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72916649
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Reilly%20%28advocate%29
|
Mary Reilly (advocate)
|
In 2001, Reilly founded Sophia Academy, a private middle school for girls from lower socioeconomic neighborhoods. Sophia Academy received full accreditation through the Association of Independent Schools of New England, who praised "their unique and comprehensive social justice program". In July 2016, Malala Yousafzai visited Sophia Academy, to showcase the school as an example of educational equity for girls from low income homes.
In 2016, YWCA Rhode Island recognized Reilly as a “Woman of Achievement”. In 2018, Reilly celebrated her 70th jubilee as a sister of mercy. In 2019, Reilly was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame for her work as a teacher, missionary, and social services pioneer.
National work
In 1972, Reilly and 47 other nuns went to Washington, DC and co-founded NETWORK Nuns on the Bus, a national social justice lobby that engages nuns in community organizing. She toured 15 states with the lobby in 2013, to promote "bi-partisan, commonsense" immigration reform.
International work
In the 1960s, Reilly spent six years as a missionary in Honduras and Belize, which exposed her to the crisis of poverty in developing countries, especially among women, and sharpened her "feminine consciousness".
In 1995, Reilly attended the World Conference on Women in Beijing. This helped prepare her to open Sophia Academy.
| 2.3125
| 0
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72916943
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Birds%20%28Alexander%20McQueen%20collection%29
|
The Birds (Alexander McQueen collection)
|
Fleet Bigwood, a CSM lecturer, contributed to fabric design. Fashion designer Andrew Groves, whom McQueen dated from 1994 to 1996, worked on the collection after McQueen found out Groves could sew. McQueen enlisted Ungless to create printed fabric based on Escher's designs, and Ungless, then a print technician at CSM, stole fabric from the school to use as a base. Ungless laid out a concept based on McQueen's request to have a print with "garden birds", but described the result as "awful – like a Christmas card gone wrong". Groves was asked to replace it, coming up with a print of black silhouettes of swallows in flight, a popular motif in classic skinhead subculture and nautical tattoos, representing endurance and courage. The print most prominently appeared on Look 33, on a burnt orange jacket, and Look 40, on an orange-red pencil skirt. It also appeared on a white frock coat, the show's final ensemble. Fashion historian Alistair O'Neill saw the print as depicting swallows mid-dive, which he believed was a reference to a scene in Hitchcock's film where birds invade a home by diving down the chimney.
Many of McQueen's designs for The Birds, particularly the tight pencil skirts and wasp-waisted jackets, emulated the tightly tailored 1950s fashion worn by the film's star, Tippi Hedren, although he avoided directly copying her outfit. Ungless described McQueen as fascinated by the way Hedren was made vulnerable by her constricting clothing, and sought to take the effect to an extreme. Some models found the garments difficult to walk in on the runway. Despite the extensive presence of tailoring, Groves later suggested that McQueen's time as a theatrical costumier had more influence on this collection than his time on Savile Row. McQueen's bumsters, an extremely low-cut trouser that exposed the top of the intergluteal cleft, made an appearance in several outfits, including in wet-look black for Look 43.
| 2.109375
| 0
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72917201
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20postseason
|
2023 Major League Baseball postseason
|
The 2023 Major League Baseball postseason was the playoff tournament of Major League Baseball (MLB) for the 2023 season. The winners of the Wild Card Series faced the two best division winners (seeds) in each league in the Division Series, and the victors advanced to the League Championship Series to determine the pennant winners who played each other in the World Series.
In the American League, the Baltimore Orioles and Texas Rangers returned to the postseason for the first time since 2016. The Houston Astros made their seventh straight postseason appearance and the eighth in the past nine seasons, marking the first time since 2015 that both Texas teams made the postseason. The Minnesota Twins made their fourth postseason appearance in the past seven seasons. The Toronto Blue Jays returned to the postseason for the third time in the past four seasons, and the Tampa Bay Rays returned for the fifth consecutive season.
In the National League, the Los Angeles Dodgers clinched their eleventh straight postseason berth, which is currently the longest active streak in the majors and in professional sports. The Atlanta Braves clinched the best record in the majors and made their sixth straight postseason appearance. The Milwaukee Brewers returned to the postseason for the fifth time in the past six seasons. The Miami Marlins returned to the postseason for the second time in the past four seasons. The Philadelphia Phillies made their second straight postseason appearance, and the Arizona Diamondbacks returned for the first time since 2017.
| 2
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72917315
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad%20Morelos%2C%20Baja%20California
|
Ciudad Morelos, Baja California
|
History
Around 1901, in the Valley of Mexicali, the first railway in the north of Mexico began to be designed, the Intercalifornia known as El Pachuco. This railway project was financed with capital from the United States. The Government of Porfirio Díaz had not contemplated the use of the Baja California region, so the Americans requested to transport supplies by train between their cities of San Diego and Yuma. On 6 May 1904, a contract was signed between the Government of Mexico and the Southern Pacific, Compañía del Ferrocarril del Sur, however the successive floods of the Colorado River between 1905 and 1907, interrupted the service that was normalized until August 1909. It was in operation for 50 years, from August 1909 to March 1959, traveling the Mexicali-Algodones route. It mainly transported passengers that crossed the northern part of the Mexicali Valley with the United States border line, through 18 railway stations: Mexicali, Packard, Ampac, Palaco, Pascualitos, Sesbania, Casey, Cucapa, Pólvora, Hechicera, Burdick, Volcano, Bataques, Tecolotes, Paredones, Cuervos, Dieguinos, Algodones, to later interconnect with Yuma.
| 2.828125
| 0
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72918672
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Boston%20Bruins
|
History of the Boston Bruins
|
On December 1, 1924, the Bruins played their first NHL game, and the first NHL game played in the United States, against their expansion cousins the Maroons, at Boston Arena, with forward Smokey Harris scoring the first-ever Bruins goal, spurring the Bruins to a 2–1 win. This would be one of the few high points of the season, as the Bruins proved to be no match for the established NHL teams. The Bruins only managed a 6–24–0 record (to this day, their worst points percentage – .200 – in franchise history) and finished in last place. Within this timeframe, only one week later on December 8, 1924, what would become one of the NHL's all-time fiercest rivalries was initiated, as the Montreal Canadiens were the visiting team at the Boston Arena that night, defeating the hometown Bruins by a 4–3 score. The Bruins played three more seasons at the Arena, after which they became the main tenant of the newly-built Boston Garden, while the old Boston Arena facility – the world's oldest existing indoor ice hockey venue still used for the sport at any level of competition, and the only surviving rink where an Original Six NHL team began their career in the league – was eventually taken over by Northeastern University, and renamed Matthews Arena when the university renovated it in 1979.
The Bruins managed to improve in their second season to a winning 17–15–4 record, but missed out on the third and final playoff berth by one point to the expansion Pittsburgh Pirates. The improvement to a winning record which originally held the record for the biggest single-season improvement in NHL history, and is now third.
| 2.359375
| 0
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72918771
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity%20or%20Europe%20%28Novalis%29
|
Christianity or Europe (Novalis)
|
Novalis describes the beauty of the "primeval age" () which was followed by an intermediate phase of decay, which he and his contemporaries inhabited. This intermediate phase will, in Novalis' eyes, be followed by a restoration of the primeval age, but on a higher level. Novalis saw Europe at a possible transition from the intermediate to golden age at the time of his writing. The transformed Christianity that Novalis thought could herald this new epoch would replace beliefs in divine revelation with an inspired poetic spirit, and the new religion would have a strong emphasis on aesthetics.
At the end of the pamphlet, the author invites the reader to try and use this momentary threshold point in history to help reach the utopian final stage.
Legacy
"Christianity or Europe" was controversial within Novalis' Jena circle. Some, such as Friedrich Schlegel, thought that the text should be published, but Goethe disagreed when he was asked for advice.
After Novalis' early death in 1801, the text remained unpublished in its entirety until 1826, when it was published by Georg Reimer.
| 1.960938
| 0
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72919145
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin%20and%20Child%20Enthroned%20%28Romas%29
|
Virgin and Child Enthroned (Romas)
|
The Virgin and Child Enthroned is a tempera painting created by Spyridon Romas. He was a Greek painter from the island of Corfu and a prominent member of the Heptanese School active from 1745 to 1786 in Corfu, Lecce, Livorno, and London. Twenty-five of his works survived according to research completed by the Hellenic Institute. One of few Greek painters that changed his style completely Romas transitioned from the Heptanese School to the British style of painting. He traveled to London, England around 1770, and remained in the country until his death. Romas painted several portraits but also maintained art.
An important iconostasis containing most of his works is preserved in Livorno, Italy at the Museo della Città di Livorno (Museum of the City of Livorno).
The Virgin and Child enthroned was an important theme painted by both Italian and Greek Byzantine painters. Cretan Renaissance painters and Greek Baroque painters depicted the sacred figures in their works. Important works were completed by Andreas Ritzos and Georgios Klontzas namely The Virgin Pantanassa. The painting style slowly evolved with Emmanuel Tzanes and his brother Konstantinos Tzanes both artists refined the Cretan School and brought the theme into the Heptanese School. One example is Lady the Lambovitissa. Spyridon adopted the technique prevalent on the Ionian Islands in the middle of the 1700s further refining the painting technique. The painting method was in demand in different Greek churches in Italy namely the church of the Holy Trinity in Livorno and the Chiesa Greco-Ortodossa di San Nicola in Lecce, Sicily. The current painting is in Livorno, Italy at the Museo della Città di Livorno (Museum of the City of Livorno).
| 2.5625
| 0
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72919145
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin%20and%20Child%20Enthroned%20%28Romas%29
|
Virgin and Child Enthroned (Romas)
|
Description
The work of art was completed in 1764 for the Trinity Greek Orthodox Church in Livorno, Italy. It is part of a well-preserved iconostasis. The painting was completed using gold leaf, wood panel, and tempera paint. The height is 117.5 cm (46.3 in.) and the width is 78.5 cm (30.9 in.) nearly the same size as The Holy Trinity completed by Romas for the same church. In 1942, the church was torn down because of a city rehabilitation project, and the works of art were restored and moved to a museum. The icon is an epic depiction of the craftsmanship of the Heptanese School. The celestial heavenly throne features a shell-like decoration common to the works of Filippo Lippi and Emmanuel Tzanes. The Lady the Lambovitissa features the complex geometric structure. The throne follows the lines of the rococo style and is elaborately decorated with angels. The Virgins robe features gold trim, floating ripples, folds of fabric, and striations with delicate contours. The drapery folds are more in line with the painting by Konstantinos Tzanes rather than the traditional Cretan style. The painter uses a brilliant combination of gold, red, blue, and green on her robe. Both figures feature gold halos. The Christ child has curly hair and holds a round sphere with a cross. The sphere with the cross held by the Christ child was a common theme in Cretan Renaissance paintings it symbolized earth as a heavenly dominion. Christ's attire features decorative patterns on his robe and pillow. The facial features of both heavenly beings exhibit complex refined detail exemplary of the anatomy prevalent in paintings of the Heptanese School. Romas implemented a complex shadowing method adding refined realism.
Gallery
Traditional
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72919312
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Lewinsville
|
Battle of Lewinsville
|
The action featured Stuart's tactic of using close up artillery along with cavalry, a tactic not initially favored by General Joseph E. Johnston, commanding Confederate forces in northern Virginia and one of his two immediate subordinates, General P. G. T. Beauregard. His other immediate subordinate and Stuart's commanding officer, then Brigadier General James Longstreet, commended Stuart's actions and praised him for his success. Johnston and Beauregard joined Longstreet in generally praising Stuart and recommending his promotion to the grade of brigadier general. Stuart was promoted two weeks later. Although involving larger forces and Stuart's ambitious use of artillery, as well as noteworthy incidents and more apparent later effects on operations and the advancement of commanders, the September 11 action at Lewinsville was similar in the level of combat as in several other small battles, skirmishes, raids and reconnaissances of the two armies in northern Virginia in the fall of 1861. These other battles included other skirmishes near Lewinsville on September 10 and September 25 following another reconnaissance in force.
| 2.390625
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72919312
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Lewinsville
|
Battle of Lewinsville
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On September 11, 1861, a Union reconnaissance in force of about 1,800 soldiers moved at about 7:30 a.m. from their base camp in Virginia just across the Chain Bridge over the Potomac River to Lewinsville, Virginia, about four to five miles distance, arriving about 10:00 a.m. The U.S. force was under the command of Colonel Isaac Stevens, with the artillery under the command of Captain Charles Griffin. The purpose of the mission was to protect the surveying and mapping of the area by Lieutenant Orlando Poe of the U.S. Topographical Engineers and a Mr. West of the U.S. Coast Survey. for a possible Union Army move to a new position farther from the immediate vicinity of Washington D.C. The Union force moved forward cautiously with skirmishers on both flanks out to about a mile from the line of march.
About noon, Confederate Colonel J.E.B. Stuart in charge of outposts near Munson's Hill, seven miles southeast of Lewinsville, was informed by pickets of Union activity in force at Lewinsville that forced the pickets to fall back. Stuart quickly moved with a force of fewer than 500 men to oppose the Union advance. The Confederate force included 305 infantrymen under the command of Major James B. Terrill, a section of artillery led by Captain Thomas L. Rosser, and two cavalry companies of the First Virginia Cavalry Regiment.
| 2.75
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72919312
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Lewinsville
|
Battle of Lewinsville
|
By March 6, 1862, Confederate President Jefferson Davis had written to General Johnston that he was aware that Johnston would need to retreat in the face of an expected advance by McClellan's Army of the Potomac. Union troops began to move slowly toward Manassas on March 7 while Johnston started to pull back from more advanced positions in response. On March 8 and 9, Johnston vacated Centreville, Manassas and positions along the Potomac River and moved to Rappahannock Station by March 11. Union troops found burning material and damaged railroad installations with little of value left at Manassas on the same day. McClellan went to Centreville and Manassas on the evening of March 11. At a cabinet meeting the same night, Lincoln told the cabinet he would remove McClellan as General-in-chief since McClellan was going to take the field as commander of the Army of the Potomac. McClellan learned of the decision the next day and assured Lincoln of his continued devotion to his service. Johnston's forces moved to stronger positions south of the Rappahannock River by March 13. On March 17, Union forces finally began to move by boat toward Fort Monroe for the start of the Peninsula Campaign.
| 2.28125
| 0
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72919666
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel%20Ebel
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Isabel Ebel
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Isabel Caroline Ebel aka Isabel Caroline Hines (October 4, 1908 – November 3, 1992) was an American who was the first woman student at MIT and NYU studying aeronautical engineering.
Early life and education
Ebel was born in Kings County, New York on October 4, 1908, daughter of Arthur R Ebel, Assistant Commissioner of Public Works in Brooklyn.
She was not the first woman involved in aero engineering as one of the Wright Brothers company was Katharine Wright. Katherine was the only person in the Wright family to have a degree but it was not in engineering. Elsie MacGill gained a masters in aeronautical engineering in 1929.
Ebel gained her degree in aeronautical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1932. Ebel wanted to use her degree but she had difficulty in finding employment. One task she did take on, was to assist Amelia Earhart when she was planning one of her record-breaking flights. Ebel decided to study more and she applied to the Guggenheim School of Engineering at New York University. It was said that she was only accepted because Earhart interceded with the admission staff on her behalf.
Career
When she qualified in 1934 she was annoyed at the attention she was getting because she was only being noted for being "a freak". Ebel asked the question "Why wouldn't a girl study aeronautical engineering?", but the reporter for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle did not answer. Her reply was difficulty again in finding a relevant job. In 1937, she was included in an article by M. Elsa Gardner on Women Engineers in the journal of the Women's Engineering Society, alongside Kate Gleeson, Elsie MacGill, Frances Hurd Clark, Mary Olga Soroka, Marie Lurhing, Marie Reith, Olive Dennis, Margaret Ingels, Hilda Lyon and Amy Johnson. In 1939 war broke out in Europe and she gained a job at the Grumman Aircraft Corporation where she helped with several aircraft but in particular the Grumman XF5F Skyrocket.
| 2.453125
| 0
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72919973
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerschnialpbahn
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Gerschnialpbahn
|
Gerschnialpbahn is a funicular railway in Obwalden, Switzerland. The line leads from Engelberg at 1000 m to Gerschnialp at 1262 m on the slopes of Titlis (3239 m). The funicular with two cars has a single track with a passing loop and a tunnel (88 m) at upper end. Journey time is 5 minutes. It operates all year.
Different ways lead from Gerschnialp to Trübsee at 1800 m, the intermediary station to the summit station of Titlis (3028 m). In 1927, an aerial cableway had been built, earlier a hiking path used. Since 1984, the lower station of the funicular is next to the direct aerial cableway Engelberg-Trübsee and, until 2015, the lower section ran parallel to the funicular. At Untertrübsee, near Gerschnialp, there is the aerial cableway Älplerseil Untertrübsee-Trübsee.
A bus line links the base station to Engelberg railway station, 800 m away.
History
On request of the municipal council of Engelberg, the Swiss Federal Assembly granted a concession for the funicular on 8 March 1912. Initial duration was 80 years.
The funicular opened on 21 January 1913. It was constructed by Bell Maschinenfabrik, Kriens.
In 1950, new cars increased the capacity from 40 to 70 passengers per car. The cars are still in use.
In 1964, AC drive was replaced with a DC system leading to a performance increase from 140 to 250 hp. Also automatic controls were installed.
A new base station was inaugurated in 1978.
In 1995, drive and controls were renewed.
Titlis Cliff Walk was inaugurated in December 2012 to commemorate its 100th anniversary.
During the reconstruction of the aerial cableway in 2015/2016, the funicular was again the only transport in direction of Trübsee.
Drahtseilbahn Engelberg-Gerschnialp AG
The company Drahtseilbahn Engelberg-Gerschnialp AG was founded in 1911 to build and operate the funicular.
From 1913 to 1960, the company generated a cashflow of 1.15 million Swiss francs.
| 2.21875
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72920151
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20Department%20for%20Aging%20and%20Rehabilitative%20Services
|
Virginia Department for Aging and Rehabilitative Services
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The Virginia Department for Aging and Rehabilitative Services is the executive branch agency of the state government responsible for vocational rehabilitation, supportive services, and aging/disability services in the state of Virginia in the United States.
Background
Established by the Virginia General Assembly in 2012, the agency is headquartered in Henrico, Virginia and is overseen by the Virginia Secretary of Health and Human Resources, with day-to-day operations led by an agency commissioner appointed by the Governor of Virginia. The mission of the agency is "to improve the employment, quality of life, security, and independence of older Virginians, Virginians with disabilities, and their families."
Departments and divisions within the agency include the Adult Protective Services Division, Community Based Services Division, Disability Determination Services, Division for Rehabilitative Services, Division for Community Living, Office for Aging Services, Wilson Workforce and Rehabilitation Center, Office of Community Integration, Office of Disability Programs, and Office of the State of Virginia Long-Term Care Ombudsman.
The agency is currently led by Kathryn A. Hayfield, who has served as Commissioner since 2018.
| 2.25
| 0
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72920179
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch%20hunts%20in%20Papua%20New%20Guinea
|
Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea
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Overview
A witch hunt is started after a victim is singled out by neighbours, relatives or other community members as a scapegoat for illness, death and other misfortune. Sometimes communities seek the help of a 'witch doctor', a person who practices sorcery but openly declares not to use it for malevolent purposes, to identify a witch. Being a witch doctor is a recognised occupation in many villages and practitioners are often paid well for their services.
Although men have been known to be accused of witchcraft, women and girls are six times more likely to be branded as a witch than men according to Amnesty International. More vulnerable women are particularly at risk, such as single mothers, widows, the infirm, the mentally ill and women who have fewer male relatives who could advocate for and protect them if they were to be labelled a witch. One reason for this is the belief that the female body is more suited to host a 'witch spirit' than a man's as these evil spirits prefer to reside in a woman's womb. The likelihood of being branded as a witch also tends to increase if a family member has been accused of the same crime in the past as it is believed that the ability to perform black magic is passed down through generations.
Once someone is suspected of witchcraft they can be tortured in order to extract a confession to 'prove' their crime. Methods of torture include beating (sometimes with barbed wire), hanging over fire, burning with hot irons, cutting, flaying and amputation of body parts and raping. For example, in November 2017 a young girl was blamed for the illness of a cousin, diagnosed as kaikai lewa (to eat the heart), where a witch uses black magic to remove and eat a person's heart. Shortly after, the girl was abducted and tortured for five days, being strung up by the ankles and flayed with hot machetes in order to force an admission of witchcraft and get her to 'return' her cousin's heart.
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72920922
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millie%20Bown%20Russell
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Millie Bown Russell
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Millie Louise Bown Russell (October 29, 1926 – November 1, 2021) was an American health educator and college administrator based in Seattle. Much of her work as an administrator at the University of Washington involved expanding opportunities for minority students in the STEM pipeline.
Early life and education
Millie Bown was raised in the Seattle area, the daughter of Augustus Bown and Edith Ruth Cahill Bown. Her parents were politically active, and welcomed Paul Robeson and Marian Anderson as guests in their home. One of her sisters was jazz pianist Patti Bown.
Bown was an athletic young woman, and especially excelled at archery and dance in her teens. She earned a bachelor's degree in medical technology from Seattle University in 1948. In 1971 Russell earned a teaching certificate from the same school. She earned a master's degree in kinesiology in 1978 from the University of Washington, and completed doctoral studies in education at the University of Washington when she was 62 years old, in 1988.
Bown became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha in 1945. She represented the Seattle Youth Council of the NAACP at a national meeting in New Orleans in 1946. "Civil rights was important, and that was my volunteer work," she recalled later, "but I also liked health care and I liked making precise decisions about what is important for a person’s health care needs."
Career
Russell trained hematologists at the King County Central Blood Bank and the Puget Sound Regional Blood Center. Beginning in 1974, she worked at the University of Washington, as director of the pre-professional program for minority students interested in healthcare careers. She also taught biology courses and was assistant to the university's vice president in the Office of Minority Affairs. She founded the school's Early Scholars Outreach Program, and helped to develop the Ron McNair Seattle Science Center Camp-in event.
| 2.375
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72920955
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20von%20Jenison-Walworth
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Franz von Jenison-Walworth
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Count Franz von Jenison-Walworth ( Francis Jenison) (8 February 1764 – 28 April 1824) was a British-born Bavarian soldier, diplomat, and court official.
Early life
He was born as Francis Jenison in Heighington, County Durham, on 8 February 1764. He was the son of Charlotte ( Smith) (1744–1803) and Francis Jenison of Walworth. Among his siblings were Countess Charlotte von Jenison-Walworth (wife of Lt.-Gen. Count Alexander Zimmermann), Countess Winifred von Jenison-Walworth (wife of Count Alexander von Westerholt), Countess Octavia von Jenison-Walworth (wife of Baron François van Zuylen van Nievelt), and Countess Susan von Jenison-Walworth (wife of Count Franz von Spreti and William Robert Spencer).
His maternal grandfather was Alexander Smith of London. His paternal grandparents were John Jenison and Elizabeth ( Sandford) Jenison. Through his sister Susan's second marriage, he was uncle to, among others, Aubrey Spencer, the first Bishop of Newfoundland, and George Spencer, the second Bishop of Madras.
Career
In 1775, his father sold their Durham estate and moved the whole family to Heidelberg, where he shortly became Chamberlain to the Elector Palatine Prince Charles Theodore (who also became Elector of Bavaria in 1777) and was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire in 1791.
After arriving in Heidelberg, Franz became, successively, a Page of Honour, and Colonel of the Guards to the Elector Palatine, afterwards "Colonel in the service of Hesse-Darmstadt, from which Court at the commencement of the war in 1793, and when the Princes of Germany were subsidized by Great Britain, he was appointed Envoy to the Court of St. James, and was entrusted with the negotiations which ensued respecting the continuance of Hessian troops in the English pay, and concluded with the late Marquis of Hertford, then Earl of Yarmouth, by which the stipulated contingents to the first coalition of the Continental States against Revolutionary France, was regulated and detailed."
| 2.25
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72921061
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Quy
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Tim Quy
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By 1983, Quy played percussion and keyboards in a semi-stable lineup with Tim Smith on guitar and lead vocals, Jim on bass and vocals, Drake on keyboards, Sarah Smith on saxophone and Luckman on drums, which would later be remembered as the band's classic lineup. Cardiacs' debut studio album A Little Man and a House and the Whole World Window (1988) was recorded with the lineup, which was expanded to include strings and a brass section. The track "A Little Man and a House" features Quy's factory-like percussion. For its follow-up, On Land and in the Sea (1989), Quy's work on "The Leader of the Starry Skies" was regarded as "supportive and effective" by Benac; the album's closing track, "The Everso Closely Guarded Line", features blasts of bashing percussion. A key part of the idiosyncratic band, Quy was a popular face on the UK underground. According to Uncut, he "enliven[ed] the band's controlled chaos with marimba, xylophone, cowbells, China cymbals and keyboards."
Quy's contributions of bass guitar and percussion for an unnamed instrumental side project were released on the compilation Archive Cardiacs in 1989. The first of the previously unreleased tracks, "Piffol Four Times", features tuned percussion melodies similar to mid-career Frank Zappa. On "Piffol One Time", Quy's bass plays a rhythmic role alongside Tim Smith's guitar, which both start with a pounding tempo. "Piffol Three Times", features Quy's tuned percussion and bass work mimicking a clock, which becomes nimble as the band progresses into faster-paced sections.
| 2
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72921334
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade%20Partenon%20Liter%C3%A1rio
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Sociedade Partenon Literário
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The Parthenon had over 150 members, mostly civil servants, with a significant number of professors, and included politicians, professionals, actors, and three religious people. Many of the members were associated with political parties and newspapers. More than 300 people were in some way connected to the society. Its honorary members, elected to lend prestige to the institution, were the president of the province Antônio da Costa Pinto e Silva, the bishop of Porto Alegre Sebastião Dias Laranjeira, and Manuel Marques de Sousa, count of Porto Alegre. Besides those already mentioned in the text, other prominent members were Alberto Coelho da Cunha (Vítor Valpírio), Lobo da Costa, Apelles Porto Alegre, Aurélio Veríssimo de Bittencourt, Luciana de Abreu, Pedro Antônio de Miranda, João Damasceno Vieira Fernandes Francisco Xavier da Cunha, Pedro Soledade, Augusto Rodrigues Totta, Joaquim Alves Torres, Dionísio Monteiro, José Carlos de Sousa Lobo, Silvino Vidal, Clarimundo Santos, Argemiro Galvão, Bernardo Taveira Júnior, Bibiano Francisco de Almeida, and Karl von Koseritz.
Main areas of performance
Themes
The Parthenon Litterario dealt with a wide variety of polemic topics at the time. As Guilhermino César put it, "its generous mentors wanted it spread to all domains of the intelligence, guiding letters and arts, mitigating social injustices, pointing directions to political organization." A sample of the breadth of the group's interests was offered by Luciana Boeira in her analysis of the most debated topics in the period 1872–1873:
| 2.21875
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72921334
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade%20Partenon%20Liter%C3%A1rio
|
Sociedade Partenon Literário
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Contributing to this was a late flourishing in the south of literary Romanticism, a movement that had among its objectives to value the picturesque, the local, and the originality of regional and national traditions and identities, generally idealizing its characters. In the Parthenonist environment, regionalism was understood as a variant of the nationalism cultivated by Romantics in other parts of Brazil and as a path to achieving the autonomy they desired for the letters of the province. According to Flávio Loureiro Chaves, the emergence of regionalism in Rio Grande do Sul is due in part to the typically romantic interest in folklore, history, and linguistic research, problematizing the debate on nationalism and leading "to the conscious and programmatic valorization of the regional". For Regina Zilberman, the Parthenonists "accomplish in a finished way the major purpose of Brazilian Romanticism, namely, the poetic arrangement of the national desire to see itself reproduced in literature." In Carine Daniel's words, "Gaucho Romanticism is a kind of compromise between the mythical and the documentary. On the observed reality, landscape, types, customs, is invested the mythical visualization that transposes it to the plane of ideality."
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72921529
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaffneylania
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Gaffneylania
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Gaffneylania is an extinct genus of meiolaniid turtle from the Eocene of Patagonia. Gaffneylania is among the earliest known meiolaniids and, much like its later relatives, possessed characteristic horns atop its head. The shell appears to have had a serrated margin. Gaffneylania is a monotypic genus, only containing a single species, Gaffneylania auricularis.
History and naming
The first remains of Gaffneylania were uncovered in the summer of 2010 during fieldwork led by researchers of the Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio and the Museo de Historia Natural de San Rafael. The fossils were recovered in the south-east of the Chubut Province of Argentina in the lower parts of the Sarmiento Formation. The holotype specimen, MPEF-PV 10556, consists of a partial skeleton including parts of the skull, most of the mandible, various limb remains and vertebrae as well as osteoderms and various parts of the carapace and plastron. Multiple referred specimen are also known, although these remains are less complete and primarily consist of isolated bones and shell remains.
The name honors the prolific paleontologist Eugene S. Gaffney, an authority on the anatomy and phylogeny of turtles in general and meiolaniids in particular. The second part of the name is of less clear origin. When Richard Owen named the giant monitor lizard Megalania, he translated the later part of the name as meaning "to roam about". Gaffney however argued that -lania is derived from the Greek word "lanius" meaning butcher. In this instance, Sterli and colleagues follow the etymology given by Owen. The species name meanwhile derives from auricle, the external ear, due to the prominent halfmoon-shaped rim that surrounds the tympanic cavity.
Description
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72921600
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20al-Asnam
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Battle of al-Asnam
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The Battle of al-Asnam (Arabic: معركة الأصنام) was a military engagement between the Umayyad governor of Ifriqya, Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, and the Sufrite Berber insurgents led by Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid al-Hawwari. The Umayyads decisively defeated the Berber army, saving Kairouan and Ifriqiya from the Berbers rebels.
Background
In 742 AD, a large two-Berber army marched to attack Kairouan, one led by Oqasha ibn Ayub al-Fezari and the other by Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid al-Hawwari. Urgent to meet Oqasha on the battlefield, Handhala dispatched an army of 40,000 cavalry led by a Lakhmite to meet Abd al-Wahid, and fought for a month before they were defeated and lost half of their army. Handhala defeated Oqasha at the battle of al-Qarn and executed him, but withdrew after suffering heavy casualties and prepared for Abd al-Wahid. In Kairouan, Handhala recruited the inhabitants and armed them, and raised around 5,000 infantry and 5,000 archers. Handhala also dug a trench around the city, and is said to have wanted to retreat and write to the caliph for reinforcements after seeing the size of Oqasha's army.
Battle
Handhala marched to meet the Berbers in a place called al-Asnam in the Chelif River. The Berbers had a large army of around 300,000 men under Abd al-Wahid. The Arab left flank was overwhelmed by the Berber right flank and was soon to break, however the Arabs defeated the Berber left and the center. It wasn't long before the Arab left flank regained its position and repulsed the Berbers, killing many of them in the battle. Abd al-Wahid's army was slaughtered. 180,000 Berbers were killed, including Abd al-Wahid. Abd al-Wahid's body was found and his head was decapitated and shown to Handhala. Handhala reported the victory to Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, who was delighted to hear the news.
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72921796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20McInnis
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Barbara McInnis
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Barbara McInnis (1935 – July 19, 2003) was an American public health nurse, tuberculosis specialist, teacher, and innovator who dedicated her life to providing - as well as increasing the accessibility of - health care services for homeless people. The Barbara McInnis House in Boston is named after her.
Early life
McInnis was born to Joseph "Roy" and Esmeralda (Paszynska) McInnis in 1935. She grew up in Boston and attended Cathedral High School in the South End.
Career
Establishment of nurses' clinic
In 1972, McInnis and other nurses (including Gail P. Lenehan, Dominic O'Donnell, and Mary Hennessey) established a nurses' clinic at the Pine Street Inn shelter in Boston, MA. The nurses originally worked in the emergency room at Boston City Hospital, but were invited by Pine Street's director at the time to come visit the shelter. Upon visiting, the nurses developed an awareness of how desperately the guests staying there needed medical treatment, and the immense barriers to health care they faced. The nurses agreed to open a nurses' clinic on a month-long trial basis. The clinic at Pine Street is still running, and has expanded to three hospital clinics and 75 clinics in shelters and community sites familiar to homeless people.
Mentoring of physicians
In 1985, McInnis, and the nurses she worked with, wanted to incorporate doctors in their clinic, but felt doctors had been trained improperly, and that their traditional approaches terrified patients. McInnis mentored Dr. Jim O’Connell and "retrained him" to slow down, respect patients' dignity, be consistent, address people by name, offer care and hope, and never judge. McInnis told O'Connell to remember, "the core of the healing art is the personal relationship." McInnis's ideology was foundational to the operations of Boston Healthcare for the Homeless Program, which O'Connell became the founding physician and president of.
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72922348
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily%20Bervi-Flerovsky
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Vasily Bervi-Flerovsky
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An employee of the magazines Delo, Russkoye Slovo and Otechestvennye Zapiski. In the early 1890s, he spent some time in exile in London, where he collaborated with the Free Russian Press Foundation, founded by Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, which published several parts of the ABC of the Social Sciences and the memoirs Three Political Systems. After the death of Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, Bervi-Flerovsky returned to Russia, using the coronation manifesto of Nicholas II.
He died in Yuzovka in October 1918, where he came to his son Fyodor, who worked as a doctor, and lived there from 1897 to 1918. In Yuzovka, before his death, he wrote Critique of the Basic Ideas of Natural Science (1904) and A Brief Autobiography.
Selected works
On socio-political, philosophical and economic issues, he wrote more than fifty works. Bervi-Flerovsky's main works include: "The Condition of the Working Class in Russia" (1869), "The ABC of the Social Sciences" (1871), memoirs "Three political systems: Nicholas I, Alexander II and Alexander III" (1891) (abridged version - “Notes of a Revolutionary Dreamer” (1929)), novel “On Life and Death. Image of the idealists "(Geneva - 1877, in Russia - 1907). The book "The Condition of the Working Class in Russia", written on the basis of his own research and Siberian impressions, became a milestone in the history of Russian sociology and was highly appreciated by Karl Marx.
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74381994
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral%20Knowledge
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Moral Knowledge
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Moral Knowledge is a 2019 book by Sarah McGrath in which the author discusses possibilities, sources, and vulnerabilities of moral knowledge.
Synopsis
Sarah McGrath deals with different topics on the basis of the «working hypothesis» that she states in the opening chapter, according to which moral knowledge can be acquired and lost in any of the ways in which we acquire and lose ordinary empirical knowledge. The hypothesis consists of two parts: (1) any source of empirical knowledge is also a potential source of moral knowledge; (2) our efforts to acquire and preserve moral knowledge are subject to frustration in all of the same ways that our efforts to acquire and preserve ordinary empirical knowledge are. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 are devoted to defending the first part of the working hypothesis, whereas the second part is defended in Chapter 5; the concluding chapter contains a summary of the theses argued for by McGrath.
Reception
The book was reviewed in the European Journal of Philosophy (by Hallvard Lillehammer), Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews (by David Phillips), Philosophy in Review (by Eric Wilkinson) and Philosophical Inquiries (by Luciana Ceri).
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74382019
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnadenia%20miniata
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Gymnadenia miniata
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Gymandenia miniata is a species of orchid native to the Eastern Alps and Carpathian Mountains. It is similar in appearance to Gymnadenia bicolor; both species were split from a former less defined taxon Nigritella rubra which referred to all red flowering Gymnadenia.
Description
Gymnadenia miniata are 10–20cm high with about 6 grass-like leaves at the base, about 5 smaller leaves along the stem, and 3–4 bract-like leaves at the top. The inflorescence is cone or egg shaped, 18–26mm long and 15–18mm wide. The flowers are red (carmine to ruby) and all flowers have the same color. Buds are darker than the flowers. Bloom time is end of June to mid July.
To distinguish G. miniata from the very similar and more common G. bicolor, the flower color alone can be tricky. While G. miniata flowers always have a uniform and darker color and G. bicolor often has a gradient of colors from light at the bottom to dark at the top, G. bicolor can also be uniformly colored. It can be helpful to take measurements of average petal, sepal and spur lengths – G. miniata has a noticeably thinner lip and thinner side sepals and a shorter spur, but wider petals. Another difference is the orientation of the sepals which are unfolded in G. bicolor which makes especially the bottom sepal very noticeable – while in G. miniata all sepals are at a more forward angle and less noticeable.
Taxonomy
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74382511
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Winnold%20Prentice
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Frank Winnold Prentice
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Frank Winnold Prentice MC (17 February 1889 – 19 May 1982) was a British merchant seaman and the assistant storekeeper on the ocean liner RMS Titanic during her maiden voyage. He survived the sinking and at the time of his death was the second-to-last surviving crewmember of the disaster.
RMS Titanic
Prentice signed on to Titanics crew on 4 April 1912 as an assistant storekeeper, having transferred from another White Star liner, Celtic. He boarded Titanic in Southampton on 10 April 1912 and the ship set sail for New York that same day.
On 14 April 1912 at 11.40 pm, the RMS Titanic struck an iceberg and began to sink. At the time of the collision, Prentice was in his berth on the port side of E deck talking to one of the five fellow storekeepers with whom he was sharing the cabin. He had not felt the impact with the iceberg, but he had noticed that the ship had stopped. Prentice headed up to the promenade deck to investigate and found the forward well deck covered in chunks of ice, which had fallen from the iceberg due to the collision. An hour after the collision, the Titanics crew started preparing and lowering the lifeboats with mainly women and children. Prentice assisted in the loading of the lifeboats and had to reluctantly part women from their husbands and also helped first-class passenger Virginia Estelle Clark put on a lifejacket before convincing her to board lifeboat 4.
| 2.0625
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74382511
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Winnold%20Prentice
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Frank Winnold Prentice
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By 2.05 am, all the lifeboats had left the Titanic, save for collapsibles A and B which were stored on the roof of the officers' quarters. Prentice however moved aft and ended up on the port side of Titanics crowded poop deck alongside his colleagues Cyril Ricks and Michael Kieran. The three men discussed what they would do next and they agreed to jump from the ship before she sank. The men climbed over Titanics railing and Prentice noticed the large amount of debris and number of people floating nearby. Kieran jumped first, followed by Ricks and eventually at 2.20 am, Prentice jumped from the rapidly sinking stern and fell about 30 metres (100 feet) into the icy Atlantic, narrowly avoiding Titanics propellers on the way down. When Prentice resurfaced, he was unhurt, having avoided hitting any debris or people when he landed in the water. Soon thereafter he found Ricks, but he had seemingly hit some debris upon landing in the water and was seriously injured. Prentice stayed with him until he succumbed to his wounds. Prentice was not able to find Kieran and decided to keep swimming, bumping into many bodies along the way. Eventually, he found lifeboat 4, which had stayed near the ship as it sank, and was pulled aboard by its occupants. Once on board, he met Mrs Clark again, who wrapped her cloak around him, possibly saving his life. Very cold from the time he spent in the water, Prentice tried to drink a bottle of whisky, but it was thrown out by Quartermaster Walter Perkis, who was in charge of the boat. Prentice was one of seven swimmers picked up by lifeboat 4, although two later died from exposure during the night.
Lifeboat 4's occupants were picked up by the rescue ship RMS Carpathia at 8 am, and Prentice was taken straight to the ship's infirmary. Carpathia arrived in New York on 18 April 1912, where Prentice disembarked alongside the other surviving crew.
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74382700
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel%20Hill
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Isabel Hill
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Isabel Hill (1800 – 1842) was a British translator, playwright, and poet. Her most notable work is her English translation of the French novel Corinne, or Italy which is still used to this day.
Life
Isabel Hill was born on 21 August, 1800 in Bristol, England, to parents William Hill and Isabel Hill (née Savage). She had three older brothers, the most notable being Benson Earle Hill, to whom she was closest. From an early age, Isabel was encouraged by both her mother – who wrote poetry – and her brother – a future writer – to become a writer.
From the age of about 17 until she died, Isabel lived with her brother Benson; first in Dover in 1817, and later she officially moved in with him in Woolwich in 1820. She lived there alone for a period of time when Benson joined the army. In 1822, her brother left the army and became an actor. During this time, Isabel began to travel around England and Scotland as she wrote. From 1827 to 1834, Isabel and Benson lived in Cecil Street in Strand, London, before finally moving to Brompton.
Career
Isabel Hill wrote poetry throughout her childhood and was always interested in languages. She regretted that her childhood school had not taught her ancient languages like Greek or Latin. Isabel was determined to be a writer. She always knew that working as an actor or teacher would be more attainable, but she continued to write. She published her first poem in 1818.
Her first successful piece of writing was published in 1820: a five act tragedy, The Poet’s Child. Covent Garden had rejected the verse drama but the play sold well. The London Magazine gave the play a good review and compared Isabel's poetry favourably with that of Felicia Hemans – a popular poet regarded as the "leading female poet of her day".
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74382952
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unzu%C3%A9%20Palace
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Unzué Palace
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The Perón era
The first president to use the building regularly was Juan Domingo Perón, elected in 1946, who made it his permanent residence. In doing so he moved further away from the capital's centre to the more residential neighbourhood of Recoleta, which also gave him easy and quick access to the Casa Rosada. The ground floor was not heavily used. Perón and Evita moved into the first floor, where they had their main and guest bedrooms, dressing rooms, a library, an office, a small dining room, and servants' quarters. A marble «Y» shaped staircase led to upstairs wings to the left and right of the building, which looked out onto a balcony from where you could observe the entire ground floor. A lift was also located on the other side of the property, between the library and the golden hall.
Once her cancer prevented her from travelling to offices in the Legislature Palace where her foundation was based, Eva Perón worked from the Palace, and granted interviews. She ultimately passed away there on 26 July 1952. During her convalescence, many of her supporters gathered at the palace gates, leaving images, candles, and letters. After her death, the building acquired a mythical status while Perón continued to live there. He remained in Unzué until his overthrow in 1955 by the Revolución Libertadora, when the property was set alight under suspicious circumstances. On 16 September 1955, during aerial bombing, an explosive device landed near Unzué, but it fell in the palace gardens and failed to destroy the property. In the days following the coup d'état, it was set alight and looted by military figures close to the uprising.
Demolition and National Library of Argentina
In 1956, General Pedro Eugenio Aramburu took control of Argentina, a dictator and enemy of Perón. He decided that Unzué should be completely demolished in 1958, supported by Decree Law 4161, which prohibited Peronist symbolism and any allusions to Perón and his second wife. Decree 14.576,signed by Aramburu, stated that:
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74382952
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unzu%C3%A9%20Palace
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Unzué Palace
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Gardens
The garden design has been variously attributed to both Carlos Thays and Rubén Darío, although neither name has ever been proved. It occupied 21.154 m², and was surrounded by Avenida Libertador and calles Austria y Agüero. It contained a wide variety of plant species, including magnolia, cedar, araucaria, palm, chestnut, orange and fig trees, in addition to a lake and a planned aviary. It also provided curved pathways, fountains, palm trees and iron lampposts. Situated on higher ground above a steep bank or barranca, entry to the residence from the street was through the gardens.
Current Status
Today, the only remaining parts of the building are the Instituto Nacional Juan Domingo Perón (Juan Domingo Perón National Institute), formerly the butlers quarters, and the headquarters of the Coro Polifónico Nacional de Ciegos (National Polyphonic Choir for the Blind), previously the third Transitional Home of the Eva Perón Foundation, both located on Calle Austria. Additionally, the Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism (FADU) houses fragments of the original Unzué Palacio. The National Library houses a structure called the Memory Lookout, an octagonal glass building that houses a two-level model of the palace, created by the artist Daniel Santoro. Some of the statues from the palace gardens were relocated to Lezama Park in the San Telmo district of Buenos Aires.
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74383401
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20Labour%20Bund%20%28Australia%29
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Jewish Labour Bund (Australia)
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In cooperation with SKIF, the Bund also organises an annual commemoration of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising on the 19th of April. The organisation has held commemorations in Melbourne on this date every year since the uprising in 1943.
Each year the Bund holds its Bono Weiner Memorial Lecture, often involving academics, activists, writers and politicians discussing various social issues. Notable past presenters include: Barry Jones AC, Pat Dodson, Julian Burnside, Behrouz Boochani, Nyadol Nyuon and Bruce Pascoe.
Through SKIF, in concert with the apolitical Yiddish cultural centre Kadimah the organisations hold the "In One Voice" Festival; a celebration of Jewish Culture in Melbourne including food, music, art, and handicrafts.
The Bund also established the J. Waks Cultural Fund (named after the aforementioned Jacob Waks), which organises Yiddish language cultural events.
There are also secular Jewish holiday events organised by the Bund. Regular events include Yom Kiper events for both adults and children and Tikkun Leil Sheuves for the broader Jewish community.
In 2022 the Bund launched an archive; which includes newspaper articles in both English and Yiddish, lectures by academics, and journalistic reports about the organisation.
Music
Along with this, the Bund runs a Yiddish language choir called Mir Kumen On. It is an unauditioned choir open to those of all musical and Yiddish language abilities. The choir was established in 2008.
Each Yoyvl has featured various Yiddish language artists from around the world performing music and poetry. These artists have included:
Daniel Kahn & Psoy Korolenko
Sasha Lurje
Husky Gawenda & Gideon Preiss
The Bund's youtube channel posts recordings of performances of Yiddish Music put on by the organisation; such as the above but also songs like Di Shvue, Barikadn, and Daloy Politsey performed by the Mir Kumen On choir.
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74383537
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard%20%28Vichy%20France%29
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Guard (Vichy France)
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The Guard () was a military force in Vichy France, created from the after it was dissolved in November 1940. It is now the modern Mobile Gendarmerie.
The Guard should not be confused with the new units created by the government of Vichy France, notably the Groupes mobiles de réserve (GMR) that belonged to the National Police (whose postwar successor were the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité) or with the Garde du Maréchal (which were part of the National Gendarmerie).
History
Background
The Mobile Republican Guard (MRG) was created in 1921. It had reached a strength of 21,000 men in 1940, with as many as 5,000 of them being captured during the Battle of France. The conditions of the Armistice of 22 June 1940 limited France's Armistice Army to 100,000 soldiers in Metropolitan France affected the Gendarmerie, which was also part of the Army. Only 6,000 gendarmes were permitted.
Creation and organisation
The MRG was detached from the Departmental Gendarmerie by Marshal Pétain's decree of 17 November 1940. The MRG passed from the Gendarmerie to the Direction of the Cavalry, the Train and the Guard in the Armistice Army by ministerial decree of 25 November 1940. Due to this change, the Guard's companies became squadrons.
A part of the MRG's staff was transferred to the Departmental Gendarmerie while another part - 6,000 men - were formed into a new organization in the Zone libre: the Guard. Initially, the MRG was split into two groups, each of which consisted of three legions. On 12 September 1942, the order is issued that each of the legions of the Guard becomes a regiment of the Guard as of October 16. The six regiments formed two brigades. Each regiment had 2 groups of 4 squadrons (1 motorcyclist, 1 mounted and 2 motorized). Each squadron was supposed to have 122 officers and non-commissioned officers. The regiments were distributed throughout Vichy France, with a guard training school located in Guéret:
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74383951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20S.%20Loayza
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Miguel S. Loayza
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Involvement with the 1907 incident
When Walter Ernest Hardenburg came to the Putumayo in 1907, there were only three significant Colombian settlements left in the region. The Peruvian Amazon Company had previously absorbed or destroyed up to around forty settlements through manipulation of force. In one incident, Miguel S. Loayza instigated the killing of a Colombian named Faustino Hernandez, which owned a plantation named Esperanza. Hernandez apparently came to Encanto to protest the sale of the property from Colombian to Peruvian hands. While Hardenburg was traveling through the region, to Iquitos, he met David Serrano. Serrano owed a 'small sum' of money to Miguel Loayza: who used this as an excuse to send a 'commission' to his property. Members of this group chained David to a tree, before they dragged his wife out of their house and raped her. After taking the rubber from Serrano's establishment, the 'commission' took his wife and child aboard the boat. David later found out his wife was forced to become a concubine to Miguel, while his son served as a servant to Miguel.
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74383951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20S.%20Loayza
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Miguel S. Loayza
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Role in the Putumayo genocide
Hardenburg wrote about his experiences in the Putumayo a few years after he left the region, primarily referring to his time on the Liberal and at El Encanto. Along with other revelations, he noted that Miguel kept an involuntary harem of around thirteen girls, ranging from ages nine to sixteen. Hardenburg noted: "This band of unfortunates was composed of some thirteen young girls...too young to be called women—were the helpless victims of Loayza and the other chief officials of the Peruvian Amazon Company's El Encanto branch, who violated these tender children without the slightest compunction, and when they tired of them either murdered them or flogged them and sent them back to their tribes." Another scene Hardenburg witnessed at Encanto were some natives lying down sick and dying. "These poor wretches, without remedies, without food, were exposed to the burning rays of the vertical sun and the cold rains and heavy dews of early morning until death released them from their sufferings." After the sick native finally died out, their body was carried and interred into the Caraparaná river.
Hardenburg's book was greatly benefited from the work of Benjamin Saldaña Rocca, who was a journalist that helped expose the company's actions. Saldaña filed a criminal petition against eighteen members of the Peruvian Amazon Company, including Loayza. He implicated Loayza and the other employees as perpetrators of the following crimes: fraud, robbery, arson, rape, aggravated homicide, torturing by fire, water, whips, and mutilations. To further their work, Saldana and Hardenburg separately collected first hand accounts from ex-employees of the company. Three of these first hand accounts directly implicated Loayza with the knowledge of the crimes around El Encanto, and that Loayza had ordered some of the crimes in the first place.
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74383951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20S.%20Loayza
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Miguel S. Loayza
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After the scandal of the Putumayo genocide and the liquidation of the company, the Loayza brothers remained administrators at El Encanto, presiding over a native work force. Before the border change and transition of the Putumayo from Peru to Colombia occurred: Miguel and his brother Carlos organized a series of forced migrations. These occurred in two different stages, the first waves beginning in the 1920s, and the last in 1932 after the Colombia-Peru War. This was done under the guise of patriotism, and for 'the importance of the country.' The conflict between Colombia and Peru was financially disastrous for the Loayzas who had to abandon some property and make new investments towards the migrations and workforce.
At least 6,719 natives from the Huitoto, Bora, Andoque, and Ocaina populations were forced to relocate deeper into Peru so the Loayzas could retain their workforce. According to Carlos Loayza, 50% of these people died off from disease. Settling in the Ampiyacu basin of Loreto, where the Loayzas owned an official land concession, they used the natives to build a 'fundo' enterprise. Fundos were characterized as extractive posts of forest products, including rubber. The native groups were divided and spread throughout the basin, the Ocaina at Puerto Izango, the Huitoto with Carlos Loayza at Pucaurquillo, among other places.
The explorer Romain Wilhelmsen and convicted Nazi war criminal Hermann Becker-Freyseng met Loayza in the mid 1950s. Becker-Freyseng was cordial with Miguel Loayza and introduced the explorer. Wilhelmsen interviewed the aged Miguel for a book he was writing, and also took some film. Romain found out that Loayza was still active in the exploitation of rubber, noting: "huge balls of dark gray latex were piled up beneath his veranda ready for shipment." Becker identified some of the natives that they seen on the way to meet Miguel, as Boros(Boras) natives. According to Becker, "Many of them are the sons and grandsons of the Boros who worked with him during the rubber days."
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74384436
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20Presbyterian%20Church%2C%20Wrexham
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Trinity Presbyterian Church, Wrexham
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The Trinity Presbyterian Church is a presbyterian church in Wrexham, North Wales, part of the Presbyterian Church of Wales' Wrexham Mission Area. The church building was built and opened in 1908 to the Perpendicular Gothic designs of William Beddoe Rees. It is a Grade II listed building, covered in largely red brick and contains a tower.
Congregation
The church is an English-speaking congregation of the Presbyterian Church of Wales, as is part of the church's Wrexham Presbyterian Mission Area which included other Presbyterian churches around Wrexham.
Public worship and a Sunday school is held on Sundays in the church, with various meeting held on other days of the week.
As of July 2023, the minister is David Jones, and the secretary is Gwenda Fletcher.
Structure
The building on the junction of King Street and Rhosddu Road (adjacent to the bus station), was built in 1907–08 and officially opened in 1908, although the church congregation existed before the building. The church was built for the English Calvinistic Methodists as a replacement for their Hill Street premises, which is now the Grove Park Theatre. When it was built it housed a schoolroom. The schoolroom was occupied by late 1907, when the first service occurred. The building was designed by William Beddoe Rees from Cardiff, and is a Grade II listed building.
The building (including its chapel) is made of Ruabon red brick with stone dressings and a slate roof with terracotta crestings, and some additional yellow sandstone. It is of the Perpendicular Gothic architectural style, although also described to contain elements of the Arts and Crafts movement, with a long-wall entry plan and contains a tower. The entrance to the church is located at the base of the tower, with the tower forming a fourth bay on the west side. The tower is brick at its bottom, while becoming largely stone at its top, topped with a pyramidal spirelet. All windows on the building are simple stained glass with art nouveau motifs.
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74384437
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School%20of%20Creative%20Arts%2C%20Wrexham
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School of Creative Arts, Wrexham
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In its first year, the infirmary received support from the public, and financial help from benefactors of local businesses.
In 1840, a new in-patients ward was opened in the building, followed by various other additions such as another ward in 1844, an operating theatre in 1862–63, fever wards in 1866–67 and a children's ward and convalescent ward in 1887. By 1848, the infirmary became known as the Wrexham Hospital and Dispensary. One of the wards was named the "Victoria Ward" named after Queen Victoria following her ascension to the throne. By 1844, an estimated 12,000 were treated at the infirmary.
In 1847, the first general anaesthetic to be applied to a patient in Wales occurred in the infirmary. It was applied by Dr. Dickenson, on a patient who had their leg successfully amputated.
The building opened to students in 1887. By the end of the 19th century, the infirmary struggled with finances, and but this was relieved by another public subscription which helped the infirmary add a children's ward in the same year.
In the 20th century, more wards were added to the building, including one named after benefactor Benjamin Piercy (Piercy Ward), one after Edward VII for men, and one after Alexandra of Denmark, Queen consort, for women.
In 1920, the building received a royal visit by King George V, Queen Mary, and Princess Mary.
The building served as an infirmary until its closure in 1925, due to the opening of another hospital in Wrexham. Although by 1918, it was decided the hospital would be moved to a new location to act as a memorial to those lost in World War I. In 1926, the Wrexham and East Denbighshire War Memorial Hospital opened, replacing the Regent Street infirmary, and the Maelor General Hospital, now known as the Wrexham Maelor Hospital, opened in 1934.
Extensions of the building to the Regent Street and Bradley Road elevations appear to date to the early 20th century, possibly inline with its change of use.
| 2.421875
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74384560
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode%20Osi
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Bode Osi
|
Bode Osi is a town in Osun State, Nigeria. It is located around away from Osogbo, the capital of Osun State, and from Abuja, the capital of Nigeria. Bode Osi is also the headquarters of Ola Oluwa Local Government Area.
Climate
Bode Osi has a tropical savanna climate (Aw according to the Köppen climate classification), similar to most of Nigeria, with a wet season and a dry season and warm weather year–round. The dry season is muggy and partially cloudy, while the wet season can be oppressive and overcast. The average annual temperature fluctuates between and , rarely falling below or rising over .
Temperature
The hottest period of the year is from January to April, with an average daily high temperature exceeding . With an average high of and low of , March is the hottest month of the year in Bode Osi.
The coolest period of the year is from June to October, with an average daily maximum temperature below than . With an average high of and low of , August is the coolest month of the year.
Clouds and precipitation
The wet season usually lasts from April to October. September has an average of 24.8 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation, making it the month with the most rainy days. The rest of the year forms the dry season. With an average of just 1.2 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation, January is the month with the fewest rainy days.
The average percentage of sky covered by clouds in Bode Osi varies significantly seasonally throughout the year, with the clearest part of the year being from November to February. December is the clearest month of the year, with the sky remaining clear, mostly clear, or partly overcast 52% of the time on average. The rest of the year is more cloudy, with April being the cloudiest, when the sky is cloudy or mostly cloudy 84% of the time on average.
Governance
Oba Abioye Oyewole, an engineer and former elected council chairman, was the Olubode (traditional ruler) of Bode Osi in 2017.
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74385032
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simanya%20cave
|
Simanya cave
|
Simanya cave or Great Simanya cave is a cave in the Sant Llorenç del Munt massif located in the municipality of Sant Llorenç Savall, in Vallès Occidental. It has a route of 372 m and a gradient of 8 m. The entrance is 885 m in height. It is in the Llor canal on the eastern side of Montcau (1,056 m) and at a distance of almost 400 m from the summit. It is a hypogean talveg of karst origin formed by conglomerate.
The cave is part of a set of five systems that correspond to the same karst system. From south to north they are: Triangle cave (38 m), Simanya Petita cave (60 m), Simanya cave, Torrent cave (38 m), and Àngel cave (18 m). The five caves make up the so-called "complex de les Simanyes" or "Simanyes caves" and form the same unit that have been separated due to duct blockage.
It is within the boundaries of the Natural Park of Sant Llorenç del Munt i l'Obac, created in 1972. Since 2000, it has also been part of the Inventory of Geological Interest Areas of Catalonia (IEIGC), inventoried as an area of geological interest in the Sant Llorenç del Munt i l'Obac GeoZone.
The cave has been declared a Cultural Asset of Local Interest by the Department of Culture of Catalonia and listed as an element of natural heritage in the Cultural Heritage Map of the Provincial Council of Barcelona.
Toponymy
The toponym "Simanya" comes from the Latin sima magna, or "big cave". The word sima comes from the ancient Greek σιμός ("sīmós"; hole) and magna from Proto-Italic *magnos, from Proto-Indo-European *m̥ǵh₂nós, from the root *méǵh₂s ("big").
The Simanya cave is sometimes called the Great Simanya cave, to distinguish it from the neighboring Simanya Petita cave.
History
The Simanya cave is mentioned and described in a very imaginative way by the historian and chronicler Jeroni Pujades in his Universal Chronicle of the Principality of Catalonia, published 1609.
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74385032
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simanya%20cave
|
Simanya cave
|
Archeology
The Simanya cave is one of the most interesting archaeological sites in the Sant Llorenç del Munt massif, as signs of continuous, yet irregular human occupation intervals from the Paleolithic period to the Middle Ages have been discovered.
Paleolithic–Chalcolithic
In 2023 the remains of at least three Neanderthal individuals, dubbed the Simanya Neanderthals, comprising 54 skeletal elements (dentition, mandible, vertebrae, and limbs) from Simanya Gran. The initial lot of 53 were excavated through the 1970s, and an additional periadolescent tooth was collected in 2021 during reevaluation of the stratigraphic context of the hominins warranted by recent archeological advancements. One individual is a short-statured adult, another is a periadolescent (~11.5 years), and an immature individual (~7.7 years). The diverse demographic is the most well-preserved of all northeastern Mediterranean Iberian Neanderthals. In 1911, ceramics from the Chalcolithic were discovered. Partial excavations during the 1930s yielded more prehistoric pottery.
Bronze Age–Middle Age
Pottery from the Iberian and Middle Ages were discovered in 1911 and more in the 1930s during partial excavations by the Terrassa Excursionist Center under Joan Solà and Marià Galí. This suggests that human habitation of the site occurred in somewhat irregular intervals throughout human history. The fragments are housed at the Terrassa Art Museum, but the excavations in the 1930s were conducted without modern technique and were not exhaustive.
| 3.03125
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74385244
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro%20Descoqs
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Pedro Descoqs
|
Pedro Descoqs (; 2 January 1877 – 8 November 1946) was a French Jesuit and Neo-Scholastic philosopher of the Suarezian school who taught at the Jesuit scholasticate Maison Saint-Louis in Jersey. Descoqs was a supporter of Action Française and opponent of the emergent nouvelle théologie, which brought him into conflict with prominent liberal Catholic intellectuals such as Maurice Blondel and fellow Jesuits, including his students Henri de Lubac, Yves de Montcheuil, and Gaston Fessard as well as Joseph Maréchal.
Metaphysics
Descoqs defended the Neo-Scholastic position on nature and grace, defending a "direct natural vision of God" against the supernaturalism of Blondel and nouvelle théologie and opposed the use of Thomas Aquinas as a source for the nature-grace debate.
Political philosophy
He is noted as the author of a synthesis of , a work of Charles Maurras. This work had immense repercussions in French Catholicism. For Descoqs, "friends and adversaries cannot avoid being struck by the power of his dialectic, the sharpness of his ideas, the accent of profound conviction, seeing the perfection of language which marks without any possible contest this new work of M. Maurras." À traverse l’œuvre de M. Maurras examines the principal strains of the thought of Charles Maurras and analyses their convergences and divergences with Descoqs's interpretation of Catholic doctrine.
Reception
Henri de Lubac criticizes Descoqs at length in The Mystery of the Supernatural, arguing that he misrepresents the relationship between nature and grace and contributes to the misinterpretation of Thomas Aquinas in Neo-Scholasticism.
Personal life
Descoqs was born in Plomb, Normandy and died of typhoid fever in Villefranche, Rhône.
| 2.125
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74385749
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulated%20winter%20season%20severity%20index
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Accumulated winter season severity index
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The accumulated winter season severity index or AWSSI provides a scientific way to compare the severity of a winter relative to its weather history. Points are assigned daily based on the maximum and minimum temperature, snowfall and snow depth for a specific site and accumulated through the winter. The index can be used for historical comparisons, road maintenance and to understand how severe a current winter is.
History
The AWSSI was originally developed in 2015 by researchers Barbara E. Mayes Boustead, Steven D. Hilberg, Martha D. Shulski and Kenneth G. Hubbard. The index was developed "to examine relationships to teleconnection patterns, determine trends, and create sector-specific applications, as well as to analyze an ongoing winter or any individual winter season to place its severity in context."
Calculation
Values are assigned on a daily basis based on the maximum and minimum temperature, 24-hour snowfall and depth of snow on the ground. Values start being calculated at the start of winter. The start of winter is defined when any of these conditions are met: 1) daily maximum temperature ≤ 32 °F (0 °C), 2) first measurable snowfall or 3) it is December 1. Likewise, values stop being calculated at the end of winter – when the last of the following four conditions occurs: 1) daily maximum temperature ≤ 32 °F (0 °C) no longer occurs, 2) no daily measurable snowfall, 3) daily snow depth ≥ 1.0 in. (2.5 cm) is no longer observed, or 4) it is March 1.
AWSSI climatology
| 2.59375
| 0
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74386049
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minjar%20Mela
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Minjar Mela
|
Minjar Mela, also known as the Minjar Fair, is a popular annual festival celebrated in the state of Himachal Pradesh in India. It has been granted the status of international fair by govt of Himachal Pradesh . The fair is held in the town of Chamba, which is located in the scenic Chamba Valley. Minjar Mela is a week-long event that typically takes place in the month of July. The festival holds great cultural and historical significance for the people of Chamba. It is celebrated to mark the harvesting of the maize crop and to seek blessings for a bountiful year ahead. The highlight of Minjar Mela is the Minjar procession, which is a grand and colorful event. The procession is led by a decorated chariot, accompanied by folk dancers, musicians, and devotees dressed in traditional attire. People from nearby villages and towns join the procession, adding to the festive atmosphere.
History
The history of Minjar Mela dates back several centuries and is closely associated with the town of Chamba in Himachal Pradesh, India. The festival's origin can be traced to the reign of Raja Sahil Varman, the founder of the Chamba dynasty, who ruled the region in the 10th century. According to the legend, Raja Sahil Varman was suffering from a severe illness, and the entire kingdom was in distress. The royal astrologers advised him to offer prayers to Lord Vishnu and seek his blessings for a speedy recovery. The king followed their advice and offered prayers and a golden umbrella (Minjar) at the temple of Lakshmi Narayan, seeking divine intervention.
| 2.609375
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74386225
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecelia%20Miksekwe%20Jackson
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Cecelia Miksekwe Jackson
|
Cecelia "Meeks" Miksekwe Jackson (October 2, 1922 - May 29, 2011) was a Bodéwademi (Neshnabé/Potawatomi) woman from Kansas in the United States who worked to preserve Bodwéwadmimwen, a critically endangered Algonquian language. She was a native speaker.
Biography
Cecelia Miksekwe Jackson was born to Rosann Lasley Potts and Joseph Bill Potts on October 2, 1922, on the Bodéwademi reservation near Mayetta, Kansas. She was a member of the Nation, in English the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation. Jackson was multilingual, speaking Bodwéwadmimwen, Anishinaabemowin (Ojibwe), Daawaamwin (Ottawa), and English. She worked for many years at the Slimaker Dress Factory in Holton, Kansas and later as a cook.
Language revitalization
Cecelia Miksekwe Jackson was the last fluent, native speaker of Bodwéwadmimwen (Potawatomi) belonging to the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation (PBPN). Despite the small number of speakers, the PBPN is "regarded as a language stronghold" because of its efforts to preserve the language. The PBPN founded a language and culture program in 1998, using a federal grant from the ANA. Jackson was instrumental in the language program's work. She helped create a Bodwéwadmimwen-English dictionary, a grammar book, audio and video material, and a storybook in Bodwéwadmimwen. Cindy Ledere, a teacher with the language program, said, "Almost all the work here has come from her." Speaking to a reporter, Jackson implored parents to speak to their children in Bodwéwadmimwen to preserve the language.
In 2010, Jackson was honored with a ceremonial dinner, sponsored by the tribal council, for her work to preserve the language. More than 200 people attended.
Personal life
Cecelia Miksekwe Jackson adhered to the Drum Religion or Dream Dance, a Native American religion founded by Turkey Tailfeather Woman, a Dakota woman, in the 19th century. The religion spread to many other Native nations, including the Ojibwe, Meskwaki, Othaakiiwaki (Sauk), Šaawanwaki (Shawnee), Mamaceqtaw (Menominee), and the Bodéwademi of Kansas.
| 2.375
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74386654
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klastline%20River
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Klastline River
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Geology
The Klastline River has been repeatedly blocked by lava flows from the adjacent Mount Edziza volcanic complex. In the Pleistocene, massive basalt flows from at least three eruptive centres on the northern side of the volcanic complex entered the narrow valley of the Klastline River from Kakiddi Valley, temporarily blocking it to form a large shallow lake upstream. The main source of these lava flows was Klastline Cone and are assigned to the Klastline Formation. Erosional remnants of the Klastline lava flows form small buttes and buttresses along Klastline Valley.
At least three cinder cones of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex blocked the Klastline River during the Holocene. Moraine Cone produced a northeasterly lava flow that temporarily blocked both Kakiddi Creek and the Klastine River. Subsequent etching of new channels around or through the flows by both streams has exposed beds of lacustrine silt where lava-dammed lakes ponded upstream. Lava flows from Kana Cone also temporarily blocked the Klastline River and may have travelled Klastline Valley as far west as the Stikine River. The Klastline River was forced to establish a new route along the northern valley wall where it still flows to this day. Williams Cone produced a more than lava flow into Klastline Valley where its distal lobe formed a temporary dam across the Klastline River. All three cinder cones and associated lava flows are assigned to the Big Raven Formation.
| 2.875
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74386896
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corroirie
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Corroirie
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The Wars of Religion had serious consequences for the Chartreuse du Liget. In 1562, the Prior was murdered and the abbey was completely devastated. Due to a lack of reliable sources, it is difficult to determine whether this attack was carried out by "organized" Protestants who came from Tours, where they operated from April to July, or by bands of looters operating independently. The monks temporarily withdrew. In 1584, new raids were carried out on the lower house and surrounding farms. From March 4 to 7, 1589, the "preneurs de Barbetz" attacked La Corroirie, with nearby farmers joining in the raids; this episode is reported in two chronicles of that time.
The decision was then taken to transform La Corroirie into a fortified house. A fortified gatehouse equipped with a drawbridge commanded the entrance, a bretèche was added to the west gable of the cellars, towers and watchtowers were built around the perimeter wall, buttresses supported the most fragile buildings, and a moat was dug. It was no doubt at this time that La Corroirie's pond was built along the course of the Aubigny River to provide a regular supply of water for the moat, thanks to its spillway. Finally, a turret-shaped prison was built inside the enclosure, away from other buildings to the north. This work lasted until the early 17th century.
| 2.796875
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74387161
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte%20Camiolo
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Monte Camiolo
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The name of Mount Camiolo first appears in a parchment dated October 31, 1511 when representatives of the communities of the Vestino Valley proceeded to its land partition under the auspices of Count Bartolomeo Lodron. The mountain is also mentioned in the municipal statutes of Magasa of 1589 in an article that provided for the prohibition of anyone to cut wood in the surroundings of the said mountain and in a report of the Venetian superintendent of Salò of 1613 regarding the road system near the borders of the Serenissima.
In the "Atlas Tyrolensis" by cartographer Peter Anich, printed in Vienna in 1774, it is referred to as Camiol along with the nearby Mount Tavagnone and Mount Pinedo, while Arnaldo Gnagna in his "Vocabolario topografico-toponomastico della provincia di Brescia," published in 1939, reports on page 124, the peak with the plural term of Camiole and the mountainside to the north as Camiola.
The Camiolo peak also known locally as Pesòc is a term that seems to derive, as with nearby Mount Pizzocolo, from the Germanic word "spitz" meaning pointy, pointed, and from the Celtic word "higel" meaning an elevation or hill, so the final meaning would be to indicate a mountain with a pointed top, as it actually is.
History
| 2.34375
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74387788
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebyu%20collar
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Shebyu collar
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The shebyu collar is an ancient Egyptian necklace composed of one or more strands of disc beads. Collars specifically called shebyu by the ancient Egyptians are the two-stranded kind given to officials as part of a royal reward. However, the term is used in Egyptology to refer to any necklace composed of lenticular or disc beads regardless of the material.
The first mention of a shebyu collar comes from the tomb of Ahmose-Pennekhbet, in the reign of Ahmose I, who mentions the king gave him a collar as part of a royal reward. It is commonly depicted in art from the reign of Thutmose III onward in the mid-Eighteenth Dynasty. They are often depicted as being yellow (made of gold) but are occasionally multi-coloured, which matches some known examples.
The earliest physical example of a necklace thought to be a shebyu collar comes from the grave of the Qurna Queen, a woman of the Seventeenth Dynasty buried at Dra' Abu el-Naga'. Her collar is of four strands of gold rings. The earliest known shebyu of lenticular beads was discovered on the body of the mid-Eighteenth Dynasty foreman Kha, who was buried in TT8. His collar is only a single strand of large beads, leading to the suggestion that it may represent only the outermost strand. Tutankhamun was buried with several shebyu collars. The ones he wore in life are single stranded but were probably worn in pairs; his gold mask was equipped with a triple stranded example. Three and five stranded collars come from the burial of Psusennes I at Tanis.
Citations
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74387868
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov%20Kozhevnikov
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Yakov Kozhevnikov
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After arriving, the 8th Separate Rifle Brigade was placed in the reserve of the Leningrad Front. The brigade was reorganized as the 136th Rifle Division in March 1942, and then-Lieutenant Colonel Kozhevnikov appointed commander of its 342nd Rifle Regiment. He led the regiment in the Sinyavino offensive of August and September, in which the division fought to capture and expand a bridgehead on the eastern bank of the Tosna. Kozhevnikov was lightly wounded during this operation on 22 August. During January 1943, the 136th took part in Operation Iskra. In six days, between 12 and 18 January, its elements, advancing on the main attack axis of the army, broke the German defenses and on 18 January linked up with elements of the 18th Rifle Division of the 2nd Shock Army in the area of Workers Settlement No. 5 to break the Siege of Leningrad. In recognition of their performance in the offensive, the division became the elite 63rd Guards Rifle Division on 19 January, and the regiment the 192nd Guards Rifle Regiment. For his performance in this operation, then-Colonel Kozhevnikov was recommended by Simoniak for a second Order of the Red Banner, but this was downgraded to the Order of Suvorov, 3rd class, which he received on 30 January:
Commanding a rifle regiment, he organized the breakthrough of the enemy defenses, carrying out the tasks assigned to the regiment, capturing a large number of trophies and wiping out up to 1,000 Germans. He directly supervised the battle down to the lowest units. He showed himself to be a fearless commander in battle, able to carry out any task. For bravery and skillful organization in the destruction of the enemy he is deserving of the state award of the Order of the Red Banner.
| 2.3125
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74388017
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina%20Stravinsky
|
Yekaterina Stravinsky
|
Chronic disease and Igor's adulterous affair with Vera Sudeikina marked her later years. His confession resulted in what he later described as a "tearful, Dostoyevskian scene", but he and Yekaterina agreed to maintain the marriage and their family's unity. In what musicologist Stephen Walsh called "an atrocious act of self-immolation", she acquiesced to Igor's demands to serve as an intermediary between him and Vera, establish an amicable relationship with her, and deliver the regular financial stipend he provided for her. By the 1930s, Yekaterina's health degraded to the point where Robert Craft observed that her marriage "had almost become purely vicarious". Both she and her eldest daughter became fatally ill with pneumonia in late 1938. Yekaterina, who outlived her daughter by three months, died in 1939. She is buried at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery.
Biography
Early life
Yekaterina was born in the village of Gorval, located in the Rechitsky Uyezd of the Minsk Governorate, on January 25, 1881; and was christened on January 27. She was the second daughter of Gavriil Trofimovich, a college counselor and doctor who worked at Lukyanovskaya Prison, and Mariya Kirillovna Nosenko (née Kholodovsky); the couple was living temporarily at the Kholodovsky estate in Gorval at the time of Yekaterina's birth. Her father was a descendent of Cossacks who had served in the Chernigov Regiment; her mother descended from nobility, military officers, and government officials. Yekaterina's maternal aunt was Anna Kirillovna, later the wife of Fyodor Stravinsky and the mother of Igor. Mariya's first husband, whose ancestors included Ivan Pushchin, a Decembrist and friend of Alexander Pushkin, died from tuberculosis in 1876.
| 2.265625
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74388017
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina%20Stravinsky
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Yekaterina Stravinsky
|
They began referring to each other by affectionate nicknames; "Katyenka" and "Kotyulya" for Katerina, "Gimura" and "Gimochka" for Igor, which she used throughout her life. The two encouraged each other's interest in painting and drawing, swam together often, went on wild raspberry picks, helped build a tennis court, played piano duet music, and later organized group readings with their other cousins of books and political tracts from Fyodor Stravinsky's personal library. At the Ustilug estate they also mounted plays and entertainments, including Anton Chekhov's The Bear, which were acted by them and other members of the Nosenko and Stravinsky families.
On July 17, 1901, Stravinsky reported having been briefly infatuated with Lyudmila Kuxina, the best friend of Yekaterina to whom she bore a physical resemblance. By the end of the month, the "summer romance" had ended and Stravinsky, instead, wrote to his parents on July 27 that he had begun to take note of the "great change" in Yekaterina. Their relationship developed into a furtive romance which was accepted by both families, although not openly acknowledged at first. The precise dating of this shift cannot be ascertained, but it occurred before they formally announced their engagement on August 15, 1905. During the intervening four years that they did not see each other, Yekaterina completed her classical studies, then went to study painting at the Académie Colarossi in Paris. She regularly visited the Louvre in her spare time.
Wedding and early marriage
| 2.25
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74388733
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS%20Hesperian
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RMS Hesperian
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Having barely left port and sailing in a zigzagging motion, Hesperian was struck by a single torpedo at her starboard bow at 8.30 pm, damaging the forward engine room and causing a list to starboard. Captain Main ordered to halt the ship and rang the alarm bells. An SOS was sent out, while the ship's officers prepared and lowered the lifeboats. There was no panic amongst passengers and crew and the evacuation occurred in an orderly fashion. However, a lifeboat on the port side upset while lowering, leading to all her 32 occupants drowning. Meanwhile a group of British warships came to aid Hesperian and took all survivors aboard and back ashore to Ireland. The vessel had been evacuated within an hour and although riding low in the water, her bulkheads held and the ship stayed afloat. Only the captain and a skeleton crew remained aboard as they had hopes to either beach the ship or have her towed to Queenstown. It was while under tow to Ireland that Hesperian ultimately gave away and sank some from the Irish coast on 6 September 1915, not far from the wreck of the Lusitania. Mrs. Stephens' casket also went down with the ship, ironically close to the ship that took her life and as it turned out, Hesperian had also been sunk by the same submarine and commander as the Lusitania.
To deflect criticism of the sinking, the German Foreign Office claimed that no submarines were operating in the area and that she "probably hit a mine".
Wreck
The wreck of Hesperian lies west of Cobh, Ireland in of water. Her wreck was the site of a few 'grave robbing' incidents, when local Irish fishermen caught some artifacts from the wreck in their nets in November 2017.
| 1.9375
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74389333
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poniatowski%20gems
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Poniatowski gems
|
The Poniatowski gems are a collection of over 2,600 engraved gems commissioned by Prince Stanisław Poniatowski (1754–1833), a wealthy Polish nobleman, and passed off by him as genuine classical pieces. By the time of his death in 1833 it was becoming clear to scholars that the gems were instead early 19th-century neoclassical forgeries. The gems in Poniatowski's collection were auctioned as authentic antiques in 1839, but the auction was a failure, and the surrounding controversy depressed collector interest in engraved gems for years afterward. The gems were scattered, and many have been lost or mislaid. Today they are appreciated as excellent examples of neoclassical gem carving.
History
Poniatowski was "an avid collector of art, ... once considered the richest man in Europe". He inherited approximately 154 antique gems from his uncle, King Stanisław August Poniatowski of Poland, who died in 1798. He augmented this collection with over 2,600 forgeries by contemporary carvers, in a florid classicizing style and in most cases signed with ancient names, while claiming publicly that the works were genuine antiquities. The gems depict scenes from mythology, including the works of Homer, Virgil, and Ovid; some scenes of historical events; and portraits of a wide variety of ancient Greek and Roman figures. Poniatowski published a catalog of this work c. 1830 with further information in two following volumes .
Although Giovanni Pichler has been suggested as one of the carvers, the date of Pichler's death in 1791 makes this unlikely. Other carvers include Giovanni Calandrelli – nearly 300 of whose preliminary drawings for the gems are in the collection of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin – , , Tommaso Cades, and Antonio Odelli. Because the gems were unsigned or signed with fake signatures, most have not been attributed to a known artist, and probably never will be with certainty.
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74389333
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poniatowski%20gems
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Poniatowski gems
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The Royal Society bought 5 gems at the 1839 auction, representing Euclid, Thales, Archimedes, Aristides and Priam, for prices ranging from £1 10s to £4 4s each, and still holds them today.
An engraved amethyst ring signed (), showing Mark Antony in profile, was in 1968 published and praised by gem expert John Boardman, and was subsequently widely reproduced in books as an ancient Roman masterpiece. The ring was acquired in 2001 by the J. Paul Getty Museum, and in 2009 exhibited as an antique. When archaeologist saw it, having just written a book about Poniatowski gem engraver Giovanni Calandrelli, she recognized it from a 19th-century plaster impression she had seen among the Poniatowski collection. Platz located photographs of the impression and a page in Calandrelli's notebook listing a gem he made of Mark Antony signed . In fact, the "Gnaios" ring was a Poniatowski gem by Calandrelli; Getty curator Kenneth Lapatin tracked down the ring's full provenance.
Poniatowski's collection included an amethyst depicting Hipparchus with a star and the subject's name, which was included in Christie's 1939 auction. Astronomer William Henry Smyth acknowledged in 1842 making an impression of "the head of Hipparchus, from the Poniatowski-gem, intended as a vignette illustration of his work". His 1844 book, A Cycle of Celestial Objects, used exactly such a vignette on its title page. This image has subsequently been repeatedly copied and reproduced, including on a 1965 Greek postage stamp commemorating the Eugenides Planetarium in Athens.
| 2.5
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74389865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s%20impact%20on%20fantasy
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Tolkien's impact on fantasy
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The Lord of the Rings had an enormous impact on the fantasy genre; in some respects, it swamped all the works of fantasy that had been written before it, and it unquestionably created "fantasy" as a marketing category. Tolkien has been called the "father" of modern fantasy, or more specifically of high fantasy. Tolkien's works brought fantasy literature a new degree of mainstream acclaim; numerous polls named The Lord of the Rings the greatest book of the century. The author and editor of Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, Brian Attebery, writes that fantasy is defined "not by boundaries but by a centre", which is The Lord of the Rings.
Diana Paxson states in Mythlore that Tolkien had founded a new literary tradition. Tolkien's influence, and his literary criticism, greatly popularized secondary worlds, as his formative essay "On Fairy Stories" termed them. This led to the decline of such devices as dream frames to explain away a fantastical setting.
Tolkien-influenced fantasy writing
It has been said of Tolkien that "most subsequent writers of fantasy are either imitating him or else desperately trying to escape his influence", while "his hold over readers has been extraordinary".
Inspired by Tolkien
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s%20impact%20on%20fantasy
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Tolkien's impact on fantasy
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In 1992, Martin H. Greenberg edited a festschrift collection of short stories by 19 fantasy authors including Yolen, Stephen R. Donaldson, Terry Pratchett, Poul and Karen Anderson, and Peter S. Beagle on the centenary of Tolkien's birth. Yolen, commenting that "sometimes it is difficult to remember that there were fantasy books written before J. R. R. Tolkien's work", stated that the stories were not imitations, "for none of us are imitators—but in honor of his work".
Many writers have made use of Tolkienesque plots, settings, and characters. The plot of Pat Murphy's 1999 There and Back Again intentionally mirrors that of The Hobbit, but is transposed into a science-fiction setting involving space travel. J. K. Rowling's 1997–2007 Harry Potter series, too, is influenced by Tolkien; for example, the wizard Dumbledore has been described as partially inspired by Tolkien's Gandalf. Further, Rowling explores the Tolkienian themes of death and immortality, and the nature of evil and how it arises, with Lord Voldemort taking the place of the Dark Lord Morgoth. S.M. Stirling's "Emberverse" series includes a character obsessed with The Lord of the Rings who creates a post-apocalyptic community based Tolkien's Elves and Dúnedain. The same plot point was used by the Russian writer Vladimir Berezin in his novel Road Signs (from the Universe of Metro 2033). The horror writer Stephen King has acknowledged Tolkien's influence on his novel The Stand and his fantasy series The Dark Tower. Other prominent fantasy writers including George R. R. Martin, Michael Swanwick, Raymond E. Feist, Poul Anderson, Karen Haber, Harry Turtledove, Charles De Lint, and Orson Scott Card have acknowledged Tolkien's work as an inspiration.
Reacting against Tolkien
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s%20impact%20on%20fantasy
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Tolkien's impact on fantasy
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The modern subgenre of grimdark fantasy has been described as an "anti-Tolkien" approach to fantasy writing, which British science fiction and fantasy novelist Adam Roberts characterizes by its reaction to Tolkien's idealism even though it owes a lot to Tolkien's work. George R. R. Martin, the author of A Song of Ice and Fire, cites Tolkien as an inspiration, while also stating his aims to go beyond what he sees as Tolkien's "medieval philosophy" of "if the king was a good man, the land would prosper" to delve into the complexities, ambiguities, and vagaries of real-life power."
Using Tolkienian sources
The scholar of folklore Dimitra Fimi suggests a third group of Tolkien-influenced authors, the British fantasists Susan Cooper, Alan Garner, and Diana Wynne Jones. In her view, all were, like Tolkien, prompted to fantasy by war; all three attended Tolkien's lectures at the University of Oxford; and all admitted being influenced by "British myth and folklore", the sorts of medieval "intertexts" that Tolkien had used. While Wynne Jones wrote high fantasy, about secondary worlds, Cooper and Garner wrote "intrusion" fantasy, in which the supernatural or fantastic intrudes into the ordinary world.
Reworking Tolkienian conventions
In 1968, Ursula K. Le Guin published the high fantasy A Wizard of Earthsea, followed between 1970 and 2001 by her other Earthsea novels and short stories. It was one of the first fantasy series influenced by Tolkien. Among the Tolkienian archetypes in the Earthsea books are wizards (including the protagonist, Ged), a disinherited prince (Arren in The Farthest Shore), a magical ring (the ring of Erreth-Akbe in The Tombs of Atuan), a Middle-earth style quest (in The Farthest Shore), and powerful dragons (like the dragon of Pendor, in A Wizard of Earthsea).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjana%20River
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Anjana River
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Anjana is a local river of Nadia district of West Bengal. The long river drains Krishnanagar, Jalalkhali and Badkulla areas, which belong to Krishnanagar, and Krishnanagar 1 and Hanshkhali community development block. The Anjana River originates on the southern bank of the Jalangi River at the northern end of Krishnanagar, the river generally flows south through the Jalalkhali area before reaching Badkulla. Passing the town of Badkulla, the river flows southeast and joins the Churni river. A tributary originates from this river at Hat Boalia, which joins the Churni river at Hanshkhali.
The course of the river has become a canal within the city of Krishnanagar, thus drying up most of the course. The river has very little flow in seasons other than monsoon. The river has been gradually silted up under the pressure of unplanned and illegal urbanization for a long time in Krishnanagar.
The description of this river is found in Rennell's 'Systematic Survey' in 1776 AD. Anjana River is also mentioned in Bengali literature.
Course
The Bhagirathi River channel near Nabadwip is less deep than the Jalangi river channel, so the water level of Jalangi is lower than the Bhagirthi river level near the estuary of Jalangi in Nabadwip. As a result, the Jalangi water does not flow into the Bhagirathi, and returns to the riverbed. This excess water begins to flow anew into the low-lying areas along the river, forming the Anjana as a tributary of the Jalangir.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjana%20River
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Anjana River
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Anjana is a long moribund river in the Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin. The river is simultaneously a distributary of the Jalangi river and a tributary of the Churni river. The Anjana River originates from the Jalangi river at Ruipukur Mauza near Krishnanagar. The river reaches Dogachi after crossing 7 km in Krishnanagar town. Krishnanagar city's Cathedral Church, Shaktinagar Hospital and Raja Krishnachandra's Rajbari are located on the banks of the river. The Anjana River covers a course of from its source to Hat Boalia. The river divides into two tributaries near Hat Boalia. The main stream flows southward, crosses Joypur village and Jalalkhali and Jalkar Patuli, and reaches Badkulla town. Flowing at the western end of Badkulla town, it turns eastwards and enters Badkulla town. The river flows southeast from Badkulla town. It crosses the Chandanpukur and joins the Churni river near Byaspur Mauza.
Another part is known as Hele khal, which is long. It passes through Hat Boalia to Jatrapur, Joypur, Gobindpur and Itaberia, and joins the Churni river near Hanskhali.
Geography and drainage basin
The Anjana river basin covers an area of , which is a river basin between the Jalangi and the Churni River. The entire basin belongs to Nadia district. The basin extends to Joypur in the east and Jalalkhali in the west, Byaspur in the south, Hanshkhali, Gobindpur and Itaberia in the east and Ruipukur in the north. The slope of river basin is observed from northwest to southeast.
32.27 percent area of the basin is located at 9–12 meters above sea level. Anjana river flows at an altitude of more than 16 meters above sea level in Krishnanagar city and Badkulla area, which is the highest basin area of the river basin. The lowest area of the basin is less than 9 meters above sea level.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Man%20Range
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Old Man Range
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The Old Man Range, also called Kopuwai, is a mountain range in Central Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand. It lies to the west of the valley of the Clutha River, close to the town of Alexandra and the artificial Lake Roxburgh. The range stretches north-south for a distance of some . Part of the range forms the border between the Otago and Southland Regions. The range's Māori name, Kopuwai, means "Water Swallower", and was the name of a mythical giant who lived in the area.
The range rises to a narrow ridge at a height of just over . The highest points are the Obelisk (also known as The Old Man, and from which the range gets its name) at (), and Hyde Rock (). The eastern flanks of the range are steep, falling away to the Clutha Valley. In contrast, the western flanks fall gently to a high plateau before rising to a lower ridge known as the Old Woman Range. The plateau which has areas of both bare rock and marsh, is the source of numerous creeks, most of them part of the catchment of the young Waikaia and Earnscleugh Rivers.
The geology of the range is dominated by the schists of the Caples and Torlesse Terranes. The rock is a source of gold, and the area was worked during the Otago gold rush of the 1860s. Several remnants of the mining era can still be seen in the range.
Much of the range is conservation land controlled by the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC), and divided between the Kopuwai and Bain Block Conservation Areas.
Two more, much smaller, ranges of this name exist in New Zealand — a low range of hills in inland Canterbury, between Lakes Pukaki and Alexandrina, and a higher hill range in the Tasman District, close to Farewell Spit.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%202023%20Western%20Kentucky%20floods
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July 2023 Western Kentucky floods
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Impact
Numerous homes were flooded in Mayfield and Wingo. Cars were submerged on flooded roads in Graves County. Portions of I-69, the Purchase Parkway, and KY 80 were flooded. Flash flood warnings were issued for western Kentucky, southern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and northwestern Tennessee, including Carbondale, Illinois, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Paris, Tennessee. Rare flash flood emergencies were issued for Mayfield, Paducah, Fancy Farm, and surrounding areas, and included areas impacted by the 2021 Western Kentucky tornado. As a result, this was the first time flash flood emergencies were issued from the National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky for the Jackson Purchase region of the state. Additional flash flood emergencies were also issued for LaCenter, Kentucky, and Mounds, Illinois, and as far north as Karnak, Illinois. Crop losses also occurred in western Kentucky, and power outages peaked at 19,433 during the flood event. 1 person was injured and six water rescues were completed in Graves County.
Near Mayfield, of rain fell, setting a new record rainfall in Kentucky. of rainfall fell in Paducah, Kentucky, which was the second—highest daily record there. The event was also considered a 1 in a 1,000-year event.
Aftermath
Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear declared a state of emergency for Mayfield and surrounding areas, and toured the flooded areas. Local emergencies were declared in Carlisle, Fulton, Graves, Hickman, and Lee counties in Kentucky, and also in the cities of Arlington, Bardwell, Clinton, Cumberland, and Mayfield. Western Kentucky University offered free early move-ins to summer housing for flood victims. Damage assessments by the Kentucky Emergency Management Agency were completed in 47 buildings, including 41 homes and 6 businesses. A shelter was opened for displaced residents following the disaster.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COLLAPS%20experiment
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COLLAPS experiment
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The COLinear LAser SPectroscopy (COLLAPS) experiment is located in the ISOLDE facility at CERN. The purpose of the experiment is to investigate ground and isomeric state properties of exotic, short lived nuclei, including spins, electro-magnetic moments and charge radii. The experiment has been operating since the late 1970s, and is the oldest active experiment at ISOLDE.
Background
The technique of collinear spectroscopy was developed in the mid-1970s by S.L. Kaufman. This describes a method of obtaining narrow absorption lines, specifically providing a sensitivity ideal for experiments on short-lived isotopes.
Two beams are used in the technique: a laser beam sent through the sample, and a probe beam. The alignment of both beams collinearly (along the same path) allow for control of the time and spatial overlap. This enables investigation into the nuclear properties of the sample simultaneously.
Experiment setup
COLLAPS is located within the ISOLDE facility at CERN, giving it access to the radioactive ions produced by ISOLDE's resonance ionisation laser ion source (RILIS). The ions are delivered to the COLLAPS beamline and are excited using tunable continuous-wave lasers through the technique of collinear spectroscopy. The laser systems produce laser light in the 210 nm to 1000 nm range with a narrow linewidth. The systems allow access to the atomic transitions necessary for the short-lived nuclei produced by ISOLDE.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election%20to%20the%20Romanian%20throne%2C%201866
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Election to the Romanian throne, 1866
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The election to the Romanian throne in 1866 followed the deposition of Prince Alexandre Ioan Cuza, with the aim of giving the united principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia a new ruler.
Cuza's deposition, despite his major reforms which had initiated the modernization of the Romanian principalities, had been engineered by an alliance of inherently opposed political and social forces: the "Monstrous Coalition", backed by Russia, wanted the sovereign to leave, accusing him of Caesarist tendencies. His succession proved a delicate matter.
The issue went beyond the Danube principalities, since it involved the political balance and economic interests of the main European powers, as well as the Ottoman Empire, the principalities' sovereign. A provisional Romanian governmental lieutenancy was set up to appoint a new candidate. The 1858 Paris intergovernmental conference had called for the election of an indigenous sovereign, but the Romanian provisional government opted straightaway for a prince from a European dynasty.
The first candidate, Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders and brother of King Leopold II, elected before he was even informed, almost directly declined the offer made on February 23, 1866, as he had no wish to lead an "Eastern Belgium" that would be a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. Meeting in Paris on March 10, the chancelleries of the European guarantor powers were divided over the Danube principalities, weakening the international political situation whose prospects were already clouded by the imminence of the Austro-Prussian War.
Rejecting Nicolas de Leuchtenberg's overly Russophile candidacy, the powers suggested several other candidates, which were quickly rejected. Ahead of the dithering chancelleries, the Romanian government chose its own candidate, after secret negotiations with France and Germany. Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was elected by the Romanian parliament in a referendum on April 20, 1866.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election%20to%20the%20Romanian%20throne%2C%201866
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Election to the Romanian throne, 1866
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Journey to Romania
The adventure began with a clandestine journey. Because of the conflict between his country and Austria, Charles de Hohenzollern traveled to Romania disguised as a merchant. On May 11, 1866, he left his home in Düsseldorf and took a long detour by rail through Switzerland, stopping in St. Gallen to obtain a passport in the name of 27-year-old merchant Karl Hettingen. From there, he crossed Bavaria without stopping and reached Austria. On May 16, after wearing glasses to modify his physiognomy, he entered Salzburg, accompanied by two friends, traveling in second-class compartments. To avoid conversation with anyone, he absorbed himself in reading a newspaper, concealing his face as soon as an employee appeared at his door. Having safely crossed Vienna and Pest, cities dangerous to his incognito, he arrives in Baziaș, where he must take a boat down the Danube. However, troop movements that were being mobilized suspended the crossing service. As a result, he is forced to stay overnight in a rather dirty inn, where the guests eat their meals at the communal table. Some of the guests made disparaging remarks about "Charles of Hohenzollern", predicting that he would be hunted like Cuza. On May 20, after spending his time writing letters and dispatches, he manages to embark with his two companions. Sitting on the second-class deck, amid sacks of cargo, he continues to write his correspondence. At Orșova, he has to transfer to a boat specially designed to withstand passage through the dreaded Iron Gates. At 4 p.m., after having to jostle a captain who pointed out that his ticket was stamped for Odessa and wanted to prevent him from disembarking, Charles steps onto Romanian soil for the first time in the small port town of Drobeta-Turnu Severin. Brătianu bows to him and asks him to join his carriage.
Inauguration of the reign of Carol I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20Socotra
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Portuguese Socotra
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Portuguese Socotra () refers to the period during which the island of Socotra was ruled by the Portuguese Empire. Captured from the Mahra dynasty of Qishn in 1507 by Tristão da Cunha and Afonso de Albuquerque, it was later abandoned in 1511 and it reverted to the rule of Mahra.
History
In the early 16th century Portugal was involved in a war over the control of the Indian Ocean trade, against the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, the Zamorin of Calicut and the Republic of Venice. Convinced that Socotra could serve as an ideal base to cut off hostile Muslim shipping sailing between India and the Middle East through the Red Sea, King Manuel of Portugal ordered that the island be captured, a fort built on it and a fleet stationed there. Socotra harboured a community of Nestorian Christians, which the Portuguese also sought to relieve from Muslim rule.
On April 1506 Tristão da Cunha was dispatched from Lisbon as captain-major of a fleet of 14 ships. Five were under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque, nominated as captain-major of the seas of Arabia. The expedition charted Madagascar along the way, and regrouped in east-Africa waiting for the correct season to proceed.
The Portuguese reached Suq in April 1507 and found a well-fortified Muslim fort built by the Mahra of Qishn in Yemen on the Arabian mainland, which was used to collect tribute from the surrounding inhabitants. The commander of the Arab fort, sheikh Khawadjah Ibrahim, son of the sultan of Qishn, had 130 warriors and was offered the chance to capitulate peacefully but he refused. The fort was assaulted the following morning by two squadrons under the command of Tristão da Cunha and Afonso de Albuquerque, Khawadjah Ibrahim perishing in the struggle.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idyll%20XXVI
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Idyll XXVI
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Idyll XXVI, also titled Λῆναι ('The Bacchanals') or Βάκχαι ('The Bacchantes'), is a bucolic poem doubtfully attributed to the 3rd-century BC Greek poet Theocritus. This Idyll narrates the murder of Pentheus, who was torn to pieces (after the Dionysiac Ritual) by his mother, Agave, and other Theban women, for having watched the celebration of the mysteries of Dionysus.
Analysis
According to J. M. Edmonds, this poem may have been written to celebrate the initiation of a nine-year-old boy into the mysteries of Dionysus, through a mock slaying-rite. That young children were initiated into these mysteries is, he presumes, clear from a poem by Antistius in the Anthology, which may have been written for a similar occasion; and in Callimachus Artemis asks that her maiden attendants shall be nine years old. In this poem the father describes the slaying of Pentheus by his mother, and takes credit to himself for following her example. Edmonds notes, "The slaying of the boy is the bringing of him to Dionysus, even as the eagles made Ganymede immortal by bringing him to Zeus." The poem is almost certainly not by Theocritus.
Illustrations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe%20Maurice
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Philippe Maurice
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Philippe Maurice (born June 15, 1956, in Paris) was a French criminal and academic, mostly famous for being sentenced to the guillotine for murder in 1980, and subsequently pardoned by president Francois Mitterrand in 1981. His sentence of death was the last confirmed throughout the French legal system, as well as the last person to receive an executive pardon from a death sentence in France. While imprisoned Maurice became a historian, and currently specialises in Medieval history.
Maurice was condemned for the murder of a night-watchman and two police officers following a series of bank-robberies committed while already on the run for attempting to help his brother escape from jail. He had been flagged down by traffic police and escaped in a shootout, which ended in the death of two police officers and his passenger and accomplice. In the process in the cour d'assise of Paris, Maurice was defended by the noted anti-death penalty activist Robert Badinter. Even in the divided opinion, with no executions having been carried out in Paris since 1972, Maurice's crimes were infamous, and he was condemned to death on 24 October 1980. After appeal to the Cour de Cassation, the court refused to amend the verdict in the so-called pourvoi en cassation, on 18 March. Cassation was regular feature for harder verdicts in the cour d'assise, the only (civilian) court capable of imposing a death penalty. Because of this, Maurice's sentence is considered the last in the French legal system, as an appeal to the Court of Cassation was virtually obligatory (although in several cases, such as Jerome Carrein, the sentence would be quashed only to be re-imposed on retrial). Short of presidential grace, Maurice's sentence thus seemed slated to be carried out, a fact exacerbated after he injured a police officer by use of a gun smuggled in via his lawyer, Brigitte Hemmerlin. She was sentenced to five years and lost her lawyer's licence as a consequence.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganino%20Gaudenzio
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Paganino Gaudenzio
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Paganino Gaudenzio or Gaudenzi (3 June 15953 January 1649) was a Swiss philosopher and Catholic theologian of the Renaissance.
Biography
Born on 3 June 1595 in Poschiavo (Grisons), which was the main urban center in northeastern Valtellina. He enrolled at the University of Basel on 29 May 1612. He attended the Universities of Basel, Regensburg and Tübingen, where he graduated with a doctorate in law and theology. He was pastor in Mese and in his native Poschiavo. In 1616 he converted to Catholicism: for this reason he was imprisoned in Chiavenna in June 1617. He then went to Rome, and received a pension from the Pope. In 1625 he was appointed professor of Greek at the Sapienza University of Rome. In 1628 he was appointed Professor of humanities at the University of Pisa. He held this office until his death. He died in Pisa on 3 January 1649. A prolific author, he wrote nearly forty volumes both in Latin and Italian. He corresponded with important cultural personalities of his time, including Alessandro Tassoni, Gabriello Chiabrera, Giovanni Battista Doni and Francesco Sforza Pallavicino.
Works
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74391965
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Su%C3%A1rez%20de%20Peralta
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Juan Suárez de Peralta
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Juan Suárez de Peralta (Mexico City-Tenochtitlan, New Spain, 1541-Madrid, 1613) was a Spanish-Mexican Criollo who distinguished himself for his writings on equestrian exercises and equine science, as well as life in New Spain in the 16th century. He is considered a historian for dealing with the subject of the Conquest, and one of the first scholars of albeytería, later known as veterinary medicine in the New World, for his extensive knowledge of horses.
Biography and Family
Juan Suárez de Peralta (“El Cronista” or The Chronicler), was born in Mexico City-Tenochtitlan (New Spain) in 1541. He was the son of Juan Suárez Marcayda (The Conqueror, also known as “El Viejo” or The Old Man) and Magdalena Esparza. He had two siblings: Luis (older) and Catalina (younger). His brother Luis inherited the Tamazulapa encomienda that had been granted to his father.
Relationship with Hernán Cortés
Juan Suárez de Peralta’s father, Juan Suárez Marcayda “El Viejo”, was the son of Gonzalo Suárez and María Marcayda. He had two sisters: Leonor and Catalina. Juan Suárez "El Viejo" served under the orders of Hernán Cortés and was one of his trusted soldiers. His sister Catalina married Cortés in Cuba, and in this way the father of the chronicler became brother-in-law of Hernán Cortés, who became the political uncle of the chronicler.
The Suárez de Peraltas were owners of large plots of land in the indigenous neighborhood of Tacubaya, west of the city of Mexico-Tecnochtitlán. On his extensive estate he cultivated olive trees and wheat fields, and dedicated himself to breeding fine horses, learning the arts of equine medicine. The “Casa de la Bola de Tacubaya” or Ball House, was built on these lands, probably by his son Lorenzo, who incorporated the image of his father in the top of the main façade. The house is now a museum.
Relationship with the viceroys and the Marquisate of Valle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20T%C3%BCbingen%20school
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Catholic Tübingen school
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The term Catholic Tübingen school refers to the school of Catholic theology associated with the Faculty of Catholic Theology at the University of Tübingen, in the nineteenth century. Its main representatives were Johann Adam Möhler, Johann Sebastian Drey, Johann Baptist von Hirscher, and Johannes von Kuhn. Thomas O'Meara describes the school as "a school in the sense of Origen at Alexandria, of Abelard outside Paris, of Albertus Magnus in Cologne". The Catholic Tübingen school was one of the primary rivals to neo-scholasticism in the nineteenth century, though in the period following the First Vatican Council and the publication of the encyclical Aeterni Patris, its influence waned until being retrieved in the twentieth century.
History
In 1817, the Faculty of Roman-Catholic Theology moved from Ellwangen to the University of Tübingen, which at the time had one of the strongest Protestant theological faculties in Germany; the city of Tübingen had no Catholic church at the time. In 1819, the faculty launched the journal which was intended to give balanced commentary on contemporary theology and avoid polemics which would impede Catholic-Protestant dialogue. is still published today and is the "longest-running Catholic theological journal in the world".
The intellectual influences of the Catholic Tübingen school can be traced to the German Enlightenment and Romanticism. It would be shaped by the reception of Immanuel Kant and Catholic Kantians, but ultimately rejected Kantianism in favor of post-Kantian German idealism. The thought of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling proved especially influential to the Catholic Tübingen school.
The Catholic Tübingen school flourished in nineteenth-century Germany and has been compared to the work of John Henry Newman, who demonstrated familiarity with the school in his writings. It declined in influence after the Neo-Scholastic Joseph Kleutgen's critique of the school and the reform of Catholic theology departments after the publication of Aeterni Patris.
Thought
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar%20Ebrahim
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Akbar Ebrahim
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Akbar Ebrahim (born on 14 December 1963) is a well-known Indian motorsports driver. He is the first Indian to take part in an international race when he participated in the British Formula 2 in England. He is currently the President of the Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India from September 2020. He is also the head of the International Karting Commission, the CIK of FIA.
In 1988, Karivardhan, considered as one of the stalwarts of Indian Motorsports, built the first Indian Formula car, with a Maruti 800cc engine and the inaugural race was won by Akbar Ebrahim. Later, the championship was named as FISSME, Formula India Single Seater Maruti Engine. The first FISSME race was held at Sholavaram and the next year in 1989, the legendary Jackie Stewart laid the foundation for the racing track at Irungattukottai, which is presently known as Madras International Circuit.
Ebrahim was also credited with teaching basics to India's first Formula One driver Narain Karthikeyan.
Career
After his schooling in Don Bosco Matriculation in Chennai, Ebrahim finished his Commerce graduation from the Loyola College, Chennai. He is a professional cricket player and represented Tamil Nadu in the Ranji Trophy. He is also a car racer who took part in open-wheel Formula racing.
Ebrahim was the first Indian to take part in the British F2 races. He took part in the 1994 British Formula Two Championship and also participated in the 1996 British Formula Three Championship. In a Dallara F398-Mugen Honda he took part in the MRF Madras Formula 3 Grand Prix and got a podium. He went on to drive a SMR AF2000-Ford Zetec shod on Michelin tyres in the Formula 2000 Asia Championship in 2000 for the FRD team. In the 2004 Formula LGB Swift Championship he took part as a part of the Super Speeds team, the famous outfit of Karivardhan, in a Maruti Esteem. He was also a popular rally driver and made a comeback taking part in the 2018 Indian National Rally Championship at Coimbatore after 25 years.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapestry%20%28board%20game%29
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Tapestry (board game)
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On a player's turn, they can either take an income turn or an advancement turn. An income turn denotes the start of a new era. Players will first use their civilization's ability if applicable. Second, they will play a tapestry card onto their income mat. Tapestry cards provide either an immediate benefit or a benefit which contains throughout the era. Third, they may upgrade a technology card. Technology cards have a 'circle' and a 'square' benefit. Rows for tech cards are shown on the right of a player's capital city mat. When a player gains a tech card, it is placed in the bottom 'cross' row. Whenever it is upgraded, it moves up to a higher row and the player gains the benefit listed on the tech card for that row. Next, they gain victory points for exposed victory point icons on their income tracks. Finally, they gain resources for exposed resource icons on their income tracks, as well as a tapestry card and a territory tile.
If the player chooses to take an advancement turn, they pay a resource cost to move one space down an advancement track. They then gain the benefit of the space they are now on and may pay an additional cost to gain a bonus benefit. Tapestry has 4 advancement tracks: Technology, Science, Exploration, and Military. Each track is split into 4 tiers, numbered I - IV, each with an increasing resource cost. The first player into tiers II-IV on each advancement track gains a unique landmark to place in their capital city.
The game ends for a player after their fifth income turn. Thus, the game ends at different times for each player. The winner of the game is the player with the most victory points.
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74392661
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckollia%20volubilis
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Buckollia volubilis
|
It is a woody climbing plant reaching 3–4 meters in height. It has tuberous roots. Its greyish-brown, densely warty stems and branches are covered in fine, soft hairs when young but become hairless with age. The stems are up to 10 millimeters in diameter. The leaves occur in clusters or opposite one another on the stem. The egg-shaped leaves are 35–65 by 7–24 millimeters with the broader part of the blade toward the tips. The leaves are covered in fine, soft hairs and can have wavy margins. The tips of the leaves are variable and can be pointed, blunt or notched. The bases of the leaves are wedge-shaped. Its petioles are 1–3 millimeters long and covered in fine to wooly hairs. Its Inflorescences slightly to densely covered in white, wooly hairs with peduncles that are 2–8 millimeters long, and pedicels that are 1–2 millimeters long. The pedicels have narrow, triangular bracts that are 1 millimeter long. Its aromatic flowers have 5 egg-shaped, maroon sepals that are 1.5–2 by 1.5–2 millimeters, covered in white, wooly hairs on their outer surface, and have pointed tips. Its 5 hairless petals are fused at the base forming 0.8–1.2 millimeter long tube. The triangular to egg-shaped, green to yellow-green lobes of the petals are 5–7 by 2–3 millimeters. The tips of the petals are pointed to blunt. The petals have dull red-brown, globe-shaped glandular swellings at their base. The flowers have a structure between the petals and the stamens called a corona. Its corona has thread-like lobes that are 4–9 millimeters long and radially aligned with the sepals. The coronal lobes are pink with yellow-brown bases. The flowers have 5 stamen with anthers that are 1–1.5 by 0.7 millimeters and filaments that are 1 millimeters long. The pistils have column-shaped styles that are 1 millimeter long, and blunt to concave stigma that are 1.5 millimeters long. Each stigma bears a structure called a pollen translator. The elliptical pollen translators have hemispherical bases that are covered in a sticky surface
| 2.65625
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74392734
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%20Kim%20Duc
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Chu Kim Duc
|
Chu Kim Đức is a Vietnamese architect, co-founder and director of Think Playgrounds. Her work at Think Playgrounds focuses on ensuring children's right to play within the public realm.
Early life and education
Đức was born in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 1980. After graduating as an architect from Hanoi University of Architecture with a degree in Urbanism in 2003, she studied the History of Gardens, Heritage and Landscape in Versailles in 2007 before returning to Vietnam.
While studying filmmaking at DocLab (Hanoi) in 2012, she met American photographer Judtih Hansen, who wanted to photograph playgrounds from around the world. Due to rapid urban development in Hanoi, outdoor play spaces for children are difficult to locate. In comparison to other similar high-density Asian cities with 39m2 of green space per inhabitant, Hanoi has only 11.2m2 per capita. Realizing the scarcity of playgrounds during a visit to Hanoi, Judith Hansen contacted Đức in hopes to donate a slide in collaboration with artist Nguyễn Ban Ga for children in Hanoi. While the project was never competed, this left Đức with the desire to continue working towards providing a playground for children in Hanoi.
Career
Think Playgrounds
Think Playgrounds established as a volunteer group in 2014, founded by Chu Kim Đức and journalist Nguyễn Tiêu Quốc Đạt. When they started their work, there was a lack of free playgrounds with proper equipment in Hanoi, which they believed to have a negative effect on childhood development.
Their process of construction engages local people to build a connection between a public space and the nearby residents. Đức recounts that the most difficult aspect of building a playground is ensuring the local users have the capacity to maintain it.
| 2.25
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74392908
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax%20brevirhinus
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Astyanax brevirhinus
|
Astyanax brevirhinus is a small species of freshwater fish known only from a river basin in northeastern Brazil. It is somewhat understudied and lacks a conservation status, but it is present in a region that is the subject of an ecological restoration project - the Jequitinhonha River. Specifics of diet and behavior are unknown, though shoaling activity has been observed in laboratory conditions.
The species name "brevirhinus" means "short nose"; this is because A. brevirhinus can be told apart from several congeners by its abbreviated snout length. Other factors, such as a lateral stripe and horizontal humeral spot, are shared with other Astyanax species, but aspects of dentition and fin structure can be used to differentiate. Nonetheless, these and other aspects - such as the deep body and silver scales - are not uncommon features within Astyanax as a whole.
Taxonomy
Astyanax brevirhinus was first cataloged by prolific German-American ichthyologist Carl H. Eigenmann in 1908. The type specimen, however, was collected much earlier; during the Thayer Expedition to Brazil, an ecological and biological endeavor undertaken by multiple scientists, took place in 1865, and resulted in various type specimens that were later recognized as new species by those that had attended. (Another example is a congener of A. brevirhinus, Astyanax bourgeti.) The original description of A. brevirhinus was somewhat brief, but it received a more detailed update from Eigenmann in the 1921 volume of "The American Characidae", a series of articles published in the journal Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College and later compiled into a book.
Astyanax brevirhinus has not undergone any notable taxonomic changes during its existence as a species, and lacks any known synonyms.
| 2.40625
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74392908
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyanax%20brevirhinus
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Astyanax brevirhinus
|
The body is a base silvery color. There is one humeral blotch, which is either rounded or horizontally elongated, and a dark lateral stripe that meets a blotch of dark pigment on the caudal peduncle. This blotch extends through the median caudal-fin rays. (When preserved in alcohol, the dark lateral band turns silver, and the humeral spot becomes obscured.) The caudal fin is mostly a middlingly-dark opaque color, while the middle rays are darkened (especially towards the tips). When in distress, such as during laboratory transport or in conditions perceived as threatening, individuals of A. brevirhinus may slightly darken in color.
Sexual dimorphism
Male specimens of A. brevirhinus exhibit bony hooks on the rays of the anal and pelvic fins. This is a feature seen on most species of Astyanax, though some demonstrate bony hooks on all fins instead of just the pelvic and anal. Otherwise, no morphometric or coloration differences are known between the sexes of A. brevirhinus.
Distribution and ecology
Astyanax brevirhinus is endemic to the Jequitinhonha River basin in Brazil. The holotype specimen was collected along the Jequitinhonha valley during the Thayer expedition in 1865–66. Its preferred water parameters appear to be within the pH range of 6.2–7.5, and the temperature range of ; tests with higher water temperatures upon captive specimens have resulted erratic swimming behavior and difficulty staying close to the surface of the water.
Observation in laboratory conditions reveals shoaling behavior amongst conspecifics of A. brevirhinus, not uncommon in species of Astyanax (both captive and wild). Otherwise, little has been published of the species' diet or behavior. It is known to live in the same river basin as congener Astyanax turmalinensis, but sympatric behavior has not been observed. Other congeners within a similar general region include Astyanax lacustris, Astyanax jacobinae, and Astyanax epiagos, all from rivers to the northeast of Brazil.
| 2.359375
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74393478
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppe%20Gebruers
|
Seppe Gebruers
|
Seppe Gebruers (born May 9, 1990) is a Belgian musician, composer and improvisor. He is also a teacher and researcher at KASK conservatory Ghent. Gebruers plays both solo and in bands. His work ranges from jazz to contemporary classical music.
Gebruers has, since his first concerts at the age of twelve, gained a reputation as an adventurous and uncompromising musician. Currently, he investigates the possibilities of quartertones in piano, composition and improvisation.
Early life
Gebruers started to play classical piano when he was 8 years old, but soon became interested in jazz. Jef Neve became his teacher and at age 12 he played in Belgium and abroad with his pianotrio (with Jakob Warmenbol and Nathan Wouters). In 2004 he performed at Sportpaleis for Night of the Proms. The same year he won a grant for Young Musical Talent.
At age 17 he shared the stage with Jim Black and Andrew D'Angelo and met musicians such as Kris Defoort, Bill Carrothers, Eric Thielemans, and Jozef Dumoulin.
At the Royal Conservatoire Antwerp he studied both jazz (with Erik Vermeulen) and classical piano (with Levente Kende). Gebruers started his education with a clear vision: "I knew which direction I wanted to go in: I wanted to make contemporary music that sounds intuitive."
While Gebruers often clashed with the traditional ways of the academy, he quickly developed a strong connection with Vermeulen. The latter quickly concluded that 'he had nothing left to teach' and the teacher-student relation soon developed into one of musical sparring partners.
Later life and career
Gebruers was the leader of the large ensemble Ifa y Xango which won the 2011 Jong Jazztalent Gent award and performed at Gent Jazz in 2012.
Their "irreverence, brought about by a sense of quasi-naïve frankness, would become the group's and Gebruers' trademark".
| 1.960938
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74393586
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seongnyugul%20Cave
|
Seongnyugul Cave
|
Seongnyugul Cave () is a limestone cave in Uljin, North Gyeongsang, South Korea, which was designated natural monument No 155 of South Korea on May 10, 1963.
It is also called Seonyugul (선유굴, 仙遊窟) and Jangcheongul (장천굴, 掌天窟). The name, Seongnyu (聖留), which means a place where sacred Buddhas stayed, and derives from the fact that Buddha statues were sheltered and protected in this cave during the Japanese invasion of Korea of 1592.
The length of the main cave is about 330 m, and the length remaining passage about 540 m, giving a total length of approximately 870 m, and has an area of 137,454 m2. A lake is developing in the cave due to the flows of the Wangpicheon, a river next to the cave. Within the cave there are many stalactites, stalagmites, and stone pillars formed from their joins.
During the 1592 Japanese invasion, about 500 people took refuge in this cave, and it is said that the Japanese troops blocked the entrance, resulting in the deaths of all inside.
Significance
The entrance of the cave has a stone engraved with a travelogue from the Silla Dynasty confirming that the cave has been a sacred place of scenic beauty since ancient times. Other historical materials about Seongnyugul Cave from various eras also attest its value: such as the story of Prince Bojildo (the Unified Silla period), a book (late Goryeo dynasty) a poem (early Joseon dynasty), and a painting (late Joseon).
| 2.53125
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74394005
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Battle%20of%20the%20James%20River%20%281673%29
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Second Battle of the James River (1673)
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The raid by Crijnssen had motivated governor William Berkeley of the Virginia colony to ask for naval reinforcements from England. In the spring of 1673, he received the support of two English armed merchantmen: Barnaby (50) under captain Thomas Gardiner and Augustine (50), commanded by captain Edward Cotterell. These ships would form the nucleus of an improvised English fighting force that was further made up of armed merchantmen that would defend the combined Virginia and Maryland tobacco fleets that was about to depart for England in early July 1673.
The battle
The Dutch fleet of about 20 ships (including prizes) entered the Chesapeake Bay on 11 July 1673 (O.S.; 21 July 1673 N.S.) and anchored in Lynnhaven Roads. They could see the masts of the Virginia tobacco fleet in the Hampton Roads. The English first decided to adopt a defensive stance, but their hand was forced in the morning of 12 July 1673 (O.S.) when suddenly the eight ships of the Maryland tobacco fleet appeared, sailing unsuspectingly straight at the Dutch fleet. The English warships had to engage the Dutch, to distract them and lure them away from the strategic spot, to avoid the Maryland ships falling into Dutch hands without a fight.
| 2.65625
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74394138
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico%20Barduzzi
|
Domenico Barduzzi
|
Barduzzi's early studies focused mainly on syphilis and especially on the problems of its treatment. These studies were also influenced by the scientific activity of Pietro Pellizzari, who had conducted experiments on three voluntary subjects (at that time it was not forbidden in Tuscany to subject, especially condemned prisoners, to experiments of a scientific nature) in order to test whether syphilis could be transmitted by blood. Barduzzi, despite the initial fascination with this theory, which he approached with enthusiasm, understood that the most effective way to stop the spread of syphilis was mainly prophylaxis care and the need to address the problem from a social point of view, since there was no valid therapy at the time. Furthermore, Barduzzi became convinced that in order to defend the population from the rampant contagion of syphilis, dermatovenereologists would have to unite in an association, which was founded in 1885 in Perugia: Barduzzi joined the steering committee as secretary, after being one of the promoters of the statute.
He was the promoter in Italy of the use of salvarsan, the arsenical preparation patented by Paul Ehrlich for the treatment of syphilis, sensing the importance of creating a precise protocol for testing the drug and anticipating current pluricentric trials. Prominent among his pupils were Vittorio Mibelli and Pio Colombini; the former achieved great fame even beyond national borders thanks to his description of two new skin diseases, namely Mibelli's angiokeratoma and porokeratosis, while the latter became a professor in Sassari and Modena but failed to continue the master's work.
| 2.421875
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74394434
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja%20Azam
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Raja Azam
|
Raja Azam bin Raja Kamaralzaman (13 July 1918 – 1999), simply known as Raja Azam, was a Malaysian nobleman and politician whom formerly held the position of state secretary of Negeri Sembilan from 1960 to 1962, and State Secretary of Brunei from 1962 to 1964.
Early life and career
On 13 July 1918 Raja Azam was born in Kuala Dipang, Perak. He was the lone child of Raja Nasibah binti Raja Ismail and Raja Di-Hilir Kamaralzaman ibni Raja Mansur. He attended the Malay College in Kuala Kangsar, where his father also received his education, and where he served as head boy. He claimed, "From the start, we knew that we were being groomed for administrative positions," in a 1996 interview with the Sunday Star. A foundational course was given to him, including history, math, and English. After earning his Senior Cambridge in 1938 he continued his education at Raffles College in Singapore, where he graduated with a certificate in administrative studies.
Career
Raja Azam started his career in the administrative service in 1942, and the Taiping Land Office was one of his first employers. He had stated in the aforementioned interview that a government worker was supposed to be adaptable and that "(one) had to know the law very well as administrators often beckoned the role of magistrates." He was integrated into the Malayan Civil Service (MCS) by 1952. Raja Azam has previously held the positions of District Officer in Kuala Langat, Selangor, and Commissioner of Lands and Mines in Perlis. Following independence, he served as the State Secretary of Negeri Sembilan from 1960 to 1962 under the tutelage of Tuanku Abdul Rahman and Tuanku Munawir. From 1962 to 1964, he served as the State Secretary of Brunei at the invitation of Sultan Sir Omar Ali Saifuddien III to assist in the development of the Brunei civil service.
| 2
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74394444
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor%20Ison%20Franklin
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Eleanor Ison Franklin
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Eleanor Lutia Ison Franklin (1929 – 1998) was an American endocrinologist and medical physiologist.
Early life and education
Eleanor Lutia Ison was born on December 24, 1929, in Dublin, Georgia to musician and teacher Rose Mae Oliver and Luther Lincoln Ison, a mathematician and teacher. She attended segregated schools in Quitman, Georgia and Tuscumbia, Alabama. When she was 14 years old, she was valedictorian at Carver High School in Walton County. She started attending Spelman College at the age of 15. She took physics and chemistry courses at Morehouse College. She graduated from Spelman magna cum laude with a degree in biology in 1948. She then attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, earning her MS in zoology in 1951. She returned to Spelman and taught for two years to help her family. She returned to the University of Wisconsin and earned her PhD in endocrinology in 1957.
Academic career
Franklin was hired by the Tuskegee Institute's Veterinary School. She taught pharmacology and physiology. She was hired by Howard University College of Medicine as an endocrinologist in 1963. After her colleague Anna Epps moved to New Orleans, Ison-Franklin was asked to assume her duties for the Academic Reinforcement Program of the medical school. She later became the associate dean for academic affairs in 1970 and was the first woman to become a dean at the school. She gained full professorship in 1971.
Franklin returned to the physiology department in 1980.
Franklin conducted research at Howard. Her findings on hypertension and cardiovascular physiology were published in the New England Journal of Medicine. She received grants from the National Institutes of Health, NASA's Ames Research Center and the Washington Heart Association.
| 2.40625
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74394518
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misophrice
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Misophrice
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Misophrice is an Australian genus of true weevils associated with plants in the family Casuarinaceae.
Description
Misophrice adults are quite small weevils. For example, M. squamiventris is 2-3 mm long and M. gloriosa is 1⅔-2 mm long. They lack the final, claw-bearing segment of each tarsus. Some related genera also have clawless tarsi, but Misophrice can be distinguished from these by the funicle of the antenna being 6-segmented (5-segmented in Anarciarthrum and 7-segmented in Thechia). The first funicle segment in Misophrice is stout and about as long as the second and third combined, while the second segment is slightly longer than the third. The rostrum is either entirely glabrous or glabrous except for the base. The body of at least some species is covered in scales.
The elytra of these weevils varies in appearance. In 1927, the entomologist Arthur Mills Lea divided the genus into six groups based on this: elytra tuberculate, elytra with numerous erect bristles, surface (=derm) of elytra entirely covered in scales, surface of elytra entirely black, surface of elytra with isolated dark spots, and surface of elytra at most with base and suture dark.
The internal anatomy of two Misophrice species, along with many other weevils, has been studied. The crop is well-developed (and full of pollen grains, in the specimens studied), as is the proventriculus. The mid gut is longer than the hind gut. There are six Malpighian tubules, inserted as a group of four tubules and two tubules separately. The prothoracic ganglion is only partially fused to the mesothoracic ganglion.
Ecology
Misophrice has variously been described as associated with Casuarina, Allocasuarina or both. According to Lea, the genus is "practically confined" to Casuarina and is abundant on them, but has rarely been collected from other plants. A 2011 study reported these weevils on the species C. equisetifolia, C. glauca and C. cunninghamiana.
| 2.234375
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74394786
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%20NIRSA%20National%20Soccer%20Championship
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2016 NIRSA National Soccer Championship
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Women's open
In the finals, Virginia Tech would face Oregon. Despite needing a seven-round PK shootout in the semifinals against defending champion UCLA, Virginia Tech dominated their first 3 games of the tournament by scoring 15 goals while only giving up 1. Oregon were also dominate by scoring 13 goals in their previous four games while only giving up 3. Virginia Tech started hot by scoring 2 goals in the first five minutes with the first coming from eventual MVP Emily Fitzsimmons. However, these were the only goals they would score, meaning when Meghan Schroeder of Oregon scored in the 66th minute, it was just a one goal game. Eventual Most Outstanding Goalkeeper Catherine McNicol of Virginia Tech would ensure that the two goals scored in the first five minutes would be enough, as Virginia Tech went on to win 2–1 for their second women's open national title.
Format
The competition consisted of 96 teams: 48 men's teams and 48 women's teams. Each of these divisions were further divided into two 24-team divisions: the championship and open. The championship division divided teams into eight groups of three while the open division divided teams into six groups of four, both engaging in a round-robin tournament that determined teams able to advance to a knockout stage.
Pool play games were two 40-minute halves, separated by a seven-minute halftime and utilized the three points for a win system. In the championship division, the two highest ranked teams from each group advanced to their knockout stage, with the third placed team advancing to a consolation bracket. In the open division, the top team from each group as well as the two best second placed teams advanced to their knockout stage.
| 1.953125
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74394841
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge%20Computers
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Ridge Computers
|
Ridge Computers, Inc., was an American computer manufacturer active from 1980 to 1990. The company began as a builder of deskside workstations and workgroup servers and progressed to superminicomputers. They claimed to have produced the first commercially available Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) systems.
Company history
Ridge Computers was established in May 1980 in Santa Clara, California by six original founders, five of whom had come from Hewlett-Packard (HP), and one from Zilog.
The company was named for the Montebello Ridge, where two of the founders used to go cycling.
Ridge's first prototype was running by autumn 1981, and entered beta testing one and a half years later in early 1983. The system was presented at the Comdex show in autumn 1983. The earliest CPUs were bit slice processors built from "Fast" ("F" infix) type 7400-series integrated circuits and Programmable Array Logic (PAL) devices.
The Ridge CPU's qualification as a RISC design has been challenged due to its use of variable length instructions, multiple-cycle instruction decode, microcoded control store, and relatively rich instruction set, with over 100 instructions. Other sources reaffirm the Ridge's RISC bona fides.
Ridge faced competition not only from Digital Equipment Corporation's popular VAX-11, but also from other early RISC adopters Celerity Computing and Pyramid Technology, the latter of which began shipping systems in March 1984.
Although considered closer in configuration and capability to contemporary workstations, Ridge described their early systems as "personal mainframes". Their original target market was designers and engineers running scientific and technical applications, including computer-aided design, computer imaging and animation, and scientific research. A significant customer was Pacific Data Images, who switched from DEC VAXen to Ridge 32s, reporting a doubling of performance.
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74394935
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idyll%20XVIII
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Idyll XVIII
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Idyll XVIII, also titled Ἑλένης Ἐπιθάλαμιος ('The Epithalamy of Helen'), is a poem by the 3rd-century BC Greek poet Theocritus. The poem includes a re-creation of the epithalamium sung by a choir of maidens at the marriage of Helen and Menelaus of Sparta. The idea is said to have been borrowed from an old poem by Stesichorus.
Analysis
This is a short Epic piece of the same type as XIII. Both begin, as do XXV and Bion II, with a phrase suggesting that they are consequent upon something previous; but according to Edmonds this conceit, like the ergo or igitur of Propertius and Ovid, is no more than a recognised way of beginning a short poem. The introduction, unlike that of XIII, contains no dedication.
The scholia tells that Theocritus here imitates certain passages of Stesichorus' first Epithalamy of Helen. The text likely contains allusions to certain passages from lost works by Sappho, and Edmonds thinks Theocritus "seems to have had Saphho's book of Wedding-Songs before him" when writing this poem.
Lang thinks this epithalamium may have been written for the wedding of a friend of the poet's. The epithalamium, chanted at night by a chorus of girls, outside the bridal chamber, was a traditional feature of weddings. Compare the conclusion of the hymn of Adonis in XV.
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74395117
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practices%20and%20beliefs%20of%20Mahatma%20Gandhi
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Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi
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Mahatma Gandhi's statements, letters and life have attracted much political and scholarly analysis of his principles, practices and beliefs, including what influenced him. Some writers present him as a paragon of ethical living and pacifism, while others present him as a more complex, contradictory and evolving character influenced by his culture and circumstances.
Influences
Gandhi grew up in a Hindu and Jain religious atmosphere in his native Gujarat, which were his primary influences, but he was also influenced by his personal reflections and literature of Hindu Bhakti saints, Advaita Vedanta, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, and thinkers such as Tolstoy, Ruskin and Thoreau. At age 57 he declared himself to be Advaitist Hindu in his religious persuasion, but added that he supported Dvaitist viewpoints and religious pluralism.
Gandhi was influenced by his devout Vaishnava Hindu mother, the regional Hindu temples and saint tradition which co-existed with Jain tradition in Gujarat. Historian R.B. Cribb states that Gandhi's thought evolved over time, with his early ideas becoming the core or scaffolding for his mature philosophy. He committed himself early to truthfulness, temperance, chastity, and vegetarianism.
Gandhi's London lifestyle incorporated the values he had grown up with. When he returned to India in 1891, his outlook was parochial and he could not make a living as a lawyer. This challenged his belief that practicality and morality necessarily coincided. After moving to South Africa in 1893, he found a solution to this problem and developed the central concepts of his mature philosophy.
| 2.875
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74395117
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practices%20and%20beliefs%20of%20Mahatma%20Gandhi
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Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi
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According to Bhikhu Parekh, three books that influenced Gandhi most in South Africa were William Salter's Ethical Religion (1889); Henry David Thoreau's On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (1849); and Leo Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894). The art critic and critic of political economy John Ruskin inspired his decision to live an austere life on a commune, at first on the Phoenix Farm in Natal and then on the Tolstoy Farm just outside Johannesburg, South Africa. His book Sarvodaya (1908) in Gujarati is a translation of Ruskin's Unto This Last which he read on a 24-hour train journey in South Africa. The most profound influence on Gandhi were those from Hinduism, Christianity and Jainism, states Parekh, with his thoughts "in harmony with the classical Indian traditions, specially the Advaita or monistic tradition".
According to Indira Carr and others, Gandhi was influenced by Vaishnavism, Jainism and Advaita Vedanta. Balkrishna Gokhale states that Gandhi was influenced by Hinduism and Jainism, and his studies of Sermon on the Mount of Christianity, Ruskin and Tolstoy.
Additional theories of possible influences on Gandhi have been proposed. For example, in 1935, N. A. Toothi stated that Gandhi was influenced by the reforms and teachings of the Swaminarayan tradition of Hinduism. According to Raymond Williams, Toothi may have overlooked the influence of the Jain community, and adds close parallels do exist in programs of social reform in the Swaminarayan tradition and those of Gandhi, based on "nonviolence, truth-telling, cleanliness, temperance and upliftment of the masses." Historian Howard states the culture of Gujarat influenced Gandhi and his methods.
Leo Tolstoy
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74395117
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practices%20and%20beliefs%20of%20Mahatma%20Gandhi
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Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi
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Along with The Kingdom of God Is Within You in 1908, Leo Tolstoy wrote A Letter to a Hindu, which said that only by using love as a weapon through passive resistance could the Indian people overthrow colonial rule. In 1909, Gandhi wrote to Tolstoy seeking advice and permission to republish A Letter to a Hindu in Gujarati. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death in 1910 (Tolstoy's last letter was to Gandhi). The letters concern practical and theological applications of nonviolence. Gandhi saw himself a disciple of Tolstoy, for they agreed regarding opposition to state authority and colonialism; both hated violence and preached non-resistance. However, they differed sharply on political strategy. Gandhi called for political involvement; he was a nationalist and was prepared to use nonviolent force. He was also willing to compromise. It was at Tolstoy Farm where Gandhi and Hermann Kallenbach systematically trained their disciples in the philosophy of nonviolence.
Shrimad Rajchandra
Gandhi credited Shrimad Rajchandra, a poet and Jain philosopher, as his influential counsellor. In Modern Review, June 1930, Gandhi wrote about their first encounter in 1891 at P.J. Mehta's residence in Bombay. He was introduced to Shrimad by Pranjivan Mehta. Gandhi exchanged letters with Rajchandra when he was in South Africa, referring to him as Kavi (literally, "poet"). In 1930, Gandhi wrote, "Such was the man who captivated my heart in religious matters as no other man ever has till now." "I have said elsewhere that in moulding my inner life Tolstoy and Ruskin vied with Kavi. But Kavi's influence was undoubtedly deeper if only because I had come in closest personal touch with him."
Gandhi, in his autobiography, called Rajchandra his "guide and helper" and his "refuge [...] in moments of spiritual crisis". He had advised Gandhi to be patient and to study Hinduism deeply.</ref>
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74395117
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practices%20and%20beliefs%20of%20Mahatma%20Gandhi
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Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi
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Gandhi on war
Gandhi participated in forming the Indian Ambulance Corps in the South African war against the Boers, on the British side in 1899. Both the Dutch settlers called Boers and the imperial British at that time discriminated against the coloured races they considered as inferior, and Gandhi later wrote about his conflicted beliefs during the Boer war. He stated that "when the war was declared, my personal sympathies were all with the Boers, but my loyalty to the British rule drove me to participation with the British in that war. I felt that, if I demanded rights as a British citizen, it was also my duty, as such to participate in the defence of the British Empire, so I collected together as many comrades as possible, and with very great difficulty got their services accepted as an ambulance corps."
During World War I (1914–1918), nearing the age of 50, Gandhi supported the British and its allied forces by recruiting Indians to join the British army, expanding the Indian contingent from about 100,000 to over 1.1 million. He encouraged Indian people to fight on one side of the war in Europe and Africa at the cost of their lives. Pacifists criticised and questioned Gandhi, who defended these practices by stating, according to Sankar Ghose, "it would be madness for me to sever my connection with the society to which I belong". According to Keith Robbins, the recruitment effort was in part motivated by the British promise to reciprocate the help with swaraj (self-government) to Indians after the end of World War I. After the war, the British government offered minor reforms instead, which disappointed Gandhi. He launched his satyagraha movement in 1919. In parallel, Gandhi's fellowmen became sceptical of his pacifist ideas and were inspired by the ideas of nationalism and anti-imperialism.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practices%20and%20beliefs%20of%20Mahatma%20Gandhi
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Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi
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Gandhi as a politician, in practice, settled for less than complete non-violence. His method of non-violent Satyagraha could easily attract masses and it fitted in with the interests and sentiments of business groups, better-off people and dominant sections of peasantry, who did not want an uncontrolled and violent social revolution which could create losses for them. His doctrine of ahimsa lay at the core of unifying role played by the Gandhian Congress. However, during the Quit India Movement, even many staunch Gandhians used 'violent means'.
On inter-religious relations
Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs
Gandhi believed that Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism were traditions of Hinduism, with a shared history, rites and ideas. At other times, he acknowledged that he knew little about Buddhism other than his reading of Edwin Arnold's book on it. Based on that book, he considered Buddhism to be a reform movement and the Buddha to be a Hindu. He stated he knew Jainism much more, and he credited Jains to have profoundly influenced him. Sikhism, to Gandhi, was an integral part of Hinduism, in the form of another reform movement. Sikh and Buddhist leaders disagreed with Gandhi, a disagreement Gandhi respected as a difference of opinion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practices%20and%20beliefs%20of%20Mahatma%20Gandhi
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Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi
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One of the strategies Gandhi adopted was to work with Muslim leaders of pre-partition India, to oppose the British imperialism in and outside the Indian subcontinent. After the First World War, in 1919–22, he won the Muslim leadership support of the Ali Brothers by backing the Khilafat Movement in favour of the Islamic Caliph and his historic Ottoman Caliphate, and opposing the secular Islam-supporting Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. By 1924, Atatürk had ended the Caliphate, the Khilafat Movement was over, and Muslim support for Gandhi had largely evaporated.
In 1925, Gandhi gave another reason for why he had got involved in the Khilafat movement and the Middle East affairs between Britain and the Ottoman Empire. Gandhi explained to his co-religionists (Hindus) that he sympathised and campaigned for the Islamic cause, not because he cared for the Sultan, but because "I wanted to enlist the Mussalman's sympathy in the matter of cow protection". According to the historian M. Naeem Qureshi, like the then Indian Muslim leaders who had combined religion and politics, Gandhi too imported his religion into his political strategy during the Khilafat movement.
In the 1940s, Gandhi pooled ideas with some Muslim leaders who sought religious harmony like him, and opposed the proposed partition of British India into India and Pakistan. For example, his close friend Badshah Khan suggested that they should work towards opening Hindu temples for Muslim prayers, and Islamic mosques for Hindu prayers, to bring the two religious groups closer. Gandhi accepted this and began having Muslim prayers read in Hindu temples to play his part, but was unable to get Hindu prayers read in mosques. The Hindu nationalist groups objected and began confronting Gandhi for this one-sided practice, by shouting and demonstrating inside the Hindu temples, in the last years of his life.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practices%20and%20beliefs%20of%20Mahatma%20Gandhi
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Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi
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According to Christophe Jaffrelot, while Gandhi considered untouchability to be wrong and evil, he believed that caste or class is based on neither inequality nor inferiority. Gandhi believed that individuals should freely intermarry whomever they wish, but that no one should expect everyone to be his friend: every individual, regardless of background, has a right to choose whom he will welcome into his home, whom he will befriend, and whom he will spend time with.
In 1932, Gandhi began a new campaign to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he began to call harijans, "the children of god". On 8 May 1933, Gandhi began a 21-day fast of self-purification and launched a year-long campaign to help the harijan movement. This campaign was not universally embraced by the Dalit community: Ambedkar and his allies felt Gandhi was being paternalistic and was undermining Dalit political rights. Ambedkar described him as "devious and untrustworthy". He accused Gandhi as someone who wished to retain the caste system. Ambedkar and Gandhi debated their ideas and concerns, each trying to persuade the other. It was during the Harijan tour that he faced the first assassination attempt. While in Poona, a bomb was thrown by an unidentified assailant (described only as a sanatani in the press) at a car belonging to his entourage but Gandhi and his family escaped as they were in the car that was following. Gandhi later declared that he "cannot believe that any sane sanatanist could ever encourage the insane act ... The sorrowful incident has undoubtedly advanced the Harijan cause. It is easy to see that causes prosper by the martyrdom of those who stand for them."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20Kingston%20Penitentiary%20riot
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1971 Kingston Penitentiary riot
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Around the circular dome were 640 cells stacked up on four floors. The cells in Kingston penitentiary were small, cold, drafty, minimally furnished and overrun by rats. Starting in 1966, most of the privileges' enjoyed by the prisoners such as a baseball team, writing for a prison magazine, and almost all recreational programs were abolished. In 1968, the Liberal Party under the leadership of Pierre Trudeau won the election of that year under the slogan of the "Just Society". The implication of the "Just Society" platform was that Canada was an unjust society that needed sweeping social reforms, which led to hopes in Kingston penitentiary that the new government would change conditions in the prison. However, the new Trudeau government to counter criticism that it was "soft on crime" made conditions in the prisons even harsher. For an example, starting in 1948, the prisoners were permitted to write for and publish a magazine, KP Telescope, which allowed the lesser educated prisoners to learn how to read and write. In 1969, the Trudeau government abolished KP Telescope under the grounds that the prisoners did not need a magazine to read. The prisoners were not allowed to bring in magazines and the loss of KP Telescope was much resented as depriving the prisoners of their main reading material. The combination of a Liberal government whose rhetoric promised a "Just Society" for all vs. the steadily more harsher conditions at Kingston penitentiary made for a volatile mood in the prison.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Houbara%20Protected%20Area
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Al Houbara Protected Area
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Al Houbara Protected Area is a natural reserve in the United Arab Emirates, and it is located in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. It is named after the large ground bird, Houbara, which belongs in the Persian Gulf region. This reserve consists of abundant plantation and coastal plains on well-drained sandy and gravelly terrain.
Overview
It is one of the most important natural reserves based concerned mainly with the settlement of Houbara birds, as it hosts the largest programs for the resettlement of the Houbara birds in the United Arab Emirates. It is also the only reserve in which sand cats were spotted again after a long absence, according to the reserve's management by the Environment Agency in Abu Dhabi. The reserve extends over an area of 774 km square.
The Arabian Oryx
In coordination with the Municipality of Al Dhafra Region and under the directives of His Highness Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, "the representative of the ruler in the Al Dhafra region and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Environment Authority in Abu Dhabi," the Environment Agency issued a new group of "Arabian Oryx" in the Houbara Reserve, and this group is the first among 100 Arabian Oryx, as Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan confirmed that the reintroduction of the Arabian Oryx led to a change in its status in 2011 in the IUCN Red List, from “Endangered” to “Vulnerable."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinziegenfelder%20Tal
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Kleinziegenfelder Tal
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Statue of cyclist Claudius
The original statue of a cyclist was installed in 1905 by two brothers from Kleinziegenfeld, who aimed to create a distinctive landmark in the area. Using sawdust and wood, they crafted a life-sized figure dressed in a tailcoat and top hat, mounted on a penny-farthing bicycle, and securely positioned it on the rock. Interestingly, this bicycle was also the first and only one in Kleinziegenfeld at that time. The idea for this unique installation was proposed by Georg Ammon, a grammar school professor in Regensburg who hailed from Kleinziegenfeld. The exact motivation behind the statue's placement is no longer documented, and several theories exist: it might have been erected to commemorate the era when the Kleinziegenfeld valley attracted numerous cyclists or to serve as a contrast to the cannons and dragoons situated on other rocky outcrops. Another explanation suggests that a cyclist once intended to cross the valley using a bridge that had long vanished, and instead of turning back, he is immortalized on the rock to this day.
Initially, the figure stood on the rock for several years until it was blown away during a strong storm. In 1933, a new statue of a cyclist was built. Because it carried a swastika flag, the statue was dismantled during World War II so as not to draw the attention of the Allies to the village. In 1952, a third statue was built, which had to be renovated in 1971 after vandalism. In the process, the legs and arms were made of solid spruce wood with joints. The Claudius statue has carried a red and white flag since 1952.
Hiking trails
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street%20furniture%20in%20Barcelona
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Street furniture in Barcelona
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Despite these early precedents, street furniture did not begin to be systematically planned until the appointment in 1871 of Antoni Rovira i Trias as head of Buildings and Ornamentation of the City Council. This architect was the first to make a special effort to combine aesthetics and functionality for this type of urban adornment. Until the year of his death in 1889, he was responsible for a large number of products installed on the public streets. Some of them were imported, generally from France: in 1876 he replaced the fountain in the Plaza Real with an ornamental fountain manufactured by the French company Durenne, the Three Graces Fountain; in 1877 he began the installation of public urinals also of Parisian origin known as vespasian (vespasienne), made of metal with a circular body with a capacity for six people, above which rose a hexagonal section for advertising, crowned by a cupulite. However, he also personally designed a large number of these elements: in 1875 he designed an iron and palaster table for the sale of flowers on La Rambla, where he also placed a wooden kiosk for drinks in 1877, the Canaletas kiosk; In 1877 he designed a fountain for the Plaza de Jonqueres that later spread throughout the city, made in series by La Maquinista Terrestre y Marítima; in 1882 he placed some public urinals on the Paseo Nacional (now Paseo de Juan de Borbón), and the following year he designed another model of urinal inspired by a model of the New York firm Mott Iron Works, which was distributed throughout the city; between 1882 and 1886 he designed the railing over the retaining walls of the railroad ditch in Aragón street, as well as the railings, stone benches, street light and iron jugs of the Paseo de Colón; and in 1886 he was also in charge of the railings, ornamental jugs and finishing details of the Salón de San Juan (today's Paseo de Lluís Companys).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Oulu%20fire%20of%201705
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Great Oulu fire of 1705
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The great Oulu fire of 1705 was a conflagration that destroyed the parts of the city of Oulu, Finland. It consists of two fires in total, the first of which occurred on 20 July 1705, and the second on 28 August of the same year. A total of 144 houses and 121 granaries from the third and fourth districts of the city burned down in the fires.
The July fire was the largest of these. The fire started in Knuutti Juhonpoika's kitchen, where the maid Valpuri Pietarintytär was preparing liquor mash. Aided by the strong wind, the fire spread quickly in the then IV district, and practically the entire district burned to the ground. The fire in August started when the fire escaped from the shed of Tuomas Jakku's house. The fire destroyed 39 of the houses that were saved from the previous fire, and in addition most of the granaries in the Hahtiperä area also burned.
The area of the city was reduced by moving the customs fence towards the city center. Those whose estates were outside the customs fence were given estates in the center of the city. It was decided to leave free space between Hahtiperä's waterfront sheds and the town's houses.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce%20Daniel
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Joyce Daniel
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The National Birth Control Association recognised Daniel as their South Wales organiser and under her leadership Medical Officers and councils were lobbied. Memo 153/MCW gave authority for medical professionals to take action but they were not obliged. Moreover, Daniel and her supporters could not advertise this service as it was only meant to be available where a woman's health was at risk. Professionals were not keen and women would exaggerate their ignorance about birth control techniques. Daniel reported that Medical Officers failed to tell their doctors that the birth control service was available. Some doctors were opposed to the whole idea and only referred cases that were "dire". Patients reported that Doctors would warn women that they should not have any more children but they offered no advice to support couples in avoiding further pregnancies.
By 1939 there were over a dozen clinics in the South Wales valleys following Pontypridd's lead and they were created by local authorities. Daniel wanted to avoid seeing women exhausted by large families and illegal abortions. She served for thirty years and her donation of unpaid overtime was noted. She was opposed to abortion and she was a committed member of her local church.
She died in 1985 at Eltham and her ashes were buried in Pontypridd.
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