsaw to be buried at a local church. Chopin died in Paris on 17 October 1849. On the day before his death, Chopin requested that his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, conduct an autopsy. During the autopsy, Cruveilhier removed Chopin's heart and submerged it in alcohol, probably cognac. His body was buried in Paris at the Père Lachaise Cemetery, while his heart was placed in a crystal jar that was hermetically sealed. Months later, in early 1850, his sister transported the heart to Poland. The heart would eventually come to be treated as an exceptional artefact within the culture of Poland, afforded the respect usually reserved for saintly relics. Smuggling the heart into Poland In early January 1850, Chopin's eldest sister, Ludwika Jędrzejewicz, returned from France by rail to Poland with her daughter and her brother's heart. She carried the heart with her, concealing its container underneath her cloak or skirt as she smuggled it through a customs inspection at the Austrian border and past Russian border agents into Poland. Soviet music historian Igor Boelza wrote about her journey, explaining that Jędrzejewicz had hidden "a small oak trunk under her dress. In it was a casket made of ebony wood, containing a precious vessel holding Chopin's heart".	2.953125
75658781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Lithuanian%20offensive%20of%20October%201920	Central Lithuanian offensive of October 1920	The Central Lithuanian offensive of October 1920 was a military offensive of the Central Lithuanian Army ordered by General Lucjan Żeligowski against the Lithuanian army in October 1920 and was a continuation of Żeligowski's Mutiny that began on October 8. Background After General Żeligowski's "Mutiny" Polish troops occupied Vilnius, the Lithuanians did not give up their claims to their capital city. Kaunas, despite knowing Warsaw's support of Żeligowski, initially decided against military action. Lithuanian forces were outnumbered. Although Żeligowski's army was more numerous and had more combat experience, it, in turn, had a worse morale (cases of demoralisation and desertion). The Poles advanced to the city's west and north, occupying Didžioji Riešė, Lentvaris and Nemenčinė, among others. Meanwhile, Lithuania reinforced its forces in the Vilnius region, because they were preparing to retake Vilnius. On 18 October 1920, the "mutiny" was also joined by the 13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment, whose existence began in December 1918 in Vilnius' Lukiškės Square, from where they were led to combat by the brothers Władysław and Jerzy Dąmbrowski. Offensive October 18	2.15625
75659084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuettlingeria%20teicholyta	Kuettlingeria teicholyta	Apothecia in Kuettlingeria teicholyta, though uncommon, are quite conspicuous when present. They can reach up to 0.8 mm in diameter and are scattered or sometimes crowded on the thallus. Initially, these apothecia are immersed within the thallus and deeply concave, but they eventually become flat. The , when present, is white and undulate, while the is , swollen, and bright orange in colour. The of the apothecia are orange to red to brown, occasionally with a white- surface. Paraphyses in Kuettlingeria teicholyta are slender, flexuose, and branched, without swelling at the tips. are ellipsoid, measuring 15–18 by 7–10 μm. The septum is often under 4 μm wide, making up to one-quarter of the length of the ascospore. Chemical spot tests on the thallus yield negative results (K−), while apothecia have a K+ (purple-red) reaction. Kuettlingeria teicholyta is a member of C5, characterised by 7‐chloro-emodin as the dominant secondary metabolite in association with a substantial proportion of fragilin. Distribution Kuettlingeria teicholyta occurs in Africa, Asia, and Europe.	2.015625
75659195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laid%20edges	Laid edges	Laid edges, also called slayed edges or swooped edges, refers to a style of arranging the fine "baby hairs" at the edge of the hairline into flat, decorative waves or swirls. The style is sometimes referred to as simply baby hairs, and originates with African-American fashions of the 1990s. History The inspiration for this style is attributed to the kiss curls sported by women in the 1920s, such as African American performer, activist, and style icon Josephine Baker. The modern laid edges style began in the 1990s in the African American community, popularized by major musicians of the period such as Chilli from TLC as well as Ginuwine, Missy Elliott, and Brandy. Laid edges has been associated with Black culture in America. Method Typically, edges are laid using a toothbrush or other small bristle brush, to which hair gel or pomade is applied. The stylist can express their creativity by creating different designs and patterns with fine hairs. Small gems or other decorations can also be added. Edges can be laid when wearing any type of braids or protective styles, or when the hair is pulled back into a ponytail or afro puff(s). When the hair gel holding down the fine hairs begins to flake and lose its hold, one's edges are said to be "lifting." Laid edges can also be used to blend the hairline of a wig (particularly lace wigs) or hair extensions to make them look more natural and aesthetically pleasing. In this case, many wearers trim the hairs on the hairline of the wig to create "baby hairs" to work with. Reactions The use of the laid edges style among white or other nonblack groups has been criticized as a form of cultural appropriation or blackfishing, especially when used in conjunction with other style choices which create the effect of someone who is "not quite white" and embodies the most desirable, easily commercializable elements of African American women's appearances.	2.546875
75659252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith%20and%20Confidence	Faith and Confidence	Faith and Confidence is a Pulitzer Prize–winning photograph of two-year-old Allan Weaver asking police officer Maurice Cullinane a question. The 1957 image was captured by photographer William C. Beall in Washington, D.C. Beall was the chief photographer for The Washington Daily News and he attended a parade in Chinatown, Washington, D.C. where he captured the award-winning image. It was printed in his newspaper and made a deep impression on readers. The image was picked up and reprinted by many other publications including Life magazine. Background William C. Beall worked as a staff photographer for The Washington Daily News. On September 10, 1957, he was on H Street in the Chinatown area of Washington, D.C., to photograph the festivities associated with the Hip Sing Chinese Merchants Association Convention. Two-year-old Allan Weaver attended the parade and he approached police officer Maurice Cullinane to ask if he was a US Marine. The image was printed in many publications, including on the back page of Life magazine; it won the 1958 Pulitzer Prize for Photography. Description William Beall's son Denny said his father had taken the image by chance, "He just happened to turn, he saw that and snapped it, just like that: Spin, click, and he had it". William Beall stated that he used an aperture of f16 and a shutter speed of of a second. One description of the image states that the young boy wanted to get closer to the parade to see the dancing dragons and the police officer told him to stop because of traffic and firecrackers. The boy's father was a Marine, stationed in Japan. The boy in the image, Allan Weaver, later described what happened in the image, "As a policeman came, I leaned up and asked him if he was a Marine".	2.328125

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.