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77284650	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Karol%20Korecki	Samuel Karol Korecki	In 1647, Samuel Korecki pledged the town of Ilińce near Vinnytsia to Stefan Czarnecki for 40 thousand złoty. In 1649, he became the rotmistrz of the Polish-Lithuanian hussar troop. In May 1649, surrounded by Cossacks, he held out in Korets until the arrival of Polish troops under the command of regimental officer Andrzej Firlej. In mid-June 1649, together with Krzysztof Przyjemski, he was engaged in hostilities between the rivers Slucha and Horyn, commanding a troop of 600 horses and 4 cannons. On 15 June he smashed a Cossack detachment at Zwiahl. He was active in the western part of Volhynia, covering the Crown Army. In July, on the orders of King John Casimir, he was to join forces with the army of Bracław Castellan Gabriel Stępkowski, but the merger did not take place due to disputes between commanders. Samuel Korecki arrived at the royal camp near Sokal, where he was being considered for command of a 7,000-strong corps to go to the relief of the besieged in Zbarah. He took part in the battle of Zboriv, where he commanded the advance guard, but his unit was forced to retreat by the Tatars. He fought at the head of his regiment on the left wing and, despite heavy losses, managed to repel a Tatar attack during which his horse was killed twice. He earned the nickname "vir fortissimus" (a very brave man). After the Zboriv settlement, his army was not dissolved. In the autumn of 1649, in the Braclaw province, his soldiers often conflicted with Cossacks, which could have led to renewed fighting. During this time, Korecki was healing from wounds sustained at Zboriv.	2.53125
77284812	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitextual%20work	Bitextual work	The meanings arise due the different meanings of the words that appear in the verse. The word "udaya" has several meanings. In the first meaning it refers to the eastern mountain, over which the moon ascends; in the second meaning it refers to a king’s rise to power. Likewise, the word "ma\d n\d dala" means a circle, like the moon’s disc, which is the meaning used in the first transaltion of the verse. But it can also mean a king’s circle of allies which is the meaning chosen for the second translation. The word "kara"-s means the moon’s rays, but it also means the taxes levied by a king. In a more general setting, in the traditions of Sanskrit literature, the moon itself is imagined to be the king of the stars. Daṇḍin has followed up the above verse with the following verse which may be thought of as the continuation of a poem: The two different translations of the verse based on its two different meanings are as follows: To get the different meanings, the words in the verse may have to be split up differently. For example, the word "nakṣatra" without splitting up means planet; but it can be split up as "na" + "kṣatra" which then has the meaning "not a warrior". The beginnings of bitextual work in India	2.296875
77286165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey%20hate	Monkey hate	Monkey hate is a form of zoosadism where humans have a hatred for monkeys and take pleasure in their suffering. The phenomenon drew public attention after a global monkey torture ring was uncovered by the BBC in 2023. Baby macaque monkeys are primarily targeted. Monkeys are often referred to by monkey haters as "tree rats". Occurrence and arrests Videos of monkeys being tortured or abused have been commonly uploaded to social media platforms such as YouTube and Facebook. According to a September 2021–May 2023 study by Asia for Animals’ Social Media Animal Cruelty Coalition (SMACC), videos by pet macaque owners had a total of 12.05 billion views online, with 12 percent of these videos involving intentional physical torture, 13 percent involving psychological abuse, and 60 percent involving direct physical abuse. Video titles have often contained broken English phrases such as "million pity" and "million sadness". In 2021, a United States-based Telegram monkey torture group, Million Tears, was closed down after being brought to public attention. The group had about thirty members, who would pay owners of monkeys to carry out abuse on them. In 2023, a continuation of the group, Ape's Cage, which involved around four hundred members, was uncovered by the BBC. Video operators who carried out the monkey torture were primarily based in Indonesia, while the members of the group were largely American and from other Western countries. Torture methods ranged from submerging monkeys in ice water to killing them in blenders, sawing them in half, or cutting off their tails and limbs. Several notable members of Ape's Cage have been arrested, including American Michael McCartney (known as "Torture King") and two British women, Holly LeGresley and Adriana Orme. Two Indonesian men also received prison sentences for their involvement. "Mr. Ape", the pseudonymous leader of the group, has not been publicly identified.	1.992188
77286355	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauna%2C%20France	Alauna, France	Urban framework Archaeological studies have revealed the existence of an almost orthogonal street network, aligned with the four cardinal points. One of these north-south roads passes east of the baths and heads towards the hamlet of La Victoire. It is partially covered by the Bas-Castelet road and the Victoire road, and has been identified as the cardo maximus. Beyond the baths, the path is located a few dozen meters further north and is also represented by a stone pavement in the bed of the Merderet. It is possible that this is not a ford, but rather a portion of a "terrestrial" road, given that the course of the Merderet has been significantly altered over the centuries. It seems very likely that it continues towards the north of the Cotentin Peninsula. Another road, perpendicular to the aforementioned route and partially covered by the Dingouvillerie alley, is likely the decumanus maximus. This road has been observed in several places thanks to surveys. Measuring 11 m in width, it is most often covered with calibrated pebbles. One of its intra-muros sections shows it bordered by sidewalks protected by a portico. Further east, another section is paved with large, roughly squared stones placed side by side instead of pebbles. This modification may be interpreted as an attempt to monumentalize the approach to the theater, although it is likely to have been implemented at a later date than the construction of the road. The majority of these roads appear to exhibit a rolling layer of regularly sized pebbles, occasionally interspersed with tile fragments. This layer is reminiscent of the decumanus maximus in the city's heart. However, the urban grid does not correspond to an ideal orthogonal scheme, and most axes exhibit a slight deviation from this plan. Topographical constraints and the desire to interconnect this urban network with the main roads linking neighboring towns undoubtedly play a significant role in this observation.	2.453125
77286355	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauna%2C%20France	Alauna, France	Following a comprehensive restructuring, the fanum was levelled and covered by a Roman temple on a podium (14.3 × 9 m). Two small structures were constructed in front of the temple on either side of its stairs. The peribolos was circumscribed by a portico on at least three of its four sides, measuring 45 m in width and at least 71.7 m in length. Two corner pavilions framed its eastern side, constituting a layout comparable to that of the largest temple at the Altbachtal sanctuary in Germany. It seems unlikely that this sanctuary was dedicated to imperial cults, as it does not integrate with the forum located to the south, is separated from it by a street, and does not face it. Instead, it appears to have been devoted to the city's tutelary deities. A second cultic complex, consisting of at least one fanum-type temple surrounded by a well-identified peribolos occupying an entire insula of 3,300 m², was detected in 2020 north of the decumanus maximus towards the theater. Across this same road, opposite it, a third cultic complex appears to be situated. The nature of these two complexes (public or private monuments) is unknown, and their possible connection to the first sanctuary, considered a cultic centerpiece, remains unestablished.	2.09375
77286420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Thompson%20%28translator%29	Aaron Thompson (translator)	Thompson married twice and had at least four children. By his first wife, whose name is not known, he had a daughter named Tabitha. On 5 December 1734 he married his second wife, Jane Ryman, in St Mary's Church, Litton Cheney, Dorset. By her he was father of Daniel, Jane and Henry. The British History Thompson is chiefly remembered for having published in 1718 the first translation into Modern English of the 12th-century pseudohistorian Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, impelled thereto, he said, by the requests of various of his friends. Though Thompson claimed in his preface to have consulted several manuscripts of the Historia and the 1517 edition by Josse Bade, his was essentially a translation of the highly inaccurate 1587 edition by Jerome Commelin. It included, as his title-page said, "a large Preface concerning the Authority of the History", and also an appendix explaining the work's place-names. It was, in the judgement of Lewis Thorpe, by far the most sound of the Historia'''s translations until the 20th century. Though Thompson translated all of Geoffrey's prose himself, for the short poem in Book I in which Brutus of Troy addresses the goddess Diana he turned to his London neighbour Alexander Pope, who obliged with an eight-line version, "Goddess of Woods, tremendous in the Chace". It has been suggested that Pope also gave him the translation of Diana's verse reply, "Brutus there lies beyond the Gallick Bounds", though this is pure speculation.	2.015625
77286424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronov%20Prize	Andronov Prize	The Andronov Prize is a Soviet and Russian mathematics prize, awarded for outstanding works in the classical mechanics and control theory. It is named after the Soviet physicist and member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences Alexander Alexandrovich Andronov. Between 1971 and 1990 the prize was awarded by the USSR Academy of Sciences. It was re-established by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1993 and was awarded till 2024. It is generally awarded to a single scientist or a team of up to three scientists once every three years. The first prize in 1971 was awarded to Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences V.V. Petrov for a series of works on control theory and the principles of constructing nonlinear systems and servomechanisms, the last prize in 2024 was awarded to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences N.V. Kuznetsov for a series of works on the theory of hidden oscillations and stability of control systems. In total, the prize was awarded 17 times (7 times to one laureate and 10 times to groups) and 32 scientists became laureates of the prize. Since 2024, the prize is no longer awarded due to reforms in the Russian Academy of Sciences.	2.265625
77286553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia%20Street%20station	Valencia Street station	Valencia Street station was a railway station in San Francisco, California. It was located in the Mission District at 25th and Valencia Streets along the Ocean View Branch. It was the inaugural San Francisco terminal of the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad when the service began in 1863, though it would become a regular stop as the railroad was extended further north, closer to Downtown. The station building was constructed in 1866. Most regular services to Valencia Street ceased in 1903, though it temporarily regained its status as San Francisco's terminal station following the 1906 earthquake and fire. Market Street Railway streetcars additionally called along Valencia Street, offering local connections. The station building was demolished in 1931, replaced with a loading platform. After passenger operations ended, the commercial district surrounding the station dissolved as riders had made up the majority of the customer base. When Southern Pacific ceased all rail operations along the line, the right of way sold for residential housing.	2.03125
77286727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiasia	Gaiasia	Description Gaiasia has a broad flattened skull, large keeled branchial elements (throat or gill bones), a reinforced neck, and massive interlocking fangs at the front of the snout. Together these traits indicate that it was well-adapted for both suction feeding and a strong bite. The front edge of the snout is not fully preserved, but the profile of the skull shows that the snout is short and boxy. The bones of the skull roof are thin and ornamented by radiating ridges and grooves. A pineal foramen is absent, but lateral line canals are well-developed and a small intertemporal bone is present. Most unique features relate to the palate (roof of the mouth). The parasphenoid bone (which forms the floor of the braincase) is large and wide, with a blunt front tip, but the interpterygoid vacuities (large holes which flank the parasphenoid) are narrow. The paired bones at the front of the palate have large fangs: two fangs on each vomer, one per palatine, and one per ectopterygoid. Each fang is paired with a large pit which hosts developing replacement teeth.	2.8125
77286811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%20Jatamah	Po Jatamah	Po Jatamah (died 1659) was a King of the Panduranga Kingdom of Champa who ruled from 1657 to 1659. His exact origins are not known, but he was able to gain the throne after the short-lived Po Saktiraydapaghoh since he was married to his daughter. This occurred although the deceased king had at least two sons, who later became kings. The succession indicates the strength of the matrilinear system of the Chams. The new king was ordained by the Nguyễn lord of Annam and received the governing title Ndo Naok Ndai Tang Kuan. Champa had lost the northern region, from Cù Mông to Kauthara (Khánh Hòa), to the Nguyễn lord in 1653, and the Cham rulers henceforth had to pay tribute. However, they were still autonomous. During Po Jatamah's brief reign, important events happened in the immediate surroundings of Champa. The Cambodian ruler Ramathipadi I was a Muslim and kept his position with the help of Cham and Malay soldiers. In 1658 he was, however, defeated and captured through a Vietnamese invasion. He died in Champa in the next year as he was about to return to Cambodia. The Nguyễn regime now established its authority in the easternmost territory of Cambodia, later known as Biên Hòa. This became a severe challenge for the Cham rump kingdom in Panduranga, since it now had the Vietnamese both to the north and the south. Po Jatamah passed away shortly after these events, in 1659. He was succeeded by his brother-in-law Po Saut.	2.21875
77286836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinna%20Annamalai	Chinna Annamalai	Chinna Annamalai (18 June 192018 June 1980) was an Indian film producer, writer, orator, and politician known for his contributions to Tamil literature. Early life Chinna Annamalai, originally named Nagappan, was born on 18 June 1920, in O. Siruvayal Village near Karaikudi to Nachiyappa Chettiar and Meenakshi. Early activism Chinna Annamalai was expelled from Devakottai NSMVPS school for organising a strike to mourn the death of Kamala Nehru, which prevented him from taking his final exams. Concerned about his anti-government activities, his parents sent him to Penang, Malaysia. There, as a teenager, he led estate workers in a protest against local liquor shops, resulting in arson. He was deported back to India after being brought before the Penang magistrate. Freedom struggle Back in India, Annamalai joined the freedom struggle in the late 1930s. Influenced by Kalki's writings, he became a popular speaker, drawing large crowds. On 9 August 1942, the day of Gandhi’s arrest, he was scheduled to speak at Jawahar Maidan in Devakottai. The police detained him at midnight and imprisoned him in Thiruvadanai Jail, 22 miles away from Devakottai. News of his arrest spread quickly, inciting anger among the nationalists and young people of Devakottai who marched to Thiruvadanai Jail. They forcibly released Chinna Annamalai, carried him on their shoulders, and returned to Devakottai. As the crowd approached Devakottai, the British police opened fire. Many volunteers sacrificed their lives to protect Chinna Annamalai. He remained in hiding for a month before surrendering. He was subsequently sentenced to four and a half years of rigorous imprisonment. With the intervention of Rajaji’s arguments and appeals, Chinna Annamalai was released within six months.	2.359375
77286884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinocereus%20bakeri	Echinocereus bakeri	Echinocereus bakeri, commonly known as Baker kingcup cactus, is a species of cactus native to the Southwestern United States. Description The usually branched plant forms small clumps consisting of many stems. The dark green plant body is ovate to cylindrical and reaches heights of up to with a diameter of . The 9 to 11 ribs often form warts. The spines are yellow brown becoming grey. The areoles have 1-4 central spines, have an angular cross section and are up to long and 7-11 radial spines that are long. The broad, funnel-shaped, dioecious, red flowers appear below the shoot tip. They are long and have a diameter of . After blooms, it has edible oval fruits turn purple brown in diameter and long with white pulp and black seeds. Distribution Plants are found growing in gravel soil in grasslands along with bushes and Pinyon-Juniper woodlands in Nevada, Arizona and Washington County, Utah at elevations of . Taxonomy Echinocereus bakeri was first collected in Yavapai County, Arizona in 2001 by Marc A. Baker. The species was later described in 2015 by Wolfgang Blum, Traute and Jorn Oldach who named it after its discoverer.	2.65625
72851797	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Peet%20%28surgeon%29	John Peet (surgeon)	John Peet (28 October 1818 – 18 January 1874) was a British surgeon who worked in India in the Bombay Medical Service and served as the first professor of anatomy and surgery at the Grant Medical College. He published one of the first textbooks on medicine for Indian students which was also translated into Indian languages. Peet studied medicine at the Colonial Hospital in Hobert Town, Tasmania, under James Scott (1790–1837) and E.S.P. Bedford and qualified as a doctor in 1841 and became a ship surgeon on the Bussorah Merchant. He joined the service of the East India Company Bombay Medical Service on 2 May 1842. Peet served with the Indian Navy aboard HMS Nemesis and was with Charles Napier's expedition to Sind. His early posting was in Sind and in 1845 he became a professor of anatomy at the Grant Medical College while working also at the Jamsetji Jijibhai Hospital. He was also deputed as an inspector of education in Bombay from 1856 to 1861. He qualified as surgeon from Aberdeen in 1860. After the retirement of Charles Morehead, he became the principal of the Grant Medical College. He retired in 1867 and returned to England. Peet died at Shanklin.	2.109375
72851832	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy%20%28song%29	Democracy (song)	"Democracy" is a song by Canadian musician Leonard Cohen featuring Jeff Fisher, first released on Cohen's 1992 album The Future. The lyrics discuss the failings and the promise of democracy in the United States. The song was written approximately during the fall of the Berlin Wall, which led Cohen to question where democracy came from. Cohen stated that it was "a song of deep intimacy and affirmation of the experiment of democracy" in the United States. Composition and release "Democracy" was released as the sixth song on Leonard Cohen's 1992 album The Future. It features American musician Jeff Fisher, who received multiple credits on the album. The song begins with drums played at a high tempo in the rhythm of a march, which persist through the song. It uses musical elements of heartland rock. The 1992 version of the song is 7:14 long. It appears on several subsequent Cohen compilations, including More Best of Leonard Cohen. The lyrics of the released version comprise a small subset of the more than eighty verses that Cohen wrote. The song was written a few years before its release, approximately during the fall of the Berlin Wall, at a time when Cohen said he found himself reflecting on what democracy meant and where progress was being made toward it. Cohen stated in a 1993 interview: "I had to ask myself 'Where is democracy coming? What is democracy?' [And] that's when I came upon the line 'Democracy is coming [to] the USA' which of course has an irony 'What do you meant to say, that it is not there already?' Well no. It isn't really there already, it is the ideal, it is the fate. Nonetheless, Cohen stated that the song was not ironic, saying "It's a song of deep intimacy and affirmation of the experiment of democracy in this country".	2.125
72851975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20evidence%20for%20the%20spherical%20shape%20of%20Earth	Empirical evidence for the spherical shape of Earth	The Spanish Muslim astronomer Ibn Rushd went to Marrakesh (in Morocco) to observe the same star in 1153, as it was invisible in his native Córdoba, Al-Andalus. He used the different visibility in different latitudes to argue that the Earth is round, following Aristotle's argument. Observation of constellations on North and South hemispheres at different seasons The North Pole is in continuous night for six months of the year. The star Polaris (the "North Star") is almost directly overhead and therefore at the center of this rotation. Some of the 88 modern constellations visible are Ursa Major (including the Big Dipper), Cassiopeia, and Andromeda. The other six months of the year, the North Pole is in continuous daylight, with light from the Sun blotting out the stars. This phenomenon, and its analogous effects at the South Pole, are what defines the two poles. More than 24 hours of continuous daylight can only occur north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle.) At the South Pole, a completely different set of constellations are visible during the six months of continuous night, including Crux, and Centaurus. This 180° hemisphere of stars rotates clockwise once every 24 hours around a point directly overhead. From any point on the equator, all of the stars visible anywhere on Earth on that day are visible at some time during the year as the sky rotates around a line drawn from due north to due south. When facing east, the stars visible from the north pole are on the left, and the stars visible from the south pole are on the right.	3.140625
72851975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20evidence%20for%20the%20spherical%20shape%20of%20Earth	Empirical evidence for the spherical shape of Earth	Some flat Earth conjectures that propose that Earth is a north-pole-centered disk conceive of Antarctica as an impenetrable ice wall that encircles the planet and hides any edges. This disk model explains east-west circumnavigation as simply moving around the disk in a circle. (East-west paths form a circle in both disk and spherical geometry.) It is possible in this model to traverse the North Pole, but it would not be possible to perform a circumnavigation that includes the South Pole (which it posits does not exist). The Arctic Circle is roughly long, as is the Antarctic Circle. A "true circumnavigation" of Earth is defined, in order to account for the shape of Earth, to be about 2.5 times as long, including a crossing of the equator, at about . On the flat Earth model, the ratios would require the Antarctic Circle to be 2.5 times the length of the circumnavigation, or 2.5 × 2.5 = 6.25 times the length of the Arctic Circle. Explorers, government researchers, commercial pilots, and tourists have been to Antarctica and found that it is not a large ring that encircles the entirety of Earth, but actually a roughly disk-shaped continent smaller than South America but larger than Australia, with an interior that can in fact be traversed in order to take a shorter path from, for example, the tip of South America to Australia than would be possible on a disk. The first land crossing of the entirety of Antarctica was the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition in 1955–1958, and many exploratory airplanes have since passed over the continent in various directions. Grid distortion on a spherical surface	2.734375
72852776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel%20Bailey%27s%20Dungeon	Colonel Bailey's Dungeon	The town of Srirangapatna, of historical significance, served as the capital of the Wadiyar dynasty of Mysore Kingdom, as well as their supplanters Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan who ruled from 1762 to 1782 and 1782 to 1799 respectively. The capital city was surrounded by the ramparts of Srirangapatna Fort built in an irregular zone at the western tip of the island, and measures about . The polygonal bastions and turreted parapets surrounded by broad moats were the work of French engineers in the service of Tipu Sultan. The vaulted dungeons built by the Sultans, Colonel Bailey's Dungeon, Inman Dungeon and Sultan bateri on the northern part of the island were primarily meant to imprison the army personnel of the British army who fought against Hydder Ali and Tipu in the Mysore wars. Between 1761 and 1799 CE, Srirangapatna was the centre of South Indian political activity. Four Wars were fought by the Sultans against the British forces of the East India Company, first two by Hyder Ali and the last two by Tipu Sultan. The Second Anglo- Mysore War (1780 to 1784), also known as the Battle of Pollilur, was fought on 10 September 1780 when Tipu Sultan participated with his father. Earlier to this, Tipu had in fact fought for his father, between 1774 and 1778 and 1780 to 1784, and helped in regaining all the territory from the Marathas which he had lost during previous wars. The Sultan's army consisted of 10,000 soldiers and several guns. The opposing British army was led by Col. Bailey. Unfortunately for the British, they lost the battle and Colonel Bailey and some other soldiers were taken prisoners of war, and taken to Srirngapatna to be incarcerated in the specially built dungeons there.	2.859375
72852943	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremias%20van%20Vliet	Jeremias van Vliet	Jeremias Van Vliet (; 1602 – February 1663) or as Thai people call him, Wanwalit () was a Dutch merchant of the Dutch East India Company. He was the Trading Station director of Dutch East India Company in the Ayutthaya Kingdom between 1633 and 1642, during the reign of King Prasat Thong. He wrote of five books about Siam in Dutch which were later translated into English. Jeremias van Vliet was born in Schiedam. He was the youngest son of Eewout Huybretchszoon and Maritge Cornelisdochter van Vliet He left the Netherlands in a ship named Het Wapen van Rotterdam (The Rotterdam Arms) in May 1628 and arrived to Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in 1629 before being assigned to Japan. Before being promoted to a merchant doing business with the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1633. While in the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Van Vliet had a mistress named Osoet Pagua, a Mon woman, with whom they had 3 daughters. Later, when Van Vliet left Siam in 1641, he fought for daughters with Osoet. As a result, all three daughters stayed with Osoet until she died. After nine years as Director of the Trading Station in Siam, Jeremias van Vliet was promoted to the second Governor of Dutch Malacca in September 1642. He returned to the Netherlands in 1647 and lived in his homeland until his death in February 1663, aged 61.	2.25
72853063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20L.%20Pearson	Charles L. Pearson	Charles Levi Pearson (May 14, 1860March 12, 1918) was an American strawberry farmer and Democratic politician from Sauk County, Wisconsin. He was a member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing the 27th Senate district during the 1907 and 1909 sessions. Biography Charles Pearson was born May 14, 1860, in the town of Buffalo, Marquette County, Wisconsin. As a child, he moved with his family to Greenfield, Sauk County, Wisconsin, where he spent most of the rest of his life. He was educated in the schools in Greenfield and the neighboring city of Baraboo, Wisconsin. He attended business school in Janesville, Wisconsin, and then went to work as a railroad telegraph operator. He quit that business after a few years, because he thought working indoors was hurting his health. He purchased a farm in West Point, Wisconsin. After four years, he returned to Greenfield and purchased his family's former estate, where he cultivated strawberries for the rest of his life. In 1904, he ran for the Democratic nomination for Wisconsin State Assembly in Sauk County's 1st Assembly district. At the district convention, he lost the nomination to Ed C. Perkins, who went on to lose the general election. Two years later, he ran for Wisconsin Senate in the 27th Senate district, which then comprised Columbia and Sauk counties. The Republican incumbent, George Wylie, was defeated in the primary. Pearson ultimately prevailed by just 83 votes in the general election. In the last year of his term, he suffered a bout of pleurisy from which he never fully recovered. His health declined for the net eight years and he died in his home in Greenfield on March 12, 1918. Personal life and family Charles Pearson was the second of six children born to Levi and Eunice ( Sutton) Pearson. He married Blanche Cora Hesselgrave in 1887. They had seven children together, though one child died young. Their eldest son, Alger C. Pearson, was appointed postmaster in lieu of his father, but died just a year after his father due to a train accident.	1.929688
72853291	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%202023%20Jenin%20incursion	January 2023 Jenin incursion	Background Tensions were rising since the events giving rise to the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. In the spring of 2022, attacks by Arab Israelis and Palestinians killed 16 Israelis and two foreigners, following which there has been near nightly army raids in the West Bank. The Israeli military launched what it called Operation Breakwater involving near nightly incursions into Jenin to conduct searches, arrests and home demolitions in the pursuit of armed Palestinian factions. The groups targeted included the Jenin Brigades, cross-factional groups of fighters created, according to Palestinian accounts, to resist the nightly Israeli raiding. The formation of these brigades has become a model for other refugee camps, and villages, across the northern West Bank. Jenin drew world attention in May when Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh was killed while reporting on an army raid in its crowded refugee camp. The August 2022 Gaza-Israel clashes followed a raid on Jenin in which Israeli forces arrested Bassam al-Saadi, a leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad in that area. More than 170 Palestinians, including 30 children, were killed in 2022. Armed militants were a significant proportion of the Palestinian deaths but many were not carrying guns and sometimes they were civilians. Some fatalities arose during protests against Israeli settlers setting up illegal outposts. Israel was repeatedly accused of an excessive use of force, a claim it denies. In 2023, prior to the raid, one-third of the Palestinians killed had ties to armed groups. Raid and aftermath	2.28125
72853503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantas%20Barreto	Dantas Barreto	Emídio Dantas Barreto (1850-1931) was a Brazilian army marshal, military historian, journalist, novelist and playwright. He was born in Bom Conselho, and at the age of 15, enlisted as volunteer in the Paraguayan War. He was decorated for his service, and in 1868, he was promoted to officer. After the end of the war, he returned to Brazil and took an artillery course at the Military School in Rio de Janeiro. He took part in the Canudos campaign, where his efforts were crowned with promotion to Colonel. In 1910 he was promoted to Major General. He was Minister of War for Hermes da Fonseca. He resigned to take over the government of Pernambuco (1911-1915), being later elected senator for that state (1916-1918). He retired as Marshal of the Army in 1918. Despite having important military and political responsibilities, Dantas Barreto also dedicated himself to literature, becoming known for his activities as a chronicler, novelist and playwright. He wrote for Revista Americana in Rio de Janeiro and Jornal do Comércio in Porto Alegre. He was the second occupant of chair 27 of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, to which he was elected in September 1910, succeeding Joaquim Nabuco. He was received by academician Carlos de Laet on January 7, 1911. The inaugural session took place at the Monroe Palace. He died in Rio de Janeiro in 1931.	2.53125
72854609	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%20Giving%20Birth	God Giving Birth	According to the feminist art critic Amy Mullin, God Giving Birth is about the spiritual and physical creativity of women, and the way it depicts pregnancy contests "both the dichotomy between bodily and spiritual pregnancy and the priority given to the latter". Although positive to its apparent rejection of mind–body dualism, Mullin is critical of the painting for several reasons: the woman looks unaffected by pregnancy, the fact that she is God may mean that she has not been transformed or challenged like a mortal woman, and the painting seems to valorise pregnancy only for the child that is its end product. The gender studies scholar Magdalena Raivio says she sympathises with Mullin's concern about "spiritual pregnancy", which tends to prioritise male creativity by de-emphasising the physicality of women's bodies, but she challenges Mullin's concerns about God Giving Birth by placing it in a "spiritual ecofeminist" context. Within this context, a central project is the "resacralization of the natural world", and Raivio interprets God Giving Birth as "a metaphor for a socially transforming physical and sacred process or change". Provenance God Giving Birth was first exhibited in 1970 at an art festival in St. Ives in Cornwall sponsored by the Arts Council of Great Britain. It was shown at the Swiss Cottage Library in London in 1973 as part of the show 5 Women Artists – images and Womanpower. Christian groups accused it of blasphemy during these exhibitions. It was reported for breaking the British blasphemy law, but the case was not taken up by the court. In 1993, Sjöö and the Bristol political-religious feminist group Ama Mawu carried a poster of God Giving Birth into the Bristol Cathedral during a Sunday mass, intended as an accusation against the Christian church for blaspheming the Mother Goddess.	2.390625
72855407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa%20%28Italian%20journal%29	Africa (Italian journal)	Africa: Rivista semestrale di studi e ricerche (Africa (Rome) or Africa (Italy)) is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering African studies. The journal was established in 1946 and published quarterly until 2010. It was subtitled Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente and was published by the Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient. Editors-in-chief included Teobaldo Filesi, who in 1965 chose a Humanities approach, and who maintained this orientation since 1994. After a hiatus, the journal was revived in 2019, published by Viella Editrice on behalf of the Centro Studi per i Popoli Extraeuropei “Cesare Bonacossa” (University of Pavia). The journal features articles, notes and reports, and book reviews, written in English, French, or Italian. issues from the years 1950–2009 and 2019–2021 can be read at JSTOR. This journal should not be confused with the bimonthly magazine Africa, La rivista del continente vero. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in EBSCO databases, ProQuest databases, and Scopus (2019–2022).	1.945313
72855409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaca%20Huantinamarca	Huaca Huantinamarca	The Huaca Huantinamarca is an archaeological site of the Ichma culture located in San Miguel District, in Lima, Peru. It is located on the first block of the Avenue Brígida Silva de Ochoa. On March 27, 2002, through National Directorial Resolution No. 233, the National Institute of Culture (INC) declared Huaca Huantinamarca as Cultural Patrimony of the Nation.It is located in the lower valley of the Rímac River, 50 meters above sea level, on the periphery of the Maranga archaeological complex. This building occupies approximately 1,500 square meters and was constructed on an area of 3,652 square meters. It has the particularity of being a truncated pyramid of a monumental nature that was built, remodelled and transformed over the years, which gives it an architectural complexity. The building is composed of various patios, enclosures and corridors, which were built during different moments in its history; and on a base of walls made of mud through a technique known as ”tapial corrido". The huaca is surrounded by the ”Parques de la Huaca” condominium, as part of a public park, and, thanks to the work of the municipality, is considered by the neighbourhood as part of their cultural identity and history, motivating its conservation for future generations. Origins and Etimology There are two possible explanations for the origin of the name Huantinamarca. The first refers to the fact that it was connected to the Maranga archaeological complex through ditches bringing water from the Huatica water channel, and for this reason many researchers referred to the Maranga complex as ”Huatica”. In addition, Ernst Middendorf points out that Maranga was the seat of the oracle of the valley, known as ”Huaca” or ”Guatan". Similarly, Julio César Tello used the term ”Huatika Marka” to refer to the Maranga Complex in his notes.	2.5
72855464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Cullinan	Elizabeth Cullinan	She lived in Dublin, Ireland from 1961 to 1963 and her time there inspired her novel House of Gold (1970), which won the Houghton Mifflin Literary Fellowship Award. Her stories set in Ireland cast a critical eye and avoided "migrant-return myths". Her short story The Swim tells of a day trip to the beach with an Irish writer, likely John McGahern with whom she had a relationship. She befriended Irish writer Mary Lavin and their relationship is celebrated in her short story Maura's Friends. She published two collections of short stories, The Time of Adam (1971) and Yellow Roses (1977), and two novels, House of Gold (1970) and A Change of Scene (1982). At the time of her death, she had completed a third novel, Starting From Scratch, a fictionalised account of her time at The New Yorker. Cullinan received grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Carnegie Fund. She taught at Fordham University, the University of Massachusetts, and the Iowa Writers’ Workshop at the University of Iowa. Critical response Though never well-known in Ireland or the United States, her modest output "earned her outsize critical acclaim", including comparisons to Chekhov and Joyce. According to a review by author Joyce Carol Oates, "Miss Cullinan is always intelligent, precise and skillful, turning out stories of near‐faultless craftsmanship." On April 9, 2024, Fordham University hosted a panel discussion of her life and work to mark the re-issue of Yellow Roses. Panelists included novelists Peter Quinn and Mary Gordon, Fordham's Chair of Irish Studies Keri Walsh, and Angela Alaimo O’Donnell of Fordham’s Curran Center for American Catholic Studies.	2.171875
72855786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwina%20Sheppard%20Pepper	Edwina Sheppard Pepper	Personal life Edwina Neihl Sheppard was born on April 5, 1893 to Lydia Jane Sheppard and John A. Sheppard in 1893. Edwina's sisters were Wells T. Sager, Jane McKeehan, and Pauline. Edwina's father was an independent oil producer. She grew up in Huntington, West Virginia. The family also lived in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Edwina attended the University of Michigan from 1915 to 1916. Edwina Sheppard married Curtis Gordon Pepper (1887–1930), a mechanical engineer and oil industry executive from Champaign, Illinois, on May 6, 1916, at her parents' estate (Kenwood) in Huntington, West Virginia. The couple resided in Huntington in 1920 and were the parents of Curtis G.Pepper, Jr. and Jack S. Pepper. The family also lived in New York City and Tulsa, Oklahoma. Curtis Gordon Pepper died in 1930. Pepper lived in New York City at 130 East 57th Street (a historic building, now Hotel 57) in 1930 and when her eldest son Curtis "Bill" Pepper enlisted in the war. At that time, Curtis worked at Paramount Pictures in Los Angeles. In 1950, the widowed Edwina S. Pepper lived with her son John and his wife Eleanor, along with her oldest son, Curtis G. Pepper, and his wife, Beverly Pepper in San Diego, California. In the summer of 1945, Pepper began to visit Mingo County, West Virginia, and investing land that she might buy that would be adjacent to the land she inherited from her father. When she moved back to West Virginia, she had two great-nephews and twins, John and Michael Fanning, living with her and attending the local Big Laurel school until it closed down. Pepper other members of the community formed groups to successfully tackle opening up a school that was more convenient and would cater to the needs of the children, establish telephone service and electricity. They raised money to fund the improvements. They ensured that political officials were not performing crimes in conjunction with their positions.	1.921875
72856857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuscule%201689	Minuscule 1689	Textual critic Caspar René Gregory saw the manuscript in 1902, and read the colophon as indicating the date of copying as (1200 CE, literally 6708 years after Creation). In the same year it was seen by Kirsopp Lake, who read the colophon as indicating the date of copying as (1282 CE = 6790 after Creation). The manuscript is therefore dated by the INTF to the 13th century. The colophon indicates the codex was written by a copyist named David Megglaboiton. The manuscript was originally housed at the Library of the near Serres, Greece, but during World War I, all its manuscripts were taken to Sofia by Bulgarian troops. After the end of the war, the Greek government claimed all the manuscripts, and had them all brought back where the majority were placed in the National Library of Greece in Athens. However the codex was no longer found among the collection and was thought lost. It was subsequently identified in 2006 at its current location at the Academy of Sciences Library (shelf number 1 TG 3), in Prague. Since its rediscovery, readings from its Gospel of Mark portion have appeared in the ECM of Mark.	2.046875
72857224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoetes%20capensis	Isoetes capensis	Isoetes capensis, the cape quillwort, is a species of quillwort from South Africa. Description The cape quillwort is a tufted geophyte with horny toothed scales. It has between 5 and 35 leaves that bear sporangia. These are held at a 45-degree angle. This is unusual as most species have perpendicular leaves. These are slender ( at the base) and reach a length of up to , with a heart-shaped appendage (ligule) at the base. The ligule is up to long and pale, although it is darker at the point of attachment. The sporangia are completely covered in a thin membrane. They have a diameter of and are oval or round in shape. This species shows immense variability in its spores. The surface ranges from having irregular tubercules to interconnected ridges to being covered in a net-like structure of ridges. All of these surface sculptings may be found in a single population. They grey-white megaspores have a diameter of . This species has a three lobed pseudocorm. The dark brown leathery bud scales are triangular and have dimensions of about . They may also have a hair that is about long. Distribution and habitat The cape quillwort is endemic to the Western Cape of South Africa. It is found between Darling, Stellenbosch and Worcester and an altitude of up to . It grows on sandy clay soils in low areas that experience seasonal flooding as well as around vleis. There are nine subpopulations with combined area of occupancy of . At least one specimen has also been recorded from Somerset West. Ecology While it may form colonies, this species is often difficult to find as it grows amongst grasses.	2.421875
72857230	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna%20P.%20Harris	Erna P. Harris	Harris joined numerous pacifist organizations, including the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the Congress of Racial Equality, the Workers' Defense League, and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). She served as chair of the Berkeley branch of the WILPF in 1956, was twice appointed as a regional vice president of the national section and served on the national WILPF executive board. As a member of the WILPF's Civil Rights Committee, she was instrumental in pressing the organization to support school integration after the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education and boycotts against companies supporting South African Apartheid. She was a delegate at three of WILPF's international congresses, 1956, 1965, and 1971. Harris supported World Federalism as a means to maintain global peace, and attended a US–USSR summit in 1964 to promote cooperation between women. Involved in many issues, she opposed nuclear proliferation, Cuban isolationism, intervention in Latin America, the Vietnam War, California Proposition 6, and discrimination of any kind. In her later years, she became involved in the Consumers' Cooperative of Berkeley and the Gray Panthers. As a board member of the cooperative, she helped plan the 1978 expansion of the organization to include a credit union, funeral and travel services and a public housing project. After her death in 1995, the City of Berkeley named a housing project the Erna P. Harris Court in her honor. Early life and education	2.15625
72857230	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna%20P.%20Harris	Erna P. Harris	Harris wrote columns over the duration of World War II against Japanese-American internments, equating the government's actions as an official sanction of prejudice and warning that such discrimination could spread to other communities like Jews, Mexican Americans, and other Asians. She also wrote about the policies of segregating blood in use by the American Red Cross, staunchly supported open-immigration policies to assist people fleeing Nazi persecution, and opposed development of nuclear weapons. Her articles brought her under attack by Westbrook Pegler, a fellow journalist, and to the attention of the FBI, who tapped the newspaper's phone and examined her mail. Regardless of the opposition to her positions, Harris spoke out against investigations by the House Un-American Activities Committee and McCarthyism. After eight years in Los Angeles, Harris moved to Seattle, Washington, and lived there for several years, continuing her journalism career. Along with Dorothy Fisk, she published Bias, a journal advocating peace and cooperation. In 1952, she moved to Berkeley where she operated a duplication and printing shop until her retirement.	2
72857230	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna%20P.%20Harris	Erna P. Harris	Harris was elected chair of the Berkeley WILPF branch in 1956 and appointed to the national WILPF Executive Board the same year. She was selected as a delegate for the international congress held in July in Birmingham, England, and the following month went with other women activists to attend the Commonwealth of World Citizens meeting at the Temple of Peace in Cardiff, Wales. The idea of world citizenship typically included World Federalism and maintenance of peace through global laws. Harris continued to support world governance, attending a conference in Wolfach, Germany, in 1968. She made headlines, when she was chosen as one of twelve delegates to go to the Soviet Union in 1964 for a US-USSR summit on women's cooperation and peace initiatives. Of all the issues discussed at the conference, Harris felt that the most important was global nuclear disarmament. Both the WILPF and Harris shared the view that Communist nations should be integrated in global affairs, but that the United States should not interfere in their internal affairs. To that end, she opposed the United States policy of Cuban isolationism, intervention in Latin America, and the Vietnam War.	2.03125
72857230	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna%20P.%20Harris	Erna P. Harris	Death and legacy Harris died on March 9, 1995, in Berkeley. After her death, the City of Berkeley named the Erna P. Harris Court, a public housing project located at 1330 University Avenue, in her honor. She is remembered for her outspoken criticism of racism and discrimination of any kind against minority populations, and in particular, her opposition to the treatment of the Japanese-American community. Academic Greg Robinson stated, "Although less renowned a figure than [George] Schuyler or [Langston] Hughes, she proved the most forthright and fearless critic among African American columnists of the treatment of Japanese Americans". Her papers are located in Kenneth Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas and the African American Museum and Library at Oakland in California. An oral interview of Harris was taken in 1985 by Judith Porter Adams and is housed in the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Collection in the Archive of Recorded Sound at Stanford University. Excerpts of the interview were published in the book Peacework: Oral Histories of Women Peace Activists in 1991.	2.640625
72857384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20twenty-cent%20coin	Canadian twenty-cent coin	The twenty-cent piece was a Canadian coin struck by the Royal Mint of the United Kingdom for the Province of Canada in 1858. It consisted of 92.5% silver, and 7.5% copper. A total of 730,392 were struck. History With the passing of the Currency Act on 1 August 1854, the Province of Canada introduced a decimal currency. Coins were struck in 1-, 5-, 10- and 20-cent denominations. The new Canadian dollar was equal in value to the New Brunswick dollar, which was introduced in 1852. In order to accommodate transactions involving the Nova Scotian pound, the Province of Canada chose to issue a twenty-cent coin, which was the equivalent to a shilling in Nova Scotian currency. However, no shilling coin was issued by Nova Scotia, and the British shilling was worth 20 percent more than a Nova Scotian shilling. The twenty-cent coin was confused with both British shillings and American quarters, and was therefore not minted beyond 1858. The coins were withdrawn from circulation and, from 1885 on, returned to the Royal Mint to be recoined as 25-cent pieces. Varieties There are several known varieties of the twenty-cent coin, primarily involving the letter I on the obverse in the words VICTORIA, GRATIA, or DEI. The majority of twenty-cent coins have a coinage alignment; however, approximately 25 percent were struck with a medal alignment.	3.03125
72857566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Island%20of%20Missing%20Trees	The Island of Missing Trees	The Island of Missing Trees is a 2021 novel by Turkish writer Elif Shafak. Set in Cyprus and London, it follows a romantic relationship between a Greek Cypriot (Edited by Dher HAYO) and Turkish Cypriot. It was released by Viking press in 2021. Summary The story has two timelines, one set in 2010s London following 16-year old Ada Kazantzakis, and the other mainly in 1970s Cyprus, following Defne and Kostas, Ada's parents. A third narrative voice is a fig tree, who lived in the middle of a tavern in Cyprus, before a cutting was taken by Kostas and planted in his and Defne's English garden. Ada's story looks at her grief with the loss of her mother, and her exploration of her cultural history, through her aunt Meryem's visit. The past follows the Turkish Cypriot Defne and Greek Cypriot Kostas falling in love on a divided island. Kostas is sent to London to live with his uncle, whilst Defne is left behind, with a secret. Through it all, the fig tree watches, offering insight into the characters’ past, the natural world, and the history of Cyprus.	2.1875
72858145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20We%20Lost%20Our%20Heads	When We Lost Our Heads	When We Lost Our Heads is a 2022 Canadian novel by author Heather O'Neill and published by HarperCollins. Set in the fictional Golden Mile neighbourhood of Montreal in the 1800s, the novel follows two best friends, Marie Antoine and Sadie Arnett, who develop a deep and obsessive friendship early in childhood. Many of the characters names are taken from real French historical figures. Marie Antoine is an allusion to French queen Marie Antoinette while Sadie Arnett is an allusion to Marquis de Sade and her work Justine & Juliette is a reference to two of de Sade's most well known works: Justine and Juliette. Plot Marie Antoine is raised as the spoiled sole heiress of a sugar empire in Montreal's Golden Mile. She eventually befriends Sadie Arnett, the only daughter of poor social climbers with political ambitions. Marie is jealous of Sadie's genius and talent for writing while Sadie is jealous of the way Marie is constantly coddled and loved. Nevertheless, the two girls view each other as each other's only true friend. One day Sadie suggests they play "duel" using Marie's father's pistols. Unbeknown to them the pistols are loaded. They are prevented from killing each other by Agatha, a maid who tried to intervene. Marie places the blame for the murder on Sadie and Sadie is sent to an all girls' school in England. Marie travels across America with her father constantly feeling ennui and missing Sadie. Meanwhile, at the all girls' school, Sadie accidentally finds a book of pornography and begins to write erotic texts to entertain herself and the girls at school.	2.078125
72858180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Lake%20Community%20School	Glen Lake Community School	Glen Lake Community School (GLCS) is a public, coeducational K–12 school in Kasson Township, Leelanau County, Michigan. Located between Burdickville and Maple City, Glen Lake Community School serves most of southwest and central Leelanau County, and lies near the eponymous Glen Lake. Most of the school district is in Leelanau County. Places in the district include Cedar, Empire, Glen Arbor, and Maple City. Townships in the district include Empire, Glen Arbor, Kasson, and parts of Centerville, Cleveland, and Solon. The district also includes a portion of Platte Township, Benzie County. History The Glen Lake Community Schools District was established in 1958, consolidating the declining local school districts of Cedar, Empire, Glen Arbor, and Maple City. Demographics The demographic breakdown of the 674 students enrolled in 2021–22 was: Male – 54.9% Female – 45.1% Native American/Alaskan – 0.3% Asian – 0.1% Black – 0.6% Hispanic – 2.1% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander – 0.2% White – 95.8% Multiracial – 1.0% Additionally, 221 students (32.8%) were eligible for reduced-price or free lunch.	2.28125
72858363	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraits%20of%20Frederick%20the%20Great	Portraits of Frederick the Great	Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff seems to have invented a pictorial formula that depicted the crown prince in profile with a classically straightened nose, which must have had an immense influence on countless later profile portraits of the king that were widely distributed through prints. According to Börsch-Supan, the receding forehead, whose contour in side view is a straight continuation of the bridge of the nose, gives the face something bold and sharp, but is in strange contradiction to the full, somewhat drooping lower face and the beginnings of a double chin. In 1763 Johann Georg Ziesenis produced a "bourgeois" portrait of the king which has been claimed to be the only painting for which Frederick sat during his lifetime. It was commissioned by Frederick's sister, Duchess Philippine Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. However, more recent researchers have doubts as to whether the king actually sat for this painting from 17 to 20 June 1763 at Castle Salzdahlum, especially since he had an aversion to being portrayed and the artist made Frederick's facial features look far too handsome. Indeed, in 1763, at the end of the Seven Years' War, Frederick "complained in his letters of how much weight he had lost and how thin, fragile, and gray he had become." For instance, in a letter to Sophie Caroline von Camas of March 6, 1763, he wrote: "You will see me again as an old man ... I'm as gray as a donkey, I lose a tooth every day and I'm half paralyzed from gout". Ziesenis's portrait hardly agrees with this. When the French painter Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo stayed in Berlin from 1763 to 1769, he painted at least two portraits of the Prussian king, one of which has been in the royal collection in London since 1816. According to Paul Seidel, the artist put the “stamp of unnatural” on these portraits of Frederick. “You can see at first glance that they are painted from memory and without a sitting.”	2.34375
72858363	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraits%20of%20Frederick%20the%20Great	Portraits of Frederick the Great	Indeed, Frederick had a pronounced aversion to sitting for portraits, which he consistently refused because he was convinced that he was ugly. "You have to be Apollo, Mars or Adonis to be painted, but since I do not have the honour of resembling one of these gentlemen, I have withdrawn my face from the painters' brush as much as it depended on me," he wrote to Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert in 1774. Furthermore, he said to the Marquis d’Argens: "There is so much talk about the fact that we terrestrial kings are made in the image of God. Then I look in the mirror and am obliged to say to myself: How unlucky for God!" After extensive analysis of different types of Frederick portraits, Andrea M. Kluxen arrives at the conclusion that there is no realistic image that accurately depicts Frederick's (ugly) facial features. The death mask of him, taken by John Eckstein on 17 August 1786, demonstrates precisely what had led the king to his conviction that he was extremely ugly: Frederick had a prominently hooked nose and little else to make him look handsome. This aquiline nose is not depicted in the official painted portraits. However, it is to be seen in a toned-down form in a print by Johann Georg Wille (1757) and in a bust by Bartolomeo Cavaceppi (completed in 1770). In her analysis of Frederick busts and statues, Saskia Hüneke also noticed that nearly all of them depict the nose in a relatively straight line. "In comparison, the wax pouring from the original form of the death mask does not show this line, so that it is more an ideal of the ancient Greek profile".	2.640625
72858682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica%20E.%20Peek	Monica E. Peek	Monica Elizabeth Peek is an American physician. She is the Ellen H. Block Professor for Health Justice and Associate Vice Chair for Research Faculty Development at the University of Chicago's Pritzker School of Medicine. Prior to joining the University of Chicago, Peek led outreach programs through the Rockwell Gardens to educate African-Americans about health. Early life and education Peek was born and raised in Knoxville, Tennessee, to parents Marvin and Denice. Her father was a professor of African-American history while her mother was the director of development at Michigan State University. Growing up in Tennessee, she enrolled at Farragut High School and was crowned Miss Jabberwock 1985 as a senior. Peek graduated from Farragut with a GPA of 3.89 and choose to enrol at Vanderbilt University despite scholarship offers from Emory University and Oberlin College. During her undergraduate studies, Peek received the 1990 Time College Achievement Award after maintaining a 3.6 GPA while she was also involved in numerous clubs including Vanderbilt Against Apartheid, Students for Women's Concerns, Campus Kaleidoscope, and the Vanderbilt AIDS project. As president of the Black Student Alliance at Vanderbilt, she fought to have Hall W. Thompson ousted from the school's board due to his white's only Shoal Creek Club. Peek completed her Bachelor of Science degree at Vanderbilt in 1991 and enrolled at Johns Hopkins University for her medical degree and Master of Public Health. While completing her medical degree, she took a year off between her 3rd and 4th year of medical school to get her public health degree. As a student at Johns Hopkins, Peek spent 15 days visiting indigenous Mayan populations in remote communities across Guatemala. After graduating in 1996, Peek completed her residency in internal medicine at Stanford University Medical Center.	2.375
72858725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordana%20Jovanovic%20Dolecek	Gordana Jovanovic Dolecek	Gordana Jovanovic Dolecek is an electronics engineer specializing in digital filters. Originally from Yugoslavia, she works in Mexico as a professor and researcher at the National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE) in Puebla. Education and career Dolecek earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Sarajevo in 1969. After a master's degree from the University of Belgrade in 1975, she returned to the University of Sarajevo for her Ph.D., completed in 1981. She worked as a research assistant at Energoinvest in 1969 and 1971 became a teaching and research assistant at the University of Sarajevo. She became an assistant professor there in 1977, one of the founding members of the Department of Telecommunications. She was promoted to associate professor in 1985 and full professor in 1991. She alternately chaired the telecommunications and communications systems departments from 1980 to 1993. In 1993 she moved to the Mihajlo Pupin Institute of the University of Belgrade, and in 1995 she took her present position in Mexico at INAOE. Books Dolecek is the author of the book Random Signals and Processes Primer with MATLAB (Springer, 2012). Her edited volumes include Multirate Systems: Design and Applications (Idea Group, 2002) and Advances in Multirate Systems (Springer, 2017). Recognition Dolecek is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, elected in 2005. Personal life Dolecek was married to mechanical engineering professor Vlatko Doleček. Their daughter, coding theorist Lara Dolecek, is a professor in California at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.	1.945313
72859195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uroplectes%20otjimbinguensis	Uroplectes otjimbinguensis	Uroplectes otjimbinguensis is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae, endemic to Angola and Namibia. Taxonomy This species was originally described by Ferdinand Karsch as Lepreus otjimbinguensis in 1879 based on specimens collected near Otjimbingwe, a settlement in Namibia. It was later classified as Uroplectes by Karl Kraepelin in 1899. Etymology The specific name otjimbinguensis is a combination of Otjimbingu[e] and the Latin suffix -ensis, "of or from [a place]", therefore translating as "from Otjimbingue," in reference to the town where the species was first discovered. Description Uroplectes otjimbinguensis is a small scorpion, achieving a maximum length of 40 mm. It is overall pale-yellow, with a broad dark band running down the center of the dorsal side of the abdomen, ending in a triangular dark patch on the cephalothorax. The third, fourth and fifth tail segments are black at the base, with the coloration extending further down each segment as they approach the stinger. The pedipalps are thin, with 11 rows of denticles on the movable finger. Approximately 15 comb teeth can be found on the ventral side. Habitat U. otjimbinguensis inhabits woody vegetation growing in arid regions, taking shelter under peeling bark and in the holes of tree trunks. A 2008 study investigating scorpion species' richness versus altitude at the Brandberg Massif found that it was one of only 5 out of 20 documented species to be present at all altitudes (400-2,600m above sea level.)	2.296875
72861038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS%2018	IOS 18	iOS 18 is the eighteenth and current major release of Apple's iOS operating system for the iPhone. It was announced on June 10, 2024, at the 2024 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC). It was made publicly available on September 16, 2024, as a free software update for supported iOS devices. It is the direct successor to iOS 17 and was announced alongside iPadOS 18, macOS Sequoia, watchOS 11, visionOS 2, and tvOS 18. System features Apple Intelligence The Apple Intelligence platform is available in iOS 18.1 and beyond on the iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max models as well as the iPhone 16 and iPhone 16 Pro models. Apple Intelligence adds artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities and large language model integrations to Siri and other operating system functions, such as the Photos app. Apple's Intelligence features are set to be introduced gradually across several forthcoming updates. These features were not included in the initial release of the iPhone 16 models. Calculator iOS 18's Calculator introduces Math Notes, a new feature that allows users to perform and track calculations on separate sheets, solve mathematical equations, and plot functions on graphs. With integrated handwriting recognition, Math Notes automatically evaluates user input and displays the results in their own handwriting. The redesigned Calculator app, now shared between iOS and iPadOS, marks the first time an official calculator has been available for iPad. Messages iOS 18 supports Rich Communication Services (RCS) on supported conversations, including support for read receipts and higher-quality multimedia sharing across various platforms. As with SMS, it is designated with green message bubbles and buttons to distinguish it from blue iMessage conversations. Availability of RCS messaging varies by carrier availability and compatibility. Apple previously refused the adoption of RCS in iOS.	2.3125
72861415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandfields%20Pumping%20Station	Sandfields Pumping Station	The 1870s building is described in the listing text as in a "free Italianate style". It is rectangular, with two storeys over a basement, and four bays on the south-west side. It is in blue brick with dressings in red and yellow brick, stone sills, polychromatic bands, and a polychromatic frieze on the upper floor, above which there is a stone-coped parapet with decorative machicolations, and a slate roof. The 1960s building, built over the basement of the original engine house, is attached to the rear. The Cornish beam engine within the 1870s building has a cylinder of diameter and a stroke of . It could pump 2 million gallons of water per day at seven strokes per minute. It rises to the full height of the building, with the bearing for the beam supported by a Tuscan arcade of three arches. Lichfield Waterworks Trust The Lichfield Waterworks Trust, successor to the Friends of Sandfields Pumping Station, was formed in March 2015, at the time when a house building company became owners of a site that included the pumping station. The Trust negotiated an access licence, and from 2017 volunteers have maintained the engine and building. There are occasional open days.	2.03125
72861429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargi%2C%20Kenya	Kargi, Kenya	Kargi is a village in Marsabit County, located in the north-eastern portion of Kenya. Its about from Marsabit, and about from the country's capital, Nairobi. Infrastructure The town has a mosque, a Catholic church, three primary schools, an all-boys secondary school, and a dispensary. The town also has a water pan to the north. Manyattas, or a group of huts forming a unit within a fence characterise the towns fringes. Demographics Kargi is estimated to be made up of 2,064 households, and 26% of its residents can read and write. Geography Kargi is located on the Korolle Oasis inside the Chalbi Desert. The oasis and town are a stop for the animals of the Rendille, Gabra and Borana to have a drink. Climate Kargi has a Tropical savanna climate. The district's yearly temperature is , 4.1% higher than Kenya's average. Kargi typically receives about of precipitation and has 120.09 rainy days, or 32.9% of the time. History In 2017, the Kenya Off-Grid Solar Access Project (KOSAP) was launched, which planned to provide energy to 277,000 households (1.3 million people) in remote, low density, and underserved areas of Kenya. It aimed to provide energy to towns like Kargi via mini-grids. In 2020, residents from Kargi sued the state of Kenya over claims of poisonous materials being dumped in the area by international corporations. One of the companies mentioned being Amoco Petroleum, which explored for oil in the 1980s, and after no success, abandoned the project without properly cleaning. It is reported that the dumping of these materials has caused the deaths of 7,000 animals after contaminating water supplies. In 2021, World Desertification and Drought Day was held on 17 June, where some 10,000 trees were planted. Between 2020 and 2023, a drought occurred affecting the region heavily, and causing the deaths of many livestock in the town.	2.359375
72861873	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelargonium%20inodorum	Pelargonium inodorum	Pelargonium inodorum, commonly known as wild pelargonium, is a flowering plant in the family Geraniaceae. It is grows in New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, New Zealand (including the Chatham Islands). It has scented leaves and mostly pink flowers. Description Pelargonium inodorum is a perennial or short-lived aromatic herb up to high, softly hairy and thick taproots. The leaves are arranged opposite, oval to heart-shaped, long, wide, occasionally with 5-7 rounded lobes, upper surface maybe smooth or both surfaces with occasional hairs and on a petiole long. The flowers are borne in clusters of 3-14 on a peduncle long, pedicels long, larger when fruiting. The petals are pink with darker purple or pink markings, long and calyx lobes long. Flowering occurs mostly in summer and the fruit is a schizocarp long and covered in soft, thin, separated hairs. Taxonomy Pelargonium inodorum was first formally described in 1804 by Carl Ludwig von Willdenow and the description was published in Hortus Berolinensis. Distribution and habitat Wild pelargonium is a widespread species found growing in moist low lying areas to montane woodlands in New South Wales, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory.	2.5625
72862142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mthandeni%20Dlungwana	Mthandeni Dlungwana	Provincial ANC Youth League: 2010–2011 He rose to political prominence during his tenure as Provincial Chairperson of the KwaZulu-Natal branch of the ANC Youth League (ANCYL). He formerly served as ANCYL Deputy Provincial Chairperson under Mxolisi Kaunda from 2008 to 2010, and he succeeded Kaunda as chair at a league elective conference held at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in late May 2010. He defeated Nomagugu Simelane-Zulu in the election and stood as part of a slate of candidates led by Provincial Secretary Bheki Mtolo, all of whom were elected to top leadership positions; the slate also included Yolanda Young, Siboniso Duma, and, as Dlungwana's deputy, Sindiso Magaqa. After the election results were announced, opponents of Dlungwana's slate staged a walkout from the conference, claiming that there had been electoral irregularities. Dlungwana was initially an outspoken supporter of Julius Malema, the incumbent President of the national ANCYL. However, in early October 2011, the Malema-led national leadership of the ANCYL disbanded the league's provincial leadership in KwaZulu-Natal, prematurely ending Dlungwana's term as Provincial Chairperson. The national leadership said that the provincial leadership corps had been disbanded due to ill discipline, but Dlungwana claimed that they were being victimised because they had endorsed Jacob Zuma for re-election as ANC President in 2012, thereby breaking with the national ANCYL's position. Dlungwana subsequently became critical of Malema. When fresh leadership elections were finally run in 2015, he was succeeded as ANCYL Provincial Chairperson by Thami Ngubane.	2.015625
72862202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uacilla	Uacilla	Hory-Uacilla (Ossetian: Уацилла, Wacilla; Digorian: Елиа, "Elijah") or Uacilla, Wacilla for short, is the name of Saint Elijah in Ossetian folklore. It is also the name of an agricultural holiday celebrated on the Monday of the third week after Pentecost. In Ossetian mythology Uacilla is the thunderer and lord of storms, the patron of agriculture and harvest. Several sanctuaries were dedicated to him, among which the most famous Tbau-Uacilla is located on mount Tbau in the Dargavs Gorge. Among the Ossetians, it is believed that Uacilla protected the fields from hail and showers, disposed of rain clouds and contributed to the growth of cereals and herbs. He was approached during a drought or prolonged bad weather. For this, rams and bulls were slaughtered in his honor and a public prayer was held. In folk songs, Uacilla was portrayed as a plowman, performing the functions of a plow in one case and a sower in another. As Georges Dumézil wrote, Ossetians having become Christians began to call St. Elijah "Uacilla". Like the Russians, they think that Uacilla is walking through the sky and fighting evil spirits. When a person is struck by lightning, they believe that Uacilla fired his "fat" (arrow or cannonball) at him. Celebration Despite the general basis, the celebration of Uacilla in some areas had its own local characteristics. In South Ossetia the holiday was widely celebrated in the village of Edisa. The celebration in this village lasted for a whole week. Here the saint was also called Tbau-Uatsilla, which is obviously due to the fact that people from the Dargavs Gorge settled in this place, who brought with them the name used at their former place of residence. The celebration was accompanied by sacrifices, community and family feasts. At the end of the repast, which was held separately in each family, the older men took the skin of the sacrificial goat (in which the head and legs were left) and carried it into the forest and hung it on the first tree they encountered.	2.234375
72862423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daohugouthallus	Daohugouthallus	Daohugouthallus is a monotypic genus of lichen, known from fossils found in the Jurassic Haifanggou Formation near Daohugou village, Ningcheng County, China. The genus contains a single species, D. ciliiferus. Although Daohugouthallus shows some relationships to the family Parmeliaceae, it is distinct enough for scientists to suggest its classification into its own family, Daohugouthallaceae. Dated at approximately 165 million years ago, this macrolichen is thought to be the earliest fossil example of an epiphytic macrolichen, indicating it likely grew on gymnosperm plants. Discovery Five specimens of Daohugouthallus ciliiferus have been found so far. These were collected from the fossiliferous beds of the Jurassic Haifanggou Formation in China (Callovian–Oxfordian boundary interval, Middle Jurassic), a formation which has been dated at between 168 and 152 Ma based on isotopic analyses. More specifically, the site of discovery can be found about 80 km to the south of Chifeng City, within the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (lat.119°14.318′E, long. 41°18.979′N). On first discovery, it was thought that the D. ciliiferus was a “lichen-like” organism. It was considered to be affiliated with either thallose liverworts, alga, or lichens. Due to a lack of diagnostic features which would ally the species with liverworts or alga, D. ciliiferus was determined to be most closely affiliated with lichens. This is based primarily on the fossil thalli and ruptured branch tips, making this species the earliest known example of a macrolichen with morphology comparable to that of extant lichen species. The species has been listed under the 2022 in paleontology events overview and as a floristic component of the Daohugou flora. D. ciliiferus fossil specimens are currently kept in Beijing, at the Key Lab of Insect Evolution and Environmental Changes within the College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies at Capital Normal University.	2.359375
72862556	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Rubin%20%28author%29	Michael Rubin (author)	Career Nonlinear editing and publications After college Rubin joined Lucasfilm's Droid Works as a marketing specialist on the SoundDroid (an early digital audio workstation) and EditDroid, an analog nonlinear editing (NLE) system. When Lucasafilm closed The Droid Works in 1987, he joined his former-bosses at The Droid Works in their digital audio start-up Sonic Solutions. Shortly after he joined CMX Systems as the product manager of the CMX 6000, another LaserDisc-based nonlinear editing system. While at CMX, Rubin assisted on projects using the technology, including the CBS miniseries Lonesome Dove and Bernardo Bertolucci's The Sheltering Sky. A member of the Motion Pictures Editor's Guild (IATSE), Rubin trained Guild members nonlinear editing. Later, he is credited with cutting the first TV show using the Avid, She-Wolf of London before working with Apple's Final Cut Pro. An ardent nonlinear editing proponent, Rubin wrote the first edition of Nonlinear: a guide to digital film and video editing in 1991, which popularized the term "nonlinear editing" and was used in film schools and in Hollywood as the industry transitioned from celluloid to digital. There were four editions between 1991 and 2001. He created AFI's first academic online course for Fathom, a joint venture including Columbia University and the AFI, "Introduction to Digital Video" in 2001. After The Little Digital Video Book (2001) he wrote a series of books with Peachpit Press: Beginner's Final Cut Pro (2002), Making Movies with Final Cut Express (2003), a series with Apple on iLife ('04, '05, '06), and a second edition of The Little Digital Video Book (2008).	2.296875
72862579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%20Singapore%20Premier%20League	2023 Singapore Premier League	The 2023 Singapore Premier League (also known as the AIA Singapore Premier League due to sponsorship reasons) was the 6th season of the Singapore Premier League, the top-flight Singaporean professional league for association football clubs, since its rebranding in 2018. Format The following key changes were made to the rules for the 2023 season: Young Lions will be allowed to register between 20 and 40 players, three of whom may be foreign or overaged Singaporean players. Young Lions and Hougang United to play their home games at Jalan Besar Stadium while Lion City Sailors and Balestier Khalsa will play at Bishan Stadium. Other stadiums used are: (1) Our Tampines Hub (Tampines Rovers and Geylang International), (2) Jurong East Stadium (Albirex Niigata and Tanjong Pagar United), and (3) Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium (DPMM). DPMM will play their 1st three home matches in Jalan Besar Stadium as their home ground is undergoing renovation. For Brunei DPMM, they are required to have a minimum of one Under-23 player of Bruneian nationality fielded during the entire first half of a match. All clubs may include a maximum of five players from its COE Under-21 team in its match-day squad. VAR technology will feature for the first time in Singapore league history. The following key changes were made to the rules since the 2022 season:	2.140625
72863611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Fournier%20%28writer%29	Martin Fournier (writer)	Martin Fournier (born September 10, 1954) is a Canadian historian and writer. He is most noted as the author of The Adventures of Radisson, a series of young adult historical novels centred on the adventures and explorations of 17th-century fur trader Pierre-Esprit Radisson. L'enfer ne brûle pas, the first novel in the Radisson series, was the winner of the Governor General's Award for French-language children's literature at the 2011 Governor General's Awards. Later novels in the series included Sauver les français (2014), L'année des surhommes (2016) and Le castor ou la vie (2021). The first three novels in the series have also been translated into English by Peter McCambridge, as Hell Never Burns (2012), Back to the New World (2015) and The Incredible Escape (2016). A former professor of history at the Université du Québec à Rimouski, he has also published an academic biography of Radisson, Pierre-Esprit Radisson 1636-1710. Aventurier et commerçant (2001), as well as Jean Mauvide, de chirurgien à seigneur de l'île d'Orléans au XVIIIe siècle (2004).	2.4375
72863968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo	History of São Paulo	Besides these, there were several more distant villages. Among them, only two prospered: Pinheiros and São Miguel, both founded by José de Anchieta in 1560. Inaugurated in 1580 and later rebuilt in 1622, the chapel erected by the Jesuits in the current neighborhood of São Miguel Paulista is considered the oldest in the municipality of São Paulo. Several villages were decimated by smallpox, among which can be mentioned: Itaquaquecetuba, Mboy, Itapecerica, Barueri, Guarapiranga, Carapicuíba, Ibirapuera and Guarulhos. Also in the 16th century, new churches were founded: the Mother Church, in 1588 (the prototype of the São Paulo cathedral), Nossa Senhora do Carmo Church, in 1592 (demolished in 1928), Santo Antônio Church (currently in Patriarca Square), and Nossa Senhora da Assunção Chapel, around 1600 (which would give rise to the current São Bento Monastery). A traveler arriving in the city in the first decades of the 19th century would encounter the following: The basis of food in the early days was formed by canjica, one of the main indigenous influences in colonial cuisine, the angu (a type of porridge made with cornmeal, maize, or cassava flour). Cassava, which was the main food at the beginning of the village, was slowly being supplanted by corn. Wheat, although growing in the region, was not very used in the beginning - only for sacramental bread and cookies - due to the ease of obtaining cassava and corn. It was only in the early years of the 17th century that greater wheat production began, with at least fifty wheat planters on the plateau and several licenses from the Chamber for residents to build their mills.	2.734375
72863968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo	History of São Paulo	The end of the First Brazilian Republic, as well as the successive economic crises that shook coffee as a commodity in the first half of the 20th century, represented a political milestone not only nationally, but also in the city of São Paulo itself. In this period, movements such as the General Strike of 1917 and the São Paulo Revolt of 1924, in which the city was bombed by the federal government, symbolize the dimension of popular manifestations that were already occurring in São Paulo, as well as the federal government's willingness to vehemently repress such insurrections, even if at the cost of part of São Paulo's urban infrastructure. Consequently, the so-called Constitutionalist Revolution represented a broader clash of political interests, in which part of the São Paulo elite contested the loss of political power on a national scale after the deposition of president Washington Luís. Despite São Paulo's defeat, a revealing fact of the maintenance of the political and economic prestige of the São Paulo elite was the creation of the University of São Paulo in 1934, with the function of providing instruction of excellence for this same elite, receiving several highly prestigious foreign professors in its initial years.	2.328125
72864121	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Luz%C3%A1rraga	House of Luzárraga	In November 1860, the Banco del Ecuador began operations in Guayaquil under authorization of General José Antonio Gómez Valverde. Initially, it operated with banknotes ceded by the Bank of Manuel Antonio de Luzarraga, but later it put its own banknotes into circulations with denominations of 2 and 4 reales, and 1, 5, 10, 20, 100, 500, and 1,000 pesos. The bank was given permission to issue up to 500,000 Pesos, and was allowed to maintain reserves of up to 50,000 pesos in silver coinage. Later, in 1861, the National Convention granted the bank a further right to mint 200,000 pesos worth of coinage. While it is unclear how long the bills were in circulation, there was a dispute in the 1860s about the banknotes that General Guillermo Franco authorized, but the Jefe Superior rejected as legal tender. On banknotes printed in London in 1863 by the Bank of Luzarraga, portraits of Manuel Antonio de Luzárraga and his wife Francisca Rico Rocafuerte are present. From 1864 to 1869, Lizardo García worked at the Bank of Luzarraga in the accounting and administration departments. He would later become the President of Ecuador. In an 1891 deed of transaction of the sons of Manuel Luzárraga, it is mentioned that a single strip of their hacienda (named Guaquilla), located in Babahoyo, contained over 1,600 cocoa trees. For scale, the hacienda would have produced over 3,000 pounds of chocolate every year, which, adjusted for inflation, would have been worth over $20,000 at the time. The strip was sold to the government in order to build a road named "La Via Flores". They were compensated by the government by payment of 1,920 sucres, which was equivalent to 1,419 ounces of silver, or in modern currency, equivalent to over $34,500. Succession	2.84375
72864202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Herschel	Margaret Herschel	Margaret, Lady Herschel (née Brodie Stewart; 1810–1884) was a British botanical artist and hostess. While she was in Cape Colony, she and her husband made over a hundred botanical paintings of wild flowers, which they brought back to Europe for study. Her husband was one of the leading scientists of Victorian Britain. Life Margaret Brodie Stewart was born in 1810. Her father was Alexander Stewart DD, a Scottish Presbyterian minister and Gaelic scholar. She married Sir John Herschel on 3 March 1829 at St. Marlyebone Church in London. Through her husband she met intellectual women like the mathematician Mary Somerville, who visited Margaret and John's house regularly, and the novelist Maria Edgeworth. This led Margaret to seek out a friendship with John's aunt the astronomer Caroline Herschel, where Margaret sought to learn about Caroline's scientific career. As her children grew older and the household had more domestic staff, Margaret spent more time studying. She studied German and algebra, and supported her husband in his work. She also ensured that both her sons and daughters received equally solid educations, although the girls were not able to go away to school at eleven or attend university like their brothers. Visit to Cape Colony The voyage to Cape Colony was made so that her husband could catalogue the stars, nebulae, and other objects of the southern skies. Her husband had his own inherited money and he paid £500 for passage on the S.S. Mountstuart Elphinstone. Together with their three children they departed from Portsmouth on 13 November 1833. They arrived in Cape Town on 15 January 1834 and chose to live at Feldhausen, an old estate in Claremont, a suburb of Cape Town, where her husband set up a private telescope. He collaborated with Thomas Maclear, the Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope and the two families became close friends.	2.609375
72864554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Murray%20%28golfer%29	Stuart Murray (golfer)	Stuart William Thomas Murray (10 November 1933 – 23 January 2023) was a Scottish professional golfer. He had success as an amateur, winning the Scottish Amateur in 1962 and playing in the 1963 Walker Cup. A change in the rules relating to amateur status pushed him into turning professional in late 1963. He won the Midland Professional Championship three times between 1964 and 1968 and also the Strong Country Tournament in 1965. Amateur career Murray qualified for the 1955 Open Championship at St Andrews, although he failed to make the cut. In 1958 he won the West of Scotland championship at Barassie, beating Lindsay Renfrew in the final. In the 1961 Scottish Amateur at Western Gailes, Murray lost in the final to James Walker. Walker was seven up after 13 holes of the morning round and eventually won 4 and 3. Murray won the 1962 Scottish Amateur at Muirfield, beating Ronnie Shade 2 and 1 in the final. Shade won the event for the following five years. Murray played for Great Britain & Ireland against the rest of Europe in France in 1958 and in Sweden in 1962. In 1959 he made his debut for Scotland in the Men's Home Internationals, and played each year until he turned professional. Murray played in the 1963 Walker Cup at Turnberry. Playing with Michael Bonallack they won their foursomes match on the first morning and Murray beat Deane Beman 3 and 1 in the afternoon, as the home team took a 6–3 lead. However he lost both his matches on the second day and the US won the match 12–8. Professional career Murray turned professional towards the end of 1963 following a change in the rules on amateur status. Murray was a sales representative for John Letters, a firm of golf club makers. Murray was initially a professional at Northamptonshire golf club, before moving to Hendon golf club from 1972.	1.9375
72864708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Chatwal%20New%20York	The Chatwal New York	The Lambs filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in October 1973, after years of declining revenues. The clubhouse was at risk of being foreclosed unless the club raised $1 million. By July 1974, the Lambs owed $450,000 to the Tremont Savings and Loan Association and had not made any mortgage payments for 13 months. To avert foreclosure, the club proposed admitting non-theatrical professionals and women as members, in addition to renting out its theater. Bankruptcy judge Edward J. Ryan gave the Lambs Club a one-month reprieve in August 1974. The same month, the Lambs admitted its first female member, Carolyn Newhouse, whose family was helping raise the $450,000 for the club's mortgage. The Lambs' new general director, Gene Frankel, planned to refurbish the building's theater and add classrooms and rehearsal halls. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) had begun considering whether to designate the Lambs Club Building as a city landmark in May 1974, and the LPC designated the building as a landmark on September 24, 1974.	2.15625
72864797	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next%20Malian%20parliamentary%20election	Next Malian parliamentary election	Parliamentary elections were scheduled to be held in Mali on 29 October 2023, after originally being planned for 27 February 2022. However, they were postponed by the military junta that took power in a 2021 coup. Background A coup d'état began on the night of 24 May 2021 when the Malian Army led by Vice President Assimi Goïta captured President Bah N'daw, Prime Minister Moctar Ouane and Minister of Defence Souleymane Doucouré. Assimi Goïta, the head of the junta that led the 2020 Malian coup d'état, announced that N'daw and Ouane were stripped of their powers and that new elections would be held in 2022. It is the country's third coup d'état in ten years, following the 2012 and 2020 military takeovers, with the latter having happened only nine months earlier. After the coup, the military promised to respect the 27 February 2022 election plan by the previous government. Regional bloc, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union have suspended Mali from their organisations, but declined to impose further sanctions while repeatedly urging the authorities to hold the votes on schedule and promised more sanctions if there would be a delay.	1.929688
72865008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Parker%2C%209th%20Earl%20of%20Macclesfield	Richard Parker, 9th Earl of Macclesfield	Richard Timothy George Mansfield Parker, 9th Earl of Macclesfield (born 31 May 1943), is a British peer. He was a member of the House of Lords from 1992 until 1999. The son of George Parker, 8th Earl of Macclesfield, and his wife Valerie Mansfield, he was educated at Stowe School and Worcester College, Oxford. On 7 December 1992 he succeeded his father as Earl of Macclesfield, Viscount Parker, and Baron Parker. On 11 August 1967 he married firstly Tatiana Cleone Anne Wheaton-Smith, daughter of Major Craig Wheaton-Smith. They were divorced in 1985, and in 1986 he married Sandra Hope Fiore. By his first wife he has three daughters: Lady Tanya Susan (born 1971) Lady Katherine Anne (born 1973) Lady Marion Jane (born 1973) Macclesfield was the last of the Parker family to live at Shirburn Castle, from which he was evicted in 2005 by other members of a family company which owned the property. They contended in court that he was "no more than tenant at will". However, the contents of the castle had been given to Macclesfield in 1967 by his grandfather, including three important libraries. Macclesfield then decided to sell the libraries and some other items from the castle, including the Macclesfield Psalter, now in the Fitzwilliam Museum, and the Macclesfield Alphabet Book, now in the British Library. The receipts came to more than £16 million, "the highest total ever for any sale of scientific books and manuscripts". A painting by George Stubbs, "Brood Mares and Foals", was sold at auction in 2010 for £10,121,250, a record price for Stubbs.	2.0625
72865130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACFA-8	ACFA-8	The ACFA-8 (Affordable Computers for All-8) was a microcomputer based on the Motorola 6808. It was released in 1979 by Andrew M. Veronis, a doctorate of computer science more well-known for his books on computer engineering. Description and history The ACFA-8 was a single-board microcomputer running the Motorola 6808. The board's memory layout comprised an array of eight chip sockets, onto which 3 KB or 6 KB DRAM chips can be populated, for a maximum of 48 KB of RAM. As stock it came with 16 KB of RAM. The computer's cassette interface supports the Kansas City standard, and the computer came shipped with 8-KB BASIC on cassette. The board features a built-in color RF modulator; American buyers got shipped a color video display for the price of the computer. Both American and overseas buyers however both got the board with an enclosure, a keyboard, and the power supply unit. The ACFA-8 was one of the few microcomputers based on the 6808 microprocessor, being a lesser-cost component in the Motorola 6800 family. It was more popular with embedded processing systems in industrial environments. The computer came shipped with manuals describing the principles of operation, which Electronics Today International described as "really a computer course on their own". ACFA, Inc. (Affordable Computers for All), was founded by Andrew M. Veronis, a doctorate of computer science more well-known for his books on computer engineering. In the United States, the computer sold for $695 as an assembled kit or $595 unassembled. Computer journalist Fred Ruckdeschel felt that it needed an additional $300 in hardware on top of the cost of the unassembled kit to bring it on par with its contemporaries. To that end the ACFA-8 came with a RS-232C serial port for peripherals including teletypes.	2.59375
72866453	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoraya%20Obaid	Thoraya Obaid	Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (; born 2 March 1945) is a Saudi politician and diplomat who served as executive director of the United Nations Population Fund from 2000 to 2010. From 2013 to 2016 she was a member of the Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia. Early life and education Obaid was born on 2 March 1945 in Baghdad, Iraq. Her father Ahmed Obaid was a Saudi journalist and scholar of classical Arabic, and she has said that he was "something of a dissident for his era". She began her education at the age of three at an Islamic school in Mecca, then from the age of six in 1951 attended the American College for Girls in Cairo, Egypt. She was the first woman to receive a Saudi state scholarship for study in the United States and gained a BA in English literature from Mills College (1966) and an MA (1968) and PhD (1970) from Wayne State University, where her doctoral thesis was The Moor figure in English Renaissance drama. Career Obaid joined the staff of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) in 1975 and became its deputy executive secretary before moving in 1998 to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) as director of its Division for Arab States and Europe. She became the executive director of UNFPA in 2001 and held the position until 2010, with the status of Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations. From 2013 to 2016 she was a member of the Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia, also known as the Shura Council. She was one of a group of thirty women who were the first to be appointed to this body, hitherto all-male. She has served as a director of the Women's Learning Partnership.	2.34375
72867000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20Lithuania	Swedish Lithuania	On 17 August 1655, the Treaty of Kėdainiai was signed by Jonušas Radvila and other 400 pro-Swedish signatories. The treaty laid out certain conditions — the Lithuanian nobility wanted Sweden to protect Lithuania from Moscow, guarantee the country's neutrality in the conflict, political and religious freedoms. These conditions were rejected as they also vaguely mentioned Lithuania having the right to leave Sweden. The Swedish also avoided directly participating in the conflict with the Tsardom of Russia because, in reality, they didn’t have enough manpower in Swedish Livonia to properly assist Lithuania in case of need. Despite this, Sweden promised Lithuania that it would help them in reclaiming their lost territory. Union of Kėdainiai On 20 October 1655, over 1,000 nobles, mostly from Samogitia, gathered at the Kėdainiai Manor, signed the Union of Kėdainiai on behalf of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, dissolved the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and solemnly declared the establishment of a personal union with the Swedish Empire. The Swedish side was represented by Lord High Treasurer Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie and Governor Bengt Skytte, with the latter also holding the position of viceroy. King of Sweden Charles X Gustav became Grand Duke of Lithuania. Following this, another act was signed by which the Lithuanian nobility pledged its loyalty to the Swedish Crown. On 23 October 1655, the Lithuanian Advisory Council was inaugurated. Swedish Lithuania was set up as a dominicum directum with Jonušas Radvila being promised exceptional rights to certain estates. It is known that both Jonušas and Boguslavas Radvila (Bogusław Radziwiłł) initially wanted to acquire the Lithuanian territories of Minsk, Navahrudak, Brest Voivodeships and Volkovysk, Grodno Counties, as well as the Polish Podlaskie Voivodeship. Meanwhile, ethnic Lithuania was supposed to remain under the direct rule of Sweden. Jonušas Radvila also hoped to become an uncrowned ruler of the entire Swedish protectorate, but his endeavour was unsuccessful.	2.9375
78646361	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanmaki%20Kudo%20Kofun%20Cluster	Kanmaki Kudo Kofun Cluster	The square tumulus, a (Kofun No. 3), is located at the tip of the ridge on the northern side of the hill and is thought to have a mound measuring about 15 meters on each side. Three composite wooden coffins were confirmed in the burial chamber, and from the composite wooden coffin located in the center of the mound, a Chinese pictorial band divine beast bronze mirror was excavated, as well as fragments of an iron spear, iron sword, iron arrowhead, and a Haji ware pottery jar. Based on these artifacts, it is believed to have been built in the mid-3rd century. The mirror is the same as the one excavated at the east chamber of the Izumi Koganezuka Kofun in Osaka Prefecture. It is also considered to be one of the oldest kofun in the central-western Nara Basin, and is notable for its different size, structure, and location from the Yamato Kofun Group and Yanagimoto Kofun Group in the plains of the southeastern Nara Basin, which was the center of the Yamato kingship in the Kinai region at the time. The excavated items were designated a Nara Prefectural Tangible Cultural Property in 2016. The other tumuli in the cluster are -style circular mounds dating from the late 6th century to the mid-7th century. The site is about 1.5 kilometers north of Kashiba Station on the JR West Wakayama Line.	2.5
78646492	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosotros%20%28group%29	Nosotros (group)	At a meeting of the CNT at Montjuïc, on 18 April, members of Los Solidarios spoke about the new Republic and their view that radical social and political reforms were needed. García Oliver, who had been released from Burgos prison and returned to Barcelona, made passionate invocations for revolution. Ascaso and Durruti gave similar well-received speeches, with the latter warning that Spain would head towards civil war if the government did not meet the demands of the working classes. As the CNT began to prepare for the celebration of International Workers' Day, Ascaso and Durruti were delegated to accompany foreign anarchists that were coming to the event: Marcel Dieu from Belgium; Louis Lecoin and Pierre Odéon from France; Helmut Rüdiger and Augustin Souchy from Germany; Camillo Berneri from Italy; Albert de Jong from the Netherlands; and Ida Mett and Volin from Russia. After the demonstration arrived at the Plaça Sant Jaume and a delegation attempted to enter the Palace of the Generalitat of Catalonia, the Civil Guard began to shoot at the demonstrators. Durruti briefly managed to restore calm, but before long, a battle had broken out between the police and demonstrators. Soldiers were eventually brought in to stop the violence, and together with the demonstrators, they forced the police to withdraw.	2.046875
78646498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresia%20Bauer	Theresia Bauer	Education policy Under Bauer's aegis, the state government provided 18 million euros for the Baden and Württemberg wind music academies by 2020. The funds were used for the new building project of the Baden-Württemberg Music Center in Plochingen and the Music Academy of the German Wind Music Association in Staufen im Breisgau. In September 2018, Bauer launched the ideas competition "Mobility concepts for an emission-free campus" for the universities in Baden-Württemberg. The aim is to make emission-free mobility concepts an integral part of the universities in the future. The initiative is embedded in the BW Automotive Industry Strategy Dialogue, in which innovation potential for the automotive industry is to be researched across industry boundaries. The state's Ministry of Science is providing a total of 3.15 million euros for this purpose. The concepts of the Universities of Stuttgart and Hohenheim, the Biberach University of Applied Sciences, the and the Stuttgart Technology University of Applied Sciences were awarded prizes.	2.1875
78646531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%20Super%20League%20season	2025 Super League season	Drop-outs Two variants of drop-outs were introduced for 2025: If a team kicks a drop-out on the full over the touchline or kicks a drop-out so that it fails to travel at least 10 metres forward into the field of play, a play-the-ball 10 metres out will follow from the centre of the goal line rather than a penalty kick from the centre of the 10-metre line. If a team takes a 20-metre drop-out and it travels on the full over the touchline or kicks a 20 metre drop-out so that it fails to travel at least 10 metres forward in the field of play, a play-the-ball from the centre of the 20-metre line will follow, rather than a penalty kick from the centre of the 20-metre line. Tackle height Changes to tackle height rules were first announced by the RFL for all leagues in December 2023, with tackling above the armpit outlawed in order to reduce rates of head concussion injuries during matches. Though the rule was introduced to grassroots, academy and reserve rugby leagues in 2024, elite rugby leagues were to see this rule implemented in their 2025 seasons, however in December 2024, the RFL announced that tackle height laws would remain the same after concussion injuries were found to have been reduced with the introduction of instrumented mouthguards. Other rules Green cards, first introduced in 2022 to permit defending players to leave the pitch for a maximum two minutes, were permitted to also be used by the referee to allow attacking players to leave the pitch. Referees are also permitted to differentiate between active and passive offside players at a kick chase. Structure changes Grading Gradings were introduced to the Super League by IMG and the RFL from 2024 onwards, removing automatic relegation as a result of finishing 12th from 2024 onwards. After a proposal to reintroduce automatic promotion from lower leagues irrespective of grading was rejected, changes for the 2025 season largely centred on factors as to how teams are graded at the end of the season.	2.296875
78646532	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enock%20Glidden	Enock Glidden	Enock Glidden is an American disabled athlete and professional adventurer. A Maine-based accessibility activist, he advocates for others with disabilities. Education Glidden received a degree from the University of Maine at Augusta, where he was the university's 2023 commencement speaker. Career Glidden was born with spina bifida, a neural tube defect that damages the spinal cord and nerves. He received his first wheelchair at the age of four. Glidden was introduced to sports at the age of 13 at Katahdin Junior High School in Stacyville, Maine. He has participated in sports like wheelchair racing, skiing, and competitive shooting. In October 2015, Glidden climbed Yosemite National Park's Washington Column by using a metal bar attached to a mechanical ascender. The following October, he scaled Yosemite's El Capitan after doing more than 800 pull-ups a day to train for the climb. Glidden was carried in a rescue basket and the descent took 12 hours. It was featured in the short documentary Enock. Glidden rock climbs and ice climbs with Paradox Sports, which offers adaptive climbing across the United States. He also works with Maine Trail Finder to assess the accessibility of trails around the state. Glidden's blog, "Go Beyond the Fence", recounts his adventures and encourages people of all abilities to experience the outdoors. Personal life Glidden grew up in the town of Patten, Maine. He lives in Bethel, Maine.	2.203125
78646684	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20P.%20Halsey	Anthony P. Halsey	Anthony Post Halsey (August 30, 1794 – August 26, 1863) was an American banker. Early life Halsey was born on August 30, 1794, at Liberty Street in New York City. He was a son of Jabez Halsey (1762–1820), who served in the New York Militia during the War of 1812, and Euphemia "Effie" ( Brouwer) Halsey (1759–1846). His elder brother, James, died at sea in 1795. His grandfather, Sylvanus Halsey, served in the Revolutionary War as did his uncle, James Halsey. The family settled in Southampton, New York. Career Halsey began his business education in the counting-room of Messrs. Isaac Moses & Co., before deciding to focus on banking. He first joined the Bank of New York as a clerk, then teller, cashier from 1832 to 1856 and became vice-president in 1856. Following the death of John Oothout in 1858, Halsey was elected to succeed him as President of the Bank of New York. He served as president until he "resigned the office of president of the bank on account of failing health. His resignation was accepted on the 14th, and Charles P. Leverich was elected to fill the vacancy." After 47 years with the bank, Halsey died on August 26, 1863. Personal life On March 23, 1820, Halsey was married to Irene Winifred Wetmore (1800–1882), the daughter of Noah Wetmore and Winifred ( Smith) Wetmore. Through her brother Apollos, she was aunt to New York State Senator Henry C. Wetmore. Together, they were the parents of:	1.976563
78646854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203977	NGC 3977	NGC3977 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is , which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 13 April 1784. It was also observed by Lewis Swift on 16 April 1885, causing this galaxy to be listed twice in the New General Catalogue, as both NGC 3977 and NGC 3980. NGC 3977 along with NGC 3972 are listed together as Holm304 in Erik Holmberg's A Study of Double and Multiple Galaxies Together with Inquiries into some General Metagalactic Problems, published in 1937. This grouping is purely optical, as NGC 3977 is about four times farther away than NGC 3972. The SIMBAD database lists NGC3977 as a LINER galaxy, i.e. a galaxy whose nucleus has an emission spectrum characterized by broad lines of weakly ionized atoms. Supernovae Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 3977: SN1946A (type unknown, mag. 18) was discovered by Edwin Hubble in May 1946. SN2006gs (typeII, mag. 17.0) was discovered by Kōichi Itagaki on 22 September 2006.	2.265625
78647661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderman%20Fenwick%27s%20House	Alderman Fenwick's House	Alderman Fenwick's House is a grade one listed building of early Georgian appearance at 98-100 Pilgrim Street in Newcastle upon Tyne. As one of the few surviving merchant's houses it has both architectural and historic significance in the town. Location and construction It is on the west side of the street, near the Swan House roundabout. The building is mainly brick built, four stories high, with "closet wings" framing the front elevation. It is quite spacious - as well as the main floors there is a basement and attics. Horizontal sandstone bands mark each floor of the front wall. The roof is mainly pantile. An extensive restoration in the mid 1990s preserved the traditional appearance with sashed lattice windows and a porch. Alderman Fenwick's House is one of only three significant brick built buildings of this age to survive in the locality (the others being the nearby Holy Jesus Hospital and The Keelmen's Hospital on City Road. History Newcastle is noted for its elegant stone-faced streets in Grainger Town. Alderman Fenwick's House is about a hundred and sixty years older than these. It has been a survivor when much else was swept away. Pilgrim street was a significant south facing entrance to Newcastle, up a steep hill from the Quayside. ("The Side" and "Forth Banks" are others). The nature of the street has changed greatly over the centuries that Alderman Fenwick's house has stood. Gray's 'Chorographia' of 1649 described it as the 'longest and fairest street in the town'. The original date for construction of Alderman Fenwick's house isn't known, but thought to be around 1670. According to some sources, in 1695 it was inherited by Sarah Winship, who had married the merchant Nicholas Fenwick. The Fenwick's were a large family in Northumberland. One branch owned Wallington Hall, and the extended family had numerous other properties at that time.	2.046875
78647717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buti%20Joseph%20Tlhagale	Buti Joseph Tlhagale	Buti Joseph Tlhagale (born 26 December 1947) is a South African Catholic prelate who was the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Johannesburg in South Africa. He was appointed Archbishop of Johannesburg on 5 June 2007 by Pope Benedict XVI. He retired as archbishop on 28 October 2024 and stayed on as Archbishop Emeritus of Johannesburg. Background and education He was born on 26 December 1947 in Randfontein, Gauteng, South Africa. He completed his secondary school studies at Inchanga High School, near Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal. He entered the novitiate of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate at Villa Maria, Quthing, Lesotho, in 1967. The following year, he entered the Mater Jesu Scholasticate in Roma, Maseru District, Lesotho. In 1972 he graduated from the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He studied theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Italy from 1972 until 1976. Priesthood He professed as a member of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate in 1967. He was ordained a priest on 29 August 1976 by Bishop Peter Fanyana John Butelezi, OMI, Bishop of Umtata. While a priest he served in various roles including as: Priest at Our Lady of Fatima in Dube, Soweto, South Africa from 1979 until 1984 Priest at Our Lady of Mercy in Endeni, Soweto, from 1984 until 1989 Priest at Christ the King in Orlando East, from 1989 until 1999 Visiting Lecturer at St. Joseph's Theological Institute (St. Joseph's Scholasticate) in Cedara, KwaZulu-Natal Lecturer in Philosophy at St Peter's Major Seminary in Hammanskraal Member of the Justice and Peace Department of the South African Council of Churches from 1979 until 1980 Secretary General of the Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference (SACBC) from 1995 until 1999.	2.015625
78648112	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand%20Reclus	Armand Reclus	Armand Reclus (13 March 1843 – 9 January 1927) was a French naval engineer and geographer, known for his involvement in the development of the Panama Canal. He graduated top of his class in the Imperial Naval College in 1862, and went on to take part in campaigns in the Pacific and in French colonial actions in Indochina. Like his brothers, Élisée, Élie, Onésime, and Paul Reclus, Armand was a geographer and took part in the 1876–1878 exploration of the Darien with Ferdinand de Lesseps. The route for the Panama Canal that he proposed was adopted by the International Geography Congress in 1879, and he directed the drilling site as the project began. However, he resigned in 1882 after realising the scale of the challenge. After leaving the French navy, he owned vineyards in France and Tunisia where he spent his time. He returned to France in 1911, and died in 1927 - the last of the Reclus brothers. Biography Elie Armand Ebenhezer Reclus was born at Orthez on March 13, 1843 - the fifth of the Reclus brothers. His parents were Jacques Reclus and Marguerite Zéline Trigant. Like his brothers, he studied at the Protestant college of Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, where his father had taught. He was then sent to Neuqied in Germany as part of the Protestant brotherhood (the Morovian Brothers). There he learned English, German, Spanish, Swedish, and Dutch. Reclus returned to France in 1857, aged sixteen, and joined the imperial naval school. He was granted a scholarship by the municipal council of Orthez. At the college, he befriended Lucien Napoléon-Bonaparte Wyse. Naval career He graduated from the naval school top of his class on , and was assigned to Toulon as a midshipman of the 2nd class. In the following years, he participated in several campaigns in the China Seas and the Japan, took part in colonial conquests in Indochina, and took the opportunity to learn Chinese.	2.25
78648312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine%3A%20Primus	Peregrine: Primus	Peregrine: Primus is a fantasy novel by American writer Avram Davidson, the first volume in his uncompleted Peregrine trilogy. It was first published in hardcover by Walker & Co. in 1971, with a paperback edition following from Ace Books in October 1977. The first ebook edition, which was also the first British edition, was issued by Gateway/Orion in June 2013. An audio edition was issued by Or All the Seas with Oysters Publishing in February 2022. Plot In a fantastic, imaginary version of Eastern Europe during the decline of the Roman Empire in the sixth century, Peregrine, an illegitimate son of the king of Sapodilla, is sent into exile--his country's traditional way of helping clear the way for the succession of the legitimate heir. Accompanying him on his quest to seek his fortune is the eccentric sorcerer Appledore and the squire Claud, who conceals a keen intelligence under a pose of feeblemindedness. The three encounter the myriad perils of the era, particularly the many belligerently feuding primitive Christian sects, the roving imperial armies, surprisingly prurient vestal virgins, and wandering barbarian hordes, including what one critic calls "the jolliest Hun to ever pillage the countryside.". The novel ends in a cliffhanger as Peregrine is transformed into a peregrine falcon to save him from one of the religious sects.	1.90625
78648502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabattement%20%28drafting%29	Rabattement (drafting)	Rabattement (also rabatment) is a rotation of a planar object around a folding line (using the line like a hinge) in order to align the object with another plane. Rabattement is used in technical drawings to produce developments (patterns, templates). In these drawings the object is "unfolded" to lay flat on a plane so it can be represented in entirety. Term comes from (an act of lowering), due to the typical alignment plane being the horizontal one ("rabatment in the plan", sometimes, a vertical plane is used, "in elevation"). Technique of rabattement is very old: the archaic paintings that predate the Antiquity used similar methods to achieve "intellectual realism" (as opposed to "visual realism" of later times) by unfolding the object to represent its hidden sides. Rabattement was extensively used by stonemasons in the construction drawings, and, together with projection plane, evolved into a method of descriptive geometry. Descriptive geometry manuals sometimes use the term "rotation" when discussing moving points and lines, reserving rabattement for shapes and planes, but in practice both operations are identical. The goal of the rabattement operation is to represent the true shape and size of a face of an object (this is impossible to do with orthographic projection if the shape of interest is inclined with respect to all planes of projection).	2.8125
78649005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Gal%C3%ADpolo	Gabriel Galípolo	Gabriel Muricca Galípolo (born 14 April 1982) is a Brazilian economist, ex-banker, writer and university professor, currently serving as the president of the Central Bank of Brazil. He had served as director of monetary policy of the Central Bank of Brazil, executive-secretary of the Ministry of Finance from 1 January to 20 June 2023 and chairman of Banco do Brasil from May to June 2023. Galípolo is Bachelor of Economic Sciences and Master of Political Economy at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP) and had served as CEO of Banco Fator from 2017 to 2021. On 13 December 2022, during the presidential transition of president-elect Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, he was announced as executive-secretary of the Finance Ministry, under minister Fernando Haddad. On 12 July 2023, Galípolo was sworn in as Director of Monetary Policy of the Central Bank. On 28 August 2024, president Lula da Silva appointed Galípolo to succeed Roberto Campos Neto as President of the Central Bank. The announcement was made by Finance Minister, Fernando Haddad. His appointment was sent for a hearing in the Federal Senate, held on 8 October 2024. His nomination was approved by the Senate in a voting of 66–5. Early life and education Galípolo was born on 14 April 1982 in São Paulo, son to Vera and Eduardo Galípolo and has a brother, Diego. He holds a bachelor's degree in economics at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo. He also holds a master's degree at the same institution, where he also taught. Under the orientation of João Machado Borges Neto, Galípolo defended his master's degree thesis in 2008, named The Law of Value as limit to the development of the Brazilian economy. Career In 2007, he began his public life career as Head of Economic Advisors of the São Paulo State Secretariat of Metropolitan Transportation during the governorship of José Serra. The following year, he took office as director of the State Secretary of Economy and Planning of São Paulo, current Secretariat of Finance and Planning.	2.046875
78649079	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20fusion%20theory	Cultural fusion theory	Assumptions First, CFT assumes, in agreement with Kim, that people are naturally inclined to organize their lives and adapt to new challenges, environmental or otherwise. CFT also assumes that people are invested in their cultural identities (i.e., people are unlikely to abandon or ignore their culture in preference of a new one, even if doing so will lead to material or social benefits). CFT's third assumption is that cultural fusion in individual takes place because of and by means of communication. CFT's fourth and last assumption is that cultural fusion is an iterative, multifaceted process that is always in motion that can bring about significant change in individuals and their surroundings. Theoretical axioms CFT's first theoretical axiom is that part of cultural fusion is learning and integrating (parts of) a new culture into one's life as well as preserving customs and beliefs learned in one's previous environment. That means that, in contrast to assimilationist theories, CFT maintains that newcomers learn a new culture while also remaining invested in their first or original culture. The second axiom states that cultural fusion leads to intercultural transformation. That is because immigrants have to maintain functional fitness (behave in ways that comport to their new surroundings) and develop confidence that they can adapt to their surroundings thus improving their psychological health. In developing functional fitness and becoming more psychologically flexible, immigrants develop an intercultural identity that allows them to identify without, however, leaving behind the culture into which they were originally socialized. Agreeing with Kim, CFT's third axiom states intercultural transformation can be seen in better outcomes in functional fitness, psychological health, and intercultural identity. According to CFT's fourth axiom, communication competence, or the ability to communicate effectively, is a key component of intercultural transformation, in both newcomers and the host culture.	2.484375
78649219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crockett%20Park	Crockett Park	Athletic Fields: The park includes multiple baseball, football, and soccer fields, accommodating local leagues and tournaments, as well as the adjacent Woodland Middle School. Walking and Biking Trails: Over 10 miles of paved trails wind through the park, connecting to the larger Brentwood trail network, available for jogging, walking, and cycling. Eddy Arnold Amphitheater: The Eddy Arnold Amphitheater, named after the famed country music singer, hosts outdoor concerts and community events, including the annual summer concert series which features the Nashville Symphony Orchestra. In March 2000, Arnold donated $300,000 for the amphitheater's remodeling and construction. Playground: The park features an expansive wooden playground, offering safe and engaging play areas for children of various age groups. Picnic Shelters: Multiple pavilions and open-air picnic shelters are available for public use and private reservations. Tennis Courts: Lighted tennis courts are available for use on a first-come, first-served basis. Indoor Soccer Facility: The Robert A. Ring Indoor Soccer Facility is located in the park, hosting games of indoor soccer, flag football, and lacrosse year-round. Disc Golf Course: An 18-hole disc golf course was established in 2005. The Professional Disc Golf Association lists the course length as 7,404 feet. Cool Springs House Located within the park, the Cool Springs House serves as a historic centerpiece and is a popular venue for weddings, meetings, and other private events. Its architecture was restored to reflect the cultural heritage of the region after being built as a two-room log home in the 1830s.	2.0625
78649233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte%20Verena	Forte Verena	On May 22, 1916, during the May Offensive, the fortress was occupied by Austro-Hungarian troops (who celebrated its capture by firing numerous tracer rounds), and it remained in their hands for the rest of the war. The armament consisted of four 149mm Schneider steel cannons in rotating armored domes 160mm thick (Schneider-type installation), and for close defense, four machine guns in casemates and two 75mm cannon batteries located nearby. The thickness of the domes was just over half that of the enemy's domes: therefore, they were inadequate to withstand hits from large-caliber artillery. The significant altitude at which the fortress was located, along with the open spaces in front of it, provided a considerable advantage for targeting visibility. However, this also made the artillery shells highly affected by strong wind gusts, which reduced their accuracy. Armor At the time, the fortress had thick walls, which might have suggested intrinsic stability. However, the material used to build them was not reinforced concrete with iron beams (as used in the Austro-Hungarian forts of the plateaus), but a low-quality cement conglomerate mixed with rubble and other materials of poor mechanical value. This material made the thick walls lack mechanical resistance, but it gave them the required thickness according to the standards of the time. It was, therefore, a fortress built on a budget.	2.796875
78649399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilley%20Cornett%20Woods	Lilley Cornett Woods	Lilley Cornett Woods is a 659-acre forested land parcel within Letcher County, Kentucky. Of the overall parcel, 252 acres are classified as old growth forest and listed as a National Natural Landmark (NNL). The overall parcel is owned by the State of Kentucky, and the NNL is protected by the parcel's operator, Eastern Kentucky University. Description The Lilley Cornett Woods are a surviving example of the forest growth of the Cumberland Mountains. Dominant large trees include beech, hickory, white oak, and chestnut oak. Eastern Kentucky University, which operates the Appalachian Ecological Research Station within the parcel, reports that the parcel contains 72 woody plant species and 468 other plant species. This diversity affirms the old-growth status of the central wooded area within the parcel. Prior to 1969, the old-growth area was disturbed by (i) longtime livestock-forestry interactions typical of Appalachian human ecology, and (ii) 20th-century salvage logging of the blight-struck, dead and dying American chestnuts that used to live in the old-growth woods. Surviving large trees in the old-growth section of the Lilley Cornett Woods include a white oak that has been tree-ring-dated to 1669, more than 350 years before the present. The Woods are named in honor of the parcel's longtime owner and guardian, a private citizen who is reported to have refused all offers from loggers. As a surviving old-growth woodland, the Woods were celebrated by local environmental advocate Harry M. Caudill. The state of Kentucky purchased the old-growth section of the land parcel from Cornett's heirs in 1969.	2.484375
78649505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Marta%20Gonz%C3%A1lez	Ana Marta González	Ana Marta González González (Ourense, 23 October 1969) is a Spanish professor and philosopher. Her research focuses on ethical foundations and the relationship between moral philosophy and social sciences. Education Gonzalez received her PhD in philosophy from the University of Navarra (1997) with an extraordinary prize for her thesis Secundum naturam. La naturaleza como principio de moralidad en Tomás de Aquino, which was supervised by Alejandro Llano Cifuentes. She completed her training thanks to a Fulbright scholarship (2002) with which she conducted postdoctoral research at Harvard University on "Naturaleza, cultura y moralidad en la filosofía práctica de Kant" (Nature, culture and morality in Kant's practical philosophy). Career Since 2010, she has been principal investigator of the interdisciplinary research group "Cultura emocional e identidad: Diagnóstico de las sociedades contemporáneas desde el prisma de las emociones" (Emotional Culture and Identity: Diagnosis of Contemporary Societies from the Prism of Emotions), at the University of Navarra's Instituto Cultura y Sociedad (ICS), and of which she was scientific director between 2012 and 2019. She serves as Professor of Moral Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Navarra, and academic director of the Culture & Lifestyles area of the university's Social Trends Institute. Gonzalez is a corresponding member of the Pontifical Academy of Saint Thomas Aquinas (2003), and a member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences (2016), appointed by Pope Francis. She has written numerous articles in specialized journals as well as books on philosophy, ethics and society. Selected works	2.046875
78649549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Buar%C3%B3	Battle of Buaró	The Battle of Buaró (1886) was a military engagement fought in the fortified village of Buaró, Guinea-Bissau, between Portuguese colonial forces, led by Marques Geraldes, supported by Umbucu, and the forces of Fuladu, commanded by Musa Molo's chiefs. Background Following the victory at the battle of Mansomine, Geraldes and his allies faced a risky situation. Despite the lack of reinforcements from the colonial governor, Gomes Barbosa, who refused to give support, Geraldes decided to press on. The region was tense, with the Umbucu rallying 800 auxiliaries to join 40 soldiers under Alferes Amaral Carvalho Vieira and 70 grumetes, forming a column of 910 men. Musa Molo was accidentally wounded, so his chiefs led his force, he anticipated the expedition and fortified a stronghold at Buaró, deep within the territory of Mansomine. The location was strategically chosen, and all régulos from the region coordinated their forces to repel the Portuguese column, there vigilant enemy scouts patrolled the terrain. Battle After setting camp at Cheuvel, Geraldes carefully planned his advance, avoiding paths prone to ambush. Guided by locals familiar with the terrain, the column approached Buaró undetected until they emerged from the jungle onto the plain where the fortified tabanca stood. The battle began with a fierce exchange of fire as the Portuguese forces positioned their artillery on the column's left flank. An attempt to reposition the artillery closer to the enemy resulted in it being abandoned under heavy fire, with 5 grumetes severely wounded. Seizing the moment, the enemy cavalry launched an attack, forcing Geraldes to dispatch reinforcements to stabilize the line. Returning to the abandoned artillery, Geraldes and 4 soldiers managed to recover and reposition the piece. A well aimed shot from the artillery broke through the enemy defenses, killing six defenders. The remaining forces either fled or were cut down in close combat. After four hours of intense fighting, the tabanca fell.	2.140625
78649625	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid%20conquest%20of%20Multan	Ghaznavid conquest of Multan	Suppression of Ismaili Influence The Ghaznavids undertook systematic efforts to suppress Ismaili influence in Multan and surrounding areas. In 1009 CE, the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim dispatched envoys to negotiate with Mahmud, seeking to restore Ismaili authority. These attempts failed, as Mahmud remained committed to consolidating Sunni rule. Mahmud's forces attacked Ismaili communities in Sindh and Punjab, targeting their leaders and institutions. In 1032 CE, Mahmud's vizier Hasanak was executed on suspicion of having aligned with the Fatimids, further demonstrating the Ghaznavid resolve to eliminate Ismaili influence. Legacy While the Ghaznavid conquest disrupted Ismaili rule in Multan, evidence from letters dated 1083 and 1088 CE suggests continued underground Ismaili activity in the region. These documents reveal that the Fatimid Caliphate dispatched new Da’is to replace those who had perished during the Ghaznavid purges. The conquest of Multan significantly strengthened Mahmud of Ghazni's empire, aligning the region with Sunni orthodoxy and integrating it into the larger Ghaznavid domain. It also marked the decline of Ismailism as a political force in South Asia, although its spiritual legacy endured in various communities.	2.328125
78649718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayanic%20acid	Grayanic acid	The compound fluoresces blue under ultraviolet light, a distinctive property. This fluorescence aids in studying its accumulation in laboratory cultures of the fungal partner. When the fungus is grown in culture, grayanic acid forms visible extracellular deposits on aerial fungal filaments (hyphae). These deposits appear as patches or bands along the hyphae, accumulating more densely in older regions farther from the growing tips. The deposits dissolve readily in acetone or methanol, leaving only the fungal cell walls' natural fluorescence. Chemical properties The chemical behaviour of grayanic acid includes several distinctive reactions and spectroscopic characteristics. In ethanolic solution, it forms a violet colour with 1% ferric chloride, and a pale yellow colour with diazonium reagent. Its ultraviolet absorption spectrum shows two peaks (λmax): one at 258 nm (log ε 4.10), and another at 300–310 nm (log ε of 3.5). Infrared spectroscopy identifies structural features such as a chelated carboxyl group at 1650 cm⁻¹, a lactonic linkage at 1750 cm⁻¹, and benzenoid rings with bands at 1570 and 1610 cm⁻¹. The compound remains stable under methanolysis, showing no changes after boiling in methanol for 18 hours. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of grayanic acid in chloroform show proton signals at τ = 9.10 (terminal methyl groups of long alkyl chains), τ = 8.63 (intermediate methylenes), and τ = 6.75 (end methylenes attached to the benzene ring). These signals, compared with those of similar compounds, helped identify the positions of functional groups in the molecule. In acetone, benzene ring protons exhibit chemical shifts at 6.13, 6.66, and 6.80 ppm, matching the pattern of related compounds like sphaerophorin.	2.484375
78649718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayanic%20acid	Grayanic acid	Grayanic acid was first discovered and isolated from Cladonia grayi. Initial extractions yielded about 0.7% grayanic acid from raw lichen material, producing 350 milligrams of pure crystals from 50 grams of lichen. Ethanol and chloroform facilitated this yield, aiding the purification process. Although initially identified only in C. grayi, later research detected grayanic acid in other Cladonia species. One example is Cladonia anitae, an endemic species discovered in 1982 along the Atlantic Coast of southeastern North Carolina. In this species, grayanic acid is a major metabolite, found with usnic acid and rhodocladonic acid. Grayanic acid is also a major secondary metabolite in Jarmania tristis, a byssoid lichen endemic to Tasmania's cool temperate rainforests. In J. tristis, it co-occurs with usnic acid and 4-O-demethylgrayanic acid, shaping the species' distinctive chemistry. Grayanic acid production varies geographically among C. grayi populations. Caribbean specimens exhibit chemical variants, with some populations producing grayanic acid alongside related compounds like stenosporonic and divaronic acids. This variation appears geographically influenced, with West Indian specimens showing different proportions of these compounds compared to North American ones. For example, Jamaican specimens typically contain grayanic acid and stenosporonic acid as major constituents, while other populations often produce grayanic acid alone.	2.46875
78649718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayanic%20acid	Grayanic acid	Grayanic acid belongs to a broader family of orcinol-type depsidones produced by lichens in the Cladonia chlorophaea group. These compounds form via biosequential patterns, with simpler depsides converting into more complex depsidones. This dynamic biosynthetic network produces related compounds, such as stenosporonic and divaronic acids, which exhibit variations in their carbon side-chain lengths across populations. This variation highlights the ecological and taxonomic relevance of grayanic acid in lichen communities. The biosynthetic process shows distinct patterns during laboratory cultivation. Under suitable growing conditions, fungi first produce simpler depsides like 4-O-demethylsphaerophorin, followed by more complex depsidones like grayanic acid. This sequential process reflects the gene-driven enzymatic pathway and demonstrates the metabolic flexibility of lichen fungi. Related compounds Grayanic acid shares key structural features with sphaerophorin, a depside found in Sphaerophorus lichens. Cryptochlorophaeic acid and merochlorophaeic acid, structurally related to grayanic acid, were first identified in the Cladonia chlorophaea complex. These compounds, described in detail by Shibata and Chiang, share structural similarities with grayanic acid, including benzenoid and ester group arrangements. In 1985, two additional related depsidones were reported: stenosporonic acid (C23H26O7) and divaronic acid (C21H22O7). These compounds are lower homologs in the same chemical series as grayanic acid, sharing its basic structure but differing in carbon side-chain lengths. Both compounds were first identified in Caribbean populations of C. grayi, where they occur alongside grayanic acid in varying proportions. Mass spectrometry confirmed their structures, with stenosporonic acid displaying a characteristic molecular ion at m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) 414 and divaronic acid at m/z 386.	2.125
78649718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayanic%20acid	Grayanic acid	Discovered in 1982, 4-O-demethylgrayanic acid (C22H24O7) naturally co-occurs with grayanic acid in several lichen species. This compound is present in all studied grayanic acid-producing lichens, including Cladonia and Gymnoderma melacarpum. Congrayanic acid, another related compound, may result from the nonenzymatic hydrolysis of grayanic acid, though it usually appears in trace amounts and is challenging to detect in unmanipulated extracts. In 1980, congrayanic acid (C23H28O8) was first synthesised by treating grayanic acid with aqueous sodium hydroxide, cleaving the ester linkage. It crystallises as colorless prisms with a melting point of 183–183.5°C. This process confirmed structural aspects of grayanic acid, as congrayanic acid retained key spectroscopic features of the parent compound. Researchers have prepared several derivatives of grayanic acid, including: Methyl O-methylgrayanate, which forms needles with a melting point of 86.5–87.5°C Benzyl grayanate, crystallising as prisms with a melting point of 101.5–102°C Grayanoldicarboxylic acid, produced by treatment with potassium hydroxide Grayanic acid belongs to the broader depsidone class, presumably formed through the oxidative cyclisation of p-depsides. This relationship is supported by the occasional, though rare, co-occurrence of depside-depsidone pairs in lichens.	1.9375
78649902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Bruce%20Greaves	Lionel Bruce Greaves	Lionel Bruce Greaves (1895–1984) was a Welsh missionary to Africa, soldier, educator, and author. His published reports were essential during United Kingdom discussions considering independence movements in Sub-Saharan Africa. He was awarded the Military Cross (UK), The Order of the White Eagle(Serbia), and the OBE (UK). Greaves brought significant political, educational, and religious change to Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania as well as the independence movements of Basutoland and Swaziland. Bruce not only served in the British army throughout World War I but also served various communities in Africa, providing a educational leadership and religious evangelism. Early life and education Born in Cardiff, Wales in 1895, Greaves was described as clever, hard-working individual. In 1914, he won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, Cambridge, and planned to attend. Shortly after however, he attested for, or joined, the 21st Battalion, Royal Fusiliers. Military service and awards In the military, he held different positions (Lance-Corporal, Second Lieutenant) in various Battalions (21st, 17th, 8th). Most notably, he was awarded the Military Cross (MC) in 1919 and Order of the White Eagle (Serbia) 5th Class "with Swords". Receiving the Military Cross, Greaves was described as demonstrating in a military action on 25 September 1918, "gallantry and devotion" in leading an attack on Pt 1472, near Doiran Lake, North Macedonia and overpowering the opposing forces who were using rifles and machine guns. Due to Greaves' outstanding leadership and courage, the men quickly defeated the opposing forces with their Lewis gun. Graves received the Order of the White Eagle, 5th Class with Swords from the King of Serbia in 1920 for his service on the Macedonia front in World War I as part of the British Salonika Army.	2.765625
78649907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20A.%20Kramer	Edward A. Kramer	Edward A. "Ed" Kramer is a computer graphics pioneer who worked in computer-generated imagery (CGI). ACM SIGGRAPH, a Special Interest Group focused on computer graphics within the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), recognizes him as a member of "SIGGRAPH Pioneers." As of 2024, he is chair of the SIGGRAPH Pioneers. Early life and education Kramer was educated at Duke University, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology in 1977. He earned a Master of Arts in Film Production/Animation in 1981 at the University of Texas at Austin, where he'd done 3D vector animation in the physics lab for a local PBS series. Career He worked as a professional CGI artist from 1981, with jobs in Hollywood, New York, Atlanta, and for NASA in Houston. Between 1994 and 2006, he worked for Industrial Light & Magic in San Rafael. He was one of the first users of many tools for video production, among them ADO, Via Video, Quantel paint systems, System IV, Bosch FGS-4000, Abekas, Wavefront, and digital videotape. In his film career, he worked on the computer graphics for six films nominated for Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, including the 2006 winner, Pirates of the Caribbean II: Dead Man's Chest, as well as Twister (1996), The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999), The Perfect Storm (2000) and Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002). He worked in these productions as Digital Effects Artist, except for Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones, when his role was Sequence Supervisor and Development Lead.	2.328125
78649919	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916%20Coupe%20de%20France	1916 Coupe de France	The 1916 Coupe de France was a football competition organized by the French Interfederal Committee (CFI) between the champions of each federation that makes up the said committee. Due to its similarities to CFI's previous inter-federation national competition, the Trophée de France, which had been contested every year from 1907 until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, many historians have labeled this tournament as its 9th and last edition. Some sources have wrongly claimed that this tournament was in fact the first unofficial edition of the Coupe de France, which was established in the following year by the CFI, but this is not true since the latter was open to all clubs from different federations. It was won by Olympique de Pantin, the champions of the LFA, after claiming a 3–0 victory over the champions of FGSPF, Étoile des Deux Lacs, in the final. In the French press, this competition is described as the "French war championship" and its winner, Olympique, as the "French champion". Background The outbreak of the First World War forced the various French federations involved in association football, including the CFI, to stop their usual competitions, but fortunately, this period was not excessively long because, from 1915 onwards, these sporting competitions and spectacles gradually resumed in France, first justified by the need to train the next generation of sports and military personnel and to celebrate the fraternity uniting the allies. Therefore, from the first months of the conflict, the CFI's four biggest football federations in France replaced the old cups with the so-called "wartime cups", with the USFSA replacing its national championship with the USFSA Coupe Nationale, the LFA replaced its championship with the Challenge de la Renommée, the FCAF replaced its championship with the Challenge de la Victoire, and the FGSPF replaced its championship with the FGSPF Coupe Nationale.	2.46875
78649929	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desborough%20Mirror	Desborough Mirror	The Desborough Mirror is an intricately decorated English bronze mirror dated to . It consists of a cast handle and a circular mirror plate which is highly polished on its front side to achieve reflectivity. The plate's reverse is decorated with intricate engraved and chased curvilinear patterns in the La Tène style, and filled in with basket hatching. The mirror was discovered in mid-1908 by workmen outside Desborough, Northamptonshire, alongside a small and near contemporary brooch (also in bronze). Along with the mirror found in Birdlip, Gloucester, the Desborough Mirror is widely considered to be the finest of the roughly 26 surviving, fully intact and decorated Iron Age bronze mirrors, the large majority of which are English. It was acquired by the British Museum in 1924, where it is displayed in room 50 (Britain and Europe 800 BC–AD 43). Discovery and dating The Desborough was discovered in mid-1908 by workers excavating ironstone from a site at the east end of Desborough, Northamptonshire, England. It was found in the same field as a near contemporary bronze brooch, although the artefacts may not be from the same deposit (burial). Decorated bronze mirrors of this type are specific to England; only a few continental examples are known. The majority have been found at graves dated to between 100 BC and 100 AD, indicating that in contrast to many other Iron Age artefact types, they were not hidden, discarded or just lost. Archaeologists and art historians generally agree that the Desbouough Mirror dates from c. 50 BC–AD 50, based on the assumption that its quality of design and execution indicates that it was created during the "peak" of Iron Age mirror design.	2.5625
78651027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B8%AB%E1%B8%ABulla	Aḫḫulla	Aḫḫulla was an ancient region of Anatolia located somewhere west of the upper Maraššantiya during the Middle Bronze Age. It is mentioned only in the Telepinu Proclamation. Etymology The etymology of Aḫḫulla is unknown. It may have been a Hittite formulaic theophoric name for the mountain-god Hulla. The prefix aḫ is the construct state of the noun aḫum meaning "bank, shore, side or edge of a river." Geography Ahhulla was located somewhere on the southern fringes of the land of Pala northeast of the Sakarya River. The etymology suggests a town along a river in the shadow of a mountain, perhaps somewhere at the foot of the Köroğlu range. History A text known as the Telepinu Proclamation describes upheavals in Hittite-controlled Anatolia during the reign of Ammuna circa 1550-1530 BC. Ahhulla is named as one of the lands that "rebelled": However, as Bryce attributes "the first major [Hittite] venture to the west" to have been during the reign of Tudḫaliya I/II a hundred years later, the "hostility" of Ahhulla may have been nothing more than a cessation of tribute or trade and a corresponding cattle raid.	3.015625
78652345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie%20O%27Rourke%20Boyle	Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle	Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle (born October 4, 1943) is an American academic based in Canada. A 1979 Guggenheim Fellow, she specializes in religious rhetoric and has written several religious studies books. Biography Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle was born on October 4, 1943, in Hackensack, New Jersey, to oil painter Marjorie J. O'Rourke ( McSorley) and to Paul O'Rourke, and raised in Middletown, Connecticut. She got her BA (1965) at Georgian Court College and her MA (1967) at the University of St. Michael's College. After working as a theology instructor at the University of Portland (1967-1969), she returned to St. Michael's to get her PhD in 1974; her doctoral dissertation was named The grammar of method: a theological study of Erasmus' renaissance, especially as manifested in his Ratio seu methodus compendio perveniendi ad veram theologiam. She later worked as a research associate at the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (1977-1978). By 1997, she was working as an independent scholar. Boyle's academic specialty is religious rhetoric, particularly in the Middle Ages and Rennaissance. Three of the books she has written are focused on the Renaissance humanist scholar Erasmus: Erasmus on Language and Method in Theology (1977), Christening Pagan Mysteries (1981), and Rhetoric and Reform (1983). In 1979, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for a "study of the humanist nature of Erasmus's controversy with Luther". She later published the following books: Petrarch's Genius (1991), which its publisher said was the first book to depict Petrarch as a theologian; Divine Domesticity (1996), which focuses on the idea of the divine indwelling; Loyola's Acts (1997), which suggests that The Autobiography of St. Ignatius is epideictic; and Senses of Touch (1998), which explores the rhetorical nature of the human hand. Outside of academia, Boyle worked briefly as a news editor for Toronto newspaper Daily Commercial News (1975-1976). Boyle lives in Toronto.	2.15625
78653517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20economic%20crisis%20%282022%E2%80%93present%29	Canadian economic crisis (2022–present)	The Canadian economic crisis is a period of pronounced economic turmoil in Canada beginning after the global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The economic crisis was characterized by increased federal debt and government spending, declining productivity and per-capita GDP, and deteriorating living standards, which included significant levels of poverty, inflation, violent crime rates, and high cost of living. The economic crisis evoked significant criticism towards the Justin Trudeau-led government's fiscal policies. It contributed to the resignation of Chrystia Freeland in December 2024 and its subsequent political crisis. Background Canada's economic position has shifted dramatically since the 1980s, when it maintained a nearly US$4,000 advantage in per capita GDP compared to an average of "advanced" economies, including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan. By 2000, the United States had established a US$8,000 lead over Canada. The situation deteriorated further after a 2014-15 shock in oil prices, with Canadian per-capita real GDP growing at just 0.4% annually, compared to the 1.4% average of surveyed advanced economies. During 2011–2019, Canada matched U.S. growth rates at 2.2% annually, exceeding other G7 nations. However, in the 2020-2022 period, Canadian growth declined to 1.1%, falling behind the U.S. rate of 1.7%. Despite these, Canada maintained strong headline growth through immigration and population expansion.	2.59375
78656208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong%20Central%20Jail	Chittagong Central Jail	Chattogram Central Jail () is a central jail located on the eastern side of Lal Dighi, Chittagong in Bangladesh. It is the second largest prison in the country by number of inmates. History The jail was established in 1885 as Chittagong District Jail. Later, it was upgraded as Chittagong Central Jail on 16 September 1999 after the independence of Bangladesh. On 12 January 1934, Masterda Surya Sen, a revolutionary of the anti-British movement and one of his associates, Tarakeswar Dastidar, were hanged by the British in this Jail. Infrastructure and capacity The total area of Chattogram Central Jail is 16.87 acres. The detention capacity here is 1753 people. But there are 9,000 prisoners on average. In 1998, Bangladesh government constructed 6 prison buildings with 5 floors and one cell building with 2 floors namely Padma, Meghna, Yamuna, Karnaphuli, Halda, Sangu. There are various buildings and infrastructures for the convenience of inmates and prison guards. It also has 100 bedded hospital, security cell, male condom cell, DIG prison building, officers quarter etc.	2.28125
78656926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Gilbert	Joan Gilbert	When the BBC suspended its television service upon the outbreak of the Second World War, Gilbert held jobs in wartime radio broadcasting. She was seconded to the Ministry of Information for a short period of time. In June 1940, Gilbert was recalled by the BBC to work at its Overseas Unit Light Entertainment headquartered at the Criterion Theatre, London as a presenter of radio broadcasts for British troops stationed overseas. She was the presenter of the half-hour Monday evening programme Hello Gibraltar! in which she broadcast to troops stationed in Gibraltar and their families. At the suggestion of Gibraltar's governor-general Noel Mason-MacFarlane, Gilbert travelled to Gibraltar in 1943 to meet troops who listened to the programme. She was the compere of the first Radio Girl Friend programmes for the Gibraltar Garrison, and was the organiser of the American Eagle in Britain that broadcast to the United States from American Red Cross clubs in Belfast, Edinburgh and London until it closed in 1945. Upon the resumption of television broadcasting in the United Kingdom in 1946, Gilbert became editor-in-chief and presenter of the afternoon and evening editions of the programme Picture Page. There was no intention of putting her on-screen but she did so after a suitable presenter was not found. Gilbert shared interviewing duties of notable individuals to ordinary citizens with Leslie Mitchell and reported on the Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten at Westminster Abbey in 1947. Following a bout of illness in 1950, she stopped editing Picture Page and focused on interviewing and presenting for the programme; Gilbert was replaced by Mary Malcolm when she was unwell. She was made Television Personality of the year in 1951. Gilbert presented the fortnightly programme Weekend Magazine in mid-1952, a re-branding of Picture Page.	2
78657172	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification%20of%20the%20United%20Arab%20Emirates	Unification of the United Arab Emirates	As piracy resumed, the British returned in 1819 with a punitive expedition against the maritime force of Al Qasimi, which was now split into two emirates, one the Wahhabi-backed Ras Al Khaimah and other in Sharjah and Lengeh. The British devastated Ras Al Khaimah and ended up deposing Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi from power before signing the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 with the rulers of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah. In 1853, the treaty of Perpetual Maritime Truce was signed which prohibited any act of aggression at sea and was signed by Abdulla bin Rashid Al Mualla of Umm Al Quwain; Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi of Ajman; Saeed bin Butti of Dubai; Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan and Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi. In response to the ambitions of France and Russia, Britain and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer bonds in an 1892 treaty, sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to Britain and not to enter into relationships with any other foreign government without Britain's consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack. Trucial States Council and the idea of federation The Trucial States Council was a forum for the leaders of the emirates to meet, presided over by the British Political Agent. The first meetings took place in 1952, one in spring and one in autumn, and this set a pattern for meetings in future years. The council was purely consultative and had no written constitution and no policy making powers, it provided more than anything a forum for the rulers to exchange views and agree on common approaches. The British managed to provoke considerable irritation amongst the rulers, especially Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, when the ruler of Fujairah, recognised as a Trucial State by Britain on 21 March 1952, attended his first Trucial States Council.	2.34375
78661682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%20J40	Austin J40	The J40 was initially intended as an export item to the United States, but later also to Canada and Denmark. In the Netherlands, the Austin J40 was imported by the company R.S. Stokvis. Every year, rallies for children are still held at the Goodwood circuit, since the Austin J40 Pedal Car Club was founded in 1983. Furthermore, the cars were used for traffic lessons for children, in a merry-go-round at fairs and as an advertising object. A number of copies were also converted with a petrol engine. Up to the end of production in 1971, 32,098 copies of the J40 were sold. The car was available in various colours and a red one was also used as an attraction for taking children's photos, such as at Diergaarde Blijdorp in Rotterdam. In 2022, British company Burlen Fuel Systems acquired the rights to the Austin Pedal Cars name and subsequently revealed a new Austin J40 at the Goodwood Revival later that year. The car entered production in 2023, featuring a hand-formed aluminium body, hand stitched leather seat and electronic instrument gauges, priced at £25,000.	1.921875
78662563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Life%20of%20Mesrop%20Mashtots	The Life of Mesrop Mashtots	The Life of Mashtots (,Vark’ Mashtots’i) is the only known work by the Armenian writer Koriun (ca. 5th century AD) about the creator of the Armenian alphabet Mesrop Mashtots. It is the earliest known original work written in Armenian and other scholars place it after Agathangelos - The Lives of Saint Gregory. According to Armenian tradition, the Georgian script was also developed by Mashtots and his students based on the report of Koriun in The Life of Mashtots and Movses Khorenatsi in History of the Armenians, on which the other Armenian sources depend: Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi (Catholicos of Armenia from 897 to 925) - History of the Armenians, Movses Kaghankatvatsi/Daskhurantsi - The History of the Country of Albania, Kirakos Gandzaketsi - History of the Armenians. It is also possible to think of an early interpolation of Koriun's chapters on the creation of the Georgian alphabet by Mashtots because Koriwn's Life is not always entirely trustworthy. It may be that Koriun's reporting here is either biased, or at least inaccurate and has less to do with the events of that time than with the Armenian Church's claim to leadership in church affairs, whereby Koriun implicitly expresses the dependence of the Georgian church leadership on Armenia, there is absence of any trace of the people and events in other sources. History The oldest fragments of the incomplete manuscript are in the 643 pages dated to the 12th century, which are kept in Paris's Bibliothèque nationale (Arm. 178) and were copied by the scribe Poghos, Two shorter versions are dated the middle of the 14th century and are in the Matenadaran (M 3787 and M 3797) and one longer version is dated the late 17th century. All earlier writers called the inventor of the Armenian alphabet Mashtots' and the name Mesrop is not found in other authors until the 8th century.	2.265625
78662928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Havilland%20Canada%20E-9A%20Widget	De Havilland Canada E-9A Widget	Design Externally the E-9 Widget heavily resembles other Dash 8 planes. Apart from United States Air Force markings, the main distinguishing feature is the 9.1 meter long antenna of the AN/APS-128D multimode X-band surveillance radar conformally mounted on the lower right side of the fuselage. This was later replaced by the AN/APS-143(V)-1 Airborne Sea Surveillance Radar. It can detect a person in a life raft up to 25 miles away. The aircraft has a fixed antenna array that receives and records telemetry from test and drone vehicles flying over the Gulf of Mexico. It can relay two UHF frequencies over the horizon to ground sites. The crew consists of two pilots in the cockpit which is similar to commercial models and two mission operators in the aft fuselage. Operators United States United States Air Force 53rd Weapons Evaluation Group 82nd Aerial Targets Squadron Specifications Data from United States Air Force Fact Sheet Power plant: Two Pratt & Whitney PW-120A turboprop engines Thrust: 1800 shaft horsepower each (3600 total) Wingspan: 85 ft. (25.9 meters) Length: 73ft. (22.28 meters) Height: 24 ft. 6 in. (7.467 meters) Weight: 34500 pounds (15.649 kilograms) Fuel capacity: 5600 pounds (2540 kilograms) Payload: 697 pounds (316 kilograms) Speed: 280 mph (.367 Mach) Range: 1000 miles (1609 kilometers) Ceiling: 30000 ft. Cost (modified): 16.5 million dollars Crew: 4 (two pilots, two mission operators)	2.3125
78663054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking%20of%20the%20RMS%20Empress%20of%20Ireland	Sinking of the RMS Empress of Ireland	The lights and power on Empress of Ireland eventually failed five or six minutes after the collision, plunging the ship into darkness. Ten minutes after the collision, the ship rolled violently over her starboard side, allowing as many as 700 passengers and crew to crawl out of the portholes and decks onto her port side. The ship lay upon her side for a minute or two, having seemingly run aground. Shortly afterwards at 02:10, about 14 minutes after the collision, the bow rose briefly out of the water and the ship finally sank. Hundreds of people were thrown into the near-freezing water. The disaster resulted in the deaths of 1,012 people. Passengers and crew There were only 465 survivors: 4 children (of 138), 41 women (of 310), 172 men (of 609), and 248 crew (of 420). The fact that most passengers were asleep at the time of the sinking (most not even awakened by the collision) also contributed to the loss of life when they were drowned in their cabins, most of them from the starboard side where the collision happened. In first class, the list of passengers was relatively small, with only 87 booked passages. Second class saw a considerably larger booking at just over half capacity with 253 passengers, owed greatly to a large party of Salvation Army members and their families, numbering 170 in all, who were travelling to attend the 3rd International Salvation Army Congress in London.	2.125

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