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78753287	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Central%20Flyway%20Conference	East Central Flyway Conference	The East Central Flyway Conference is a former high school athletic conference in Wisconsin, competing from 2001 to 2007. All members belonged to the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association. History The East Central Flyway Conference was created in 2001 from a merger of two previously established conferences for small schools in east central Wisconsin. Eight members (Berlin, Laconia, Lourdes Academy in Oshkosh, Markesan, Omro, Ripon, Wautoma and Winneconne) were formerly in the East Central Conference and nine schools came from the Flyway Conference (Central Wisconsin Christian in Waupun, Horicon, Lomira, Mayville, North Fond du Lac, Oakfield, St. Lawrence Seminary in Mount Calvary, and St. Mary’s Springs and Winnebago Lutheran, both out of Fond du Lac). The conference was separated into two divisions with the ECC schools forming the Lakes Division and the Flyway members comprising the Rivers Division: The first membership changes occurred in 2004, when Central Wisconsin Christian and St. Lawrence Seminary left the East Central Flyway. Central Wisconsin Christian joined the Trailways Conference while St. Lawrence became an independent. Waupun, formerly of the Wisconsin Little Ten Conference, joined the Lakes Division with Laconia moving over to the Rivers Division:	2.015625
78753294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse%20Davanne	Alphonse Davanne	Alphonse Davanne (12 April 182419 September 1912) was a French chemist, photographer, and writer. Early life Louis-Alphonse Davanne was born in Paris, France, on 12 April 1824. Career In 1852, the French chemist embraced photography as his profession. His own photographs were signed "A. Davanne". Alphonse Davanne was a founding member of the Société française de photographie in 1854 and served on the board of directors. He was also a member of the Royal Photographic Society. At the general meeting of the French Photographic Society () on 16 July 1858, Davanne presented uranium prints made by Louis Alphonse de Brébisson and read out a letter from him explaining his photographic process. During the 1850s, he re-explored bitumen of Judea as a medium for Photoengraving, naming his technique litho-photographie. In 1858, Davanne contributed to a work published in Paris under the title Photographic chemistry () in collaboration with French chemist and physiologist Charles-Louis Barreswil. In January 1863, he worked alongside French chemist Aimé Girard on the action of nitrate of silver upon albumen. He was admitted to the Société chimique de Paris in 1864. He later published the Photographic Directory in 1865. In the 1870s, Davanne held the position of vice president for the French Society of Photography, becoming its president in 1876. He was also a professor of photography at the National School of Bridges and Highways (). He was appointed as a member of the awards jury at the Paris Exhibition of 1878. In 1885, Davanne wrote about French inventor Nicéphore Niepce, publishing his work under the title Nicéphore Niepce, inventeur de la photographie. In August 1887, The English Mechanic and World of Science highlighted that Davanne announced a 1000 franc prize for a photographic plate combining the benefits of both gelatin and collodion, with a submission deadline of 31 December 1888.	2.453125
78753325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Palermo%20%281624%29	Battle of Palermo (1624)	The Battle of Palermo of 1624 was a naval battle between Hispano-Maltese fleet led by Álvaro de Bazán y Benavides and a Barbary corsair fleet from Tunisia and Algiers. Background In 1624, Álvaro de Bazán y Benavides returned to Sicily from patrolling near Ibiza and capturing there three loaded Ottoman galleons in route to Alexandria. Learning that a combined Barbary fleet, composed by galleys from the Regency of Algiers and the Ottoman Tunisian port of Bizerte, was cruising and making prey around the coasts of Italy and Spain, he decided to take action. Bazán sailed off from Palermo at the head of 14 galleys from Sicily and 14 from the Order of St. John of Malta. By coincidence, the Barbary armada was at the other side of the cape of Palermo, and both fleets clashed threed days later. Battle Despite their disadvantage in numbers, the Barbary galleys formed and became ready for battle. Comfortable with his own predicament, Bazán sent Ensign Juan de Quesada in a boat and offered them to surrender, but the Turk captain in command of the Muslims declined the offer and demanded in turn be given free passage of Algiers, where they were previously heading to. The battle started shortly after, with Bazán ordering to open fire with all of their artillery. The Barbary fleet was overwhelmed and attempted to turn back and escape the way they came, but the Christians hunted them down, sinking seven of them and capturing the remnant six. Many prisoners were taken and 400 Christian galley slaves were freed. Aftermath Victory was communicated to Viceroy of Sicily, Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy, who ordered the booty to be divided among the crewmen. Bazán would sail again against Barbary fleets later into the month, achieving victory in the battles of Gulf of Tunis and the Dalmatian Coast.	2.65625
78753867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loft%20Dynamics	Loft Dynamics	The company plans on launching flight simulators in South America, Europe, the United States, the Persian Gulf, and Australia, and it is forming partnerships with numerous flight schools around the world. Marshall University uses Loft Dynamics simulators to teach a curriculum that helps pilots develop skills such as night flying, confined area takeoffs and landings, and flight in dangerous conditions. Air Zermatt uses the simulators to train for hazardous alpine rescues. Loft Dynamics also works with OEMs such as Airbus Helicopters to advance training safety and accessibility across the industry. As 2024, Loft Dynamics has entered into partnerships with SAF Aerogroup, EPNER, HMotion, Simplon, Air Greenland, Air Zermatt, and Sky Aviation and Helixcom of Italy. Leadership Loft Dynamics has two cofounders: Fabi Riesen and Christian Marty. Riesen is the CEO of Loft Dynamics, and Christian Marty is the CTO. In 2024, Loft Dynamics added former FAA administrators Randy Babbitt and Michael Huerta to its Advisory Board. Ray Lamas, an experienced U.S. Navy veteran, was announced as the company's North American president in June 2024. Technology Loft Dynamics uses state-of-the-art virtual reality technology, employing cloud-based software to enable pilots of all skill levels to practice complex or dangerous flight maneuvers and undergo realistic training for missions, and potentially landmarks all across the world. The ISO 9001-certified simulators, which are ten times smaller than traditional flight simulators, are equipped with "three-dimensional high-resolution panoramic view, dynamic six-degrees-of-freedom motion platform and a full-scale replica cockpit with a unique pose tracking system". The Virtual Reality headsets, made by Finnish company Varjo, feature a "90Hz frame refresh rate, a 2 x 8 megapixel resolution and a 30 pixel-per-degree display". One of the major advantages of the VR simulators is a 360-degree field of view.	2.328125
78753901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birju%20Dattani	Birju Dattani	Birju Dattani (also known as Mujahid Dattani) is a Canadian lawyer and human rights professional who is a senior fellow at the Centre for Free Expression at Toronto Metropolitan University. Dattani was previously appointed as Chief Commissioner of the Canadian Human Rights Commission in 2024, but he was forced to resign before starting his role due to accusations of antisemitism. Early life and education Dattani was born in Calgary, Alberta, to parents who were refugees from Uganda. He later attended the University of Wales and the London School of Economics. Career Prior to his federal appointment, Dattani served as the executive director of the Yukon Human Rights Commission. He also held positions at Centennial College and worked as a human rights lawyer in Alberta. Appointment to Canadian Human Rights Commission Dattani was appointed to become the first Muslim or racialized chief commissioner of the Canadian Human Rights Commission, with a term to begin August 8, 2024. However, Dattani resigned on August 7, only 1 day before his term was set to begin, after complaints from Canadian Jewish leaders accusing Dattani of antisemitism under the alias Mujahid Dattani. In 2015, Dattani appeared on a panel with a member of the Islamic fundamentalist group Hizb ut-Tahrir, which calls for the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic caliphate. Dattani denied knowing that the other panellist was a member of the group and said "I wholeheartedly disagree with and condemn Hizb ut-Tahrir". The Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs criticized what they said were Dattani's comparisons of Israel and Nazi Germany on the Twitter account @mujahid_dattani. Dattani acknowledged sharing the article, but said that it was "for discussion as I was an academic studying such issues" and that he "did not agree with the comparison". Later career After resigning from the Canadian Human Rights Commission, Dattani became a senior fellow at the Centre for Free Expression at Toronto Metropolitan University.	1.914063
78754023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Barlow%20Wood	Thomas Barlow Wood	Thomas Barlow Wood (21 January 1869 – 6 November 1929) was a British chemist and agricultural scientist who researched animal nutrition, published an influential paper on experimental error, and was one of researchers who isolated cannabinol. He was associated with the School of Agriculture at the University of Cambridge almost from its foundation; he held the Drapers' chair of agriculture (1907–29), and the school's prestige grew under his leadership. He also directed the Animal Nutrition Research Institute at Cambridge (from 1912), served as the first editor-in-chief of The Journal of Agricultural Science (1905–29) and was a fellow of Gonville and Caius College (1908–29). His textbooks include The Story of a Loaf of Bread (1913), Food Economy in Wartime (1915; with Frederick Gowland Hopkins), The Chemistry of Crop Production (1920) and Animal Nutrition (1924). He received the CBE, and was an elected fellow of the Royal Society and the Institute of Chemistry. Education and career Thomas Barlow Wood was born on 21 January 1869 at Habberley in Shropshire. His father, E. D. or B. D. Wood, from Field Dalling near Holt in Norfolk, was a farmer, and his mother was from a family of potters from Staffordshire. He attended Newcastle High School, Staffordshire, and then read natural sciences at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, graduating in 1889 or 1891. He specialised in chemistry, studying under Henry John Horstman Fenton and Sell.	2.546875
78754064	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptche%20AVA	Comptche AVA	Comptche (pronounced ‘comp-chee’) is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in Mendocino County, California, yet is separate from, and not within, the vast multi-county North Coast viticultural area in northern California due to its unique distinguishing features in topography, soils and climate. The small valley area, centered around the town of Comptche, was established as the 151st California appellation on April 8, 2024, by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), Treasury after reviewing the petition submitted on behalf of local vineyard owners proposing an viticultural area named "Comptche." Comptche AVA is located in a natural valley opening in the forests of coastal redwoods and Douglas firs. The AVA takes its name from the community of Comptche, California located on its western border. The northern, eastern, and western boundaries are defined by the elevation contour and separate the valley floor from the higher, steeper, heavily forested surrounding non-viticulture regions. The southern boundary is outlined by the Albion River, which also separates the AVA from the higher, heavily forested region to the south. Comptche AVA is further distinguished as one of the few areas in the coastal section of Mendocino County where non-timber related agricultural activity is permitted. Comptche AVA is surrounded by land designated as a Timberland Production Zone and zoned solely for the growing and harvesting of timber for no less than ten years from the time it was so designated.	2.203125
78754064	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptche%20AVA	Comptche AVA	The distinguishing features of the Comptche AVA are its topography, soil, and climate. The AVA is located entirely within the boundaries of the existing North Coast AVA. However, the petition states that the features of the viticultural area are so distinguishable from those of the North Coast that it should not be included within it. Comptche AVA is located in a low-elevation valley, a natural opening that is surrounded by heavily forested lands and short, steep ridges. Elevations within the AVA range from , and all its vineyards are planted at elevations between . According to the USGS map included with the petition, elevations are higher in each direction outside of the AVA. To the north of the AVA are several marked peaks with elevations of or higher. To the east of the AVA, elevations rise above near the community of Cameron, California. South of the AVA, peaks reach over near Morrison Gulch. West of the AVA, elevations rise over . The petition also notes that the Comptche AVA is surrounded by land designated as a Timberland Production Zone. Such land is zoned only for the growing and harvesting of timber for a period of at least 10 years from the time it was so designated. The AVA is unique because non-timber-related agricultural activity, including viticulture, is permitted. The petition includes a map showing the extent of the Timberland Production Zones in Mendocino County. The map supports the petition's claim that the Comptche AVA is one of the few regions in the coastal section of Mendocino County that is not set aside for timber production for at least the near future. According to the petition, the topography of the Comptche AVA has an effect on viticulture. The petition states that above the land becomes steeper. As a result, the higher elevations surrounding the AVA are less suited to viticulture than the more level lands on the valley floor of the AVA	2.34375
78754123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxico%20Leste%20Province	Moxico Leste Province	Moxico Leste is a province of Angola. It was created on 5 September 2024 from the eastern part of Moxico Province. Its capital is Cazombo. Geography and climate Moxico Leste borders the Angolan provinces of Lunda Sul to the northwest and Moxico to the southwest. It also borders Lualaba Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to the northeast, and Zambia's North-Western Province to the southeast. Much of Moxico Leste lies in the upper Zambezi River basin, except for the portion along the Kasai River that demarcates the provincial border with Lunda Sul. Cameia National Park is located in the province, as is Lake Dilolo, Angola's largest lake. Ecoregions found in the province include Angolan miombo woodlands, Zambezian evergreen dry forests and Zambezian flooded grasslands. Moxico Leste experiences a tropical savanna climate with the dry season or running from May to August. History Since at least 2016, there have been proposals to divide Moxico, formerly Angola's largest province by area, into two smaller provinces. On 14 August 2024, Angola's National Assembly approved a law to create three new provinces, including separating the municipalities of Alto Zambeze, Cameia, Luacano and Luau from Moxico to form the new province of Moxico Leste. This law went into effect with its publication in the official gazette of Angola on 5 September 2024. Originally the new province was to be named Cassai Zambeze, but the name was changed after consultation with Ngambo, the sovereign of the Luvale and Lunda peoples. Administration Moxico Leste is divided into the nine municipalities of Caianda, Cameia, Cazombo, Lago Dilolo, Lóvua do Zambeze, Luacano, Luau, Macondo and Nana Candundo. Cazombo is further subdivided into the communes of Cazombo and Lumbala Caquengue, and Macondo is subdivided into the communes of Macondo and Calunda. The first governor of Moxico Leste is Crispiniano Vivaldino Evaristo dos Santos, who was appointed in December 2024.	2.421875
78754188	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20proposed%20missions%20to%20the%20outer%20planets	List of proposed missions to the outer planets	In October 1997, the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40. The mission was designed to study Saturn and its system, including its rings and moons. The Flagship-class robotic spacecraft consisted of NASA's Cassini orbiter and ESA's Huygens lander, which landed on Saturn's largest moon, Titan. Cassini became the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter its orbit, where it operated from 2004 to 2017. The spacecraft's journey to Saturn included flybys of Venus in April 1998 and June 1999, Earth in August 1999, the asteroid 2685 Masursky, and Jupiter in December 2000. Cassini entered Saturn's orbit on 1 July 2004. The mission concluded on 15 September 2017, when Cassini was deliberately sent into Saturn's upper atmosphere to burn up, ensuring that Saturn's moons, which may harbor habitable environments, would not be contaminated. In January 2006, the New Horizons spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 41 on a mission to visit Pluto. To accelerate toward its target, the spacecraft used an Earth-and-solar escape trajectory, achieving a speed of approximately , and later performed a gravity assist flyby of Jupiter. Before reaching Jupiter, New Horizons had a brief encounter with the asteroid 132524 APL. New Horizons made its closest approach to Jupiter on 28 February 2007, at a distance of . The gravity assist from Jupiter increased the spacecraft's speed and allowed it to continue on its trajectory toward Pluto. The flyby also served as a comprehensive test of New Horizons' scientific instruments, returning valuable data on Jupiter's atmosphere, moons, and magnetosphere. On 14 July 2015, at 11:49 UTC, New Horizons flew above Pluto's surface, which at the time was 34 AU from the Sun.	2.828125
78754265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20Manifesto	Nature Manifesto	Björk has previously used artificial intelligence in her works. In 2020, she collaborated with Microsoft to create Kórsafn, a sound installation for the Sister City Hotel lobby in New York City which used an AI-powered model that elaborated choral recordings from her discography through a sensor on the rooftop of the building that would generate music according to data like the weather and the seasons. For her charity single "Oral", featuring Spanish singer Rosalía, she released a music video directed by photographer and visual artist Carlota Guerrero, who used AI-generated deepfake versions of the artists. Concept Nature Manifesto is a three-minute and forty-second immersive sound piece. The composition merges Björk's voice, as she articulates a manifesto on biodiversity and the climate crisis, with cries of extinct and endangered animals, harmonizing them with natural soundscapes. The installation was curated by Chloé Siganos and Aleph Molinari, with associate curator Delphine Le Gatt. The primary goal of Nature Manifesto is to foster a deeper understanding of humanity's impact on the natural world. Conceived as a "post-optimistic" manifesto, Aleph stated that the project's purpose was to "offer a voice to nature". Molinari stated that "the modern concept of nature itself is problematic [...] because it’s a concept born in the Romantic period and, with the rise of the industrial era, became an antithesis to human civilisation and everything urban. Nature came to define what was outside, the savage Other... But nature is everything that we’re part of."	2.25
78754366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninabad%20Mining%20and%20Chemical%20Combine	Leninabad Mining and Chemical Combine	The Leninabad Mining and Chemical Combine was a uranium processing plant in the Soviet Union. It was founded in 1945 in Leninabad, Tajikistan, as a hydro-metallurgical uranium enterprise to exploit uranium deposits across Central Asia. It was the first plant in the Soviet Union to produce yellowcake (a concentrated form of uranium). The plant provided material for the Soviet Union's defense and power industries, and contributed to the production of its first nuclear bomb test. By 1953, it annually processed up to 1,000,000 tons of uranium ore. Operations stopped in 1992 when uranium mining ceased in Tajikistan. The plant left an environmental impact by dispersing radioactive waste into the surrounding areas, which has posed health hazards to nearby communities. Its successor, IA Vostokredmet, focuses on underground metal heap leaching. Establishment and operations The origins of the plant trace back to 1925, when a uranium deposit was discovered in Taboshary, and then in 1943, an experimental radium production center was established near Leninabad. By resolution of the State Defense Committee, the plant was established on May 15, 1945. In 1946, Chkalovsk was built within 10 kilometers of the plant to support it. During the Soviet period, it was a strategically important location and classified as a closed city. The Leninabad Mining and Chemical Combine comprised seven mines and five processing plants for the extraction and enrichment of uranium ore, becoming the first Soviet plant to produce yellowcake. The uranium ore was mined domestically from deposits such as Adrasmon and Taboshar in Tajikistan, as well as from neighboring regions including Kyzyl-Jhar, Mayluu-Suu, Shekaftar, Töömoyun in Kyrgyzstan, and the Fergana Valley. Most of the mining and transportation operations were performed manually, with ore transported by donkeys and camels along the trails of the Pamir Mountains. After processing, the enriched uranium was transported to a facility in the Ural region.	2.53125
78754450	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasfi%20Zakariyya	Wasfi Zakariyya	Works Zakariyya's Jawla Āthāriyya fī Baʿḍ al-Bilād al-Shāmiyya [An Archaeological Journey through Some of Greater Syria], published in Damascus in 1934 was a resume of Evliya Celebi's travel account of Bilad al-Sham (greater Syria) with substantial commentary by Zakariyya. He published his own work collecting his detailed descriptions of Syria's monuments, pre-Islamic and Islamic, and the places where they stood in his two-volume al-Rif al-Suri ('the Syrian Countryside'). The book lamented the state of Syria's monuments and warned their neglect and lack of protection would lead to their destruction. The scholar Irfan Shahid notes that while Zakariyya's work was not as detailed and scholarly as Rene Dussaud's Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale, it was "in measurable distance to that invaluable work". Muhafazat Dimashq [Province of Damascus]. (1955). Damascus. Asha'ir al-Sham [The Clans of Syria: A Treatise on the Geography, History, Settlements, Ethics and Customs of the Syrian Desert]. 1st ed. (1945), 2nd ed. (1983), 3rd ed. (1997). Beirut and Damascus: Dar al-Fikr Dhikriyyati'an Wadi al-Furat qabl Khamsa wa Arba'in 'Aman [Memoirs of the Euphrates Valley before 1945]	2.0625
78754639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia%20Godfrey	Lia Godfrey	Lia Eugenia Godfrey (born November 8, 2001) is an American soccer player who plays as a midfielder for the Virginia Cavaliers. She was named TopDrawerSoccer National Freshman of the Year and earned first-team All-American honors in her junior season. Early life and college career Godfrey grew up in Fleming Island, Florida, the daughter of Tim and Stefannie Godfrey, and has a twin brother and older sister. Her father ran track at South Florida. She is of Italian descent on her mother's side. Godfrey joined Clay County Soccer Club at age five, and her club coach tabbed her as "the next Morgan Brian" at an early age. She played DA club soccer for Clay County (which later became United Soccer Alliance) and ECNL soccer for Jacksonville FC. She was twice named United Soccer Coaches All-American, and TopDrawerSoccer ranked her as the tenth-best recruit of the 2020 class. She graduated from Fleming Island High School. Virginia Cavaliers Godfrey started all but her first game with the Virginia Cavaliers as a freshman in 2020, a shortened season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. She scored 4 goals and led the Atlantic Coast Conference with 9 assists in 21 games, helping Virginia to the semifinals of both the ACC and NCAA tournaments. She was named the ACC Freshman of the Year, TopDrawerSoccer National Freshman of the Year, second-team All-ACC, second-team United Soccer Coaches All-American, and first-team TopDrawerSoccer Best XI. In her sophomore season, scored 3 goals and added a team-high 12 assists, earning first-team All-ACC and second-team All-American honors. Virginia went undefeated in conference play to claim the ACC regular-season title, before losing to Florida State in the ACC tournament final and BYU in the third round of the NCAA tournament.	1.953125
78754838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt%20von%20Hagen	Curt von Hagen	On a business trip to Herbertshöhe in May 1897, von Hagen learned from Albert Hahl of the 1895 murder of the travel writer Otto Ehrenfried Ehlers and some of the police soldiers accompanying him. In July 1897, the two ringleaders, Ranga and Opia, were arrested on von Hagen's initiative and imprisoned in Stephansort. But the two managed to escape. During a robbery and murder of a Chinese merchant, they stole rifles. At the beginning of August, von Hagen and other colonists organized a pursuit. The group set out inland on the morning of 13 August near the Jomba tobacco plantation. A few hours later, Hagen was fatally shot by Ranga. Five days after the Imperial German Navy had bombarded the island with the cruiser , the locals killed the two murderers and, after handing them over to the colonial administration, placed their heads on display in Stephansort on 19 August as a deterrent. In 1899, von Hagen's widow had difficulty obtaining a pension because the German New Guinea Company took the position that von Hagen himself was to blame for his death, since it was not his job to carry out punitive expeditions. 600 Marks were finally approved for the widow and 150 Marks for the daughter. A memorial with a bronze eagle was erected for Curt von Hagen (). This eagle was dismantled in 1956 and placed on a new monument in Mount Hagen (), which was named after him and is now the capital of the Western Highlands Province. Since around 1990, an imprecise replica of the Imperial Eagle has been on this monument. Likewise, the 3,765 m high volcano Hagensberg (; the second highest volcano on the Australian continent) is named after Curt von Hagen.	2.15625
78754865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition%20%28German%20penal%20code%29	Competition (German penal code)	A legal unit of action in the narrow sense exists in the case of multi-act offenses, continuing offenses, and linked offenses. Multi-act offenses are characterized by the fact that the acts carried out are partially identical to two or more criminal offenses. If someone wants to rob someone else, the violence used is relevant to the robbery offense on the one hand; but also to the battery inflicted on the other (partial identity). In the next act, the desired item is then taken away (theft component within the robbery offense). Continuing offenses link together to form a legal unit of action insofar as they provide the "unlawful framework" for another criminal offense. Classic offenses are deprivation of liberty (§ 239 StGB) and trespassing (§ 123 StGB). These offenses are unified offenses with varying degrees of mutual reference to another criminal offense. Example: A enters B's house without permission (trespassing) to attack and injure him when he returns home (bodily harm). In the same way, A could attack and injure B in front of his front door and then enter his house without permission.	2.71875
78754946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid%20Nakhle	Rachid Nakhle	He authored a collection of works spanning poetry, verse, memoirs, history, criticism, literature, sociology, letters, and politics. His writings include both Classical Arabic and colloquial styles, along with prose. The following is a list of his publications: In literature and society: "The book of the past", "Memoirs of Rachid Nakhleh", "Letters of Rachid Nakhleh", “A Stranger at Home” that was printed in Baabda in 1898, "Lebanese Passions", printed in Beirut in 1910. In poetry: "The Divan of the Heavenly Poet," which is his poetry collection. This name was chosen based on what Wali al-Din Yakan said about Rashid Nakhle in his book 'Afw al-Khater (p. 97, 1955 edition), where he referred to him as a celestial poet. In Zajal poetry: "Muhsin al-Hazzan" (a novel), first published in Beirut in 1936, then printed in Brazil in 1940, and later in Sidon with an undated edition, and in Damascus under the name "Hind bint Jafeel." This edition is also undated. "The Meaning of Rashid Nakhle" (a collection of his Zajal poems) was published in Beirut in 1945. Other works include "Antar" (a novel), "The Continuation of the Meaning of Rashid Nakhle" (which includes Zajal poems he discovered after his Zajal collection was printed), and "The Lebanese Divan" (a compilation of his works in various Lebanese Zajal styles).	2.0625
75690118	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Lovat%27s%20Lament	Lord Lovat's Lament	"Lord Lovat's Lament" is an 18th-century tune for bagpipes associated with an executed Scottish revolutionary nobleman of Clan Fraser. The Lord Lovat of the title is Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat. Reportedly composed by Ewen MacGregor of Clann an Sgeulaiche, or his pupil David Fraser, the work is said to be "a pibroch composed by his own piper to mourn his passing, played at the slow pace of Lord Lovat's final march of 300 paces from the Tower of London to Tower Hill." History One history of the usage of bagpipe music by the armies of the Commonwealth during World War I reported that the troops were played the "crooning, hoping, sobbing of 'Lord Lovat's Lament,' and so went on from hour to hour through the emptiness of Southern Germany." In popular culture The tune was mentioned in passing in the series finale of The Crown, in a fictionalized conversation between Elizabeth II and "Pipes," her character's nickname for the Piper to the Sovereign. The scene was meant to illustrate the decision process that led to the real-life performance of the traditional Scottish lament "Sleep, Dearie, Sleep" at the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II.	2.328125
75691009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%20Dupeyron	Andrée Dupeyron	Charles de Gaulle's Air Minister, Charles Tillon, wanted to create a corps of female military pilots. During the winter of 1944–1945, Dupeyron was part of the first group of women pilots recruited for the Premier corps de pilotes militaires féminins (First Corps of Female Military Pilots) alongside Maryse Bastié. Dupeyron trained at Kasba-Tadla Air Force School in Morocco, alongside Paulette Bray-Bouquet, Gisèle Gunepin, Élisabeth Lion and Yvonne Jourjon, and qualified as a military pilot in 1945 with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1946 she became a student pilot at the Gliding Centre of Montagne Noire (France), the only woman in training there. Post war In 1949, she made another record attempt, flying from Mont-de-Marsan in France to Jiwani in Pakistan. She flew alone, after 31 hours and 23 minutes. Andrée Dupeyron was awarded the Légion d'honneur that same year. Andrée Dupeyron died on 22 July 1988 and was buried in the cimetière du Centre de Mont-de-Marsan. Commemoration Promenade Andrée Dupeyron, a road in Lyon, is named in her honour. A roundabout on Simone Veil boulevard in Mont-de-Marsan was named after Andrée Dupeyron in 2019, alongside two other roundabouts named for fellow women pilots Elisabeth Boselli and Adrienne Bolland.	2.25
75691568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20and%20Candid%20Disquisitions	Free and Candid Disquisitions	Among the changes to the prayer book and its liturgies that Jones sought in order to effect comprehension were the removal of the Athanasian Creed (due to its complexity rather than any theological error), the deletion of excessive repetition of the Lord's Prayer and Gloria Patri, and the excision of anything not permitted by the Bible. The lectionary and liturgical calendar were scrutinized, with Jones suggesting that proper psalms be assigned to each Sunday. Jones's Puritan-like views were made evident in urging for the sign of the cross in the baptismal rite be made optional and private baptism abolished. The matters of the sign of the cross and ending the practice of sponsors at baptism were raised due to Jones's identification of these actions as vestiges of Catholicism that should be expunged. A similar grievance was raised about prohibitions on marriages occurring during particular seasons of the year. The only explicit doctrinal change suggested in Free and Candid Disquisitions was the alteration or outright cessation of infant baptism. Jones contended that there was a pressing need for additional topical prayers and other new content in the prayer book, expressing a desire for prayers for families and use in prisons. He declared that introducing the proposed changes to collects from 1689 would bring them to "the utmost perfection". Jones also pressed for combining and abbreviating the Sunday morning liturgies. Finding that the Sunday recitation of Morning Prayer, the Litany, and the Ante-Communion rites was repetitive, Jones suggested they should be combined into a single, shorter rite. The 1637 Scottish Book of Common Prayer was suggested as a possible guide for revising the Communion rite. Should the Church of England fail to adopt these comprehending liturgical reforms, Jones argued, Dissenters should begin privately creating their own revisions.	1.945313
75692335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Takes%20the%20Form%20of%20a%20Mortal%20Girl	Paul Takes the Form of a Mortal Girl	Paul Takes the Form of a Mortal Girl is a novel by American writer Andrea Lawlor. It was published in 2017 by Rescue Press. The book is heavily influenced by the queer culture of the 1990s, and took Lawlor 15 years to write. The picaresque novel follows Paul, a 23-year-old who discovers that he can shapeshift and uses this ability to alter his gender expression while wandering the United States. He is a flâneur who enjoys wearing performative outfits and seeks out various sexual experiences with a diverse assortment of partners; his gender identity is never made explicit. Set in 1993, the novel takes place in various locations where the author has lived. The text exhibits postmodern influences, using footnotes and pastiche, with short fables interspersed throughout. Paul Takes the Form of a Mortal Girl is Andrea Lawlor's debut novel. The book received positive reviews, with reviewers praising its novel approach to gender and sex as well as its innovative structure and period accuracy. It was republished by Vintage Books in 2019, and Lawlor received a Whiting Award for the book. Background Writer Andrea Lawlor was involved with queer activism as an undergraduate in the 1990s, founding the first lesbian and gay group at Fordham University. They began writing Paul Takes the Form of a Mortal Girl in San Francisco when they were 30 years old. They had just quit a corporate job and began exploring creative writing while working at a bookstore, taking a night class at Gotham Writers' Workshop. The first draft of Paul began as a retelling of the Tiresias myth. The concept was also influenced by Orlando: A Biography, which Lawlor read in high school "because it was on a list of books with something queer in them". Ovid's Metamorphoses and Wild Seed were additional influences.	2.140625
75692981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Korchilov	Boris Korchilov	When Boris Korchilov climbed out of the reactor and took off the gas mask, yellowish foam bubbled on his lips, and he immediately vomited. Almost ten hours passed as the submarine sailed to the area where Soviet ships could be located. The submarine eventually made contact with a Soviet diesel submarine, S-270, which reported the accident to the fleet command. Korchilov was transferred to S-270 and then to Moscow for medical treatment. Korchilov received a radiation dose of 54 Sv (5400 rem). He died on July 10, 1961, in Moscow at Hospital No. 6. The accident on board the submarine K-19 was classified as a top secret. The irradiated sailors were buried in lead coffins, secretly, without disclosing the burial location even to their relatives. One of the surviving crew members accidentally discovered the burial site (he came to bury a relative and stumbled upon inconspicuous graves). Boris Korchilov was reburied at Krasnenky Cemetery in Saint Petersburg. Academician A. P. Alexandrov recognized the actions of the crew and Korchilov's group in creating the emergency reactor cooling system as correct and selfless. The system, installed by Boris Korchilov's group on July 4, 1961, in the damaged reactor compartment, was subsequently implemented in the design of all nuclear reactors on navy ships, as well as at nuclear power plants. Awards The commander of the K-19 submarine recommended Lieutenant Korchilov for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. However, Leader of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev commented on awarding submariners - We don't award for accidents. Nevertheless, by a secret order of Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on August 5, 1961, Boris Korchilov was posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin with the wording For Courage and Heroism.	2.125
75693185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhusandala%20Plain	Zhusandala Plain	Zhusandala () is a plain in the Balkhash District, Almaty Region and Moiynkum District, Zhambyl Region, Kazakhstan. The Almaty—Astana M36 Highway passes through the plain. In the 20th century, at the time of the Kazakh SSR, the territory was used as a wintering pasture ground for numerous herds of cattle and overgrazing led to severe depletion of the vegetation. Nowadays the Zhusandala Plain has recovered as grazing has been reduced to a relatively low intensity. Geography The plain is elongated, extending from ESE to WNW between the northeastern slopes of the Chu-Ili Range and the southern edge of the Taukum desert. The average annual rainfall is . The terrain is dissected by dry river beds. It consists of mostly steppe in the sloping upper elevations near the hills, giving way to semi-desert in zones near the Taukum. Flora and fauna The soil of the plain is gray and crumbly owing to high salinity. There are a few sand dune stretches at the edge of the Taukum. Arid grassland species dominate the vegetation, such as wormwood, feather grass, saltwort, speargrass, Calligonum, Scirpus, sedges, as well as Bromus, including scattered Bromus inermis clumps. Patches of Saxaul, Atraphaxis and tamarisk may grow in the floodplains of the rivers. The Zhusandala Plain is an important bird area. It is a breeding place for the houbara bustard. Other bird species include the eastern imperial eagle, lesser kestrel, Eurasian stone-curlew, greater sand plover, Caspian plover, Pallas's sandgrouse, black-bellied sandgrouse, greater short-toed lark, Sykes's warbler, Asian desert warbler, desert wheatear and the rufous-tailed scrub robin, among others.	2.640625
75693460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioni%C8%9B%C4%83%20Tunsu	Ioniță Tunsu	Tunsu's brigandage overlapped with the large-scale peasant uprising of 1821, and the subsequent downfall of the Phanariotes. Historian Tiberiu Ciobanu proposes that Ioniță was pushed into his conspiratorial career as an outlaw by "the inequities of the regime that had taken hold of the country after 1821". Researchers such as George Potra and Claudiu Cotan suggests instead that the future outlaw was originally a volunteer in Tudor Vladimirescu's army during the anti-Phanariote uprising. Papazoglu contrarily believes that he was inspired to become a hajduk by a personal friend, Nicolae Grozea, who had already taken up that activity; also according to Papazoglu, Ioniță cut off his hair, which meant voluntarily renouncing his career in the church, then assembled his original band not from social marginals—Romanies who had served as servant torchbearers or lamplighters (masalagii) for the local boyardom, including a man named Udincă or Dincă. Potra suggest that the latter claim is a calumny, and that Tunsu's core partisans were "men who had themselves greatly suffered in their lifetime."	2.15625
75693460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioni%C8%9B%C4%83%20Tunsu	Ioniță Tunsu	The first written record of a Tunsu ballad appears in Anton Pann's collection of "worldly songs", printed in 1837. Tunsu's struggle with the authorities, fashioned into a folk tale, was picked up by the Polish emigre Michał Czajkowski, who adapted an serialized it for Le Constitutionnel newspaper. The legend was integrated within Russian literature before being rediscovered by Romanian literature. An eponymous novella was published in 1840 by Odesskyi Al'manah. Its author, credited under the quasi-Romanian pseudonym "Radul Kuralyesko" (or "Curalescu"), was identified by literary scholar Eufrosina Dvoichenko-Markov as Alexander Veltman. The story, noted for its vivid descriptions of Bucharest and its near-exact renditions of Romanian verse, had been translated into Romanian by Alecu Donici; neither he nor the literary critics of that era could identify Veltman as the author. In May 1858, shortly before Moldavia and Wallachia fused with each other as the United Principalities, actor Simeon Mihălescu wrote and produced a two-act vaudeville called Tunsu Haiducul ("Tunsu the Hajduk"). Set to music by Eduard Wachmann, it was one of several plays evidencing a mounting interest in brigands as romantic heroes. The melodies were in fact lifted from older quasi-folkloric sources, originally compiled by Lăutar Dumitrache Ochi-Albi, while the plot was largely a "localization" of Lauzanne de Vauroussel's Capitaine de voleurs. The play was still being performed in late 1861, with Ștefan Vellescu as one of the leads. In his diary, Vellescu expressed his true feelings about Mihălescu, describing his work as a "two-bit buffoonery", largely copied from texts by Matei Millo. The work was also panned in 1862 by the journalist Nicolae Filimon, who saw Wachmann's music, advertised as "national", as in fact "cosmopolitan", in line with the Lăutaris acculturation. The underlying style was seen by Filimon as a blend of Romanian peasant, Romani, and Ottoman music.	2.203125
75693748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Noto%20earthquake	2024 Noto earthquake	The focal mechanism of the mainshock corresponded to shallow reverse faulting along a northeast-trending plane dipping northwest or southeast, happening along the convergent boundary between the Okhotsk Plate and Amurian Plate. A magnitude 5.8 foreshock struck four minutes before the mainshock, while a magnitude 6.2 aftershock struck nine minutes later. More than 1,200 aftershocks were recorded across a zone. At least seven of them registered a magnitude of 5.0 and above. According to a finite fault model released by the , the earthquake rupture extended over by from the southwestern Noto Peninsula to Sado Island along a southeast-dipping fault. Slip was mostly concentrated entirely beneath the peninsula. The zones of the largest slip occurred southwest of the hypocenter while little to no slip occurred on the segment offshore between the peninsula and island. The patch immediately southwest of the epicenter produced a displacement of beneath the peninsula's coast. Another zone of slip occurred further southwest beneath the same stretch of coastline, producing up to of slip beneath Motoichi. The fault likely ruptured towards the seafloor at the peninsula while little to no slip was observed on the seafloor between the peninsula and Sado Island. The entire rupture process took about 50 seconds with the greatest phase of seismic moment release occurring some 25 seconds after initiation.	2.25
75693748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Noto%20earthquake	2024 Noto earthquake	Intensity The Japan Meteorological Agency said it recorded a maximum seismic intensity of 7 (Shindo 7), the highest level on its seismic intensity scale, the first time that an earthquake of that intensity had been observed in the country since 2018. It corresponded to a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of X–XI (Extreme). The USGS assigned a maximum intensity of IX (Violent). The maximum intensity was reported in Shika and Wajima, Ishikawa Prefecture. Intensity 6+ was recorded in Nanao, Suzu, Noto and Anamizu. Intensity 6– was recorded in Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture and in Ishikawa's Nakanoto. The earthquake was also felt by residents in Tokyo and across the Kanto Region and as far as Aomori Prefecture in the northern tip of Honshu to Kyushu in the south of the country. A peak ground acceleration of 2,826 gal was observed in Shika, which was close to that recorded during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake which measured 2,934 gal. Due to the ground beneath Wajima and Anamizu comprising soft sediments, ground motions were amplified. Long period ground motion The also reported that the Noto Region of Ishikawa Prefecture registered the highest possible Long Period Ground Motion (LPGM) intensity of 4. Aftershocks The earthquake generated aftershocks that extended along a northeast–southwest trend. The largest aftershocks were recorded beneath the peninsula. About 15 minutes after the mainshock, a 6.1 event was recorded. Two 6.2 and 6.0 aftershocks were recorded on 9 January and 1 June, respectively. Tsunami Japan	2.15625
75693748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Noto%20earthquake	2024 Noto earthquake	On Hegurajima, the tsunami flooded homes and disabled basic services. Three people were stranded on the island prior to rescue two weeks later. A run-up of on the island was determined, the highest recorded in Ishikawa Prefecture. In Kurikawashiri, Noto, inundation was observed inland. Misaki Town, in Suzu City, had the highest recorded run up on the Noto Peninsula. Located on the tip of the peninsula, close to the rupture, waves up to washed away several waterfront homes. Despite severe coastal damage and high run ups, no injuries or fatalities from the tsunami were recorded in Misaki. Extensive evacuation drills that had taken place multiple times a year in Misaki since the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, saved lives when the Noto tsunami hit. In Jōetsu, Niigata, the locally-high run-up exceeding flooded 15 homes along the Seki River bank. Beach houses and other buildings were also swept away. Ten fishing vessels capsized in the Ogata Fishing Port area. Containers were also washed away and warehouses storing machinery were flooded. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) assessed that the tsunami inundated up to of land in Suzu, Noto and Shika, and damaged breakwaters in at least seven beaches. At least 120 maritime vessels were reported to have been sunk or capsized from the tsunami, while at least 70 percent of ports in Ishikawa Prefecture sustained damage. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries said that 60 out of 69 fishing ports in Ishikawa Prefecture were affected by the tsunami, 18 of which were completely unusable and nine others partially functional.	2.171875
75693748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Noto%20earthquake	2024 Noto earthquake	Impact The Japanese government estimated the total cost of damage in Ishikawa, Toyama and Niigata to be ¥1.1-2.6 trillion (US$7.4-17.6 billion). Most of the cost was attributed to damaged homes, roads, ports and other infrastructure. Ishikawa Prefecture alone accounted for between ¥0.9–1.3 trillion (US$5.7–8.3 billion). Damage was especially severe in Wajima and Suzu. At least 780 people across 30 districts in remote villages were isolated due to damaged roads and landslides and required helicopters to be reached. Many of the collapsed houses in Wajima were traditional wooden structures that were built prior to current building regulations that were imposed in 1981, which was equivalent to around 56.4 percent of the town's buildings. Information from 2018 also revealed that more than half of buildings in Wajima did not follow these regulations. In Suzu, many buildings were built before the enactment of modern building codes in 1950, while in 2019, only 51 percent of the town's houses were deemed earthquake-resistant, compared with 87 percent for the entire country. Around 66 percent of residences in Suzu were wooden homes that were built before 1980, while 61 percent of buildings in Noto were found to have been built before 1981.	2.546875
75693748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Noto%20earthquake	2024 Noto earthquake	By 3 January, about 31,800 people were living in shelters following the earthquake, with about 27,700 sheltering in 336 evacuation centers in Ishikawa prefecture alone. Following reports of deaths at evacuation centers, several vulnerable evacuees were evacuated to other prefectures, with at least 30 people being transferred to medical facilities in Aichi Prefecture. The government said it had secured about 6,500 public housing units for evacuees to resettle across the country. The construction of temporary housing began on 12 January with 115 home units in Wajima and Suzu. Sixty units in Noto and Anamizu were also scheduled for construction on 15 January. A month after the earthquake, around 14,000 people remained displaced due to the disaster and about 2,867 people continued to live in damaged homes. Local authorities announced plans to transfer students from schools in Wajima that had been converted to evacuation centers to schools in Hakusan and Kanazawa, followed by around 140 junior high school students from Suzu and Noto. Fifty students from a high school in Wajima were transferred to Kai, Yamanashi prefecture, with 600 others expected to arrive in April. Schools in some of the affected areas resumed on 15 January, along with garbage-collection services in Wajima. At least 44 schools in the affected areas remain closed but gradually reopened, with the remaining seven schools reopening in Wajima on 6 February. Applicants from Ishikawa Prefecture who were unable to take the Common Test for University Admissions held on 13–14 January due to the earthquake were allowed to undertake makeup examinations scheduled later in the month.	2.25
75693748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Noto%20earthquake	2024 Noto earthquake	Energy infrastructure Kansai Electric Power Company, Tokyo Electric Power Company and Hokuriku Electric Power Company said they were inspecting their nuclear power plants for abnormalities. Both the Kansai and Hokuriku Electric Power Companies initially said no abnormalities were reported, with the reactors at the latter's Shika Nuclear Power Plant in Ishikawa Prefecture having been closed for inspections at the time of the earthquake. However, a cumulative oil spillage of 19,800 liters at two of the reactors was later revealed, partially impacting the plant's ability to receive power from external sources. Hokuriku Electric Power Company subsequently said that repairs at the facility would take more than six months. Eighteen of the Shika nuclear plant's 116 radiation monitoring posts were also rendered offline by the earthquake. Ground deformation, including subsidence, was also recorded in 80 locations inside the plant compound. The Japanese Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) also found no irregularities in power plants along the Sea of Japan coastline, but ordered Hokuriku Electric Power Company to conduct further study of the earthquake's impact on the Shika Nuclear Power Plant. Hokuriku Electric Power Company also shut down two generators at its Nanao Ota thermal power plant in Nanao. By 29 January, electricity had been restored to 80 percent of households in Wajima and Suzu, and 99 percent in Nanao, Noto, Anamizu and Shika. Ishikawa's governor Hiroshi Hase said power was expected to be fully restored in the prefecture by 31 January. Concerns over the safety of the Shika nuclear power plant and nearby nuclear facilities led to residents living near the power plants to submit a petition to the on 2 February asking for a suspension in the screening process undertaken prior to reopening the Shika power plant until damage at the facility is fully examined and safety measures are implemented. Minor damage was recorded at the Shika Nuclear Power Plant following a 6.0 (5.8) aftershock on 3 June 2024.	1.953125
75693748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Noto%20earthquake	2024 Noto earthquake	The perceived slow response drew widespread criticism from the public. Anger was directed at Kishida for his delayed deployment of the . He was also criticized for only visiting an evacuation center briefly two weeks after the earthquake. In Wajima, there were over 4,000 registrations for temporary housing units with baths and water heating, of which, only 550 were constructed by mid-February. Only 40 of the 456 temporary housing units in Suzu were completed. Local officials said about 14,000 temporary housing units would be ready by the end of March. Despite reassurance by the government, local residents' confidence remains low due to living conditions in evacuation centers and the delayed response. By the end of February, more than 11,000 people remained in temporary shelters. The earthquake also led to a weakening of the Japanese yen, in contrast to its temporary appreciation against the dollar following previous earthquakes. Some of the vendors affected by the destruction of the Asaichi morning market in Wajima temporarily relocated to Kanazawa in March. The market itself reopened on 6 April. The effects of the earthquake have led to an exodus of young people from the affected region, hampering reconstruction efforts. More than 100 businesses in Ishikawa Prefecture have closed since the earthquake, and many business owners cited population outflows and slow progress in reconstruction efforts for their decisions to close. Reactions	2.015625
75693748	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20Noto%20earthquake	2024 Noto earthquake	Misinformation Misinformation about the earthquake spread on social media platforms such as Twitter. Users falsely linked a November 2023 video of an underwater earthquake in Indonesia, photos of the 2011 Tōhoku and 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes and a 2021 landslide following the earthquake. At least one account, claiming to belong to a victim of the earthquake, was found to be using misinformation to seek donations online. False claims were also made of the earthquake being man-made, with a video citing a previous nuclear weapons test by North Korea. Analysis conducted by NHK found that many sources of misinformation regarding false requests for rescue appeared to have originated from overseas-based accounts, especially in Pakistan. Such accounts have been popularly dubbed and are a growing phenomenon on the social media platform following Elon Musk's acquisition and alteration to monetization policies for its "premium" users. Former Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama incorrectly claimed the earthquake caused a fire at the Shika Nuclear Power Plant and suggested that impacts of the earthquake had been deliberately downplayed to restart the plant. While there had been a minimal oil spill at two of the reactors, there was no impact on the plant. Gallery	2.046875
75694249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20in%20paleontology	2024 in paleontology	A body fossil resembling tentacles of extant trypanorhynch tapeworms is described from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar by Luo et al. (2024). Yang et al. (2024) describe new fossil material of Gaoloufangchaeta bifurcus from the Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (China), and interpret G. bifurcus as the earliest known errantian annelid. Tubular fossils which might belong to early sabellids are described from the Upper Permian deposits in southern China by Słowiński, Clapham & Zatoń (2024), potentially expanding known range of sabellids during the late Paleozoic. Jamison-Todd et al. (2024) describe boring produced by members of the genus Osedax in marine reptile bones from the Cenomanian Lower Chalk (United Kingdom), Campanian Marlbrook Marl and Mooreville Chalk (Arkansas and Alabama, United States) and Maastrichtian Mons Basin (Belgium), providing evidence of the presence of Osedax on both sides of the northern Atlantic Ocean in the Cretaceous, as well as evidence of the presence of different morphotypes of borings which were possibly produced by different species. Zhang & Huang (2024) report the discovery of serpulid polychaete dwelling tubes from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, expanding known diversity of marine animals preserved in this amber. Vinn et al. (2024) describe serpulid fossil material assigned to Parsimonia antiquata from the Maastrichtian Beyobası Formation (Turkey), representing the first record of Parsimonia from the Cretaceous of the Middle East reported to date. A study on the taxonomic and morphological diversity of Cambrian hyoliths, providing evidence of increase in diversity in the early Cambrian followed by decline in the Miaolingian, is published by Liu et al. (2024). Vinn et al. (2024) describe fossil material of tentaculitids with fossilized soft tissues from Devonian strata in Armenia, and interpret the studied soft tissues as refuting molluscan affinities of tentaculitoids, and indicating that tentaculitids shared a common ancestor with bryozoans.	1.929688
75694249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20in%20paleontology	2024 in paleontology	Cui et al. (2024) describe approximately 535-million-years-old microbial fossils from the Yuhucun Formation (China), interpreted as comparable to modern cyanobacteria, microalgae and fungi (including mold- and yeast-like morphotypes), and interpret the studied microorganisms as building symbiotic mats composed of decomposers and producers. Evidence from the strata of the Dengying, Yanjiahe and Shuijingtuo formations (China), interpreted as indicative of the existence of a relationship between variable oceanic oxygenation, nitrogen supply and the evolution of early Cambrian life, is presented by Wei et al. (2024). Slater (2024) describes a diverse assemblage of arthropod and molluscan microfossil from the Cambrian Stage 3 Mickwitzia Sandstone (Sweden), providing evidence of diversification of molluscan radulae which happened by the early Cambrian. Evidence indicating that the Emu Bay Shale biota lived in a fan delta complex within a tectonically active, nearshore basin is presented by Gaines et al. (2024). Weng et al. (2024) report the discovery of a new assemblage of soft-bodied fossils from the Cambrian Balang Formation (China), including remains of sponges, chancelloriids, cnidarians, hyoliths, brachiopods, arthropods, priapulids and vetulicolians. Evidence indicating that pulse of supracrustal deformation along the edge of west Gondwana caused a series of environmental changes that resulted in the Cambrian Stage 4 Sinsk event (the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic) is presented by Myrow et al. (2024). Evidence indicating that patterns of extinctions of marine invertebrates over the past 485 million years were affected by physiological traits of invertebrates and by climate changes is presented by Malanoski et al. (2024).	2.03125
75694249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20in%20paleontology	2024 in paleontology	A study on the formation of tetrapod skull during ontogeny and on the impact of external forces on the formation of the skulls of tetrapods, based on data from skulls of Parotosuchus helgolandicus, Anthracosaurus russelli, Euparkeria capensis and Protoceratops andrewsi, is published by Werneburg (2024). The first vertebrate body fossils from the Carboniferous–Permian Maroon Formation (Colorado, United States) are described by Huttenlocker et al. (2024). Evidence from strata from the Permian–Triassic transition from southwest China, interpreted as indicative of temporal decoupling of the terrestrial and marine extinctions in Permian tropics during the Permian–Triassic extinction event and of a protracted terrestrial extinction spanning approximately 1 million years, is presented by Wu et al. (2024). Evidence interpreted as indicative of two-stage pattern of the end-Permian extinction of the deep water organisms from the Dongpan Section (Guangxi, China), likely related to the upward and downward expansion of an oxygen minimum zone in the studied area, is presented by He et al. (2024). A study on the extinction selectivity of marine animals during the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Song et al. (2024), who find that animal groups with hemoglobin and hemocyanin were less affected by the extinction than animals with hemerythrin or relying on diffusion of oxygen. Liu et al. (2024) study the extinction selectivity of six marine animal groups during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, finding evidence of selective loss of complex and ornamented forms among ammonites, brachiopods and ostracods, but not bivalves, gastropods and conodonts. Zhou et al. (2024) report the discovery of a new Early Triassic fossil assemblage dominated by ammonites and arthropods (the Wangmo biota) from the Luolou Formation (China), interpreted as evidence of the presence of a complex marine ecosystem that was rebuilt after the Permian–Triassic extinction event.	1.992188
75694249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20in%20paleontology	2024 in paleontology	A study on changes of the diversity of ostracods from the Indo-Australian Archipelago region throughout the Cenozoic, aiming to determine factors responsible for recorded changes, is published by Tian et al. (2024), who argue that the studied region became the richest marine biodiversity hotspot mostly as a result of immunity to major extinction events during the Cenozoic, shift towards colder climate and the increase in habitat size (shelf area). Smith et al. (2024) provide an updated list of taxa documented from the Messel pit (Germany) and study the biodiversity of this site. Brandoni et al. (2024) describe new vertebrate remains from the Miocene Ituzaingó Formation (Entre Ríos Province, Argentina), including the oldest record of the genus Leptodactylus and remains of a member of the genus Chelonoidis representing the first record of a tortoise from the late Miocene of the Entre Ríos Province. A study on the environment of the Quebrada Honda Basin (Bolivia) during the late Middle Miocene is published by Strömberg et al. (2024), who report evidence of the presence of a mosaic landscape with two broad vegetation types (probable forests and open-habitat grasses) representing distinct plant communities within a broader biome, as well as evidence of variability of mammal abundances among well-sampled local areas and stratigraphic intervals. New Miocene and Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages are described from the Sin Charoen sandpit (Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand) by Naksri et al. (2024), who intepret the Pleistocene assemblage as having strong faunal relationships with the Early-Middle Pleistocene faunas of Java (Indonesia).	2.09375
75694670	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas%20Federal%20Territory	Amazonas Federal Territory	The Amazonas Federal Territory is the name by which the current Amazonas State of Venezuela was known until 1992. History The origins of the Amazon Federal Territory date back to the Río Negro canton of the Guayana Province, which covered an area similar to the current state and part of the Colombian departments of Vichada and Guainía, and with capital in San Fernando de Atabapo. In 1856, it was decided to elevate this canton into a province separate from that of Guayana with the name of . When the Federal Revolution came to power under the command of Juan Crisóstomo Falcón in 1864, the name was changed to Amazonas Federal Territory made up of the departments of San Fernando de Atabapo, San Carlos and Maroa. The political-administrative changes promoted by Antonio Guzmán Blanco, meant that from 1881 to 1893 said territory was divided into two; the Amazonas Federal Territory with capital in Maroa, and the retaining San Fernando de Atabapo as capital. In 1893, the name "Amazon Federal Territory" was resumed with capital again in San Fernando de Atabapo until 1928, when it was decided to move the capital to Puerto Ayacucho to make it more accessible to the rest of Venezuela. On 23 July 1992, the Congress of the Republic, currently the National Assembly, elevated the category of Federal Territory to state. Territorial division The Amazonas Federal Territory was divided into departments for its administration; towards the end of the territory's existence these were: Atabapo Department, with capital in San Fernando de Atabapo. Atures Department, with capital in Puerto Ayacucho. Casiquiare Department, with capital in Maroa. Río Negro Department, with capital in San Carlos.	2.078125
75695300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensanche%20de%20Pontevedra	Ensanche de Pontevedra	On Gran Vía de Montero Ríos are the provincial headquarters of the Pontevedra Provincial Council: the Palace of the Pontevedra Provincial Council, inaugurated in 1890, and the administrative building of the Pontevedra Provincial Council, inaugurated in 1901. The administrative headquarters of Pontevedra City Council are located in the former Mansion of the Marquis of Riestra and the headquarters of the peripheral offices of the State Administration are located in the former Bank of Spain Building. Between Oliva and García Camba streets is the city's Post Office and the provincial headquarters of the Pontevedra Post Office. Benito Corbal Street is home to one of the city's Xunta de Galicia buildings, which for the last two decades of the 20th century was its main headquarters in Pontevedra. In 2019, it was completely refurbished, adopting its characteristic blue exterior. The provincial headquarters of the Pontevedra police station is located in Joaquín Costa Street. Education In Maestranza street, opposite the Doctor Marescot gardens, is the Pontevedra Fine Arts Faculty, housed in the former Saint Ferdinand barracks, a large neo-classical building completed in 1909. Pontevedra's Faculty of Design is located in Benito Corbal Street. On Gran Vía de Montero Ríos stands the Valle-Inclán high school building, inaugurated in 1927 and until then the provincial high school of Pontevedra. Health centres The Quirónsalud Miguel Domínguez hospital is located between Fray Juan de Navarrete and Castelao streets. In Maestranza street is the Virgen Peregrina health centre, whose building, designed by the architect Alfonso Barreiro Buján, was inaugurated in 1963. At the end of Benito Corbal Street, at number 2 Doctor Loureiro Crespo Street, is the Pontevedra Provincial Hospital, inaugurated in 1897 at the end of the old Progreso Street, the main axis of Pontevedra's expansion at the time. Shops and restaurants	1.945313
75695384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20Mountain%20%28Antarctica%29	Table Mountain (Antarctica)	Table Mountain () is a large flat mountain rising to over immediately south of the junction of the Emmanuel Glacier and Ferrar Glacier in Victoria Land. Discovered and given this descriptive name by the BrNAE (1901–04) under Scott. Location Table Mountain is the northwest point of the Royal Society Range. It lies to the east of Tedrow Glacier, which flows north to join the Ferrar Glacier, which runs east past the north face of the mountain. To the east of the mountain, Emmanuel Glacier also flows north to the Ferrar Glacier. Ridges extend south from the mountain towards Johns Hopkins Ridge. Features Features of the mountain, and nearby features include: Bubble Spur . A flattish rock spur that separates the lower ends of Blankenship Glacier and Tedrow Glacier, to the west of Table Mountain. The name is one of a group in the area associated with surveying applied in 1993 by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB). A bubble on a surveying instrument is used to indicate its directional tilt and to facilitate its leveling. Columnar Valley . A valley trending northwest between The Handle and Table Mountain in the northwest part of Royal Society Range. Descriptively named by Alan Sherwood, New Zealand Geological Survey (NZGS) field party leader in the area, 1987-88, after the columnar-jointed dolerite that forms the valley walls. Navajo Butte . A sandstone butte which displays large-scale cross bedding, rising from the south-central part of Table Mountain. Named by Alan Sherwood, NZGS party leader in the area, 1987-88, after the famous Navajo sandstone of Utah. Sphinx Valley . A shallow hanging valley, long, running northwest parallel to Columnar Valley and terminating just west of the summit of Table Mountain. Named from the distinctive rock formations along its northwest wall, one of which is a particularly good likeness of the Egyptian Sphinx. Named by Alan Sherwood, NZGS party leader in the area, 1987-88.	2.65625
75695599	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger%20Hart	Tiger Hart	Philip Manston Hart (19 August 1907 – 5 July 1996) known as Tiger Hart during his speedway career was a motorcycle speedway rider from England. He competed in the earliest days of speedway and won two qualifying rounds of the 1938 Individual Speedway World Championship. He earned two international caps for the England national speedway team in unofficial test matches against Australia in 1937. Biography Hart, born in Balham, London, was described as an Australian racer when he first arrived in Britain during the pioneer years of British speedway in 1930. However, it transpired that Hart had run away to Australia, aged just 16, after an argument with his father over the purchase of a motorbike. He even raced for Australia in an event at the Wessex Stadium in Copnor Gardens, Portsmouth, described as a match between England and Australia. He began his British leagues career riding for High Beech, during the 1931 Speedway Southern League season. The following season, he was signed by the West Ham Hammers, when the Southern and Northern leagues merged to form the National League. Another season was spent at West ham in 1933 before he moved to race for the Plymouth Tigers on loan. Hart transferred from West Ham to Hackney Wick Wolves in 1935, but struggled to find a starting place until 1936, when he raced with Hackney and also with Nottingham in the Provincial League. He also became a favourite at the Arlington Stadium in Eastbourne, winning some events there. In 1937, he only rode in the Provincial league, posting a 7.41 average for the Hall Green/Birmingham Bulldogs and topped their averages in 1938 at 8.82 and became their team captain. He made two appearances for England during 1937, with some newspapers confusing the fact that he was riding for England and not Australia.	1.914063
75695669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Craske	John Craske	The couple moved initially to Swanton Morley where Craske ran his fish round with two ponies and a pannier on each. However, as fresh fish from Lowestoft had to be collected from North Elmham railway station, in December 1909, they moved to North Elmham. Craske built the business by working from 6am to 11pm and took no holidays. One day a week he collected fish from Lowestoft docks for his father's fish shop where they did all their own fish curing and smoking. He was very energetic and business-like and never took a day off. While Craske was out on his rounds, Laura did the curing - smoked haddock, codling, cod roe, sprats, herring and whiting; kippered herring and mackerel and bloated herring. She also boiled crabs, lobsters, crayfish, winkles and oysters, cranking the water up from a well on a chain. The winter was harsh, working with ice and salt. The 1911 United Kingdom census on 2 April recorded John, 29, and Laura, 28, living at Chapel Street, North Elmham, where Craske was recorded as a 'fish merchant', with George Baker employed as a 'fish hawker'. In Kelly's Directory of 1912, John Craske is listed at North Elmham as Craske & Son, fishmongers. In 1914 they left North Elmham and returned to Dereham where they rented 42 Norwich Road. Laura hoped Craske would not have to work so hard and he continued his hawking from the house. Laura ran the smoke house for her father-in-law and for Craske's business. World War I In 1914, when World War I began, Craske was exempted from active service, rated C2 at his first test. In January 1916, when Kelly's Directory listed Craske as a 'fish curer' at 42 Norwich Road, East Dereham, the Military Service Act was introduced to help fill the ranks, introducing compulsory conscription for the first time in Britain's history. Every unmarried man and childless widower between 18 and 41 was offered three choices: enlist at once, attest at once - under the Derby Scheme, or on 2 March 1916, be automatically deemed to have enlisted.	2.359375
75695669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Craske	John Craske	In 1927 Valentine Ackland was staying with her parents in Winterton and heard from an aunt about an invalid fisherman who made model boats. She set off to find him and visited their home where she saw the paintings on doors and every available surface. She admired a picture of the fishing boat The James Edward and wanted to buy it. As neither Craske nor Laura would name a price she offered them 30 shillings, which they accepted. Painting with wool Craske and Laura moved back to Dereham in 1928 and bought the house in Norwich Road which they previously rented. By now Craske had been diagnosed as being diabetic and was too ill to help with the move or to decorate the neglected house. While Laura redecorated the house they stayed with Laura’s mother at 14 Norwich Street. One evening Craske was so restless that Laura suggested they could make a picture from wools. The only calico they could find was a piece that Laura’s mother had bought for Christmas pudding cloths. Once Craske had been shown needlework he began to ‘paint with wool’; in December 1928 his first work was a ‘mantle border’. He had started embroidery because he could stitch while lying down. He used deck chair frames as stretchers for the cloth and old gramophone needles to secure the cloth. His brothers Edward and William helped him with creative projects such as a concrete fish pond in the shape of a whale in the back garden of 42 Norwich Road, which Craske decorated with shells, and a wood carving of a shark under the front window. If he was not bed-ridden Craske would always be found out in his garden. His health went into another decline and during long periods of illness he worked in his primitive form of wool embroidery and depicted the scenes of the seafaring life he had known. He worked his embroideries in any materials he could find including wool and string.	2.21875
75695669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Craske	John Craske	"The display of forty-seven pictures at the twenty-fourth Aldeburgh Festival, in 1971, was the first major Craske retrospective, the nucleus formed by the Sylvia Townsend Warner and Valentine Ackland bequest and individual works lent by friends - Bea Howe, Gerald Finzi's wife, Janet Machen, Elizabeth Wade White and Valentine's solicitor Peg Manisty. A further group of six works came from John Duigan, son of Craske's doctor in Dereham who had originally accepted them in settlement of outstanding medical bills. The exhibition with a catalogue essay by Warner and an enthusiastic article by Bea Howe in Country Life, was such a success that other, more modest exhibitions were held at the festival in 1973, 1977 and 1980." Works owned by Peter Pears are on display at the Red House, Aldeburgh. There is also a considerable archive including photographs and correspondence between Craske and Laura and their American benefactors. The archive contains a typescript of John's own hand-written account of his life, entitled 'My Life and The Sea'. In 1993, 50 years after Craske's death, the Chairman of the Dereham Antiquarian Society (now Dereham Heritage Trust), Terry Davy, organised an exhibition of more than 50 of Craske's paintings and embroideries and he also wrote and published a pamphlet with first hand accounts of Craske's life. A second exhibition was held in Dereham in 2004. In 2005, Craske's nephew, William Frederick Edward Craske (Bill) gave Craske's portrait, a painting and an embroidery to Sheringham Museum. Many newspaper, magazine and scholarly articles have been written about Craske, his life with Laura and the works of art he created. A 2015 book Threads: The Delicate Life of John Craske by Julia Blackburn was launched with an exhibition of his work at Norwich University of the Arts gallery, curated by Blackburn and Professor Neil Powell, and was favourably reviewed.	1.96875
75695738	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%20Carey	Wilson Carey	Wilson Carey (b. 1830s) was a farmer and Reconstruction era politician in North Carolina serving in the North Carolina House of Representatives. Biography Carey was born in the 1830s (with different sources giving 1830, August 1, 1831 or 1834/5) in Amelia County, Virginia and was educated in Richmond before moving to North Carolina in 1855. He married Frances Kimbrough in 1857 and together they had 15 children, but only 8 survived to adulthood. He was a representative for Caswell County in both the 1868 and 1875 constitutional conventions. In the first of these he spoke against the proposal to increase white immigration saying: "The Negro planted this wilderness, built up the State to where it was; therefore, if anything was to be given, the Negro was entitled to it". He was originally a farmer, served as a magistrate and county commissioner. In 1869 he was North Carolinas first black postmaster, but served for just three months resigning probably to avoid issues with being a representative and postmaster at the same time. Carey was first elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1868 serving until 1870. It was claimed governor William Woods Holden that after the murder of John W. Stephens that Carey was driven from the county, however the following day Carey had written to Holden with no mention of such an event. He was also elected in 1870 to serve in the North Carolina Senate for the 24th district in the next session, but did not take his seat. New elections were called at the start or 1971 due to the "military occupation by Kirk's thieves", in reference to George Washington Kirk and the Kirk–Holden war, and the seat went to Livingston Brown. He served again in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1874 until 1880 winning re-election in 1876 and 1878, and finally was elected for a final term in 1889. Carey moved to Washington, D.C. sometime before 1900 with his family where he lived at least until 1905.	2.25
75695745	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simacauda%20dicommatias	Simacauda dicommatias	Simacauda dicommatias is a moth of the family Incurvariidae found in South America. It was described by the English amateur entomologist, Edward Meyrick in 1931. The larvae are leaf miners and feed within the leaves of Chilean myrtle (Luma apiculata). In 2020 leaf mines were found at Trengwainton Garden, Cornwall; the first known occurrence in Europe. Life cycle Ovum Eggs have not been observed but are likely to be inserted into the underside of a leaf of Chilean myrtle, preferring new growth towards the end of a stem. Larvae The larvae mine the leaves, initially in a long gallery filled with black frass and often cross the midrib. The mine terminates in a small, irregular blotch often at, or near the edge or tip. Larvae then leave the mine making a larval case from the blotch; it then makes a further two cases from leaves. In Cornwall the species is univoltine with tenanted mines found in late March, late June and in the autumn. Larvae have not been found in Argentina or Chile. Pupa The larva pupates in the third case which, is away from the feeding area and attached to the underside of a leaf. Imago Simacauda dicommatias is similar to Psychoides filicivora and care should be taken when recording either species in Cornwall where both larval foodplants occur. Food plants In Cornwall, larvae have been found at twenty-six sites on Chilean myrtle. At one site cases were also found on white Chilean myrtle (Luma chequen), and another on an unidentified Myrtaceae, but could be Myrceugenia ovata. Parasitoids So far, two parasitoids have been found in Cornish larval cases. Pnigalio soemius was reared from a larval case found at Trelissick in December 2020 and Enytus apostata, an ichneumon found in a larval case at Trengwainton Garden in June 2021. Distribution Simacauda dicommatias is native to temperate Andean forests in Argentina and Chile. In 2020, larval feeding signs were found in Cornwall, Great Britain; the first known record of this species for the UK and mainland Europe.	2.109375
75695975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus%20tortifolius	Narcissus tortifolius	Narcissus tortifolius (in Spanish: varica de San José) is a type of Narcissus endemic to the Province of Almeria and the Campo de Cartagena in the Region of Murcia. Description It is a plant very well adapted to the arid conditions of southeastern Spain. It inhabits in esparto grasslands and thyme fields. It sprouts from the bulb in December and flowers between February and March. In Cartagena it can be found in the towns of La Azohía and Isla Plana within the natural park of the Sierra de la Muela, Cabo Tiñoso y Roldán, as well as in the area of Cabezos del Pericón y Sierra de los Victorias, protected as a Site of Community Importance. Taxonomy It was first described in Sorbas in 1977. Subsequently, new populations of this species were found in other areas of Almeria - as in Turre - and in 2000 some more were discovered in Cartagena, Fuente Álamo and Mazarrón. Narcissus tortifolius was described by Francisco Javier Fernández Casas and published in Saussurea 8: 43. 1977. Cytology Chromosome number of Narcissus tazetta (Fam. Amaryllidaceae) and infraspecific taxa: n=5 2n=10. 2n=20,21,30,31. 2n=22. Etymology Narcissus generic name referring to the young narcissist of Greek mythology Νάρκισσος (Narkissos) son of the river god Cephissus and the nymph Leiriope; who was distinguished by her beauty. The name derives from the Greek word: ναρκὰο, narkào (= narcotic) and refers to the pungent, intoxicating odor of the flowers of some species (some argue that the word derives from the Persian word نرگس and pronounced Nargis, indicating that this plant is intoxicating). tortifolius: Latin for "twisted-leaved", referring to the twisting of its leaves.	2.40625
75696039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakou	Fakou	Fakou, also known as Fakou Foye or Fakoye, is a traditional soup of the Songhai and Tuareg people in Niger and Northern Mali. This dark green, slightly thick soup is made from jute leaves scientifically known as Corchorus olitorius, commonly referred to as Mulukhiyah in North Africa and Ayoyo in Ghana. Ingredients Fakou is typically garnished with lamb or beef, with the defining ingredient being the jute leaf. The traditional choice of oil used is cow butter (“Hawji” in Songhai) Preparation To make Fakou sauce, the jute leaves is transformed into a semi-fine dry substance. Key ingredients include Kabé (Mousse Renne), Cumin powder, red pepper, black and white Penja pepper ("fêfê" in Songhai), Selim pepper, soumbala, dried small fish, date paste, cinnamon powder, green anise, nutmeg, and cow butter. The seasoning is adaptable to personal preference. The preparation involves adding water to a pot, incorporating the ingredients, boiling the mixture, and then introducing the Corète potagère. Fakou is commonly served with rice. Distinctive traits Fakou sauce's culinary appeal is marked by visible oil on the surface during cooking, enhancing the dish's taste and quality.	2.421875
75696142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xampylodon	Xampylodon	Xampylodon is an extinct genus of cow shark. Fossils assigned to this genus are known from the Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene. Xampylodon was recently erected after a revision on the taxonomy of hexanchid fossil teeth, and includes four species (X. dentatus, X. loozi,X. brotzeni, and X. diastemacron), most of them previously included in Notidanodon. Morphology Xampylodon is known exclusively from isolated teeth. These teeth have a unique morphology (especially the saw-like teeth from the lower jaw). Xampylodon teeth are characterized by having an acrocone (or main cusp) and cusplets bent distally, with a convex mesial cutting edge. The mesial cusplets are much smaller than the distal ones. The root is very deep, unlike the condition observed in Notidanodon. Xampylodon species differ from each other in aspects such as size, the number and shape of the mesial cusplets, the orientation of the acrocone, and the presence of a gap between cusplets. Species Xampylodon dentatus (Woodward 1886) Xampylodon loozi (Vincent 1876) Xampylodon brotzeni (Siverson 1995) Xampylodon diastemacron Santos et al. 2024	2.734375
75696161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada%20Kent	Ada Kent	Ada Twohy Kent (8 February 1888 – 23 July 1969) was a Canadian musician, composer, and music educator. She was described as "probably Canada's most successful woman composer" in a 1943 profile. Early life and education Ada Jane Fairlane Twohy was born in Denver, Colorado, the daughter of William Humphrey Twohy and Ada Lutz Twohy. Her parents were both Canadian. Her piano teachers included J. E. P. Aldous and A. S. Vogt. She earned a bachelor's degree in music at the University of Toronto in 1906, at age 18, and an LRAM from the Royal Academy of Music in London. Career Kent was a pianist and composer from her teens, and a music educator. In Hamilton, Ontario, she was a church organist beginning in her teens, and taught at the Hamilton School of Music. She was also a church organist in Toronto, where she taught at the Toronto Conservatory of Music, and at Moulton Ladies' College. She toured as accompanist for the Canadian Mendelssohn Choir. In 1938, she gave a recital of her own works at London's Wigmore Hall. She gave a similar program in 1939, at the Prince Edward Hotel in Windsor. Kent composed works for piano, violin, and voice, and wrote several books of songs for children. She often used texts by Canadian writers as the lyrics of her songs. "Ada Twohy Kent has the precious gift of melodic sense," wrote a reviewer in 1937, about her first book of songs. "There's a simple vigor and often a lyric enchantment in these songs that entirely ignores sad or gloomy suggestions." Publications Sing a Song of Canada (1937, with Charlotte McCoy and Anne Sutherland Brooks) "16 Variations on an English Theme" "No Flower So Fair" (1940) Let's Pretend and Thirty Other Songs for Children (1943) Tip Toe Tunes for Tiny Tots (1952) Personal life Ada Twohy married William George Kent in 1918. They had two children. Her husband died in 1955, and she died in 1969, at the age of 81, in London.	2.078125
75696195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogene%20cevumeran	Autogene cevumeran	Autogene cevumeran is an investigational mRNA vaccine being developed jointly by BioNTech and Genentech as an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment to prevent cancer recurrence following surgery. Autogene cevumeran is a type of individualised neoantigen-specific immunotherapy containing multiple different mRNA species that together encode up to 20 neoantigens that have been identified in the resected tumour of the patient. The aim of the vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to mount an adaptive response to any remaining cancer cells with these mutations. Research Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Phase I Autogene cevumeran has completed a phase I trial in resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a type of pancreatic cancer, which has provided preliminary evidence of good efficacy and safety. The primary endpoint of the study was safety, while the secondary endpoints were 18-month overall survival (OS) and 18-month recurrence-free survival (RFS). The study enrolled 34 patients, 28 of which underwent surgery to resect the PDAC. 19 of the patients who had undergone surgery then received atezolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor. 16 of the patients on atezolizumab then received autogene cevumeran. 1 patient was considered to have insufficiently many neoantigens to manufacture the vaccine. The patients who had received autogene cevumeran were classified as "responders" if IFNγ+ T cells against at least one of the neoantigens were detected by ELISpot (8 out of 16 patients in this study), and as "non-responders" otherwise (the remaining 8 patients). At the end of the study, the responders hadn't reached the 18-month RFS endpoint, meaning that their cancer hadn't recurred in the 18 months following treatment, while the non-responders had a median RFS of 13.4 months. The authors concluded that, given the preliminary evidence of efficacy and safety, an international phase 2 trial was imminent.	1.914063
75696280	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler%20School%20%28Portland%2C%20Maine%29	Butler School (Portland, Maine)	The Butler School is a historic schoolhouse turned apartment building in Portland, Maine, United States. Built from 1878 to 1879 at the cost of $8,000, the building served as an elementary school for West End students until 1973. It is located on Pine Street in Andrews Square. It is named for Moses M. Butler, who was mayor from 1877 to 1879. It was designed by local architect Francis H. Fassett in the High Victorian Gothic style; Fassett lived in the neighborhood and also designed many other nearby buildings on the Western Promenade. It was built to replace nearby Brackett Street School and itself was replaced by Howard C. Reiche Community School, which was built a block away on Brackett Street. It did not have a playground until 1945. Apartments After the school's closure, the building was eventually converted into apartments. In 2011, the building was purchased by Avesta Housing and run as affordable housing. Avesta also did major upgrades to the building's heating and cooling systems. In 2019, the non-profit organization Maine Preservation described the building as "exhibiting the leading architectural trends of the era." Notable alumni James Phinney Baxter III Percival P. Baxter Wadleigh Davis William Moulton Ingraham Kenneth Sills	2.5625
75696341	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims%27%20Cross%2C%20Holcombe%20Moor	Pilgrims' Cross, Holcombe Moor	On 6 February 1914, the body of cotton worker Reginald Geldard of Holcombe, aged around 36, was found lying in a pool of water from the Pilgrims' Cross, with a bullet wound in his head and a pistol in his hand. It was speculated that he may have been intimidated by the idea of a hospital operation. In 1935 the monument collapsed, "apparently because of the mortar in the foundations perishing". The monument was restored by public subscription. In more recent times, the monument has been used as a landmark for hikers. For example, in 1991, a dog-walk for charity was organised between Holcombe Brook and the Pilgrims' Cross. In 1975 a group of Girl Guides used the landmark as an expeditionary focus for map-reading and the use of a compass. Local residents were put out when Ordnance Survey (OS) omitted the Pilgrims' Cross from its new Pathfinder map in 1992. However, the OS admitted its mistake and promised to "put it back in future publications". Pilgrims' Cross Fell Race is held annually. In 1993 there was a Pilgrims' Cross Fell Race for sixty competitors on a figure-of-eight route via Helmshore, Holcombe Moor and the monument.	2.359375
75696636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20Shuffle%20%28Canadian%20political%20episode%29	Double Shuffle (Canadian political episode)	The Province of Canada did not have a permanent seat of government. The Union Act, 1840 gave the Governor General the power to determine where Parliament would sit in the Province. By 1858, Parliament had met at various times in Kingston, Montreal, Toronto and Quebec City. Ottawa had also been suggested. The location of a permanent seat of government was extremely divisive, and the Macdonald–Cartier ministry was itself badly divided on the issue. Macdonald and Cartier feared that the issue could weaken the union itself. Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was similarly concerned that the issue had to be resolved if the province were to remain united. In the 1857 legislative session, and possibly acting on a suggestion from the Governor General, Macdonald and Cartier proposed that Queen Victoria should choose the seat of government. The Legislative Assembly then passed an Address to the Queen, asking her to choose the permanent seat of government. The opposition members had strongly opposed this approach, arguing that it undercut the principle of local responsible government, by deferring the decision to London. In late 1857, the Queen chose Ottawa, at that time a small lumbering settlement, but with a centralised location on the border between Canada East and Canada West. Even though the Queen had chosen Ottawa, there was still opposition to that choice in Canada East and Canada West, as the four other cities all continued to have strong regional supporters. In the 1858 session, Brown and Dorion hoped to use that regional support for Montreal and Quebec City to attract Bleus and independents.	3
75696643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20in%20paleobotany	2024 in paleobotany	A study on the age of the Santa Clara Abajo and the Santa Clara Arriba formations and their palynomorph assemblages, previously inferred to be Carnian-Norian in age, is published by Benavente et al. (2024), who determine an upper Anisian age for both formations, and interpret their findings as indicating that the taxonomic composition of Triassic Gondwanan palynomorph assemblages correlates more strongly with latitude than with geologic age. Description of the late Carnian to early Norian palynological assemblages from the Mungaroo Formation (Australia) is published by Scibiorski (2024). The interpretation of Cycadopites and Ricciisporites proposed by Vajda et al. (2023), who considered them to represent, respectively, normal and aberrant pollen produced by the same plant with Lepidopteris ottonis foliage and Antevsia zeilleri pollen sacs, is contested by Zavialova (2024); Vajda et al. (2024) subsequently reaffirm that Antevsia zeilleri produced Cycadopites and Ricciisporites pollen. Evidence from pollen and spores from the Jiyuan Basin (China), interpreted as indicative of a relationship between two peaks of wildfires of different types and changes in plant communities during the Triassic-Jurassic transition, is presented by Zhang et al. (2024). Evidence of high abundances of malformed fern spores from the Lower Saxony Basin (Germany) during the Triassic–Jurassic transition, interpreted as indicative of persistence of volcanic-induced mercury pollution after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, is presented by Bos et al. (2024). Rodrigues et al. (2024) study the palynological assemblages from the Kwanza Basin (Angola) ranging from the late Albian to the Turonian, reporting the presence of pollen indicative of subtropical to tropical climate and dinocysts with higher latitude affinities, and interpret these findings as indicative of existence of an open connection between the Central Atlantic and South Atlantic oceans in the mid-Cretaceous.	2.015625
75697129	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20civil%20war%20of%20432	Roman civil war of 432	The war between Bonifatius and Aetius Aetius, who believed his fall was now imminent, openly revolted against the imperial authority in Ravenna. He marched from Gaul against Bonifatius who stayed in Ravenna. Aëtius had brought his own army from the West that he originally intended to deploy to the Suebi in Spain, while Bonifatius had some of his troops from Africa with him, most bucellarii and the Italian fieldarmy. The two warlords competed against each other five Roman miles outside of Arminium (the current city Rimini) in 432. When the battle was over, Bonifatius had triumphed, but he would not enjoy his victory for long. He was injured during the battle and a few months later he died of a slaughter wound. Aftermath and end After Bonifatius' death, his son-in-law Sebastianus took over his position as commander-in-chief and continued the battle in Italy. He tried to capture Aëtius who had retreated to one of his fortified estates in Italy after the lost battle. However, Aëtius managed to flee and sought a good get-over with the Huns in Pannonia. Here he traveled to the court of his friend, the Hun King Rua, and after acquiring a new army, he returned to Italy. With the help of this army, Aëtius became the winning party. He reconciled himself with Galla Placidia who again offered him the title of es et magister utriusque militias (commander-in-chief). Aetius then had Sebastianus exiled from Italy, seized the properties of Bonifatius and married his widow Pelagia. Aëtius eventually had become the great victorer of this civil war an also became the most important Roman of the west. Galla Placida no longer played a meaningful role and in 437 she had to take a Seat when her son Valentinianus III became an adult. Valentinianus would turn out to be a weak emperor.	2.375
75697358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20Boulikessi%20attack	2017 Boulikessi attack	On March 5, 2017, jihadists from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin attacked Malian forces in Boulikessi. The attack was the first by JNIM since its inception that month. Background Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin was formed in March 2017 as a coalition of five jihadist groups that initially rebelled against the Malian government in 2012. These groups included Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Katiba Macina, Al-Mourabitoun, the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa, and Ansar Dine, whose leader Iyad Ag Ghaly also became leader of JNIM. Attack The Waraba battalion of the Malian Army was attacked around 5am by three pickups in Boulikessi while on patrol on March 5. The soldiers fled the scene, some ending up in the village of Dambatousougou in Burkina Faso, and others in Mondoro. Much of the Malian Army's equipment and weapons were destroyed or captured by the jihadists. The commander of the Malian detachment, Lieutenant-Colonel Abdoulaye Diallo, was killed fending off the jihadists. Fighting lasted for four hours. Fighters from the pro-government Arab Movement of Azawad were present near the attack, but did not intervene. The Malian government deployed reinforcements from the Waraba and Debo battalions, along with French forces, to search for the perpetrators. Aftermath AFP claimed the attack was perpetrated by Ansarul Islam shortly after news broke, but JNIM claimed responsibility on March 9. The Malian ministry of defense claimed the deaths of eleven soldiers and the injuries of five others. A resident of Boulikessi, speaking to Nord Sud Journal, claimed thirteen soldiers were killed. The UN reported in its March 2017 report that fifteen Malian soldiers were killed and five were injured. JNIM claimed only two of their fighters were wounded in the attack, and claimed to have killed a dozen Malian soldiers. Three Malian soldiers taken captive during the attack appeared in JNIM propaganda videos in October 2017.	1.921875
75697366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt%20of%20Sidi%20Yahia	Revolt of Sidi Yahia	The rebellion of Cheikh Sidi Yahia ben Solimani al Auresi was a revolt involving the Chaouis and the Regency of Algiers. Background Before his rebellion, Cheikh Sidi Yahya was employed by the Regency of Algiers, serving as a legal expert, Due to his excellent reputation, Cheikh Sidi Yahya, often summoned to Algiers, earned the trust of the pachas who wouldn't make significant decisions without consulting him. This attested to his importance and social status. However, such regard inevitably stirred envy. Faced with hostility, he had to escape to Constantine with his brother, Aboul Abbas Ahmed. Nevertheless, his adversaries pursued him, falsely claiming he was plotting a rebellion. Revolt Sidi Yahia and his brothers had to flee Constantine, seeking refuge in the Aurès, as a crowd of Arabs from the Ouled Aïssa tribe and the Guerfa pursued them. The rebellion escalated to the point where sending troops from Algiers became necessary. Despite several futile battles, the Algerians had to withdraw without achieving any success. The revolt persisted in a state of insurgency for a while, but discord eventually emerged among the rebels. A rival faction deceptively lured Cheikh Sidi Yahia to a gathering under the pretext of a social evening. Despite foreknowing the peril, the cheikh willingly attended and was fatally attacked during the night. It was purportedly predestined in the decrees of God. Following this assassination, his son, Abu Abdallah Ahmad, assumed control of the rebellion. However, due to the intense internal strife leading to his father's death, he decided to end the revolt and surrendered to Constantine. They accepted him and granted him amnesty.	2.390625
75697459	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisamenus%20asper	Tisamenus asper	Tisamenus asper is a stick insect species (Phasmatodea), in the family of the Heteropterygidae endemic to the Philippine island Luzon. Description Only a few specimens of this Tisamenus species are known so far. Ignacio Bolívar mentions characteristics of both male and female in the species description, but at the end only lists measurement data for one specimen without mentioning the gender. He states the total length as . The species is very similar to Tisamenus serratorius. In Tisamenus asper the mesopleurae are thorny. On the first segments of the abdomen there are small round tubercules. In Tisamenus serratorius there are pairs of spines directed diagonally to the side, the length of which decreases from front to back. On the head there are postorbital ridges with finer teeth at the front and coarser teeth at the back. Taxonomy Bolívar described the species in 1890 under the current name. The species name “asper” is borrowed from Latin and means rough. A male and a female syntype are deposited in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid. While the status of the male is questionable, the female labeled by Bolivar is certainly a syntype of Tisamenus asper. It is missing some tarsi and, like the male, the ends of the antennae. James Abram Garfield Rehn and his son John William Holman Rehn synonymized in 1939 the genus Tisamenus with the genus Hoploclonia. At the same time, they divided the genus into different groups according to morphological aspects. In the so-called Serratoria group, they placed Hoploclonia aspera, the eponymous Hoploclonia serratoria (today Tisamenus serratorius), Hoploclonia clotho (today Tisamenus clotho) and Hoploclonia atropos (today Tisamenus atropos), species with distinct lateral spines along the edges of the thorax and one extending to about half of the mesonotum, isosceles triangle on the anterior mesothorax.	2.484375
75697559	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Lister%20%28writer%29	Kate Lister (writer)	Kathryn Louise Lister (born 18 October 1981) is a British academic historian, writer, journalist and blogger, principally on women's rights and the history of sexuality and sexual behaviour. Life and career Born in Ulverston, Cumbria, she attended Ulverston Victoria High School and Ulverston Victoria Sixth Form College. She studied English literature at Leeds Trinity University and the University of Leeds, writing her doctoral thesis on "Women Authors and the Early Nineteenth-Century Arthurian Revival". She was a senior lecturer in the Centre for Victorian Studies at Leeds Trinity University, before becoming a freelance writer. In 2016, she set up an online blog and research forum, Whores of Yore, which by 2021 had over 360,000 followers on Twitter. She has since written and published extensively on sexuality in history, and in particular the history of sex work. Her book, A Curious History of Sex, was published in 2020, and was followed by Harlots, Whores & Hackabouts: A History of Sex for Sale, in 2021. As well as her blog, she writes regularly for the i newspaper, and has made appearances on British radio and television. She also supports charities for sex workers in Leeds. In 2017, she won a Sexual Freedom Award as Publicist of the Year for her blog. She has been the host of the History Hit podcast, "Betwixt the Sheets: The History of Sex, Scandal, and Society" since 2022. The podcast was nominated for Best New Podcast at the Audio and Radio Industry Awards in 2023. Bibliography Paraphernalia! Victorian Objects, Helen Kingstone (Editor), Kate Lister (Editor) (Routledge, 2018) Vikings and the Vikings: Essays on Television’s History Channel Series, Paul Hardwick (Editor), Kate Lister (Editor), (McFarland, 2019) A Curious History of Sex (London: Unbound, 2020) Harlots, Whores & Hackabouts (London: Thames and Hudson, 2021)	2.28125
75697638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea%20guineensis	Nymphaea guineensis	Nymphaea guineensis is a species of waterlily native to the region spanning from tropical West Africa to Chad. Description Vegetative characteristics The leaves are 22 cm long, and 19 cm wide. The leaves have an entire margin. The abaxial leaf surface displays reddish colouration. Generative characteristics The flowers are 13 cm wide. The petals are purple and pointed. The globose, smooth fruit bears numerous subglobose, arillate seeds. Taxonomy Publication It was first described by Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher and Peter Thonning in 1827. Type specimen The type specimen was collected by Thonning in Ghana. Insects have damaged the preserved specimen. Placement within Nymphaea It is placed in Nymphaea subgenus Brachyceras. Etymology The specific epithet guineensis means "from Guinea". Conservation The IUCN conservation status is least concern (LC). Ecology Habitat In Togo, Nymphaea guineensis occurs in ponds. In Nigeria, it has been observed in temporary, shallow, bright, aquatic habitats, which are less than 50 cm deep, and dry out in between the rainy seasons. In Chad, it has also been observed in deep waters. In North Chad, a prosperous population has been observed in a semi-desert region. Use In the Ivory Coast, the cooked seeds are eaten.	2.28125
75697955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch%20for%20Me%20on%20the%20Mountain	Watch for Me on the Mountain	Watch for Me on the Mountain is a 1978 novel by the American writer Asa Carter, published under his pen name Forrest Carter. It has also been published as Cry Geronimo. It is about the Apache military leader and medicine man Geronimo as he fights against the United States Cavalry. Plot Geronimo leads a group of Apaches who escape the San Carlos reservation in southeastern Arizona in the summer of 1886. They consist of aging warriors, women and children. Starving and suffering from the heat, they wander into the Sierra Madre where Geronimo has hidden rifles. Geronimo, who is both military leader and medicine man, uses guerilla tactics to lead his men in battle against the United States Cavalry. The fighting lasts until September, when Geronimo surrenders to the cavalry scout Tom Horn. Along with the story of Geronimo at war, the novel covers 300 years of Apache history. Reception Webster Schott of The New York Times wrote that the book contains "moments of poetry" when it covers Geronimo's role as a spiritual leader. Schott wrote that although Carter is insightful, his desire to cover history makes the novel suffer when it "trails off into lecture". Kirkus Reviews wrote that Geronimo's spiritual visions are the book's backbone and called the novel "less than totally enthralling or convincing but vivid, richly colored, and often fiercely effective". There were discussions about making a film adaptation. Carter died in June 1979 while visiting his son on the way to a meeting with a film studio in Los Angeles.	1.914063
75697965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy%20by%20the%20Sea	Tragedy by the Sea	The image, which Gaunt titled Tragedy by the Sea, was printed in the Los Angeles Times on April 3, 1954. At that time, the newspaper speculated that the boy might have been swept out to sea. The Pulitzer award earned Gaunt a monetary award. Aftermath The search went on for days and continued into April 5. The Los Angeles Mirror reported that John and Lillian kept a vigil on the beach for days. Michael's body was not found until April 12, which was ten days after his disappearance. The boy was spotted near 4th Street in Manhattan Beach. On April 12, 1954, a woman spotted the boy's body bobbing on the surf near her home. Her home was more than away from where the boy had gone missing; she pulled the body from the water and called the police. Reception The image won the 1955 Pulitzer Prize for Photography. The Pulitzer jury called the photograph "poignant and profoundly moving". The image also won an Associated Press Award. The photo won first place in the 1954 Los Angeles Press Club's Honor Gallery of News Photos. It also won a special citation from the managing editors of the Associated Press. The Associated Press Best Spot News award occurred before the Pulitzer award and they referred to it with the title of Cruel Waves. In 2005 Sylvester Brown Jr. of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch called it "Gaunt's haunting 1954 photograph". When the photographer John Gaunt died in 2007, the Los Angeles Times began the obituary by identifying him as the man who won the Pulitzer Prize in 1955.	1.984375
75698101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0%20Generale%20Semiconduttori	Società Generale Semiconduttori	SGS (Società Generale Semiconduttori, English: General Semiconductor Company) was an Italian manufacturer of semiconductor devices, most notably diodes, transistors and DIP ICs. History In 1957, Mario Tchou, an engineer from Olivetti, convinced Adriano Olivetti to found an Italian electronic manufacturing company for production of solid-state electronic devices. Olivetti sent his son Roberto Olivetti and Mario Tchou to negotiate with Virgilio Floriani, president of Telettra, to establish a joint venture. Within the same year, Olivetti and Telettra found Società Generale Semiconduttori (SGS). One of the reasons for SGS's foundation is the need of parts (diodes and transistors in particular) for Elea, a mainframe that was being developed by Olivetti. Headquarters of the company was located in Agrate Brianza. In 1960, Fairchild Semiconductor acquired one third of the company and a joint venture called SGS-Fairchild got formed. That gave SGS access to Fairchild's newly invented planar manufacturing technology. The partnership ended in 1968 and Fairchild sold its SGS stocks to IRI-STET, predecessor of TIM. In December 1971, SGS merged with an italian semiconductor company named ATES and forms SGS-ATES. On 23 April 1985, the company changes its name to SGS Microelettronica. 2 years later, SGS Microelettronica merged with Thomson Semiconductors to form SGS-Thomson, which later becomes STMicroelectronics in 1998.	2
75698584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Ann%20Sadd	Charlotte Ann Sadd	Charlotte Ann Sadd (29 June 1866 – 12 April 1937) was a New Zealand artist who exhibited widely in the country from 1882 until 1919. Biography Sadd was born in Nelson on 29 June 1866. She was the daughter of Mary Agnes Sadd (nḗe Hodgson) and James Barton Sadd, a schoolmaster at the Nelson Central Boys' School. She was educated at Miss Pickett's School and studied art with Morgan Cooke and Colonel Branfill. She passed the South Kensington Art School exams with distinction. She primarily painted and exhibited in oils and watercolours. In 1882, she was awarded 1st place in map drawing and 2nd place in drawing copies with chalk at the Bishopdale Sketching Club. Sadd was an active member of the Bishopdale Sketching Club (which later became the Nelson Suter Art Society), and served on the committee. She exhibited prolifically from 1882 to 1919 at: Bishopdale Sketching Club, later the Nelson Suter Art Society Auckland Society of Arts Canterbury Society of Arts, 1902–1914 New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts, 1900–1919 Otago Art Society New Zealand International Exhibition, 1906 Artworks by Sadd are in the collections of the Alexander Turnbull Library and the Suter Art Gallery. In 1910, she was a resident of Wellington but returned to Nelson by 1911, according to the 1911 electoral roll, and lived with her father at his house in Tory Street, Nelson. Sadd died on 12 April 1937 in Nelson, and was buried at Wakapuaka Cemetery with several members of her family. Artworks	1.984375
75698735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea%20hastifolia	Nymphaea hastifolia	Nymphaea hastifolia is a species of waterlily native to the Northern Territory, and Western Australia. Description Vegetative characteristics Nymphaea hastifolia is an annual or perennial aquatic herb with globose rhizomes. The elliptical floating leaves with sinuate margins are 20 cm long, and 15 cm wide. The adaxial leaf surface is green, but the abaxial leaf surface displays purple colouration. Generative characteristics The emergent flowers are white. The seeds are ellipsoid or globoid. Reproduction Generative reproduction Flowering occurs from March to June. Taxonomy Publication It was first described by Karel Domin in 1925. Type specimen The type specimen was collected by Schultz in Port Darwin, Australia. Placement within Nymphaea It is placed in Nymphaea subgenus Anecphya. Etymology The specific epithet hastifolia is derived from hasta, meaning spear, and folium, meaning leaf. It means having spear-shaped leaves. Conservation It is not threatened. Ecology Habitat It occurs in lagoons, peat bogs, seasonally flooded grassland, ephemeral billabongs, creeks, and rivers. Use The rhizome, roots, and seeds of Nymphaea hastifolia are used as food.	2.421875
75698764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calle%20Sarmiento	Calle Sarmiento	This is the most important cross street from west to east in the old town, along with Isabel II Street. Here can be found various commercial establishments, hotels and buildings such as the Saint Bartholomew's Church, the College of the Society of Jesus, the Pazo García Flórez belonging to the Pontevedra Museum and Bernardo López Abadín's eclectic 19th-century mansion on the site of the former home of the Bermúdez de Castro family, known as the House of Mercy. Outstanding buildings The Baroque church of Saint Bartholomew, built between 1695 and 1714 by the Society of Jesus according to the plans of the Gesù church in Rome, stands in Sarmiento Street. It was the church of the Jesuit college in the city between 1650 and 1767. It is one of the rare examples of Italian Baroque architecture to be found in Galicia, where international Baroque was introduced. On its façade, the six large Doric columns, towers and upper pediment are characteristic of Jesuit Baroque. It also bears the coat of arms of the Pimentel family and, at the top, a large stone coat of arms of the Crown of Castile. Next to the church of San Bartholomew is the Jesuit College, also in the Baroque style. On the outside, the two-storey building has a long, sober granite façade with numerous symmetrical windows, to which the part closest to Cobián Roffignac Street was added later. The lintelled door at the corner near the church is remarkable. It is decorated with plaques and pilasters and surmounted by a large coat of arms of Spain carved in stone in a medallion.	2.09375
75698912	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocellularia%20vizcayensis	Ocellularia vizcayensis	Description Ocellularia vizcayensis has a white thallus that is , meaning it has a loosely structured surface divided into irregular areas. The thallus is covered with a loose , and both the layer containing the (photosynthetic partner) and the medulla (the inner layer) have large clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. The apothecia (fruiting bodies) are either in the thallus or protruding from thalline warts. They are round, measuring 0.8 to 1.5 mm in diameter, and have a narrow pore only 0.05 to 0.1 mm wide. Surrounding the ostiole (the apothecial opening), there is a broad zone that is red-brown to purplish brown in color. A (an internal central pillar-like structure in some lichens) is absent. The , or the outer layer of the apothecium, is strongly on the sides, appearing jet-black and is 100 to 200 μm wide. The hymenium, which is the spore-bearing tissue layer, is clear and tall, ranging from 250 to 400 μm in height, with unbranched . The are large, oblong to in shape, and range from 100 to 300 μm in length and 15 to 30 μm in width. They are colorless, with 15 to 29 septa, and have a violet-blue staining reaction to iodine. No lichen products were detected in the thallus by thin-layer chromatography. Ocellularia fuscosporella, found in New Caledonia, is similar in overall appearance to O. vizcayensis but has brown ascospores. Thelotrema monosporum and related species also have superficial resemblance because of their whitish thallus and apothecia with brown rims, but can be distinguished by a differing internal anatomy, a lack of carbonization in the apothecia, the presence of in the hymenium, and brown spores. Distribution and habitat Ocellularia vizcayensis is known from a single, fully developed specimen found in an undisturbed lower montane rainforest of northern Luzon.	2.359375
75699279	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayacuchos	Ayacuchos	Ayacuchos is the nickname given by the opponents of the Spanish general Baldomero Espartero to the military men grouped around him and who formed a "camarilla" that had a notable influence during his regency (1840–1843) and with whom they shared the liberal-progressive political orientation (among others: José Ramón Rodil, García Camba, Isidro Alaix, Antonio Seoane and Francisco Linage, his military secretary). The name comes from the fact that all of them had participated in the Battle of Ayacucho (1824) that put an end to the Spanish American wars of independence, although curiously, Espartero himself did not participate in the battle of Ayacucho, as he was captured shortly after disembarking. By extension, the term was also used—although the expression "espadón" was preferred—to refer to the military men who played a leading role in the political life of the reign of Isabella II of Spain, of different political orientation (Espartero, Narváez, O'Donnell, Prim or Serrano). Origin The group of military that the anti-sparterist opposition called in a derogatory tone as the "ayacuchos" has its origin in the relations that the chiefs and officers under the orders of General José de la Serna, of liberal ideas, maintained during their stay in Peru.	2.59375
75699285	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conostylis%20pauciflora	Conostylis pauciflora	Conostylis pauciflora, commonly known as Dawesville conostylis, is a rhizomatous, stoloniferous, perennial, grass-like plant or herb in the family Haemodoraceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has flat, green leaves with bristles on the edges, and relatively few tubular flowers. Description Conostylis pauciflora is a much-branched, rhizomatous, perennial, grass-like plant or herb with stolons up to long. It has flat, green leaves long, wide and glabrous, apart from bristles on the edges, that are rarely more than long. The flowers are borne in groups of usually less than 10 on a flowering stem tall. The perianth is yellow, long, with lobes long, the anthers long. Flowering occurs from August to October. Taxonomy and naming Conostylis pauciflora was first formally described in 1978 by Stephen Hopper in the journal Nuytsia, from specimens he collected south of Mandurah, overlooking the Harvey Estuary in 1976. The specific epithet (pauciflora) means "few-flowered". Hopper described 2 subspecies of C. pauciflora in the Flora of Australia and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census: Conostylis pauciflora subsp. euryrhipis Hopper has leaves long and wide in flattened, broadly fan-shaped clusters. Conostylis pauciflora Hopper subsp. pauciflora has leaves long and wide in loose, narrowly fan-shaped clusters. Distribution and habitat Subspecies euryrhipis is common in heath on sand dunes between Cervantes and Yanchep and subsp. pauciflora is found in the Yalgorup-Dawesville area in the Swan Coastal Plain bioregion in the south-western Western Australia. Conservation status Conostylis pauciflorus is listed as "not threatened", but both subspecies are listed as "Priority Four" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that they are rare or near threatened.	2.59375
75699568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20in%20archaeology	2024 in archaeology	16 – Three ancient Roman graves dating to the 5th or 6th century AD were found in the ancient Roman city of Ossónoba, in what is now Faro, Portugal. The graves were sealed with limestone labs, believed to be reused parts from older buildings in the area. The graves are of a man between the ages of 39 and 45 years old, a woman under the age of 25, and a baby under six months old. Archaeologists also recovered other Roman artifacts near the graves: ceramics, a bone dice, nails, pins, a spoon, evidence of a dye factory, and coins minted between A.D. 306–307. 18 – Archaeologists discover a horseshoe-shaped monument and a collection of weapons and ornaments dating back to the Neolithic at a site in Marliens, France. 19 – A 2,500-year-old Greek-Illyrian helmet was discovered at the "Gomila" site in Zakotorac, Pelješac Peninsula, Croatia. 25 – A papyrologist at the University of Pisa finds information about Plato’s burial place in the Herculaneum papyri. 28 – Two glass bottles containing a mysterious liquid are found at George Washington's Mount Vernon estate in Virginia, United States. Experts believe the bottles were originally filled with cherries and were placed in the ground to refrigerate between 1758 and 1776.	2.609375
75699622	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankokuji%20Village%20Ruins	Ankokuji Village Ruins	The is an archaeological site with the traces of a Yayoi period settlement located on the Kunisaki neighborhood of the city of Kunisaki, Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site in 1992. Overview The Ankokuji Village Ruins is the remains of a village that was built from the Yayoi period to the early Kofun period, located on a terraced fan of low marshland formed by the Tabuka River, about two kilometers from the present-day coastline. The ruins were discovered in 1920 when pottery shards and large tree roots were discovered during a land reclamation project. Because it is a swampy location, organic artifacts are well preserved, and many wooden agricultural tools, architectural components, postholes, plant seeds, etc. were excavated, along with stone tools and a distinctive type of Yayoi pottery. This earthenware, with a comb pattern on a double-rimmed pot, is named "Ankokuji-style pottery" and is found in other locations in eastern Kyushu, making this the type site for this style. More than 300 post holes, thought to be a group of raised buildings, is thought to be the residential complex. Building materials include lumber with joints, round ladders, square lumber, boards, and logs. The settlement appears to have been surrounded by a large U-shaped ditch, two meters deep and up to 22 meters wide, although if this ditch was for defensive purposes or simply for drainage is unknown. As carbonized rice was also excavated, during the first excavations carried out from 1949 to 1952, the site attracted attention as it supported the theory that rice cultivation was introduced into Japan from eastern Kyushu. It has been dubbed the "Western Toro", and compared to the Toro site in Shizuzoka.	2.625
75699819	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telamona%20ampelopsidis	Telamona ampelopsidis	Telamona ampelopsidis, also known as the Virginia creeper treehopper, is one of the 38 species of treehoppers in the genus Telamona. Classification T. ampelopsidis contains 2 subspecies: Telamona ampelopsidis ampelopsidis (Harris, 1841) Telamona ampelopsidis tigrina Ball, 1931 Description Males are usually 8-9 millimetre, while females are 10 millimetres. They have a brown-coloured pattern across the pronotum, and it varies slightly; some can be almost black and some can be light brown. Distribution T. ampelopsidis is found in eastern United States and eastern Canada. It can also occasionally be found in central and midwestern United States, reaching as far as the Rocky Mountains. Diet Telamona ampelopsidis, like all treehoppers, feeds on the sap from under leaves. However, T. ampelopsidis exclusively feeds on the Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). The Virginia creeper was once placed in the genus Ampelopsis at the time that Thaddeus William Harris described the species in 1841, hence the species epithet Ampelopsidis.	2.515625
75699946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieping%20Chen	Lieping Chen	Lieping Chen (; born 1960) is a Chinese-American immunologist and physician-scientist. Chen was born in Fuzhou, and graduated with a medical degree from Fujian Medical College in 1982, a master's of science degree in immunology from Peking Union Medical College in 1986, and a doctorate in pathology and laboratory medicine from Drexel University in 1989. After completing postdoctoral research at the University of Washington, Chen was a research scientist at Bristol Myers Squibb until 1997. Subsequently, Chen worked for the Mayo Clinic. Chen began his teaching career at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 2004, and joined the Yale University School of Medicine in 2010. At Yale, Chen holds the United Technologies Corporation Professorship in Cancer Research. Chen's research has led to the establishment of several companies, including the Amplimmune Biotechnology Company (which was acquired by MedImmune in 2013), NextCure, and Normunity. Since 2018, Chen has been a member of the scientific advisory board of Zai Laboratory. In 2014, Chen shared the William B. Coley Award for Distinguished Research in Tumor Immunology. In 2017, he was a joint recipient of the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize. The following year, Chen was named a Giant of Cancer Care and elected a member of Taiwan's Academia Sinica. In 2021, he was elected a fellow of the American Association for Cancer Research as well as the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 2022, Chen was elected to the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering.	1.945313
75699957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Avery	Alice Avery	Alice Lethbridge Avery (née Perry; 2 September 1868 – 29 September 1957) was a New Zealand artist. Avery was born Alice Lethbridge Perry in Masterton on 2 September 1868, the sixth daughter of Bennet Pascoe Perry and Mary Ann Perry (née Masters). On 18 September 1895, she married Alfred Avery, who worked for the Government Life Insurance Department, in Masterton. They had two sons, including Norman Alfred Avery. They lived in Napier and later in Hastings. Avery exhibited at Auckland Society of Arts, Canterbury Society of Arts (1909 and 1925) and New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts (1905-1948). She exhibited at local clubs and societies, including the Masterton Sketch Club's annual exhibition, Havelock North Arts and Crafts exhibition, and the first exhibition of the Hawke's Bay Art Society. She sold four paintings at the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts 1922 and 1930 exhibitions. Her artist files are held at Te Papa and one of her paintings is in MTG Hawke's Bay. Her niece, Marion Tylee, who was also an artist, included a biography of her aunt in her papers, deposited at the National Library of New Zealand. Avery died in Hastings on 29 September 1957, having been predeceased by her husband in 1917, and her ashes were buried in Havelock North Cemetery.	2.03125
75700077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilicereus%20phaeacanthus	Brasilicereus phaeacanthus	Brasilicereus phaeacanthus is a species of Brasilicereus found in Brazil. Description Brasilicereus phaeacanthus typically grows with shoots that branch from the base, standing upright but sometimes leaning or climbing. The shoots are 4 to 9 centimeters in diameter and can reach up to 4 meters in height. The plant has 8 to 13 low, narrow ribs covered with whitish wool in the areoles. It features 1 to 3 yellowish-brown central spines up to 3 centimeters long and 10 to 12 yellowish marginal spines between 10 and 15 millimeters long. The flowers are whitish green to greenish, up to 6.5 centimeters long, and 6 centimeters in diameter, with a slightly curved flower tube. The slightly bumpy fruits can reach a diameter of up to 1.5 centimeters. Distribution Brasilicereus phaeacanthus is native to the Brazilian state of Bahia. Taxonomy It was first described as Cereus phaeacanthus by Max Gürke in 1908. The specific epithet phaeacanthus derives from the Greek words phaios (gray) and akanthos (thorn), referring to the plant's thorniness. Curt Backeberg reclassified it into the genus Brasilicereus in 1942.	2.6875
75700116	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soehrensia%20hahniana	Soehrensia hahniana	Soehrensia hahniana is a species of Soehrensia found in Paraguay. Description Soehrensia hahniana grows creeping, prostrate or hanging, laterally branching shoots. The spherical to cylindrical, light green to dark-green shoots reach heights of growth of up to 1 meters with a diameter of 1.5-. There are 8 low ribs that are notched and tuberous with areoles at the edge. The areoles have 8-14 whitish yellow to light brown spines. The 1-3 central spines are long. The radial spines are long. The broad, funnel-shaped woolly bud with creamy white flowers appear near the top of the shoot and are open during the day. They are long and have the 11.5- diameter. The ovoid shiny green fruits are long and in diameter covered with scales. The plant has black brown seeds. Distribution Plants are found growing in the shade in dry woodland forest in alkaline clay soil in Rio Apa, Presidente Hayes Department, Paraguay at elevations of 200 to 500 meters. Taxonomy This species was first described by Curt Backeberg as Mediocactus hahnianus in 1957 based on a plant found in Hahn's nursery. The plant was rediscovered in the Chaco Basin, Paraguay in 2009 by Lidia Pérez de Molas. Boris O. Schlumpberger placed the species in the genus Soehrensia in 2012.	2.59375
75700126	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soehrensia%20arboricola	Soehrensia arboricola	Soehrensia arboricola is a species of Soehrensia found in Argentina and Bolivia. Description Soehrensia arboricola is a shrubby plant that starts upright but later becomes drooping. Its slender, cylindrical, dark green stems can grow over long, with a diameter of , and develop aerial roots. The stems have nine to eleven ribs with almost cube-shaped or conical humps up to high, topped with wooly white areoles. From these areoles, nine to 15 needle-like thorns radiate, one of which is longer, ranging from in length and yellowish to brownish in color. The bell-shaped, white flowers bloom near the top of the shoot, opening at night. They measure long and in diameter. Distribution Soehrensia arboricola is found in southern Bolivia and the Salta province of Argentina at altitudes of 500 to 1000 meters. Taxonomy Originally described as Trichocereus arboricola by Myron William Kimnach in 1990, the species was named for its epiphytic habitat, with "arboricola" derived from the Latin "arbor" (tree) and "-cola" (dweller). In 2012, Boris O. Schlumpberger reclassified the species into the genus Soehrensia.	2.296875
75700144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soehrensia%20quadratiumbonata	Soehrensia quadratiumbonata	Soehrensia quadratiumbonata is a species of Soehrensia found in Bolivia. Description Soehrensia quadratiumbonata grows as a shrub with several upright branches emerging from the base, reaching heights of up to 1 meter. The cylindrical green stems are in diameter. There are nine to twelve ribs with cross-grooves. The round, brown areoles on the ribs are about apart, from which white, needle-like spines with brown tips emerge. Typically, there is a single, robust, 1 to 4-centimeter-long central spine, and seven to ten radial spines measuring in length. The long, funnel-shaped white flowers open at night but not fully. The dark green fruits are up to long and wide. Distribution Soehrensia quadratiumbonata is found in the Bolivian departments of Chuquisaca and Santa Cruz at elevations of 1000 to 1900 meters. Taxonomy First described as Trichocereus quadratiumbonatus by Friedrich Ritter in 1980, the species name derives from the Latin words quadratus (four-sided) and umbonatus (navel-like), referring to the almost rectangular ribs of the plant. Boris O. Schlumpberger reclassified the species into the genus Soehrensia in 2012.	2.1875
75700174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%20in%20reptile%20paleontology	2024 in reptile paleontology	Turtle research Pereira et al. (2024) provide evidence of two peaks in extinction rates in the evolutionary history of turtles, with the first peak coinciding with the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition, and the second one (possibly caused by hominin activities) beginning in and continuing since the Pliocene. Vlachos (2024) reports that the diversity of turtles was already in decline before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, and continued to drop during the Danian. A study on the osteological variation among the humeri of extant turtles, Proganochelys quenstedtii, Proterochersis porebensis and Palaeochersis talampayensis is published by Hermanson et al. (2024). A study on shells of Proganochelys and Proterochersis is published by Ferreira et al. (2024), who interpret their findings as indicating that the main function of the attachment of turtle pelvis to the shell was not strengthening of the shell, and interpret Proterochersis as likely aquatic. Redescription of the anatomy of the skull of Heckerochelys romani is published by Obraztsova, Sukhanov & Danilov (2024). A study on the biomechanical performance of the skull Niolamia argentina of is published by Degrange et al. (2024), who interpret the frill and horns of N. argentina as more likely used for display than for combat. Sterli et al. (2024) describe fossil material of a new turtle taxon from the Cenomanian Piedra Clavada Formation (Argentina), with a distinctive morphology indicating that it belongs to a previously unrecognized lineage of turtles, and representing the oldest Late Cretaceous turtle from the southernmost part of South America reported to date. Tong et al. (2024) describe new shell material of Phunoichelys thirakhupti and Kalasinemys prasarttongosothi from the Phu Noi site (Thailand), providing new information on the anatomy of the studied turtles.	2.125
75700269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebutia%20padcayensis	Rebutia padcayensis	Rebutia padcayensis is a species of Rebutia found in Bolivia and Argentina. Description Rebutia padcayensis has a sprouting growth habit, featuring depressed, spherical bodies that are green to gray-green in color. The bodies can grow up to 2.5 cm tall and 4 cm in diameter. Little is known about the roots. The plant has 14 to 17 distinct ribs, each with areoles that are whitish to brown. Occasionally, a central spine is present, while the 7 to 15 peripheral spines are light yellow with brown tips, turning gray with age. These spines range from 3 to 20 mm in length. The flowers are red with a white throat, orange, or yellow, measuring 3 to 4.5 cm long and wide. The pericarpel and flower tube are mostly bare, with only 1 to 2 bristles occasionally found at the scale axils. Distribution Rebutia padcayensis is found in southern Bolivia's Tarija department and northern Argentina's Salta and Tucumán provinces, thriving at altitudes between 3000 and 4400 meters. Taxonomy Walter Rausch first described the species in 1970, naming it padcayensis due to its presence near Padcaya.	2.234375
75700444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catodontherium	Catodontherium	Catodontherium is an extinct genus of Palaeogene artiodactyls belonging to the family Anoplotheriidae. It was endemic to Western Europe and had a temporal range exclusive to the middle Eocene, although its earliest appearance depends on whether C. argentonicum is truly a species of Catodontherium. It was first named Catodus by the French palaeontologist Charles Depéret in 1906, who created two species for the genus and later changed the genus name to Catodontherium in 1908. The Swiss palaeontologist Hans Georg Stehlin renamed one species and classified two other newly erected species to Catodontherium in 1910. Today, there are four known species, although two remain questionable in genus placement. Similar to the other dacrytheriine Dacrytherium and unlike anoplotheriines such as Anoplotherium, Catodontherium had a preorbital fossa. It also had cranial and dental morphologies typical of the Dacrytheriinae but had specific differences from Dacrytherium such as the position of the infraorbital foramen and forms of the premolars and molars. The anoplotheriid is known by very few facial and limb remains, most of which are fragmentary. Typical of anoplotheriids, Catodontherium lived in Western Europe back when it was an archipelago that was isolated from the rest of Eurasia, meaning that it lived in subtropical-tropical environments with various other faunal assembagess that also evolved with high levels of endemism. Taxonomy	2.78125
75700444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catodontherium	Catodontherium	In 1906, the French palaeontologist Charles Depéret wrote about fauna groups classified as being of the Bartonian stage of the middle Eocene. According to him, the localities of Robiac in France and Mormont in Switzerland have abundant fossil remains of anthracotheres with molars lower in shape than those of the Oligocene-aged Brachyodus. He said that specimens were previously designated by François Jules Pictet de la Rive under the species name "Hyopotamus gresslyi" (previously named by Ludwig Rütimeyer in 1862) but that he could not reuse the species name because Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer applied it previously to a lost molar holotype in the form of the now-invalid species name "Tapinodon gresslyi" in 1846. Since he determined that it did not belong to "Hyopotamus" (= Bothriodon), he decided to erect the genus name Catodus and create the species Catodus robiacensis, thinking that it may have been within the ancestral lineage of Brachyodus. He also said that Rütimeyer designated fossils of another species to Hyopotamus gresslyi, replacing it with another species name Catodus Rutimeyeri. In 1908, Depéret replaced the previous genus name Catodus with the newer genus name Catodontherium but reinforced the validity of its two species. He stated that it was oldest of the Brachyodus branch, C. Rutimeyeri being the oldest known species. According to the American palaeontologist George Gaylord Simpson in 1945, the genus was renamed because of apparent preoccupation of a prior genus name Catodon. He stated that the genus name was not a preoccupation but that it was a nomen nudum anyways, meaning that Catodontherium could be retained.	2.296875
75700444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catodontherium	Catodontherium	The Dacrytheriinae is the older anoplotheriid subfamily, but the actual first appearance by Mammal Palaeogene range is uncertain. The first undisputed appearance of anoplotheriids is by MP13, but their range may have extended, in the case of Catodontherium, into MP11 or even MP10. Dacrytherium itself made its first undisputed appearance by MP13 as an artiodactyl leaning towards bunoselenodont (bunodont (rounded cusps) plus selenodont (crescent-shaped ridge form)) dentition. The younger subfamily Anoplotheriinae made their first appearances by the late Eocene (MP15-MP16), or ~41-40 Ma, within Western Europe with Duerotherium and Robiatherium. After a significant gap of anoplotheriines in MP17a-MP17b, the derived anoplotheriids Anoplotherium and Diplobune made their first appearances in Western Europe by MP18, although their exact origins are unknown. In 2022 it was suggested that Dacrytheriinae is a paraphyletic subfamily based on dental morphology from which the Anoplotheriinae, Mixtotheriidae, and Cainotherioidea stemmed, but further research is required to confirm if this is true.	2.421875
75700689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava%E2%80%93Hanthawaddy%20War%20%281401%E2%80%931403%29	Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1401–1403)	The Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1401–1403) () was a military conflict between Ava and Hanthawaddy Pegu that lasted from 1401 to 1403. It was the second of the decades-long wars between the two kingdoms, both located in present-day Myanmar. The upstart regime of King Minkhaung I of Ava survived two dry season invasions by King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy. The casus belli was Razadarit's decision to exploit Ava's prolonged succession crisis that began in 1400. When the new king Minkhaung struggled to consolidate power, Razadarit invaded with a large naval armada via the Irrawaddy river in 1401, aiming to achieve a quick submission by Minkhaung. Caught completely off guard, Ava defenses could only hunker down inside their forts along the river. The Hanthawaddy navy went on to dominate the entire river up to Tagaung but did not have enough manpower to take any of the forts. As Minkhaung refused to submit or counterattack, Razadarit roamed freely in the upcountry until he was persuaded to withdraw by a Buddhist monk mediator in early 1402. The Hanthawaddy king began a slow deliberate withdrawal, stopping by Pagan (Bagan) to build a monastery there. He fully withdrew only when he learned that Ava's southern forces had defeated the Hanthawaddy army outside Prome (Pyay), and captured his daughter, Princess Tala Mi Kyaw, in the process.	2.765625
75700689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava%E2%80%93Hanthawaddy%20War%20%281401%E2%80%931403%29	Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1401–1403)	Pegu counterattack Across the river at Talezi, the Hanthawaddy command was completely shocked. They simply had not expected Minkhaung to have come down so quickly. In anger, Razadarit reflexively ordered his henchmen to execute all the troops who had swum across the river until his staff talked him out of it. After the king had calmed down, Dein and Byat Za proposed sending the navy to attack Ava's supply lines up the river. Their rationale was that Minkhaung's quick arrival meant his troops probably "brought nothing but what they slung on their shoulders", and that they would not be able to find anything in an already starving Prome. The king agreed. Over 300 Hanthawaddy war boats sailed up the river, attacking Ava supply boats as well as burning down rice depots at Thayet and Myede, or as far north as Malun and Magwe. Ava's supply depots further north in Sagu and Salin remained intact but they stopped shipping supplies. The Hanthawaddy navy's scorched earth attacks caused alarm at the Ava camp. As the Hanthawaddy command had envisaged, Ava troops had indeed carried minimal supplies. About ten days after the battle of Nawin, the provisions were down to four or five days' worth. The Ava senior staff impressed upon Minkhaung that it would be difficult to hold Prome, let alone recover the southern districts. Though Minkhaung had vowed to inflict enough pain to prevent future invasions, he had to acknowledge his staff's assessment that the two forces were "too equally matched". He agreed to offer a peace treaty if Razadarit agreed to restore the prewar border. Peace treaties	2.25
75700739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther%20A.%20Weigle	Luther A. Weigle	Luther Allan Weigle (September 11, 1880 – September 2, 1976) was an American Protestant religious scholar and educator who served as dean of Yale Divinity School. He is most known for leading the committee that created the Revised Standard Version (RSV) translation of the Bible. He was active in the ecumenical movement that sought to find common ground between different Christian denominations. He was a founding member of the Association of Theological Schools (ATS) and served on its board for decades. Biography Luther Weigle was born on September 11, 1880, in Littlestown, Pennsylvania, the son of Rev. Elias Weigle, a Lutheran pastor, and Hannah Weigle. He attended nearby Gettysburg College, as well as its affiliated Gettysburg Lutheran seminary. He graduated College in 1900 and was ordained a Lutheran pastor in 1903. During his studies, he learned Koine Greek, the language the New Testament is written in. He attended Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, for graduate school, where he earned his PhD in 1905.	2.203125
75700750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea%20Wong	Hosea Wong	Hosea Wong Zheng Yu (; born 16 May 2003) is a Bruneian wushu athlete of Chinese descent specialising in taijiquan. Early life and education Born in Brunei on 16 May 2003, Hosea completed his primary and secondary education in Chung Hwa Middle School, Bandar Seri Begawan before he undertook Laksamana College of Business (LCB)'s University Foundation Course. Career He competed for his nation at the 2017 Asian Junior Wushu Championship, which took place in Gumi, from 14 to 21 September 2017. Again in the 2019 Asian Junior Wushu Championship, where he finished gold in his group. In the 2017 Sarawak International Wuwang Cup Wushu Invitation Championship at Stadium Perpaduan Negeri Sarawak, Hosea placed second and third with 17.97 points. Hosea was part of the first group from Brunei to travel to the 19th Sukma Games 2018, which took place from 12 to 22 September in Perak. Under Li Hui's tutelage, he would compete in taijijian and taijiquan competitions. In the men's taijiquan competition, he came in eighth. "Hosea actually did well as this is the first time that he competed in Sukma," Li Hui remarked of his achievement. Hosea almost missed the podium in 2019 SEA Games, having earned bronze in the taijijian event and silver in the taijiquan event with 9,590 points. In the men's taijiquan event, he received 9.48 points in the 31st SEA Games, placing him considerably outside the podium. He competed in the men's taijijian event, however his effort to win a medal would be in vain. After taking silver in the men's combined taijijian and taijiquan event at the Bill Battle Coliseum in Birmingham on 14 July 2022, he contributed to the nation's historic achievement at the World Games 2022.	1.960938
75700801	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Eva	Mount Eva	Mount Eva is a mountain summit in Alaska, United States. Description Mount Eva is located northeast of Seward in the Kenai Mountains, on land managed by Chugach National Forest. Precipitation runoff and glacial meltwater from the mountain drains to Resurrection Bay to the southwest. Although modest in elevation, topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 4,500 feet (1,371 m) above Salmon Creek in . The mountain's toponym was officially adopted December 13, 2001, by the United States Board on Geographic Names. The mountain is named for Eva Lowell (1884–1951), whose family were early settlers of Seward. Eva was the daughter of Mary Lowell (Mount Mary) and sister to Alice (Mount Alice). Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Eva is located in a tundra climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Weather systems coming off the Gulf of Alaska are forced upwards by the Kenai Mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop below 0 °F with wind chill factors below −10 °F. This climate supports the Bear Lake Glacier on the north and east flanks of the peak as well as a smaller unnamed glacier on the west slope. Gallery	2.4375
75700961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluwaseun%20Olaegbe	Oluwaseun Olaegbe	Oluwaseun Olaegbe (better known by his stage name Skilzar) is a singer, songwriter, and tech entrepreneur. He is a Nigerian entrepreneur and technology startup founder. Olaegbe was listed as one of the most influential people in the Nigerian entertainment world. He was awarded the Nigerian Books of Record and JOM Charity Award due to his contributions to the ICT and media industry. Early life Olaegbe is an indigene of the Ifedayo local government area in Osun State but raised in Lagos. He had his secondary education at Lagos State Model College, Igbonla, Epe before graduating from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology in 2014 with a Bachelor Of Technology degree in computer science. He is a Google Trained Digital Marketing Specialist and a Harvard Trained computer programmer. Career Olaegbe is the Founder of Skilzar Digital, a design and advertising agency that created the Yessiey platform and organizes “The Yessiey Awards” to recognize outstanding achievements around the globe. Olaegbe has worked with GT Da Guitarman, Sugarboy and his song Novacane attracted over 1 million Plays on social media recorded close to 400,000 streams online and was on top chat on Silverbird Rhythm 93.7 FM Lagos. He is an advocate for technological advancement in Africa and was once listed In the year 2022, as one of the most influential young Nigerians in the Tech and branding industry and was also listed among the most distinguished CEOs to look out for in 2023 by E.O.M business network. He is credited for making brands in Nigeria leverage digital media for advertising and also for his non-profit set-up School The African Child Initiative, which provides micro-scholarships, tech training, and talent placement for African youth. Recognition and membership Olaegbe was awarded the Nigerian Books of Record, JOM Charity Award, The Outstanding Personalities (T.O. P) Prize.He is a member of the British Computer Society (BCS) - The Chartered Institute For I.T, and Forbes BLK.	2
75701300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriiashivka%2C%20Sumy%20Oblast	Andriiashivka, Sumy Oblast	Andriiashivka (; ; ) is a village in Romny Raion, in Ukraine's central Sumy Oblast. It is the administrative centre of Andriiashivka rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Its population is 1,352 (). History Andriiashivka was first mentioned in 1666. Around this time, it was one of the primary centres of the potato farming industry in Ukraine. The village is known for the , a 400-year-old oak tree, which is located near the church. Andriiashivka came under the control of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in January 1918. An Association for Joint Cultivation of Land was established in 1923, followed by an artel named for Rosa Luxemburg the next year. 147 inhabitants of the village died during World War II. Demographics According to the 1989 Soviet census Andriiashivka's population was 2,358. By 2001, this number had dropped to 2,087. As of the 2001 census, the majority (97.94%) of Andriiashivka speaks Ukrainian. The remaining population speaks Russian (2.01%) and Belarusian (0.05%). Notable people , Ukrainian ceramicist , Ukrainian porcelain artist , Soviet chess composer , Ukrainian pulmonologist	2.046875
75701425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munkhkhairkhan%20culture	Munkhkhairkhan culture	The Munkhkhairkhan culture, also Munkh-Khairkhan or Mönkhkhairkhan was a Middle Bronze Age culture of southern Siberia and western Mongolia, named after Mönkhkhairkhan Mountain in western Mongolia, and dating to 1800–1600 BCE. It immediately follows the Afanasievo culture and the Khemtseg culture. It was contemporary with the Andronovo culture, but its very existence suggests that the Androvo culture did not extend far into Mongolia. Some of the best known sites of the Munkhkhairkhan culture are Ulaan Goviin Uzuur (UAA) 1&2 and Khukh Khoshuunii Boom (KHU). The domestication of horses using carts for transportation, was one of the characteristics of the Munkhkhairkhan culture. The Munkhkhairkhan culture had tin-bronze knives, of a type thought to have been developed in Western Siberia before 1900 BCE as part of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon. This knife technology was probably then transferred through Munkhkhairkhan to various Chinese cultures, such as the Qijia culture, Erlitou culture or Lower Xiajiadian culture, where very similar knives have been found.	2.640625
75701465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy%27s%20Bush%20Scenic%20Reserve	Kennedy's Bush Scenic Reserve	Kennedy's Bush Scenic Reserve is a public conservation reserve in the Port Hills south of Christchurch, New Zealand. It sits above the suburb of Kennedys Bush on the northern side of the hills, just north of Ōrongomai / Cass Peak. The reserve is covered in dense native bush, and at it is the largest remaining patch of native bush on the Port Hills. Ecology In 1906 a survey found 96 species of flora in the reserve. Today the reserve still contains a wide variety of native species of plant. These include ferns, grasses, trees and climbing flowers, as well as and some threatened species including native speargrass, kānuka, rōhutu, and tōtara. Native birds are present in the reserve, including korimako, riroriro, kererū, and pīwakawaka. Tūī were also present during the early 20th century. Pest control has been ongoing in the area as far back as 1920, when more than 4000 rabbits were trapped in the area. Multiple agencies and community groups have been working to eliminate pest animals in the reserve since the 1990s. Pest species include rats, feral cats, mustelids and possums. History The area was originally owned by Thomas Kennedy from 1856, who harvested timber from the forest. Beginning in 1900 politician Harry Ell began a campaign to preserve access to walking tracks and the remaining remnants of native bush on the Port Hills. In 1903 he was instrumental in getting the Scenery Preservation Act through parliament. In 1906 with a subsidy from Prime Minister Richard Seddon and some additional fundraising, he was able to purchase of the bush and release it as Crown land. The remainder was acquired by the Scenery Preservation Board after 1908 from landowners including Heaton Rhodes. There was a fire that destroyed of the native forest in 1931, though it mostly only damaged the fringes of the forest.	2.328125
75701498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20F.%20Purvis	James F. Purvis	According to legal historian Martha Jones, over time Purvis "gained in reputation as he worked to transform himself from disreputable slave trader to entrepreneurial gentleman." He listed a residential property on Harford Avenue for rent, and also started working as what might now be called a real-estate developer, building three new two-story houses on Harford Avenue. Purvis maintained his connection with William Whitman, proprietor of the Eagle Hotel. In 1844, Whitman announced that he was going into the brick-making business; buyers interested in purchasing BRICKS—BRICKS—BRICKS could either visit him on Pratt Street or go to see James Purvis on Harford Avenue. In 1846 Purvis bought the Zion Church of a black Methodist congregation at auction at the Baltimore Exchange for $535 and sold it back to them a year later at a profit. Purvis became a trustee of the Baltimore Female College. In the 1850s he was on the board of the city poorhouse. At the time of the 1850 U.S. census, his occupation was exchange broker and he owned $40,000 in real estate. On the 1850 slave schedules he was listed as the legal owner of three people, a 26-year-old female, an eight-year-old boy, and five-month-old baby girl. Purvis was president of Howard Bank by 1856, when agents of the bank published a notice announcing a $100,000 stock offering. In 1856 a real estate listing described a Baltimore property listed for sale as being located near "that splendid mansion" of James F. Purvis. In December 1856 he was one of the gentlemen who would be calling around Christmastime "on the citizens of the Eighth Ward for their contributions to the city association for the relief of the suffering poor." In 1858 and 1859, he was involved in the anti-municipal corruption City Reform Association.	2.3125
75701649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Okmok	Mount Okmok	Mount Okmok is a volcano on eastern Umnak Island, in the central-eastern Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Part of the Aleutian Volcanic Arc, it was formed by the subduction of the oceanic Pacific Plate under the North American Plate. Okmok is a large shield volcano capped by a wide caldera. The caldera contains numerous cinder cones, their lava flows, and a few lakes. Okmok erupts mainly basaltic lava, mostly from the cones within the caldera. Activity began in the Pleistocene. Two large caldera-forming eruptions took place during the Holocene, with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 6; the second of these occurred in 43 BCE and caused a volcanic winter that might have changed the history of Egypt. After this second caldera-forming eruption a crater lake formed in the caldera, and drained in one of the largest known floods of the Holocene. Okmok is one of the most active volcanoes of North America; numerous eruptions have produced lava flows within the caldera, and the 1817 eruption destroyed an Aleut village. The last eruption was in 2008 and produced several new vents in the caldera. This eruption, which occurred with little forewarning, yielded a volcanic cloud that produced volcanic ash fall around Okmok. The volcano is monitored by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO).	2.765625
75701649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Okmok	Mount Okmok	The Aleutian Islands have cloudy and rainy weather, with frequent storms in winter and fog in summer. Mean annual temperatures are . There is frequent snow cover, except on recent lava flows. The mountain obstructs the airflow, thus on the eastern (lee) side cloud cover is less. The closest weather station is at Dutch Harbor, and may not reflect the climate at Okmok. During the ice ages >55,000 and 24,000–12,000 years ago, the mountain was covered by glaciers. Minor glacier advances may have taken place between 7,500–5,500 and 3,500–2,000 years ago. Tussock grass and tundra covers the lower parts of the volcano, with numerous flowers budding during late summer. The upper parts of the edifice above are bare. Animals include red foxes, reindeer and numerous birds, and marine life occurs in the seas surrounding Umnak. Eruption history Volcanic activity on northeastern Umnak Island commenced about 2.1–1.7 million years ago, eventually giving rise to Okmok volcano. A single rhyolitic flow was emitted on the northern flank during the Pleistocene. Older volcanic features, such as the Pleistocene Tulik, either formed in ice or show traces of glacial erosion. Effusive eruptions characterize the activity of the volcano, except for the two large caldera-forming eruptions during the Holocene: "Okmok I" about 12,000 years ago and "Okmok II" in 43 BCE. The occurrence of these explosive eruptions may be due to the accumulation of volatile-rich basaltic andesite magmas under the volcano. The pre-Holocene volcanic history of Okmok is poorly known. Tephra from Okmok has been recovered in marine sediment cores from the Bering Sea. A large eruption 64,500 years ago (VEI 6, comparable to the caldera-forming eruptions) produced about of dense rock equivalent, which forms the "SR4" tephra in the Bering Sea. The volcano was probably glaciated during that time.	3.03125
75701649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Okmok	Mount Okmok	Twelve separate vents erupted inside the caldera since the last caldera-forming eruption, forming tuff cones, maars and cinder cones. Some eruptions began underwater and produced hyaloclastite and pillow lavas. The intracaldera cones are not precisely dated but Cone D is the oldest vent, at 2,000–1,000 years. Subsequent activity formed tuff cones until about 1,000 years before present, Cone F probably between 400 and 1,000 years before present and Cone E 400 years ago. Outside of the caldera, a thick base surge deposit was emplaced on the western side of Okmok 1,500 years ago and mudflows 400–300 years ago. Deposits close to Kettle Cape imply that eruptions capable of depositing ash there took place on average every 150 years during the Holocene. After the 43 BCE eruption, the rate was about one eruption every 75 years. The magma supply rate since that eruption amounts to . More than 60 tephra layers were emplaced after the Okmok I eruption. Seismic swarms and increased seismicity occurred in 2001 and 2009. Okmok I eruption The Okmok I eruption 12,000 years ago is poorly documented, but some general features can be established. A lateral blast or a debris flow may have initiated the eruption. Pyroclastic flows descended the slopes of the volcano and crossed the sea to Unalaska Island. The mountain was probably snow- and ice-covered at the time, and pyroclastic flows melted the ice to form mudflows. Caldera collapse occurred only late in the sequence, and a debris avalanche formed on the northwestern flank. The eruption reached a VEI of 6. Its volume was probably twice as large as that of the Okmok II eruption, albeit with significant uncertainty. Before the caldera collapse, Okmok might have reached a height of .	2.75
75701649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Okmok	Mount Okmok	The Okmok II eruption released about 15–16 teragrams of sulfur (but no chlorine or fluorine) into the stratosphere, causing a volcanic winter with cooling across the Northern Hemisphere. The exact cooling depends on the location where temperatures are measured and the size of the sulfur release. For the Mediterranean, cooling reached about . The effects of the eruption were compounded by another volcanic explosion one or two years before: 43 BCE and the following two years were among the coldest during the last 2,500 years, with the following decade the fourth-coldest, producing a "little ice age". This cold is recorded both in Chinese historical records and in climate proxies such as tree rings and cave deposits, and has been reproduced by computer models. Famines in China and epidemics in Italy have been correlated to the event. In the Mediterranean, computer modeling and historical reports show that the eruption led to cold weather, snowfall, famines and a failure of the floods on the Nile, causing an economic and social crisis in Egypt. While a direct causal link to the Okmok eruption is not proven, and food production recovered in the following years, the longer-term effects on Egypt's food resources of both the famine and the increased interest of the Roman Republic (which was itself affected by a serious crisis), contributed to the final collapse of the Ptolemaic dynasty and the Roman Republic after the 31 BCE Battle of Actium, leading to the Roman Empire.	2.796875
75701649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Okmok	Mount Okmok	Intracaldera lake After the Okmok II eruption, a crater lake filled the caldera within a decade, eventually reaching an elevation of above sea level. At this level, it had a volume of and a depth of . Waves on the lake eroded the volcanic cones and deposited silt and sandstone, and lavas formed pillow lavas. Cone D was emplaced during two eruptive episodes within this lake. About 1,400–1,000 years ago, an intense eruption of Cone D produced large waves that overtopped the northeastern caldera margin. The lake broke out in one or several catastrophic floods, with discharge reaching -; this may be one of the largest floods of the Holocene, being only exceeded by the Altai and Missoula Floods and a flood on Nevado de Colima in Mexico. Another lake formed later, water levels reached an altitude of . Pre-caldera rock units crop out in the valley formed by the breach. Historical activity Okmok is one of the most active calderas in North America and the Aleutians. During the 19th century, Okmok reportedly erupted in 1805, 1817, 1824–1830, 1878 and 1899. About a dozen eruptions took place during the last century, averaging one eruption every 10–20 years. Historical activity has occurred at cinder cones within the caldera; they emplaced lava flows and volcanic ash fallout on the caldera floor. Sometimes, the Tulik vent is mistakenly assumed to be active. Eruptions reach VEI of 2–4; larger events can have impacts outside of the caldera. The 1878 eruption has been associated with a tsunami. The 1981 eruption may have caused sulfate deposition in Greenland. The entire volcano uplifts at a rate of a few centimeters per year, only to deflate shortly before and during the 1997 and 2008 eruptions.	2.953125
75702376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainspotters%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom	Trainspotters in the United Kingdom	A trainspotter, also known as a locospotter or gricer, is a member of a British subculture that was popularised in the 1940s. Based on the spotting of locomotives and recording of their numbers, the subculture gained a notorious reputation in British popular culture during the twentieth century. History Origins The earliest evidence of the existence of trainspotting has been dated to the 1840s. Between 1841 and 1847 the Victorian Colonel James Pennyman noted details about trains running on the Great North of England Railway, although the first person believed to have noted solely locomotive names and numbers was Fanny Johnson in 1861. Before the outbreak of World War II the practice of noting locomotive numbers as a leisure activity was considered popular among both children and adults; the author Eric Lomax recalled the presence of trainspotters on Britain's railways being a common sight in the inter-war period. Roger Kidner is reputed to have authored the first guide for trainspotters in the late 1930s, although Felix Pole had been producing partial lists of GWR locomotives since the 1920s. Post-war The railway historian Christian Wolmar has described post-war trainspotters as "a strangely British phenomenon". The subculture is often regarded as being formed by a Southern Railway employee, Ian Allan, who in 1942 published the ABC of Southern Locomotives. Allan's publication found a ready market reaching its seventh edition before the close of WWII, indeed so successful was his enterprise that the News Chronicle reported that he was regularly mobbed by young female and male trainspotters for his autograph.	2.671875

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