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71403171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20submontagnei	Leucocoprinus submontagnei	Leucocoprinus submontagnei is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Taxonomy It was first described in 1936 by the Belgian mycologist Maurice Beeli who classified the species as Lepiota Montagnei var. congolensis, a variant of Károly Kalchbrenner's earlier classification of Lepiota montagnei. In 1977 it was reclassified as Leucocoprinus submontagnei by the Belgian mycologist Paul Heinemann. Description Leucocoprinus submontagnei is a small dapperling mushroom with white flesh. Cap: 1–3 cm wide, campanulate or convex and expanding with age. The surface is white with a very dark brown or purplish-brown woolly (tomentose) centre disc or umbo. The scales are densely concentrated in the centre and sparsely scattered towards the cap edges, where striations extend about halfway up the cap. Gills: Free, crowded and white. Stem: Around 6 cm long and 2-3mm thick with a slightly thicker base. The surface is smooth and white whilst the interior is hollow. The membranous stem ring is white and described as narrow and funnel shaped. Spores: Ellipsoid or amygdaliform with a pore. 6.5-8.1 x 4.2-5.1 μm. The mushroom drys ochre-brown. Habitat and distribution L. submontagnei is scarcely recorded and little known. The specimen originally examined by Beeli was collected by M. Goossens-Fontana in 1923 in the Eala region of Zaire, Central Africa (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) where they were found growing on the soil. GBIF contains only one other recorded observation of this species. The second was recorded in Brazil in 1985 by Rolf Singer where they were found growing on dead Dicotyledon leaves in a flood plain. A 2006 study documented this species from Kerala state, India. Etymology The specific epithet montagnei as used in the earlier classification was likely named to honour the French bryologist and mycologist Jean Pierre François Camille Montagne. There are also various species of moss, lichen and succulents named for him.	2.15625
71403247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olearia%20stenophylla	Olearia stenophylla	Olearia stenophylla is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a shrub with oblong to linear leaves, and white and yellow, daisy-like inflorescences. Description Olearia stenophylla is a shrub that typically grows to a height of up to , usually with many stems at the base, and leafless in the lower half. Its young stems, the lower surface of the leaves and the peduncles are covered with loose, woolly, star-shaped hairs. The leaves are oblong to linear, long, wide and sessile with the edges turned down or rolled under. The heads or daisy-like "flowers" are arranged in corymbs on the ends of branches on a peduncle long, the involucral bracts long. There are 9 to 14 usually white ray florets, surrounding a similar number of yellow disc florets, the ligule long. Flowering occurs from late November to mid-December and the fruit is a flattened, cylindrical achene, the pappus with 30 to 40 bristles long. Taxonomy Olearia stenophylla was first formally described in 2000 by Neville Grant Walsh in the journal Muelleria from specimens collected in Kosciuszko National Park in 1998. The specific epithet (stenophylla) means "narrow-leaved". Distribution and habitat This olearia is grows in snow gum woodland at altitudes between in the catchment of the Tumut River in Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales.	2.546875
71403493	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Shall%20Be%20Free%20No.%2010	I Shall Be Free No. 10	Two of the five takes of "I Shall Be Free No. 10" were edited together for the album version, which lasts for four minutes and 46 seconds. It was released as the fifth track on side one of Another Side of Bob Dylan on August 8, 1964. An alternate version, with an extra verse, was issued on the Highway 61 Interactive interactive CD-ROM in 1995. In 2010, a version was released on The Original Mono Recordings, a box set of mono versions of Dylan's first eight studio albums. According to his official website, Dylan has never performed the song in concert. The song is a talking blues, a form popularized by Chris Bouchillon and used by Woody Guthrie. Composition and lyrical interpretation "I Shall Be Free No. 10", like "I Shall Be Free" from Dylan's second studio album The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963), derives from earlier songs such as Lead Belly's "We Shall Be Free", recorded with Guthrie and Sonny Terry in 1944. John H. Cowley traced stanzas from "We Shall Be Free" and similar songs back to the mid-nineteenth century. Early recorded variations include "You Shall" (1927) by Frank Stokes and Dan Sane (performing as the Beale Street Sheikhs), and "What a Time" (1928) by Jim Jackson. Critic Michael Gray noted similarities in the lyrics of Jackson's song to both the content of the Lead Belly track, and the lyrical and instrumental delivery by Dylan of his own "I Shall Be Free" songs. However, Jackson's version had not been released by 1964. Gray suggested that the title "I Shall Be Free No. 10" is an explicit acknowledgement by Dylan of "the many antecedents and variants and versions" of the older songs. The song opens with Dylan declaiming his normality, in what scholar of English Charles O. Hartman described as "archetypal here-I-am-singing-in-front-of-you deixis". Critic Jim Curtis wrote that "you can practically see [Dylan] grinning" on the track.	2.0625
71403660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20tropicus	Leucocoprinus tropicus	Leucocoprinus tropicus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Taxonomy It was first described in 1982 by the Indian mycologists K.V. Natarajan and B. Manjula who classified it as Leucocoprinus tropicus. Description Leucocoprinus tropicus is a dapperling mushroom with thin whitish-yellow flesh. Cap: 6.5-7cm wide, flattened convex and depressing with maturity. The surface is white with a brownish umbo and loose brown scales scattered across the surface which may disappear with age. There are striations at the cap edges. Gills: Free, crowded and white. Stem: 9-10 cm tall and 5-8mm thick without a noticeably thicker base or any tapering. The surface is white and the interior hollow and white mycelium may be present at the base. The persistent, membranous stem ring is white and located towards the top of the stem (superior). Spore print: White. Spores: Ellipsoid with a germ pore. 8.8-13.2 x 5.5-7.7 μm. Habitat and distribution L. tropicus is scarcely recorded and little known. The specimens studied by Natarajan and Manjula were found growing on soil at Raj Bhavan in Tamil Nadu, India in November 1978. Etymology The specific epithet tropicus derives from the Greek tropikós meaning tropical.	2.171875
71403989	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Filipino%20Nobel%20laureates%20and%20nominees	List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees	The Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences are a set of awards given, according to Alfred Nobel's will, to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind." Since its establishment, the prize has been awarded 609 times to 975 people and 27 organizations including one Filipino Nobel laureate – Rappler journalist Maria Ressa who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2021 with Russian journalist Dmitry Muratov in recognition for their contributions to press freedom. Before Ressa's win, Filipinos speculated multiple times when and who will be the first to win from their country. According to OPCW member Franz Ontal, winning the Nobel Prize is the last thing a Filipino could think of. Hence, the lack of Nobel laureates from the country. The American news publication Foreign Policy has listed former Philippine president Corazon Aquino alongside Mahatma Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, Ken Saro-Wiwa and Václav Havel as people who "never won the prize, but should have". Filipino journalist Romulo Virola noted Ramon Magsaysay, Manuel L. Quezon, Felipe Agoncillo, Concepción Felix, Josefa Llanes Escoda, Lope K. Santos, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Huseng Batute, Carlos Bulosan, and Zoilo Galang as "Filipinos who could have won the Nobel Prize if only they were nominated."	2.40625
71404244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopendra%20japonica	Scolopendra japonica	Scolopendra japonica, formerly classified as Scolopendra subspinipes japonica, is a species of scolopendrid centipede mostly found in Japan, although specimens have been reported in other parts of Eastern Asia such as China, Taiwan, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos. They usually grow between 7.5 and 13 centimetres in length. It is known by the common names Japanese giant centipede and blue-head centipede. Habitat and behaviour S. japonica prefers shaded woods and greenspaces, both flat and mountainous. Like most centipedes, it is nocturnal. S. japonica preys mostly on insects and arachnids including cockroaches, spiders, and crickets. During the day, they hide under leaf litter, rocks, or fallen logs, but sometimes rest on the tips of tree branches. They can be found in residential areas, and can sometimes even enter the home. Taxonomy S. japonica was first described by Koch in 1878. In 1903, Kraeplin reclassified it as a subspecies of Scolopendra subspinipes. In 2003, it was suggested by Jui-Lung Chao and Hsueh-Wen Chang that it could be a subspecies or geographic variation of Scolopendra multidens. In 2012, it was elevated back to species level by Christian Kronmüller. Morphology Two colour morphs have been reported in S. japonica, although the only significant variation is in leg colour, which ranges from yellow-brown to red with almost greenish tips. The body is usually dark greenish to brown, and the fangs are tipped with black. The head and first tergite are dark reddish-green.	2.78125
71404345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Lellep	Otto Lellep	Otto Georg Lellep (29 September 1884 – 18 October 1975) was an Estonian-born American inventor and metallurgical engineer. Biography Otto Lellep was born on a farm near Viljandi, in 1884. He studied at the Tallinn Secondary School of Science, the Clausthal University of Technology and at the Technical University of Braunschweig where he received his doctorate. In 1917 he went to the United States to pursue research on nickel mining. Although he had originally intended to return to Europe, he remained in the United States and was awarded American citizenship in 1923. While working as an engineer at Polysius, he invented the Lepol kiln, which reduced the amount of energy that was needed to produce cement and the processing of iron ore. (Lepol is a combination of Lellep and Polysius). In recognition of his engineering work, in 1960 he received, along with Robert Durrer the Carl Lueg Commemorative Medal from the Stahlinstitut VDEh. Selected publications 1930: Wärmetechnische Untersuchungen über den Wärmeaufwand beim Zementbrennen. Verbund-Rost-Drehofen, Dessau.	2.484375
71404424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%204%20open%20reading%20frame%2050	Chromosome 4 open reading frame 50	Chromosome 4 open reading frame 50 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C4orf50 gene. The protein localizes in the nucleus. C4orf50 has orthologs in vertebrates but not invertebrates Gene The C4orf50 gene is on chromosome 4 at position 4p16.2 and is located on the minus strand. The gene's longest isoform consists of 11 exons, a coding sequence of 6370 nucleotides, and an upstream in-frame stop codon. Other genes in the gene neighborhood include: CRMP1 and JAKMIP1 Protein C4orf50 is 1508 amino acids long and has a calculated molecular weight of 30 kDa. The isoelectric point is at approximately a pH of 5.6. In addition, the protein has higher than normal amounts of glutamic acid and arginine, and lower than normal amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Tertiary structure i-TASSER and Phyre 2 predict C4orf50 to have a tertiary structure rich in alpha helices concentrated near the N-terminus and C-terminus. Gene level regulation Expression C4orf50 RNA is expressed lowly and ubiquitously in most tissue types. C4orf50 is expressed at a much higher level in the brain, testis, adrenal, and prostate. C4orf50 was expressed in specific parts of the brain including the hippocampus and striatum. Other tissues with moderate expression included the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and amygdala. In all available RNA-sequencing data shows C4orf50 is found in the brain. Protein level regulation Modification It is predicted that C4orf50 has 21 phosphorylation sites, one sulfonation site, one N-glycosylation site, and several O-glycosylation sites. Subcellular localization The primary subcellular location is the nucleus. Immunofluorescent staining of C4orf50 antibodies show that C4orf50 is present in the nucleus, but the reason remains unknown. C4orf50 is less abundant than most proteins in humans Evolution Orthologs	2.25
71404661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Ludington%20Avenue%20Historic%20District	East Ludington Avenue Historic District	As the 20th century approached, timber resources dwindled, and Ludington's economy diversified, first with the addition of salt manufacturing, then, later in the 1910s and 20s, as a railroad hub and manufacturing center. This diversification brought new people to the area, with Ludington's population doubling from 4,190 people in 1880 to 8,898 people by 1930. The new boom brought more wealthy residents to East Ludington Avenue, including Wilmer T. Culver (701 East Ludington), Joseph F. Shalmark and his wife, Esther, (707 East Ludington), August H. Lidberg and his wife, Alma (709 East Ludington), Clay F. Olmsted and his wife Ada Mae (504 East Ludington) and Edward Rohrmoser (806 East Ludington). Into and after the Great Depression, these industries also began to decline. However, after World War II, more local tourism came to Ludington, helped in part by the rise of the personal automobile. To serve these tourists, more motels were constructed in the area, including two in the district: the Dancz Motel (414 East Ludington) and the Four Seasons Motel (717 East Ludington). Tourism increased in the 20th century, and as it drew to a close, a number of the homes in the district were converted to bed and breakfasts.	2.125
71404817	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Are%20Not%20I%20%28short%20story%29	You Are Not I (short story)	"You Are Not I" is a short story by Paul Bowles written in 1948 and first published in the January 1948 issue of Mademoiselle magazine. It later appeared in the collection of his short fiction, The Delicate Prey and Other Stories (1950), published by Random House. The story is one Bowles's tale of "transference", in which the madwoman who narrates the story believes she has occupied the body and mind of her sane sister. Plot "You Are Not I" is told in the first-person, by a narrator identified as Ethel. The story opens minutes after a catastrophic train derailment. The disaster has occurred within sight of a mental institute. In the confusion, Ethel, an inmate of the asylum, walks off the gated property without being detected by the staff. She wanders about the wreckage, observing the dead and injured passengers thrown from the carriages, but with utter detachment. A number of corpses have been assembled in a row. Ethyl collects small, smooth stones from the embankment, and compulsively inserts one into each of the mouths of the dead. When she attempts to remove jewelry from the hand of a woman buried in the wreckage, she is accosted by a train employee. Weeping, Ethyl claims that the woman is her dead sister. She is led to an assembly area for survivors. She is assumed to be suffering from shock after an examination at the local hospital.	2.21875
71405175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah%20Hoopes	Josiah Hoopes	Josiah Hoopes (November 9, 1832 – January 16, 1904) was an American botanist specializing in arboriculture. He founded one of the largest commercial plant nurseries in the United States in his hometown of West Chester, Pennsylvania. Life and career Hoopes was born to parents Pierce and Sarah A. Hoopes in West Chester in 1832. He attended Philadelphia high schools. In 1853, he founded Cherry Hill Nurseries (later Hoopes Brothers & Thomas) in West Chester, which expanded to one thousand acres by 1913 and became one of the largest commercial plant nurseries in the United States. Hoopes supplied fruit trees to all the country's national cemeteries and sold overseas in Europe and Australia. The business formally dissolved in July 1948. Hoopes was lifelong friends with botanists David Townsend and William Darlington. He wrote for The New York Times, The Horticulturist, Botanical Gazette and other horticultural periodicals and served as founder and president of the Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania for seven years. His Book of Evergreens (1868) was an authoritative treatise on conifers. Hoopes was a fifth-generation Quaker. He collected taxidermy birds, nearly eight thousand of which were acquired by the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and served as a trustee of West Chester State Normal School for fifteen years.	2.359375
71405957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardhouse%20Castle	Wardhouse Castle	Wardhouse Castle was a 13th-century tower house, about west of Insch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The castle was called Weredors, Wardes Castle or simply Wardhouse. History Sir Bartholomew the Fleming owned the property in the 13th century. The castle was in the lands of the John Erskine, Earl of Mar as feudal overlord in 1566, but the rents were used to pay royal trumpeters. In the 16th century the property belonged to the Leslies; the Gordons acquired it. It was in ruins by 1790, and demolished, along with a neighbouring building, shortly before 1842. Structure Wardhouse Castle was an enclosure castle. Only ditches and earthworks remain. The building was very tall, with very thick walls which had a few slit windows. The lower storey was arched; the building was reached by a drawbridge. There was a moat. By the late 20th century all that was visible of the site, which had been degraded by ploughing, was a natural oval mound, mainly natural, which measured about from south east to north west by , surrounded by mere traces of a ditch. Other than the north eastern flank the natural profile has been changed. cropmarks showed ditches of an outer line of defence, which have been located by excavation.	2.359375
71406412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica%20bishopiana	Veronica bishopiana	Veronica bishopiana, the Waitākere rock koromiko, is a flowering plant belonging to the family Plantaginaceae. It is native to West Auckland in New Zealand, and was first described by Donald Petrie in 1926. Description Veronica bishopiana is a low spreading shrub that grows up to one metre tall. While similar to Veronica obtusata in appearance, Veronica bishopiana tends to be larger, and has distinctive maroon-green leaves. The shrub has white and mauve-coloured flowers, with the mauve colour often only evident in the youngest buds of the plant. Taxonomy It was named by Donald Petrie in 1926, first described as a hybrid, Veronica × bishopiana. It was transferred the genus Hebe in 1966 by ED Hatch, but has since been reclassified again as a species of veronica. The species was named for Titirangi resident John Joseph Bishop, who first recognised Veronica bishopiana as a distinct species and cultivated it at his home, providing plant material for Petrie to study. Distribution Veronica bishopiana is naturally distributed in the Waitakere Ecological District of the Waitākere Ranges of West Auckland. It typically occurs on stream sides, igneous rock outcrops and shaded cliff faces. Since 2007, specimens have also been found in the Tangihua Forest in Northland Region.	2.140625
71406435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20Louisiana%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28Confederate%29	1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Confederate)	The 1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment was a unit of volunteers recruited in Louisiana that fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Formed in April 1861, the regiment was sent to fight in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. Joining a brigade of Louisiana regiments, it fought at Malvern Hill, Second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg in 1862, at Chancellorsville, Second Winchester, Gettysburg, and Mine Run in 1863, and at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Monocacy, Third Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, and Petersburg in 1864, and at Appomattox in 1865. At Appomattox, the regiment was only a shadow of its former self. Formation The 1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment organized at New Orleans on 28 April 1861. The original field officers were Colonel Albert G. Blanchard, Lieutenant Colonel William G. Vincent, and Major William R. Shivers. Blanchard was promoted brigadier general on 21 September 1861 and was replaced as colonel by Vincent on the same date. Shivers became lieutenant colonel on 27 September 1861 and was replaced as major by Samuel R. Harrison. On 28 April 1862, the regiment elected new officers. Vincent was dropped and Harrison became colonel. Harrison resigned on 8 June 1862 and was replaced by Shivers. Michael Nolan became lieutenant colonel and James Nelligan became major. Nolan was killed on 3 July 1863 and replaced by Nelligan. Charles E. Cormier became major. When Shivers resigned at some time in 1864, Nelligan became colonel.	2.125
71406435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20Louisiana%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28Confederate%29	1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment (Confederate)	Brigadier General Francis T. Nicholls led the brigade at the Battle of Chancellorsville on 1–3 May 1863. It was part of Brigadier General Raleigh Colston's division. The brigade suffered losses of 46 killed, 268 wounded, and 130 missing during the fighting. The 1st Louisiana Infantry lost 7 killed, 29 wounded, and 10 missing. The regiment participated in Lieutenant General Thomas J. Jackson's flank attack on 2 May and in the fighting on 3 May. Nicholls had his left foot taken off by an artillery projectile on 2 May. He was replaced in command of the brigade by Colonel Jesse M. Williams. In the vicious fighting on 3 May, the 1st Louisiana Infantry lost its flag. On 15 June at the Second Battle of Winchester, the regiment had only 1 man wounded. At the Battle of Gettysburg, the 1st Louisiana Infantry fought at Culp's Hill on 2–3 July 1863, taking 172 men into action and suffering 39 casualties. Nolan led the regiment and was killed. The regiment was in a brigade commanded by Williams, in a division led by Major General Edward Johnson, and in the Second Corps under Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell. The regiment fought at the Battle of Mine Run (Payne's Farm) on 27 November 1863. It took 112 into action and sustained 28 casualties.	2.046875
71406436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector%20Pitchforth	Hector Pitchforth	That winter, Pitchforth's ability to hunt fresh meat was negatively impacted when disease spread among the hunting dogs, and no supplies had arrived preventing his trade with locals. As such he became inflicted with scurvy. The Inuit inhabitants of Kivitoo noted changes in Pitchforth's demeanour. He became increasingly paranoid and isolated, fearing rival traders, the Canadian police, and the Inuit, whom he became convinced were all out to kill him. This paranoia was likely fueled in part by the story of Robert S. Janes. Janes was a trader from Newfoundland who was killed by an Inuk in Cape Crauford, also on Baffin Island, which led to a prominent murder trial. Despite his near-blindness, Pitchford made regular 360 degree scans of his surroundings and built a stone wall around his house, leaving only the windows unobstructed so that he could see if anybody was approaching. During the construction of the wall, he slipped and fell, injuring his spine and his stomach when the heavy stone dropped on him. Despite his fear of the Inuit, he wrote regularly in his diary of the injuries he was sustaining because he did not want them falsely accused if he were to die. As the year of 1926 progressed, Pitchforth's mental state worsened. He took all of his dishes, utensils, pans, cups and saucers, and went alone in his outboard motor boat to hide them. He passed on instructions on where to find these supplies, but his Inuit former friend Qilliq was not able to uncover the location. Pitchforth then went on to kill the puppies and several adult dogs used for travel and hunting. Because the Inuit needed these dogs for life in Kivitoo, many decided to flee and relocate at a new location. As they left, Pitchforth started shooting at them, though his poor eyesight resulted in him missing every shot. Once they left, he destroyed the shacks and his own boat. His former friend Qilliq and another man, Atakaalik, went to see how we was after some time, during which he ordered them away and refused to speak with them.	2.46875
71406617	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution%20of%20the%20Reforms	Revolution of the Reforms	The Revolution of the Reforms was a military movement in Venezuela between 7 June 1835, and 1 March 1836, against the government of José María Vargas, the conservative Congress, and the influence of José Antonio Páez. It was led by outstanding independence heroes such as Santiago Mariño, Diego Ibarra, Pedro Briceño Méndez, José Laurencio Silva, José María Melo, Blas Bruzual, Luis Perú de Lacroix, Pedro Carujo, José Tadeo Monagas, Renato Beluche, Andrés Level de Goda, and Estanislao Rendon. Ideology The rebels first demanded the reconstitution of Gran Colombia and political reforms such as the establishment of federalism, the establishment of military jurisdiction, the state religion and the vindication of the name of the Liberator Simón Bolívar. They denounced the existence of a "oligarchy", strengthened by import and export trade and the protection of Gran Colombia. The reformists challenged the government of José María Vargas and the Congress, which symbolized the coalition between the "Godo's" and "conservatives." The "Godo's" were so named for their support of Spanish rule and Royalist allegiance during the independence war, while the "conservatives" were primarily white criollos, economically and politically liberal, led by General Páez and his followers. The military saw the restoration of lands to the "Godo's," lands previously awarded to independence fighters as military compensation, as a direct insult. Additionally, the military privileges of the Liberation Army's members were revoked.	2.21875
71406868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Davies%20Davenport	Edward Davies Davenport	Edward Davies Davenport of Capesthorne Hall (27 April 1778 – 9 September 1847) was a British landowner, High Sheriff of Cheshire and Member of Parliament for Shaftesbury. Early life Davenport was born the son of Davies Davenport of Capesthorne Hall and Court Garden, Marlow and his wife, Charlotte, daughter of Ralph Sneyd of Keele Hall and Barbara Bagot, daughter of Sir Walter Bagot, 5th Baronet. He was educated at Dr. Gretton’s School in Hitcham, Buckinghamshire, which he completed in 1789 followed by Rugby School which he left in 1794 and finally Christ Church, Oxford which he matriculated from in 1797. Military career Davenport entered the 16th The Queen's Lancers as a cornet in 1799 following graduation from Oxford at 21. Due to gambling debts he then transferred to the Grenadier Guards as a lieutenant, serving in Southern Italy and was promoted to captain in 1804, following which in 1807 he resigned his commission, giving poor health and lack of intellectual conversation as his reasons for leaving to his father. Although his resignation from the Army was on the condition that he promised not to accrue any further gambling debts, he was soon in debt again and complained to his father of his lack of ability to pay them off, however, this was eased when his father transferred to him the family Calvely estates on the advice of his mother, Charlotte Sneyd.	2
71406891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Parsons%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201875%29	John Parsons (footballer, born 1875)	John Parsons Alexander (14 April 1875 – 18 November 1960), was an Anglo-Spanish footballer who played as a forward for FC Barcelona. His younger brother, William, followed him every step through. Together with his brother, he is regarded as one of the most important figures in the amateur beginnings of football in Catalonia, taking part in some of the earliest Catalan clubs in existence such as Sociedad de Foot-Ball de Barcelona, where he stood out as a great striker, netting some of the first goals in the history of Catalan football. Parsons is best known for his role in FC Barcelona's beginnings, being among the 11 founders of the club in 1899, and then serving the club as its vice-president between 1900 and 1901 and as a player between 1899 and 1904, netting 15 goals in 41 appearances, and helping his side win the 1901–02 Copa Macaya, the club's very first trophy, and helping his side reach the final of the 1902 Copa de la Coronación, in which he scored in a 2–1 loss. He was also a great fan of philately, receiving several awards and distinctions throughout his life. Early life His family, of English origins, settled in Barcelona in 1870, where Parsons was born on 14 April 1875. Sporting career Barcelona Cricket Club In the early 1890s, Parsons and his younger brother William became members of the British Club de Barcelona, where they practiced several modalities such as cricket with the Barcelona Cricket Club.	2.078125
71406894	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Morris%20%28footballer%29	Samuel Morris (footballer)	Samuel Alfredo Morris de Olea (1870 – 23 August 1935), was an Anglo-Filipino football pioneer who played as a goalkeeper and midfielder for some of the earliest Catalan clubs in existence. His younger brothers, Enrique and Miguel, followed him every step through, and together with them, he was one of the first pioneers of football in Catalonia, participating in some of the first football matches of the city and playing for several experimental teams in the 1890s such as Barcelona Football Club and Sociedad de Foot-Ball de Barcelona. During the second half of his career in the early 1900s, he played for Hispania AC and FC Barcelona, being a member of the Hispania side that won the 1900–01 Copa Macaya, which was the very first football competition played on the Iberian Peninsula, and a member of the Barça side that reached the final of the 1902 Copa de la Coronación. In addition to being a footballer, he also practiced cricket, athletics, cycling, rugby, tennis, and hockey, and was also an outstanding football referee. Early life Samuel Morris was born in 1870 in the Philippines, as the son of the English businessman and engineer Samuel James Morris Campbell (1842–1909) and María del Socorro de Olea y Marabea (1852–1877), a teenager of Basque origin. In 1886 the family moved to Barcelona, where his father had been transferred to run the Barcelona Tramways Company Limited. On the grounds near the Hippodrome of Can Tunis, their father taught his three sons Samuel, Enrique (Henry) and Miguel (Júnior) the practice of football, a sport that was practically unknown in the city at the time. Sporting career	2.296875
71406899	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo%20Green	Gustavo Green	Gustavo Gren Córdoba (10 May 1880 – 9 November 1965), better known as Gustavo Green, was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward for FC Barcelona and RCD Espanyol. After spending his childhood in a south London neighborhood, he settled in Barcelona and began playing friendlies with Escocès FC, Català FC, and Team Roig. He was captain of the side that won the very first official title in Spanish football, the 1900–01 Copa Macaya with Hispania AC. He won all three editions of the Copa Macaya with three different clubs (Hispania AC, Barça and Español), being the only one to do so. He was thus the first great star of Catalan football as well as one of the first great forwards of Barcelona and RCD Espanyol (then Club Español), netting over 100 for them between 1911 and 1910, although this tally includes goals scored in friendlies and unofficial games. Early life Gustavo Gren was born on 10 May 1880 in Málaga to a German father and a Spanish mother, but it was in Catalonia where he found his home. He spent his childhood in a neighborhood in the south of London, where he was first introduced to football. Together with his brother, Guillermo, they competed in some cycling tests in London using the alias “Green”, which was an anglicization of their German surname. In the Catalan press of his time, he was often mentioned as Gustavo H. Green y Córdoba. Playing career Escocés FC At the age of 20, Green returned to Spain and settled in Catalonia at the end of the 19th century, where he first joined Escocès FC, a team made up of Scottish workers from a factory in Sant Andreu, such as George Girvan, Joseph Black and John Hamilton, the latter being the team's captain and goalkeeper.	2.109375
71406899	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo%20Green	Gustavo Green	After the founding of the club, Hispania AC organized the first edition of the Copa Macaya in 1901, which was the first football championship played on the Iberian Peninsula, and the forerunner for the Catalan championship which began in 1903. In the opening match of the tournament against FC Barcelona on 20 January 1900, Green scored twice in a 2–1 comeback win, thus contributing decisively to help Hispania become the first-ever team to win a competitive match in Spanish football as well as the first team to defeat Barça in a competitive match. This result proved to be decisive in the outcome of the tournament since Hispania won the title over Barça by just two points. Green was Hispania's captain and best player at the tournament, playing a pivotal role in helping his side become the very first Spanish club to win an official title. He finished the tournament with 9 goals, 7 of which came in 0–10 and 14–0 trashings of Franco-Española. Those nine goals saw him finish as the second highest top scorer of the tournament only behind Joan Gamper who netted a whopping 31 goals.	2.171875
71407171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20de%20Lobos	Sierra de Lobos	Sierra de Lobos is a mountain range in Guanajuato state of central Mexico, The mountains rise north of León. The range is a protected natural area, and provides surface water, groundwater recharge, wildlife habitat, and recreation for the surrounding region. Geography The Sierra de Lobos are part of the Sierra Central, a belt of low mountains which extend northwest–southeast through central Guanajuato state. They separate the Bajío plain to the south from the higher Mexican Plateau to the north. The Sierra is part of the Lerma-Santiago basin. The Turbio River, a tributary of the Lerma, drains the southern slopes and runs through León, and the Río San Juan de los Lagos drains the northwestern Sierra. Flora and fauna The natural vegetation includes tropical dry forest, thorn scrub, semi-thorn scrub, and chaparral at lower elevations, and oak and pine–oak forest at higher elevations. The Sierra is an important habitat for wildlife. 34 mammal species, 181 bird species, and 39 reptile species have been recorded in the Sierra. Native mammals include white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Peters's squirrel (Sciurus oculatus), and Mexican long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis). Resident and migratory birds include peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), and American wigeon (Mareca americana). Native reptiles include the Querétaro dusky rattlesnake (Crotalus aquilus), rough-footed mud turtle (Kinosternon hirtipes), and mesquite lizard (Sceloporus grammicus). Conservation The Sierra de Lobos was designated a sustainable use area in 1997. It has an area of 1270.58 km2.	2.984375
71407529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological%20Survey%20of%20Israel	Archaeological Survey of Israel	In the 1950s Yohanan Aharoni was the pioneer surveyor of the Judean desert. During this period, 4 expeditions surveyed the caves of the Judean desert and ancient buildings, in 1953, 1955, 1956 and 1960 in the area between Ein Gedi and Masada. The surveys were conducted by volunteers from the kibbutz movement, sometimes at high personal risk. One of the caves was the Cave of Letters, the findings were discovered by Yigael Yadin. in 1961 Pessah Bar-Adon discovered the Nahal Mishmar hoard was discovered. The Association for the Archaeological Survey of Israel In 1962, the Archeology Council promoted the subject for archaeological survey. The goal was to establish an orderly body that would specialize in archaeological surveys and work alongside the "Antiquities Division". In 1964, the "Association for the Archaeological Survey of Israel" was established by various archaeologists and its first director was Dr. Ze'ev Yevin. Its purpose was to systematically produce scientific surveys. The founding conference of the association was held in Haifa on July 19, 1964. At the request of Abba Hushi, the survey association began its operation with a survey in the Haifa area to help with the city outline plan. The mayor at the time, Abba Hushi, supported the association by funding Part of its activities. The chairman of the association was Avraham Biran, who simultaneously served as director of the antiquities department. Establishing the association led to many organized survey teams that would work systematically according to 1:20,000 maps. The systematic survey led to substantial discoveries of many new archaeological sites.	2.671875
71408542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajahmundry%20Circar	Rajahmundry Circar	Early history During Vengi Chalukya era, Rajahmundry was the capital from the reign of Rajaraja Narendra, and later during Kakatiya rule it was a fort. Rajahmundry may have been among the 77 administrative territories during Kakatiya's reign. During the reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, after the fall of Kakatiyas, Rajahmundry province fell to the invading armies of Ulugh Khan (later Muhammad ibn Tughluq) around 1324AD. In the same year, one of the oldest Mosques in Madras presidency was built here after destroying a Hindu temple by massacring the priests, and the ruins of that temple were used to build the mosque now known as Royal mosque or () by natives. That mosque bears still an inscription that it was built by one of the commanders of Muhammad ibn Tughluq. Later a reconquest was launched by chieftains such as Prolaya Nayaka, Prolaya Vema Reddi and liberated this province from Tughlaq rule. Vilasa grant of Prolaya Nayaka discovered near Pithapuram gave valuable insight into the situation of Telangana (including Andhra Pradesh) aftermath of the fall of Kakatiyas and mentions the ordeals faced by the people during Tughluq rule. Later, Rajahmundry was ruled by Reddies. During their rule, Rajahmundry was first a sub-capital () and later became the capital town. Later it passed to the Gajapatis of Orissa. Gajapati Era Rajahmundry was retroceded by Srikrishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara Empire to the Hindu rulers in Orissa, the Gajapatis as part of a peace treaty after his successful conquest of eastern provinces in 1512. After a martial alliance with Gajapatis, Krishandevaraya returned all the lands that the Vijayanagara Empire had captured north of the Krishna River; this made the Krishna River the boundary between the Vijayanagara Empire and Gajapati Kingdom. During Gajapati era, Rajahmundry was then organized as a () with 21 (rough equivalent to Parganas).	2.375
71409029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Monok	House of Monok	Lords in Monok The person of Illés is typically listed in documentation under the name of either Alexander or Elijah. The names of the descendants on all genealogical trees, however, perfectly match the descendants of the individual as well as significant dates in the family, which means that both are the same person yet identified differently. During the Tatar invasion, Elijah Monoky held ownership and Lordship over Monok, both the village and family of Monok were not struck nor pillaged by Mongol forces during this conflict. Count Ladislaus, the son of Elijah, would go on to be the first member of the Monok dynasty to extensively use the name "Monok" in records. Lord Elijah Monoky is mentioned in Hungarian records as being born between 1217 and 1277. Among the sons of Ladislaus (d. 1310 and 1333), Michael I was the Viscount of Sáros, while Simon was the Royal Altar Master. Sandrin, son of Michael I, was a master carpenter. Among Sandrin's sons, Stephen was a guard cannoneer in Fehérvár, and Peter was a prominent Catholic clergyman of Szabolcs. The successor of Ladislaus I was his son, Simon Monoky, held Lordship over the Monok lands, which he led for a great part of the mid 14th century. During his tenure as Lord, Simon would obtain ownership of Bekecs and ownership of Szada prior to his death in 1369. Michael II's son, Nicholas I, would inherit Monok when his father died, and Nicholas I's son, Michael Monoky de Monok III, reigned in the latter half of the 1400s. Mihály Monoky de Monok II held power until his death in the early 1500s, and during his tenure became a Lord of Lúcz, due to the Monoks' blood relation to the House of Lúcz. However, the Barony of Lúcz would later be lost near permanently after the death of the Monok main line in the 17th century. It is from Mihály Monoky de Monok II that the first coat of arms of the Monok dynasty is documented.	2.234375
71409458	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Battle%20of%20Przasnysz	First Battle of Przasnysz	First Battle of Przasnysz was a battle between Imperial German Army and Russian troops which took place between 7–28 February 1915, on the Eastern Front during World War I. Background At a time when German troops were gathering in the north of East Prussia to strike at the 10th Russian Army, the Russian command planned to launch an offensive within Germany from the Narew River by the forces of the 1st and newly formed 12th armies. The concentration of the Guards and 4th Siberian Corps was to be covered by the cavalry of the 1st Army from the northern bank of the Narew (4th Don Cossack, 4th, 6th and 15th cavalry divisions, 1st and 4th cavalry brigades). During 2–4, February 1915, the Russian cavalry had clashes with parts of the Landsturm, after which it was concluded that the enemy forces were weak in the future main direction of attack. At this time, the command of the German 9th Army, having received the task of ensuring an offensive in Mazury from the southern flank (the arrival of new Russian corps became known), reinforced the Graudenz and Thorn corps with a group of artillery general Fritz von Scholz and the 1st Guards reserve division. On 10 February, an army group of artillery general Max von Gallwitz (93 battalions, 64 squadrons) was formed from these troops, which received from the Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, the task of going on the offensive to pin down Russian forces on the southern border of East Prussia. On 11 February, Hindenburg ordered the commander of the 8th Army, Otto von Below, to allocate at least a corps for active operations on Shchuchyn and Grajewo. The detachment included the 1st Landwehr Division, the 5th Infantry and the 6th Reserve Brigades.	2.296875
71409458	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Battle%20of%20Przasnysz	First Battle of Przasnysz	By the evening of 16 February, Russian troops occupied the line from Osowiec to Slupno. On 17 February, a meeting was held at the Staff of the Russian Supreme Commander, at which Nikolai Ruzsky proposed to transfer the maximum number of troops to Mlava, deploying two armies here - the 1st and 12th, and using the 2nd and 5th armies as a reserve and even withdraw to reduce the front to Novogeorgievsk and Warsaw. The commander-in-chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front, General of Artillery Nikolai Ivanov, and his chief of staff, General of Infantry Mikhail Alekseyev, spoke out against such a withdrawal, which exposed the flank of neighboring armies during the period of the Austro-Hungarian offensive in the Carpathians. The Supreme Commander, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich, forbade a retreat from the positions on Bzura, Rawka and Pilica, but approved the plan to attack Mlava with the forces of two armies. The start of the offensive was scheduled for 20 February. On 17 February, the Russian 76th and 77th Infantry Divisions launched an offensive against Drobin. The attacks were so strong and swift that the Russian chains managed to break through to the battery of the German 1st Guards Reserve Field Artillery Regiment. But with a counterattack by the Guards Reserve Rifle Battalion of the 64th Reserve Infantry Regiment and the Life Hussar Brigade, the Germans managed to push the Russian infantry back to its original position and capture 6 officers and 2,500 soldiers, 6 machine guns and 2 guns. The casualties of the 1st Guards Reserve Division and the Life Hussar Brigade amounted to 85 killed, 5 prisoners, 216 wounded.	2.1875
71410060	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%20Jones%20%28Quaker%29	Eli Jones (Quaker)	Life Eli Jones, their son, had but poor educational advantages; in China books were not to be had, and the Bible was almost the only book attainable wherewith he could gratify his thirst for knowledge, and from constant reading of the Bible at an early age he consequently became a proficient Biblical scholar. He attended a school near his home, but the terms were short, and the teachers themselves hardly proficient in the rudiments—as, for instance, one of the teachers after working two days on a problem of long division gave the result to Eli Jones, saying, "I know that is right now, but I can't explain it to you or tell you why it is done that way." In the winter of 1827 he was given the benefit of the charitable fund at the Friends' School in Providence, Rhode Island. He had only three months there, however, as he divided the half-year with another scholar, and also lost much of his time by a serious attack of typhoid fever. Soon after this he returned home, and at the Chadwick Schoolhouse in China first began to speak in the public assemblies of the Society of Friends. He was at the time less than fourteen years of age, but was afterward often heard, and encouraged by the older Friends to deliver his message when impressed. About this time he also organized a temperance society, of which he was secretary, which organization was established two years before the Washington movement was started, and it exerted a marked influence in the state, and no doubt its force was felt in the enactment of the "Maine Law". He died in 1890. Personal life In 1833 Eli Jones was married to Sybil Jones, and henceforth his life and works were so closely united with hers that their record in history is one.	2.625
71410137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical%20lace	Liturgical lace	Liturgical lace refers to the use of lace as a form a liturgical ornamentation at the crossroads of religious art and decorative arts. History The Egyptian origin of liturgical lace Though it is often believed that "no documentary evidence exists that lace was made before the 15th century", it has also been shown from ancient Egyptian nets that embroidered patterns from Antiquity could be found. The first trace of the use of lace in a liturgical context was found in the Egyptian sarcophagus. Bead-net dresses, mentioned in Egyptian literature since the Three Tales of Wonder (known also as the Tales from the Westcar Papyrus ) and depicted in Egyptian art as the costume sky goddess, Nut, from the third millennium B.C, can be seen as the oldest form or liturgical lace. In fact, given that these dresses were too heavy to move in, and having been found solely within tombs, it seems like they primarily served a funerary and liturgical function. They were made by stringing beads together on a net which was then worn over a linen dress. This early design known as a square knotted mesh netting was, therefore, a geometric design similar to sprang. The apostolic symbolism: from fishing nets to filet lace Based on Ephesians 5 and the visions of the supper of the lamb in the book of Revelation, liturgical lace has been described as a way for the Church to symbolize itself as a virginal bride celebrating the divine marriage with the heavenly spouse. Liturgical lace has also been compared to the fishing nets of the apostles, especially as the Venetian lace is said to have originated from the Venetian sailors' art of knitting nets.	2.890625
71410137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical%20lace	Liturgical lace	Use: albs, surplices, rochets, mantillas, lace cuffs and framed prayers Liturgical lace has been used especially for liturgical vestments suchs as albs, surplices, and rochets or gremiale. Lace is also often added to liturgical tablecloths and pieces such as chalice covers. Altar lace which consists of lace fringe which is usually attached to the front of the altar, was never mentioned in the rubrics, but it become popular in both Catholic and Reformed churches. Thus, even in Lutheran churches of Denmark, altars of most churches use to have "richly embroidered altar frontals, usually in crimson velvet, and with a deep superfrontal of lace". However, the corporal was never decorated with liturgical lace in order to avoid fragments of the consecrated host from being trapped in their stitching. Liturgical lace was also used for mantillas, liturgical veil worn by women popular in Spain as well as in Latin America. Papal nobility would also wear facciole or lace collar, consisting of two separate rectangular strips of lace or muslin, lace cuffs, steel buttons and buckles. Finally, lace filet is sometimes used to frame Christian prayers such as the Our Father. Styles Liturgical lace uses two main styles of lace: the needlepoint and the bobbin-point lace, which evolved in different geographical contexts but serve similar liturgical settings. While styles of liturgical lace have evolved through centuries, the most popular trimmings today are considered to be:	2.28125
71410204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryg%C5%82aw%20%28glacial%20erratic%29	Trygław (glacial erratic)	Trygław () is the largest glacial erratic in Poland and one of the largest in Europe. It is located in the town of Tychowo, in Gmina Tychowo, Białogard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship in north-western Poland. It is located in the local cemetery. The boulder's circumference is about , length , width , height (including underground), volume about 860 m3, estimated weight about 2000 tons. The erratic, made of dark gray gneiss, was transported from Scandinavia by the ice sheet during the last glaciation, probably from the vicinity of Vidbo or Uppsala (Sweden). There are clearly visible scratches on the surface – traces of dragging by the ice sheet. Numerous local legends are associated with the boulder; the name is said to come from god Triglav, whose golden statue is said to be buried under the boulder. In two places, the stone, when struck, makes a dull sound. On the first Sunday of 1874, German residents erected a wooden cross with a figure of the crucified Christ on it. The figure is the work of sculptor Wilhelm Achtermann, and was cast in a Berlin iron foundry by Moritz Geiß. Under the cross, there is a board with a quatrain, founded by Hans Hugo von Kleist-Retzow of Kikowo and Hugo von Kleist-Retzow of Tychowo. The author of the quatrain is Hans. The text in English translation is: Nowadays, every year on All Saints' Day the stone is used as an altar on which mass is celebrated. Since 1954 it has been under legal protection as a natural monument. Since 1996 it has been included in the coat of arms of Tychowo.	2.328125
71410263	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o%20Ruven	Niño Ruven	2017–2020: The Birth of Flamenco bassoon On 2 June 2017 Al Toque del Fagot Flamenco came to light, a work in which Niño Ruven details the results of his research, creating a new playing technique to incorporate his instrument within the framework of flamenco for the first time. This research aimed to expose the particular architecture of this art, becoming the first methodology for flamenco instrumentalists related to aesthetics and the interpretation of the genre. After its publication, Trevco Music Publishing awarded him the distinction of Creator of the Flamenco Bassoon. The singular sound of his flamenco bassoon was not heard until a month later, on 2 July 2017 through an intimate show at the Doña Mencía Castle in tribute to Camarón de la Isla who, according to the interpreter himself, made him «fall in love with flamenco». The culture councilor of said town presented the event explaining: «This invention grows out of his need for expression. It emerges as flamenco does, out of his own heart». A few days, after showing his innovation, he received one of the Cruzcampo Foundation awards that supports Southern Spain Talent. This recognition allowed him to collaborate in some symphonic shows as well as with the flamenco singer José Mercé. On 30 August 2018 he continued the presentation of his flamenco bassoon in front of double reed instrumentalists, within the activities of the XLVII Congress of the International Double Reed Society in Granada. Bassoonists and oboists from all over the world saw him off with great acclaim and several international critics placed him as the ambassador of Andalusian culture and one of the most innovative bassoonists so far. The Australasian Double Reed Society specialized magazine, called "Reeding Matter", selected his participation as one of the most representative ones in these international conferences.	2.234375
77331020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Leisegang	Hans Leisegang	Leisegang was born in Blankenburg, son of Otto a military pastor. He studied philosophy, languages and history at Strasbourg, Paris and Leipzig. In 1911 he received a doctorate at Strasbourg under Clemens Bäumker and Theobald Ziegler with a dissertation titled “The Concepts of Time and Eternity in later Platonism” (1913) which received a university award. He taught at schools near Markranstädt for some time. He habilitated from the University of Leipzig in 1920 and became a professor in 1925. In 1930 he became a professor of philosophy at the University of Jena. He had written about Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and his worldview in 1931 and Lessing was hated by the National Socialists as a friend of Jews. Leisegang made some derogatory remarks about Hitler who gave a speech at a memorial event for President Hindenburg in 1934. He was then given a six-month prison sentence. Theodor Litt and a few friends stood by him. He was released after a trial but dismissed from service. He studied physics along with his son and completed his doctorate in 1942 from the University of Jena with a thesis on diode galvanometers for measuring high frequency AC. He then worked in the industry as a physicist. After World War II he was able to resume teaching in Jena on December 1, 1945, but he was dismissed by the university administrators on October 29, 1948, for his opposition of the Soviet governance, non-democratic structures in the university and refusal to teach Marxism and Leninism. He had to flee from East Germany to West Berlin to avoid arrest. From 1948 he lectured at the Free University in Berlin.	2.1875
77331432	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards%20of%20Weights%20and%20Measures%20Act%2C%201976	Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976	The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976 was an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to establish standards of weights and measures, and to regulate trade or commerce in weights, measures, and other goods sold or distributed by weight, measure, or number. The Act aimed to ensure uniformity and accuracy in weights and measures across India. Background The Act was introduced to replace the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1956, which was based on the metric system and international units recognized by the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). The 1976 Act was enacted to keep pace with rapid advances in science and technology worldwide and to adopt the International System of Units (SI units) as recommended by the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM). Key Provisions Establishment of Standards The Act established weights and measures based on SI units, as adopted by the CGPM and recognized by the OIML. It provided specifications for measuring instruments used in commercial transactions, industrial production, and measurements involved in public health and human safety. Regulation of Trade and Commerce The Act regulated inter-state trade and commerce in weights and measures, as well as commodities sold, distributed, or supplied by weight or measure. It also regulated pre-packed commodities sold or intended to be sold in the course of inter-state commerce. Approval of Models The Act required approval of models of weights and measuring instruments before manufacture. Control of Export and Import It provided for the control and regulation of export and import of weights and measures and commodities in packaged form. Establishment of Indian Institute of Legal Metrology The Act established the Indian Institute of Legal Metrology to provide training in legal metrology to inspectors and others.	2.5
77331686	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian%20destroyer%20Wambola	Estonian destroyer Wambola	The only naval battle of this campaign involving Almirante Villar took place on July 25. On that day, the ship was ordered to attack an Ecuadorian convoy heading to Puerto Bolivar, shielded from the sea by the islands of the Jambelí Archipelago. The destroyer left Puerto Pizarro at 7:29 AM, crossed into enemy territorial waters at 10:55 AM, and seven minutes later, the crew spotted a vessel moving north from the channel separating the islands from the mainland. Due to the lack of a flag and sunlight reflections, the ship could not be identified. After accelerating and closing the distance to 6 km, the crew identified the target as the Ecuadorian gunboat Abdon Calderon, a 19th-century vessel. The enemy also noticed Almirante Villar, turned toward the shore, and raised the Ecuadorian flag. The Peruvians opened warning fire at 11:19 AM. The Ecuadorian vessel returned fire. As the ship approached shallow waters, the captain of Villar maneuvered to avoid running aground while trying to find a favorable position to fire. A total of 41 shots were fired, with two shells landing close enough to be considered hits by the Peruvians. When Abdon Calderon hid behind the islands' forest, the Peruvians continued firing based on the smoke from its funnels. Fire ceased at 11:40 AM, and the destroyer headed back to Puerto Pizarro, arriving at 3:00 PM. Ecuadorian reports claimed Almirante Villar received 25 hits and left the battlefield towed by Almirante Grau and Tennente Rodriguez, but these ships were actually in Callao and Iquitos, respectively. The skirmish had no military significance, though each side was satisfied with its perceived outcome.	2.203125
77331686	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian%20destroyer%20Wambola	Estonian destroyer Wambola	From July 30 to September 18, 1941, Almirante Villar participated with other Peruvian ships in patrolling border waters from Talara in the south to the northern end of the Jambelí Archipelago. On August 3, it ventured into the channel waters between the archipelago and Puerto Bolivar. Almirante Villar concluded its participation in the campaign on September 29, when it received orders to return to Callao. Final years of service After Peru declared war on the Axis powers, the navy was tasked with patrolling the northern coast. Almirante Villar participated in this duty, painted in two shades of gray to create the illusion of a larger ship. In 1944, submarine chasers acquired from the United States took over this task, significantly reducing operational costs. In the first half of 1948, the ship participated in a training cruise. Later that year, the crew mutinied as part of a broader rebellion. The ship was seized on October 3, but attempts to use it were thwarted by engine and cooling system failures and bent propeller blades. The damaged ship underwent extensive repairs and was placed in reserve. In 1949, Almirante Villar participated in another training cruise. At the end of July 1952, the destroyer was transferred to the naval academy, but due to its poor technical condition, it was decommissioned on 15 September 1954.	2.359375
77331848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.K.%20Kotnala	R.K. Kotnala	Ravinder Kumar Kotnala known as R.K. Kotnala is an Indian scientist. He has worked on topics such as hydroelectric cell, solar cells, magnetic materials & magnetic field measurements. He has been involved in organizations such as National Physical Laboratory, Department of Atomic Energy, and National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL). Early life and education Ravinder Kumar Kotnala was born 2 October 1957, in the Kotnali village of Uttarakhand. Kotnala completed his schooling at a Delhi government school. He then completed his Bachelor's Degree from Delhi University. Kotnala received his Ph.D. in silicon solar cells from IIT Delhi in 1982. Career as a scientist Kotnala joined the National Physical Laboratory as a Scientist in 1982 and retired as Chief Scientist 2017. In 2018 he started working for Rajaramanna Fellow, where he was Adviser for Magnetic Field Measurements in the INO project in the Department of Atomic Energy. In 2020 he Chaired the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL). Kotnala established the first Primary Standards Lab on magnetic measurements in India. He has also served as Head of Environmental Sciences & Biomedical Metrology in the CSIR-NPL. Scientific Contributions Hydroelectric Cell Kotnala develped a hydroelectric cell, which he claims generates green electricity by splitting water molecule at room temperature. The hydroelectric cell does not use any external source for producing electricity. In the reverse, i.e. by applying external power, the cell can be used to generate its by-products hydrogen and zinc hydroxide for industrial applications.	2.5
77331854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20Hurricane%20Beryl%20in%20Texas	Effects of Hurricane Beryl in Texas	Hurricane Beryl made landfall near Matagorda, Texas on July 8, 2024, causing 42 deaths due to strong winds and heavy rainfall knocking over trees and causing drownings. Hurricane Beryl was also significant for causing over 2.7 million households and businesses near the Gulf Coast, primarily in the Houston metropolitan area, to suffer from prolonged power outages during high temperatures and high humidity. The post-storm power outages played a contributing factor in at least ten deaths related to excess heat or nonfunctional medical equipment, bringing significant criticism towards the Houston-based utility company, CenterPoint Energy. Impact Rainfall of was measured at a point 2.7 miles NNE of Hilshire Village, while parts of the Greater Houston area received of rain. Storm surge at Surfside Beach reached between , with several 18-wheeler trucks reported being flipped over in Freeport due to recorded wind gusts reaching up to 94 miles per hour. Several streets in Rosenberg were reported to be flooded, with great amounts of debris scattered. The greater Houston area received 10 inches of rain. A National Ocean Service station in Galveston Bay recorded sustained winds of 73 mph (117 km/h) with wind gusts of up to 82 mph (131 km/h), and with a peak gust of in Brazoria. A USGS river level gauge at Galveston Railroad Bridge recorded a 3.6 feet increase above its highest diurnal tidal level. Strong winds tore windows and window frames out of the walls of a hotel in Galveston. Texas declared a severe weather disaster declaration for 121 counties of its 254 counties, while the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas located in Polk County declared a state of emergency. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provided federal disaster aid for 67 counties. On July 10, nineteen shelters housing 641 occupants were set up by FEMA, while about twenty cooling centers were established to mitigate heat-related symptoms. 160 boil water notices were issued for twelve counties.	2.203125
77331972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivatsevichy%20Ghetto	Ivatsevichy Ghetto	Ivacevichi Ghetto (June 24, 1941 – August 8, 1942) was a Jewish ghetto, a place of forced resettlement for the Jews of the town of Ivacevichi in the Brest Region and nearby settlements during the Holocaust in Belarus, under the occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany during World War II. Occupation of Ivacevichi and Creation of the Ghetto Before the war, the Jewish population of Ivacevichi had significantly increased due to the influx of refugees from areas of Poland occupied by the Germans in September 1939, and by the beginning of the occupation, it numbered about 300 people. Ivacevichi was captured by German forces on June 24, 1941. Jews were immediately ordered to sew large fabric marks in the form of yellow circles onto their clothing (on the back and chest). The Germans confiscated all the savings, household items, and tools from the Jews—equipment, sewing machines, horses, wagons, bicycles, and other property. Shortly after the occupation, the Germans, implementing the Nazi program of exterminating Jews, organized a ghetto in Ivacevichi, where Jews from nearby villages were also brought. Conditions in the Ghetto The ghetto was overcrowded and located in three separate areas including a small hotel on a street leading to the railway station, which ran parallel to the central street of Ivacevichi. The ghetto area was not surrounded by barbed wire. Prisoners were beaten daily and used for forced labor—construction, road laying, and loading and unloading work at the railway station. The food ration issued was minimal—200 grams of bread per day. According to eyewitness accounts, local peasants came to the ghetto and urged: "Give us everything, you will be killed anyway..." The blacksmiths, Aron Zuchowicki (Sara Rosjanski's brother) and his brother in-law Chaim Utschtein worked repairing German trucks and for local farmers in exchange for supplemental food.	2.15625
77332184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederdollendorf%20stone	Niederdollendorf stone	The Niederdollendorf stone or gravestone is a carved Frankish stele from the 7th century CE, named for the town Niederdollendorf (now part of Königswinter) where it was found in 1901 in a Frankish graveyard. The stone is notable both as an exemplary work of Frankish sculpture and as a possible early example of Germanic Christian material culture. Discovery and location A Frankish graveyard was discovered about north of the boundary of Niederdollendorf in 1901 during construction work. No proper excavation took place other than the sporadic uncovering during this work and therefore the inventories of many of the graves have been lost. The graveyard (in use between the latter half of the 6th century and the 8th century) consisted of burials with oriented slabs and, in some cases, with grave goods buried within. The specific grave the Niederdollendorf stone belonged to had no grave goods and was dated to among the later of the graveyard's burials. The stone is currently on display at Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn. Appearance and interpretation The stone measures 42.5 cm by 22–25 cm by 16–19 cm (17" by 8–9" by 6–7") and was carved from Lorraine limestone. It was made in the 7th century and reused later (around the 8th century) as a gravestone. The original purpose is unknown, so the common reference to it as a "gravestone" is slightly misleading.	2.40625
77332342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashikant%20Garware	Shashikant Garware	Dr. Shashikant Bhalchandra Garware (born 5 November 1934) is an Indian industrialist who is the founder, chairman, and managing director of Garware Hi-Tech Films Limited (formerly known as Garware Polyester Limited). He is considered the doyen of the polyester revolution in India which he began in June 1957. Early life and education Shashikant Garware was born in Bombay (Mumbai) on November 5, 1934. He is the son of Padma Bhushan Awardee Abasaheb Garware. After completing his basic education, he went to London to pursue further education at Dulwich College, and then Business Management at the University of Edinburgh. In 2022, Mumbai University conferred an honorary D.Litt. for his outstanding contributions in the polyester industry, and philanthropic services to society. Career Garware returned to India in 1951 and joined his father at Garware Motors Ltd. They soon got involved with a new venture of polyester films in 1957, Garware Polyester Ltd now known as Garware Hi-Tech Films Ltd (GHFL). GHFL brought U.V. Stabilized Polyester Film to India in 1982. The U.S. Patent Authority issued a patent for this product because of its efficiency and energy saving. Philanthropy The Garware Charitable Trust was established in 1962. The Trust makes charitable donations for educational institutions and to various hospitals and healthcare centres. For the promotion of sports, financial aid was extended by Garware Trust to BCA, Bombay Cricket Association, that named the club house and the members pavilion of Wankhede Stadium as Garware Club House. The Garware Community Centre was established in 1993 at Aurangabad.To facilitate and promote sports and cultural activities by people in and around Aurangabad, financial help was given to Aurangabad Municipal Corporation to develop the Stadium in MIDC Chikalthana Area and it is known as Garware Stadium.	2.203125
77332397	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola%20Rodr%C3%ADguez%20Arag%C3%B3n	Lola Rodríguez Aragón	Entrepreneurship As a member of the jury for the IV International Singing Competition of Toulouse in October 1957. Lola started a new career as a theatrical entrepreneur in the fall of 1958, managing Madrid's Teatro de la Zarzuela for two seasons until September 1960. She was the organiser of important musical events, such as Zarzuela seasons with debuts of Pablo Sorozábal pieces like Las de Caín and performances of Marina. Along with organising seasons of Spanish and foreign ballets with performances by Pilar Lopez, and companies like London's Festival Ballet and Ballet Théâtre de Paris by Maurice Béjart, Lola also organized a "Italian Opera Season" with well-known singers like María Callas and Renata Scotto. Despite suffering large financial losses, Lola was an entrepreneur at the Teatro de La Zarzuela. She made the decision to work alongside José Tamayo in her second season in order to share financial risks and obligations. She started a long-standing initiative in 1961: a Higher School of Singing and a National Choir with the intention of working with the National Orchestra of Spain on symphonic-choral concerts. In April 1962, Manuel Lora-Tamayo proposed this ambitious concept to Minister of Education Jesús Rubio, who passed away during talks, but continued to support it. The proposal was eventually given the go-ahead by the Education Council, but budgetary limitations delayed its execution. The choir of students of the Royal Conservatory of Music made its debut with the National Orchestra of Spain in March 1963.	2.65625
77332538	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busoga%20Health%20Forum	Busoga Health Forum	Busoga Health Forum (BHF) is a Uganda-based non-for-profit, non-governmental, and lobbying organisation that is based in Busoga region. It was established in 2020 to respond to health issues that are faced by women, children, and young people in Busoga region of Uganda. It is also known as the association of health workers in Busoga. It is an accredited Continuing Professional Development (CPD) points provider by the Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council. Background Busoga Health Forum was established in 2020 to respond to health issues that are faced by women, children, and young people to promote healthier families and communities in Busoga through a combination of research and evaluation, health systems strengthening, quality improvement and lobbying among other ways. It also promotes Continuing Medical Education Services (CMES). Busoga Health Forum unites and empowers medical practitioners and researchers who are willing to serve the Busoga Community. Membership Busoga Health Forum membership is a voluntary based paid membership that is open to all interested parties and it exists in three categories that is; individuals, institutions and life membership. Activities Busoga Health Forum participates in research related activities, community based trainings, lobbying activities. BHF focuses on programs that include; Reproductive Health and Family planning, Nutrition and Early Child Development, Regional Planning and Data Use, Non-Communicable Diseases and Urban health. Partnerships Busoga Health Forum's partners include; USAID, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), The Swedish International Centre for Local Democracy (ICLD), Busoga Kingdom, University of Michigan among other partners.	2.015625
77333274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momper%20Senate	Momper Senate	In view of the predicted election result, it was easy for the SPD to rule out an alliance with the AL and thus reassure frightened voters. The AL, on the other hand, had decided to declare its willingness to cooperate with the Social Democrats after rejecting a possible coalition or even just toleration in the run-up to the 1985 election to the House of Representatives. The special insularity of West Berlin had led to the AL taking a special path vis-à-vis the federal Greens. It was particularly strong in the left-alternatives spectrum of the city, whereas the classic environmentalists had not played any particular role. In addition, the AL was formally independent of the federal party, even if it took on the role of a state association. The disputes between the Realos aiming for government participation and the Fundis focusing on fundamental opposition, which dominated and threatened to divide the federal party in the 1980s, never played such a significant role in the AL. Instead, the AL was regarded as a relatively homogeneous, yet decidedly left-wing regional association that placed basic democratic decision-making processes a particularly high priority. Polls before the election Despite the Berlin CDU's distress caused by the Antes scandal, polls predicted a clear majority for the CDU/FDP coalition just three weeks before election day. It was only a few days before the election that there were signs of a neck-and-neck race between the political camps, albeit still with a black-yellow majority and a clear lead for the CDU over the SPD.According to an Infas survey commissioned by the SFB magazine , the situation on the labor market was the most important issue for 24% of respondents, environmental protection for 23% and housing construction for 20%.Two weeks earlier, a survey commissioned by Stern had revealed that rents and housing shortages were the most important issues, followed by foreigners and university overcrowding. Election to the House of Representatives on January 29, 1989	1.9375
77333727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilenocaecilius%20ornatipennis	Chilenocaecilius ornatipennis	Chilenocaecilius ornatipennis is a species of barklouse within the family Paracaeciliidae. It is one of two known species within the genus Chilenocaecilius. Description Chilenocaecilius ornatipennis medium-sized barkfly, which ranges in size from in length. The general body colour of the species ranges from yellowish-white to medium brown. The head exhibits a reddish-brown band of hypodermal pigment extending from the inner side of the antennal socket to the compound eye. Additionally, there is a relatively small dark brown ocellar tubercle present. The thoracic pleura display a broad longitudinal band of red-brown hypodermal pigment. The species is always macropterous, possessing long fully developed wings. The species exhibits a distinctive wing pattern, which possesses dark smudges where veins meet the edge of wing. The vein Cu2 lacks setae. The posterior cubitus vein CuP (= Cu2) in the forewing is bare. Distribution and habitat Chilenocaecilius ornatipennis is native to South America, where it is widespread in Chile and possesses two known localities in Argentina. The species has also been introduced outside of its native range into countries such as the United Kingdom, Ireland and France. This species has been found to live on the foliage of a wide variety of vegetation, and populations have been recorded at altitudes up to above sea level. Reproduction Chilenocaecilius ornatipennis is capable of sexual reproduction, however most populations have been found to lack males and are parthenogenetic.	2.34375
77333779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Johor%20%281586%29	Battle of Johor (1586)	The Battle of Johor was fought between the Johorese and Portuguese fleet in 1586. The Johorese were victorious. Battle In 1586, the Johorese Sultan, Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II, also called by the Portuguese "Rajale", was disappointed with the compensation he received from the Portuguese on account of his ship being sunk in Malacca. The Sultan ordered the supplies to the city to be cut off. In retaliation, the Portuguese dispatched Pedro Vello with a fleet of eight ships with a mission to burn a town near Johor. The Portuguese achieved their objective; however, on their way to return, the Portuguese met the Johorese fleet that was awaiting them. A battle ensued between the two in which the Portuguese were badly defeated and in the process lost 4 of their ships. The Portuguese would've probably lost all of their ships, had not the intervention of a Portuguese galleon led by Pedro de Cuma Carneyro which assisted them in the escape of the remaining vessels. The Sultan, happy with his victory, decided to attack Malacca in the same year with 100 ships; however, his attack was repelled.	2.546875
77333895	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico%20Mustilli	Domenico Mustilli	Domenico Mustilli (3 December 1899 - 20 February 1966) was an Italian archaeologist who conducted archaeological research in Italy, Albania, and Kosovo. He contributed significantly to the development of Illyrian studies and Illyrology. Biography Domenico Mustilli was born in Naples on 3 December 1899, to Leonardo and Maria Testa. He came from an ancient family from Ravello and participated in World War I, earning military honors. Mustilli graduated from the University of Naples in December 1924 in Classical Archaeology under Giulio Emanuele Rizzo's guidance. He continued his studies at the Italian Archaeological School in Athens (1926–28) and participated in excavations on Lemnos. Returning to Rome in 1928, he became an assistant professor at the university, where he later contributed extensively to the Museo Mussolini catalog. In 1935, he joined the Naples Superintendency, overseeing Pompeii and Herculaneum. He later became a professor at the University of Naples, focusing on Greek and Roman archaeology. Mustilli directed the Italian Archaeological Mission in Albania and Kosovo (1938–41), contributing significantly to Illyrian studies. His research spanned from ancient Albanian sites to the historical topography of Greco-Roman Campania and Sicily. He died in Naples on 20 February 1966. Publications La necropoli tirrenica di Efestia (1938) Il Museo Mussolini (1939) La civiltà preistorica dell'Albania (1940) La conquista romana della sponda orientale Adriatica (1941) La terre Albanesi redente (1941) Gli Iliri nell'Epiro Archeologia del Kossovo L'arte del mondo classico (1950, 1956).	2.09375
77334085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneity%20%28semantics%29	Homogeneity (semantics)	In formal semantics, homogeneity is the phenomenon where plural expressions that seem to mean "all" negate to "none" rather than "not all". For example, the English sentence "Robin read the books" requires Robin to have read all of the books, while "Robin didn't read the books" requires her to have read none of them. Neither sentence is true if she read exactly half of the books. Homogeneity effects have been observed in a variety of languages including Japanese, Russian, and Hungarian. Semanticists have proposed a variety of explanations for homogeneity, often involving a combination of presupposition, plural quantification, and trivalent logics. Because analogous effects have been observed with conditionals and other modal expressions, some semanticists have proposed that these phenomena involve pluralities of possible worlds. Overview Homogeneous interpretations arise when a plural expression seems to mean "all" when asserted but "none" when negated. For example, the English sentence in (1a) is typically interpreted to mean that Robin read all the books, while (1b) is interpreted to mean that she read none of them. This is a puzzle since (1b) would merely mean that some books went unread if "the books" expressed universal quantification, as it appears to do in the positive sentence. (1) Homogeneity with definite plurals: a. Robin read the books. b. Robin didn't read the books. Homogeneous readings are also possible with other expressions including conjunctions and bare plurals. For instance, (2a) means that Robin read both books while (2b) means that she read neither; example (3a) means that in general Robin likes books while (3b) means that in general she does not. (2) Homogeneity with conjunctions: a. Robin read Syntactic Structures and Twilight. b. Robin didn't read Syntactic Structures and Twilight. (3) Homogeneity with bare plurals: a. Robin likes books. b. Robin doesn't like books.	2.5
77334293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20McCaffree	Charles McCaffree	Charles McCaffree Jr., known as "Coach Mac", was a collegiate swimmer for Michigan University, and a Hall of Fame Head Coach for Michigan State University from 1941 to 1969, where he led the team to 8 Central Collegiate Conference championships, a National AAU title, and a Big Ten Conference Championship in 1957. He was an Asst. Manager to the U.S. Olympic swim team in 1972, and as a major contributor to the swimming community in the 1960s, served as President of the College Swimming Coaches Association and Secretary of the U.S. Olympic Swim Committee. Early life and education Charles F. McCaffree Jr. was born October 16, 1907, in Canova, South Dakota, about 50 miles Northwest of Sioux Falls, to civic leader Charles David McCaffree Sr., a Secretary and board member for the South Dakota Chamber of Commerce, and the South Dakota Manufacturers and Employer's Association. McCaffree Jr.'s mother was Ethel May Clough McCaffree, an officer in Sioux Falls's Order of the Eastern Star, a Women's Masonic organization, and daughter of A. F. Clough, the Cannova Security Bank President. Swimming McCaffree began swimming at the Sioux Falls, South Dakota YMCA, served in the cabinet of the YMCA Hi-Y Boys Club, and was elected President to the YMCA Boys Conference, a gathering of 250 boys in Sioux Falls on April 16, 1926. He attended Sioux Falls's Washington High School, where he assumed leadership roles being elected President of the Dramatic Club in 1925 and participating with Washington's Debate Squad.	2.046875
77334293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20McCaffree	Charles McCaffree	In their best performances at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) National competitions, MSU had two second-place finishes and three third-place finishes. Outstanding Olympic swimmers coached by McCaffree included 1948 semi-finalist Howard Patterson, 1948 freestylist George Hoogerhyde, who qualified but did not compete, 1972 gold medalist Clarke Scholes, 1968 gold and silver medalist Ken Walsh, 1964 backstroke silver medalist Gary Dilley, and 1992 South African 50-meter freestylist Pete Williams. After retiring from coaching the swim team at Michigan State in 1969, McCaffree served as Director of the MSU Swimming program from 1969 to 1974. He later served as the MSU Varsity-Alumni "S" Club manager, continuing to reside in East Lansing, Michigan. Swimming community roles From 1961 to 1962, he served as the President of the American Swimming Coaches Association, and from 1960 to 1961, was the President of the College Swimming Coaches Association of America. Extending his role in the swimming community to government service, he served as a staff member with the U.S. Army Special Service Sports School in the summer of 1945. Having gained recognition in national government roles, he was Secretary of the U.S. Olympic Swim Committee in the 1960s, and in a higher profile role, served as the Assistant Manager for the U.S. Olympic Swim Team in 1972. He also held a position as the secretary of the NCAA swimming rules committee and edited the Swimming Guide for the NCAA. A college Water Polo player at Michigan, he was on the U.S. Olympic Water Polo Committee. He served as a member of the National AAU Swimming Committee for men, and as an accomplished organizer and meet director, managed the swim trials for the U.S. Olympic team in 1964, 1968, and 1972.	2.109375
77335330	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar%20Widner	Ivar Widner	Ivar Widner (born Pettersson; 29 December 1891 – 26 August 1973) was a Swedish composer, mainly of military music. Widner was born in Kolsva in Västmanland County. He entered the Västmanland Regiment in 1905 as a drummer, and would stay in the regiment until 1916. While still employed by the regiment, he studied music at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm 1909–1915. In 1916 he was transferred to the Norrbotten Regiment and took up position as its musical director. He stayed there until 1923, when he was transferred to the Hälsinge Regiment and took up the position of musical director of his new regiment. He was promoted to the rank of Captain in 1931. In 1932 he moved to Stockholm and served as head of the naval band of the Stockholm station (later merged with the naval band of Karlskrona station to form the Royal Swedish Navy Band). He retired in 1947. Aside from his professional career, he was also engaged in volunteer orchestras and choral societies. He composed around 135 works, including about 30 military marches. He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music.	2.046875
77335468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstemon%20cyathophorus	Penstemon cyathophorus	Range and habitatPenstemon cyathophorus has a limited range, sources in agree that it grows in Summit, Grand, and Jackson County in Colorado and also in Carbon County, Wyoming. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database additionally records it in Sweetwater County, Wyoming as does the Colorado Native Plant Society. In Colorado it grows amid the sagebrush in Middle Park and in North Park, two flat basins surrounded by the Rocky Mountains. In Wyoming they grow in the on the Sierra Madre Range and North Platte River Valley. They grow between 2100–2900 meters in elevation in rocky clay loam soils. Most populations of the plant are in North Park with smaller numbers in outlying areas. It grows scattered amid the sagebrush and also in lower mountain meadows. In 2018 NatureServe evaluated it as vulnerable (G3), as a plant that has a limited distribution and may face increasing threats due to oil and gas development. At the state level they gave it the same status in Colorado and ranked it as imperiled (S2) in Wyoming. Ecology Observations of mule deer in an enclosure in Middle Park found that they almost never eat cupped penstemon.Penstemon cyathophorus'' displays resistance to sprouting if its seeds have not been cold-moist stratified by planting them at or outdoors in cool spring weather. When planted at without any treatment no seeds sprouted after eight weeks. Treatment with the plant hormone gibberellic acid also released the seeds from dormancy, 100% sprouting in two to four weeks without cold treatment. Seeds dry stored for two years had 21% germination rate after three days in a test where they were cold treated for three months before being moved to a greenhouse at 21 °C.	2.546875
77335484	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Ritter%20von%20Krau%C3%9Fer	Fritz Ritter von Kraußer	Fritz Ritter von Kraußer, born Friedrich Wilhelm Kraußer, (29 April 1888 – 2 July 1934) was a German military officer who was a highly decorated veteran of the First World War. He later became an SA-Obergruppenführer in the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazi Party's paramilitary organization. Kraußer was also a deputy of the Reichstag. He was murdered along with many other SA leaders in the Night of the Long Knives. Early life and military career Kraußer, the son of a businessman, was born in Nuremberg. After graduating from the Gymnasium in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, he entered the Royal Bavarian Army at Munich as a Fahnenjunker (officer cadet) in 1906. In July 1908, he was assigned as a Fähnrich to the 4th Infantry Regiment "King Wilhelm of Württemberg" in Metz. After completing courses at the war college, he was commissioned as a Leutnant on 23 October 1910. Kraußer participated in the First World War at the front lines on the western front. On 24 August 1914, only three weeks after the start of the war, he was seriously wounded while serving as the platoon leader of a machine gun company. In early 1915, he transferred to the Luftstreitkräfte (air force) as an aerial observer. In March 1915, he returned to the front with a Bavarian field aviation unit and, in 1917, he was appointed as the commander of an air squadron. In November 1917, Kraußer was seriously wounded for the second time. After his recovery, he returned to duty at the front with his squadron, where he remained until the Armistice of 11 November 1918.	2.203125
77335916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%20Euroformula%20Open%20Championship	2025 Euroformula Open Championship	The 2025 Euroformula Open Championship is a planned multi-event motor racing championship for single-seater open wheel formula racing cars held across Europe. The championship will feature drivers competing in Euroformula Open Championship specification Dallara 324 chassis cars. It will be the twelfth Euroformula Open Championship season. The season is scheduled to consist of eight race weekends with three races each. It will start in late April and will span until October. Teams and drivers After being a multi-engine championship since 2019, the series will introduce a spec Toyota engine together with the new Dallara 324 chassis. This change, aimed at reducing costs, will align the championship's technical specification with those of the Super Formula Lights. Race calendar A provisional eight-round calendar was announced on 11 July 2024. It features the same eight circuits present on the 2024 calendar. Championship standings Drivers' championship Points will be awarded as follows: Each drivers' three worst scores will be dropped. Rookies' championship Points will be awarded as follows: Teams' championship Points will be awarded as follows, with each team counting their best two results:	2.109375
77335966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917%20Franco-Russian%20agreement	1917 Franco-Russian agreement	Towards the end of the war, with an Allied victory in sight, on 3 November 1918 the independent Second Polish Republic was proclaimed. The post-war settlement between the Allies and Germany, the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, defined the Polish western border with Germany. The eastern border was proposed by the newly founded League of Nations to lie on the Curzon Line. Polish ambitions for further territory led to the Polish–Soviet War and to the Treaty of Riga with the Soviet Union securing more land to the east. The Allied forces occupied the Rhineland after the war until 1930, and the Rhineland remained demilitarised until it was reoccupied by German troops in 1936. In response to German refusals to pay reparations that were due under the Treaty of Versailles, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr region between 1923 and 1925. The Treaty of Versailles also placed Saarland under a League of Nations mandate as the Territory of the Saar Basin from 1920 that was policed by Allied and neutral troops. In 1935, the region returned Germany after a plebiscite massively supported German rule.	2.921875
77336011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokhari%20River	Khokhari River	The Khokhari River is a rain-fed tributary of the Yamuna River located in Uttar Pradesh, India. It originates in the Saharanpur district and flows through several villages of Saharanpur and Shamli districts of Uttar Pradesh before merging into the Yamuna at Khwajpura village of Shamli district. Environmental Issues The river is currently dying and the riverbed is dried-up with solid waste dumped in it. In addition, the riverbed has been encroached in villages such as in Lakhnauti, Chausana and Kertu. Revival Efforts There have been multiple revival efforts in the past by the Drainage Department of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. The revival efforts have failed a few times in the past. In March 2024, a petition was filed before the National Green Tribunal for the revival of the Khokhari River. The National Green Tribunal have tasked the District Magistrate of Shamli and Saharanpur districts along with the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board to come up with a restoration plan for the river. The different departments are currently working for the restoration of the Khokhari River.	2.390625
77336128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal%20Metrology%20Act%2C%202009	Legal Metrology Act, 2009	The Legal Metrology Act, 2009 is an Act of the Parliament of India that establishes and enforces standards of weights and measures in India. It was enacted to replace the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976 and the Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Act, 1985. Background The Legal Metrology Act, 2009 was introduced to consolidate and amend the laws relating to weights and measures in India. It aims to establish and enforce standards of weights and measures and regulate trade and commerce in weights, measures, and other goods sold or distributed by weight, measure, or number. Key provisions The Act contains several key provisions: Establishment of standard units of weights and measures based on the metric system. Regulation of manufacturing, selling, and repairing of weights and measures. Appointment of legal metrology officers to enforce the Act. Penalties for offenses related to weights and measures. Implementation The Act came into force on 1 April 2011. It is administered by the Department of Consumer Affairs, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, Government of India.	2.609375
77336207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Bolton%20%28rabbi%29	Elizabeth Bolton (rabbi)	Elizabeth (Liz) Bolton (born 1956) is a rabbi, feminist, and activist. Hired in 2013 by Reconstructionist synagogue Or Haneshamah, she is Ottawa’s first female and openly gay rabbi. In the late 1980’s, she led efforts to address the exclusion of women from the cantorate in Canada. Early life and education Bolton was born in 1956 grew up in Chomedey, Quebec, where she attended an Orthodox congregation with her family and studied at United Talmud Torah Schools as well as Chomedey High School and Vanier College. She graduated Concordia University and McGill University for music studies. Additionally, she pursued advanced studies in art song at the American Institute for Musical Studies in Graz, Austria and participated in the Advanced Opera Training Program in Victoria, BC, under the supervision of Leopold Simoneau and Pierrette Alarie. Career as an opera singer and cantor Bolton initially pursued a career in classical music, performing opera as well as church and choral music. She had performed as a mezzo-soprano with the Studio de Musique Ancienne de Montreal, the Tudor Singers, and the Opera de Montreal. She also had appeared in a Vancouver Opera production of Carmen. She was transitioning to more solo work when an unexpected career change occurred. During a "master class" at The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto, where she performed Jewish liturgical music, members of Temple Emanu-El, a Reform synagogue, were in the audience. With their cantor ill, Bolton was asked to fill in and eventually to stay on permanently (1986–1989) when it became clear the regular cantor could not return. While she had to learn additional liturgical music to take on this role, she noted it was less challenging in a Reform temple, where cantors and choirs typically perform set pieces.	2.28125
77336207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Bolton%20%28rabbi%29	Elizabeth Bolton (rabbi)	During her time in Toronto from 1985 to 1989, Bolton launched the Chai Project to promote AIDS education in the Jewish community. In 1986 she asked Rabbi Deborah Brin of the Reconstructionist Congregation Darchei Noam to study liturgy with her. It was then she learned about and was drawn to approaches of Reconstructionist Judaism. She also spearheaded the creation of Kol Nashim, a performing ensemble of female cantors. Their first performance at Temple Emanu-El was criticized by the president of the Toronto Council of Hazzanim's (TCH), who said their presence diminished the professionalism of the cantorate. Bolton said that they were conveying to young girls that they can be leaders and that women could develop leadership skills in ritual practice without requiring institutional validation. She also noted that as feminists they were demonstrating that involvement can bring change to Judaism. The TCH's strong disapproval of the Kol Nashim concert sparked media interest. CBC host Peter Gzowski interviewed Kol Nashim members on national radio about the legitimacy of female cantors, and Bolton debated the issue with a male cantor on CTV. The CBC and TV Ontario produced documentaries on her work as a singer, cantor, teacher and Jewish feminist.	2.625
77336478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate%20expedition%20%281582%29	Ternate expedition (1582)	The Ternate expedition was a military expedition by the Spanish to establish their rule on Maluku island. The expedition failed and was the Spanish's first attempt to seize Malukus. Background In 1582, the Spanish governor of Philippines, Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa, was ordered by the Spanish king, Philip II, to seize the Maluku islands and other Portuguese areas and establish the Spanish authority there. An expedition was launched with a force of 300 Spaniards and 1,500 Filipinos. The command was given to the governor's nephew, Sebastian Ronquillo. Battle The expedition left Manilla and first sailed to Borneo then Ternate. Sebastian took Pablo de Lima, who was married to the niece of the King of Tidor, and appointed him to be the governor of Ternate. The Spanish proceeded to Ternate, where the Ternateans were determined to resist the Spanish landing, but their resistance was short as they were forced to retreat to their fort. The Spanish began erecting artillery and bombarded the walls but to no avail. The Spanish then laid a regular siege. However, a Beri-Beri epidemic broke out in the camp which wiped out two-thirds of the men, forcing Sebastian to raise the blockade and sail to Manilla.	2.625
77336488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202024%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%204%20%C3%97%20100%20metres%20relay	Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay	The women's 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2024 Summer Olympics was held in two rounds at the Stade de France in Paris, France, on 8 and 9 August 2024. This was the 23rd time that the women's 4 x 100 metres relay was contested at the Summer Olympics. A total of 16 teams were able to qualify for the event through the 2024 World Athletics Relays or the World Athletics top list. Summary Jamaica was the defending champions, but none of the individuals on their team returned. For returning silver medalists USA, only Gabrielle Thomas competed. Bronze medalists Great Britain brought back three Dina Asher-Smith, Imani-Lara Lansiquot and Daryll Neita. More recently, USA won the 2022 and 2023 World Championships with much the same team, defeating a much stronger team from Jamaica in 2023, with GBR also with a similar team in third. GBR was second in 2022 while a similar German team was bronze. USA had the gold medalist in the 200 with second, third and fifth in the 100 final. That would, on paper, be the favorites. No other team put more than one into the 100 final. Unlike the other relays, USA ran the same four athletes in both rounds.	1.914063
77336660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl%20van%20der%20Weide	Joël van der Weide	Joël van der Weide (born 20 June 1999, sometimes spelled as Joel van der Weide) is a Dutch taekwondo athlete and reigning European Poomsae champion. Taekwondo career Joël van der Weide started practicing the Korean martial arts taekwondo at age six and started competing internationally at nine years old. He had at first tried out kyorugi (full-contact fighting), but then switched to poomsae. He participated in his first major tournament in 2013, the European Poomsae Championships in La Nucia, where he won gold in traditional poomsae in the cadets' category. At the European Championships in 2015 held in Belgrade, he became European Champion in the juniors' as well as the pairs' competitions, the latter alongside teammate Angel Crystal. At the 2017 European Championships in Rhodes, he claimed a bronze medal at the men's senior poomsae competition. In 2018, he placed second at the men's poomsae competition at the World Beach Championships, also held in Rhodes. In 2019 and 2021, van der Weide became European Champion in the men's traditional poomsae competition at the European Championships in Antalya and Seixal, respectively. In 2023 in Innsbruck, he won the European Championships in men's individual poomsae for the third time. Additionally, he claimed a bronze medal in the pairs' traditional poomsae competition alongside his younger sister Dewi van der Weide. Personal life Van der Weide completed a Professional Education and Training program in Sport and Exercise at Summa College in Eindhoven and achieved a Bachelor of Arts through the Higher Professional Education program in Sports Science at Fontys University of Applied Sciences. He works as a taekwondo and self-defense instructor as well as a motivational speaker. He is also a poomsae coach at his taekwondo club.	2.015625
77336854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariesa%20Crow	Mariesa Crow	Research Crow primarily studies energy storage and microgrids. This includes energy storage's application to the bulk power grid and how it can help integrate renewable power sources. She has helped develop small renewable microgrids for military forward operating bases, which usually operate on diesel and gas generators, which have high transportation costs and can be dangerous close to combat. In energy storage, she also studies the use of electric cars as storage devices for the grid. She also contributes to the work by the NSF Center for Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) on an "internet of energy" which is intended to allow people to control how and when they get their energy from the grid. In addition to her research, she also works in education. Book Crow is the author of a graduate-level textbook, Computational Methods for Electric Power Systems (CRC Press, 2002; 3rd ed., 2016). Recognition Crow was named the University of Missouri–Rolla Woman of the Year for 2002, "in recognition of her efforts to improve the campus environment for women and minorities". She received the IEEE Third Millennium Medal in 2000. She was named an IEEE Fellow in 2010, "for contributions to power engineering education and to computational methods for power system analysis", and in the same year received the IEEE Power & Energy Society Distinguished Service Award. She was the 2016 recipient of the IEEE Power & Energy Society Outstanding Power Engineering Educator Award, "for leadership and innovation in electric power engineering education". Personal life Crow is married to James Drewniak, also a professor of electrical engineering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology. Together, they raise alpacas for their fleece on an ranch.	2.28125
77337100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanak%20Durga%20Temple	Kanak Durga Temple	Kanak Durga Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Devi Durga, located at Chilkigarh, Jhargram district in West Bengal. About The Kanak Durga Temple is laying on the bank of Dulung river, which is 14 kilometers away from Jhargram town. The family of Ramchandra Sarangi, a Brahmin from Odisha, is the family priest of the Jhargram royal family, is also the priest of this temple through generations. History History says that the feudal king of Chilakigarh, Gopinath Singh, built this temple. Following a divine dream, he crafted the idol using his wife's bangles. Locals say that once upon a time human sacrifices offered to Deity until the blood reached Dulung river (following down the temple). However, following the goddess's directive, this practice was stopped. Yet, animal sacrifices, specifically goat sacrifices, still occur. This takes place on the night of Ashtami, deep within the nearby forest. Only members of the royal family participate in the night worship. Locals believe that on Navami, the offerings are cooked by Goddess Durga herself. During the Maoist era, the statue was stolen twice in 2007–2008. A new idol made of Ashtadhatu (an alloy of eight metals) was created. CCTV cameras were installed in the temple. The Kanak Durga Temple has also made its place on the tourism map of West Bengal. There is a vast herbal forest adjacent to the temple.	2.375
77337138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovana%20Sekulic	Jovana Sekulic	Jovana Sekulic ( ; born November 7, 2002) is a Serbian-American water polo player. She was selected as part of the United States team at the 2024 Summer Olympics. Biography Sekulic was born on November 7, 2002, in Belgrade, Serbia. Her family moved to the United States in 2014, settling in Media, Pennsylvania. She played water polo in Serbia, a country in which that sport was very popular, and struggled to find a club when she moved to the U.S., later joining that country's Maverick Water Polo club. Early on in the U.S., she often played against boys due to her advanced skill level, and still was successful. She attended Episcopal Academy in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, where she competed in water polo, track and swimming, and was a member of its Vocal Ensemble. In water polo, she was selected twice to the All-Eastern first-team, was a two-time Eastern most valuable player and led her team to three Eastern championships. Sekulic was a member of the U.S. women's youth national water polo team in high school. She graduated from Episcopal in 2022 and enrolled at Princeton University, where she continued her career. In the 2022 season at Princeton, she played 27 games and scored 74 goals, being named the Collegiate Water Polo Association Rookie of the Year, third-team All-American, first-team All-Conference and first-team CWPA All-Tournament. The following season, she played 28 games and recorded a team-leading 76 goals, being named second-team All-American, first-team CWPA All-Tournament, first-team NCAA first-team All-Tournament, first-team All-Conference and the CWPA Player of the Year.	2
77337220	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Roessler	Arthur Roessler	Arthur Roessler, also spelled Rössler, (20 February 1877 – 20 July 1950) was an Austrian art critic, art historian and essayist. Biography Roessler was born in to the family of a chemist and engineer. He studied philosophy, literature and art history at the University of Vienna under Franz Wickhoff, but did not defend his doctoral thesis. He travelled around Europe and settled in Munich, where he worked as a journalist for the Münchner Zeitung. Roessler's first major essay, Die Stimmung der Gotik, was published in 1903. Two years later, he published a new essay, about the Dachau artists' colony (Künstlergruppe Neu-Dachau) and Adolf Hölzel, a pioneer of modernism. Thanks to the latter, he settled in Vienna and took over the management of the Miethke gallery. He continued to promote many young modernist artists through numerous collaborations with art magazines. His friendship with Victor Adler led him to write for the social-democratic newspaper Arbeiter-Zeitung, in whose columns he was the first to recognise and defend Egon Schiele which led the two men to become close friends. Schiele left several portraits of Roessler. Between the two wars, Roessler became vice-president of the Wiener Werkstätte, and director of the Österreichische Werkbund (ÖWB). In 1937, he was awarded the title of professor by government of Austria. After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany, Roessler a supporter of Austrian modernism and social democracy, came under scrutiny from the new regime and was accused of being a "Mischling" under the Nazi racial laws which forbade him to work. Roessler and his wife Ida remained in Vienna during the Second World War and after the war ended he continued his work as a freelance writer and critic. Arthur Roessler died on July 20, 1955, in Vienna; his grave is in the Vienna Central Cemetery.	2.25
77337406	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian%20business	Sicilian business	By 1129, Count Roger II of Sicily had successfully consolidated power in the southern areas of the Italian peninsula, and by the following year, his barons urged him to assume a royal title. That same year, Anacletus II (; who was engaged in a power struggle over the papal throne) dispatched an emissary to enthrone Roger as king; the coronation ceremony occurred on 25 December 1130. The inaugural monarchs of the fledgling Kingdom of Sicily, the Normans, possessed a unique relationship with the Catholic Church. Authorization for the establishment of the kingdom, as well as royal authority, were received from the Pope, a dynamic that caused the historian David Abulafia to refer to the Sicilian sovereigns as "papal vassals". As such, Sicily was theoretically a papal fief. Concurrently, the Holy Roman Emperors were engaged in recurrent conflict with the papacy's ostensible, universal temporal authority. By the time of Frederick II, who ruled both the Holy Roman Empire () and the Kingdom of Sicily () in personal union, the struggle between the parties had intensified to extreme proportions, the Emperor having Sicily confiscated from him in 1245. After Frederick's purported deposition, Pope Innocent IV () embarked on a search for a new king who would be agreeable to the papacy and be able to contend with the Emperor. Offers were forwarded to the courts of the kingdoms of France and England, but Frederick's incumbency dissuaded any acceptances of the Sicilian throne. The search for a king	2.734375
77337440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaikulangara%20Rama%20Variar	Kaikulangara Rama Variar	Kaikulangara Rama Variar (also transliterated as Kaikulangara Rama Warrier) (1832–1897) was an Indian scholar, poet, astrologer, and astronomer from Kadangode in Thalappilly taluk, Thrissur district, Kerala, India. He is known for his commentaries and translations of several well-known Sanskrit treatises on a variety of subjects. Early life Rama Variyar was born as the third child of Kaikulangara Kizhakke Variathu Narayani Varasyar (mother) and Kaithakkottu Narayana Bhattathiri (father). After learning some initial lessons of Ayurveda and Jyotisha from his maternal uncles, at the age of twelve, he moved to Thrippunithura for further studies. At Thrippunithura, he joined a group of students of the Cochin royal family and, for about three years, took advanced lessons in Alankara Shastra (science of aesthetics), Vyākaraṇa (grammar), and Tarka Shastra (logic) from the great teacher and scholar Palappurath Puthiyetath Govindan Nampiyar. After completing studies at Thrippunithura, Rama Variar spent about three years at Killikkurissimangalam reading aloud the complete Sanskrit text of the epic Mahabharata in the presence of his guru's mother. He did this as his humble present and fee (gurudakshina) to his illustrious teacher Govindan Nampiyar.	2.1875
77338002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrett%20Robertson	Jarrett Robertson	The investigation found other factors that may have influenced the shift in balance to the right side of the aircraft. Prior to the flight, military police in Stuttgart left the Black Hawk unattended for some time, allowing two German boys to steal a cold weather emergency kit from the helicopter. This led to a delay on the ground, causing the auxiliary power unit, which only uses the left fuel tank, to run longer and use approximately of fuel from the left tank. Additionally, most of the passengers were seated on the right side of the aircraft, further contributing to its imbalance. The investigation concluded that both pilots aboard the helicopter acted appropriately given their circumstances and that neither were under the influence of alcohol or drugs before the flight. Lawsuit In 2002, the pilot and other surviving service members from the crash, along with the deceased officers' widows, filed a negligence and product liability lawsuit against UTC. After 11 days of trial, the jury sided against UTC and awarded $22.9 million (approximately $ million in ) in damages. Legacy Robertson has been described as having an infectious confidence and strong leadership skills. Major General Donald R. Infante particularly praised him for his practical after-action reviews (AARs), saying Robertson gave "the best AAR [he'd] ever witnessed" and focusing on the positive learning environment Robertson created.The 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment dedicated a remodeled conference room to Robertson in July 1994. In August 1994, Southwest Missouri State University dedicated a new rappelling tower for their ROTC program to Robertson. On October 13, 1995, the house at 231 Sheridan Rd on Fort Bliss, Texas, was dedicated to Robertson and named the Robertson House.	1.921875
77338312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efstathios%20E.%20Michaelides	Efstathios E. Michaelides	Efstathios E. Michaelides (born 13 February 1955) is a Greek-American mechanical engineer. Michaelides earned a Bachelor of Arts in engineering science and economics from the University of Oxford in 1977. He then completed graduate study in engineering science at Brown University, obtaining a master's degree in 1979 and a doctorate in 1980. Michaelides began his teaching career at the University of Delaware upon graduating from Brown. In 1990, he joined the Tulane University faculty as head of the mechanical engineering department. After two years in the role, Michaelides became associate dean for graduate studies and research within Tulane's School of Engineering. Between 2002 and 2007, Michaelides served as director of the South-Central Center of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change. In 1998, he was appointed to Tulane's Leo S. Weil Professorship of Mechanical Engineering, which he held until 2007. In 2006, Michaelides founded the Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering at the University of North Texas, and held the department chairmanship until 2007. Upon leaving Tulane and UNT, Michaelides was named Robert F. McDermott Chair in Engineering at the University of Texas at San Antonio and concurrently held the founding directorship of the Center on Simulation, Visualization and Real Time Computing. At Texas Christian University, Michaelides is the W. A. "Tex" Moncrief Jr. Founding Chair of Engineering. Honors and awards The American Society of Mechanical Engineers awarded Michaelides the Edwin F. Church Medal in 2021.	2.046875
77338323	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco%20del%20Per%C3%BA%20y%20Londres	Banco del Perú y Londres	The Banco del Perú y Londres () was a British–Peruvian bank headquartered in Lima during the early 20th century. Its former headquarters, located at the city's historic centre are now a building owned by the Congress of Peru, named after Luis Alberto Sánchez. History The bank was established in 1897 through the merging of the Bank of Callao () and , headquartered in Mexico City, to extend the former's operations. The merge with the bank in Callao, created in 1877, was proposed by Cuban economist , whose company had entered into a crisis following the War of the Pacific. The bank's building was designed by architect Julio Ernesto Lattini in 1905, commissioned by Payán. It was later acquired by the Banco Popular del Perú. It was later operated by Pablo La Rosa and stood out as a South American economic centre with foreign capital. This bank had branches in other cities in the country, and at the time it was one of the institutions most closely linked to the country's economy, because it offered loans to the government. By 1921 he obtained S/. 123 million in assets. However, due to the political crisis during the of 1930, it caused its bankruptcy in 1931, which led to a financial crisis. It competed with the Banco de Crédito and the Banco Continental, which survived after its liquidation by having foreign participation.	2.546875
77338958	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Phips%20%28sheriff%29	David Phips (sheriff)	Colonel David Phips was a British Army officer and adamant loyalist who served as the Sheriff of Middlesex County from 1764 to 1775. He is best known for his involvement during the Powder Alarm of '75, where he was tasked by General Thomas Gage, the governor of Massachusetts to retrieve the keys to the powderhouse from William Brattle. Life David Phips was born on September 25, 1724 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the only son of Massachusetts Governor Spencer Phips, and his wife Elizabeth Hutchinson. Phips graduated from Harvard College in 1741 as a Bachelor of Arts, and in 1744 he received his alma matter. Shortly after graduation, Phips received a commission in the Massachusetts militia during King George's War, and he was a captain during the Louisbourg Expedition in 1745. When war ended in 1748, Phips was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex County, and in 1753, he served a single term in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Phips later returned to service and he took part during the French and Indian War. War concluded in 1763, and one year later in 1764, Phips was appointed high sheriff of Middlesex County, and anointed Colonel of the Governors Troop of Horse Guards in 1773, formerly commanded by his father. On July 12, Phips wrote a letter to Colonel Jonathan Snelling, informing him that Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson had requested the accompaniment of guards during his travels from Milton to Cambridge on July 21, 1773, to attend the Harvard College Commencement exercises.	2.234375
77338958	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Phips%20%28sheriff%29	David Phips (sheriff)	Phips, there after was commissioned a officer in the royal navy, eventually being promoted to Captain, and was given the title "master and commander". In 1782, his ship was captured by the French, and he was held captive in Boston. David's estate, in 1782, made a claim for £400 compensation by his removal from Massachusetts as a loyalist. In which, it lists a number of relatives and others; he was released seven months later, and he left with his family for England. Phips died in Bath, England on July 7, 1811, aged 87; his death was announced in Massachusetts via the Columbian Centinel, published on 19 October 1811. His death in his home in Pierrepoint Street, Bath was gazetted in the Globe and the London Chronicle and in provincial newspapers. Personal life Phips married Mary Greenleaf on September 13, 1753. They had seven kids. Mary Greenleaf died in 1814 in Bath, England. 1) Mary Phips (1757-) 2) Spencer Phips (1760-) 3) Sarah Phips (1762-) 4) Rebecca Phips (1763-) 5) William Phips (1764-) 6) Stephen Greenleaf Phips (1767-) 7) Elizabeth Hutchinson (Phips) Phipps (1770-1848) Phips was the Warden of Christ Church, Boston in 1762, 1764 and 1774.	2.1875
77339313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo%20de%20Goicouria	Domingo de Goicouria	Quitman Expedition In 1853, Goicouria was appointed treasurer in the arrangement of a larger expedition to invade Cuba led by American General John Quitman, the former Governor of Mississippi. Following dissensions among the leaders and under diplomatic pressure, it was later abandoned by Quitman in May 1854. After residing in Mississippi for a brief period, Goicouria returned to life in New York amid the first Cuban junta dissolving in 1855. Walker Affair The López Expedition spurred additional filibustering attempts, including the 1855 Walker affair. On January 11, 1856, one of Goicouria's agents F.A. Laine concluded a treaty with William Walker promising to aid in seizing control of Nicaragua, with Walker agreeing to support the liberation of Cuba from Spanish rule in exchange. Funding for Goicouria's expedition to the country was provided by American shipping magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt of the Accessory Transit Company. In March 1856, Goicouria arrived in Granada from New Orleans with 250 men, and was dispatched to suppress an uprising in the Chontales region. On May 20, 1856, U.S. President Franklin Pierce officially recognized Walker's regime as the legitimate government of Nicaragua. Goicouria viewed Nicaragua as a strategic location for a future invasion of Cuba, believing that aiding Walker in establishing control there provided a better staging ground than the United States.	2.59375
77339439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celie%20Ellis%20Turner	Celie Ellis Turner	Celie Ellis Turner (born Celia Flanagan; 1864/1865 – October 2, 1924) was an American actress, singer, and playwright. Her early upbringing in a wealthy family included extensive musical education before she chose to join operatic and comic theatre. She transferred to multiple different stock companies during her career in the late 1800s, performing a number of major roles and having singing performances that exercised her talent as a soubrette. Life and career She was born Celia Flanagan in 1864/1865 in New York City. She was one of eight children born to Richard R. Flannagan, a Tammany Hall politician, who was elected a Coroner of New York County from 1876 to 1879, and a wealthy mother related to Governor Horatio Seymour. She attended the Villa Maria school in Montreal, Canada, in her childhood and also learned music under Madame Kartel. She then went on to complete a post graduate musical course at the Metropolitan College of Music. She had conflicts with her family over pursuing a career on the stage, but still found success in the field. She became known as "the little mother" to those close to her because she helped raise her multiple siblings after the loss of their mother. Choosing the stage name Celie Ellis, she was a part of comic opera and farce theatre performances from the 1880s through the 1890s, frequently seen in performances at Broadway's Casino Theatre. She also performed as a member of the McCaull Comic Opera Company in the 1880s before then acting as the soubrette for the Blue Jeans company. Ellis was noted by the Chicago Inter Ocean for her performance in the Black Hussar, especially her "piquant, saucy air" in her acting and her "pleasant singing voice" for the song "Ohe Mamma" that received several requests for encores.	2.03125
77340100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Asian%20Arabs	Central Asian Arabs	Central Asian Arabs (Arabic: عرب آسيا الوسطى) refers to ethnic Arabs from Central Asia. The total number of entrenched Arabs in Central Asia is no more than 10,000 people, including over 4,000 in Tajikistan (2010 census) and in Uzbekistan 2,800 people (1989 census). In Turkmenistan, the traditional place of settlement of Arabs was the vicinity of the cities Türkmenabat and Dänew. Language The native language of Central Asian Arabs is Central Asian Arabic. They also speak the majority language of their country and Russian. There are 4 dialects, Bakhtiari (بختياري), Qashqadaryawi (قشقدارياوي), Bukhari (بخاري), and Khorasani (خراساني). Bakhtiari is spoken in Afghanistan, Bukhari is spoken in Tajikistan, Qashqadaryawi and Bukhari are spoken in Uzbekistan, and Khorasani Arabic is spoken in Northeast Iran. Qashqadaryawi is named after Qashqadaryo Region and has Uzbek influences, Bukhari is named after Bukhara Region and has Persian influences, while Bakhtiari is named after Bactria. In Uzbekistan, Qashqadaryawi and Bukhari are not exclusive to Qashqadaryo or Bukhara and are spoken by Arab communities countrywide, although they often speak Russian or Uzbek to each other, as their dialects are not mutually intelligible. History	2.578125
77340100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Asian%20Arabs	Central Asian Arabs	Arab settlers came to Central Asia in several waves between the 7th and 17th centuries. The first wave was during the 7th-8th centuries, after Arab Muslim troops conquered Central Asia, they set up large garrisons in the main cities of the Bukhara and Samarkand region. Chronicles showed that in Bukhara, Arab soldiers settled half of the houses and lands of local residents. Some Arabs retained their culture, while some were assimilated into the Iranic and Turkic population. In Turkmenistan, Arabs mainly live in the vicinity of the cities of Türkmenabat and Dänew. Arabs had a history migrating to Afghanistan in many waves starting in the 7th century, where they either settled in Afghanistan or moved to other Central Asian lands. Many Central Asian Arabs migrated to Afghanistan following the Russian conquest of Central Asia. In the 2010 census, there was 4 thousand Arabs in Tajikistan. For a long time, Arab women were not allowed to marry a non-Arab man, while Arab men were free to marry Tajik or Uzbek women. The government of Emomali Rahmon had good relations with the Arabs of Tajikistan, therefore the Arabs took the side of Rahmon during the Tajikistani Civil War. There was also an ethnic conflict between Arabs and Karategin Uzbeks, which escalated into clashes where people were killed and families were expelled from their homes. According to the 1989 census, 12,880 Arabs were registered in Uzbekistan. The Arabic dialect of Qashqadaryo has much more similarities with Classical Arabic than the Bukhara dialect, which is more Persianised. In the Samarkand region, the cultural capital of Arabs was the village of Vedar. Bukhari is spoken by residents of the villages of Jargari, Chagdaryo, Shokhanbeg, Gijduvon, Bukhara, as well as the Arabkhana village of Vobkent District, while Qashqadaryawi is spoken in the villages of Dzhenau, Qamashi, Beshkent, and in the north-west of Qarshi.	2.703125
77340480	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maamba%20Coal%20Power%20Station	Maamba Coal Power Station	Maamba Coal Power Station (MCPS), is a 600 MW coal-fired thermal power station in Zambia. The power station comprises an operational 300 MW power station (Unit I) commercially commissioned in 2016 and a second 300 MW power station (Unit II), under development, as of July 2024. Unit II is an extension of Unit I. The output of this power station is sold directly to Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO), the national electricity utility parastatal company, under long-term power purchase agreements for both units. The power station is owned by Maamba Collieries Limited, a subsidiary of Nava Bharat Ventures Limited, of India. Location The power station is located in the town of Maamba, in Sinazongwe District, in the Southern Province of Zambia. Maamba is located approximately , southwest of the city of Lusaka, the national capital. Overview In 2016, Maamba Collieries Limited commercially commissioned the 300 MW Unit I of this power station. This unit comprises two steam generators with capacity of 150 MW each. Coal supplied by Maamba Collieries is used to boil water. This generates steam, which is used to turn turbines which in turn generate electricity. The first unit (Unit I) was set up to mitigate national generation shortage due prevailing severe drought in the country and the continental region. Due to more severe weather conditions and patterns in Zambia and Southern Africa, the power generation capacity deteriorated further. Maamba Collieries obtained authorization and financing to expand the existing power station by adding Unit II, with capacity of 300 MW as well. Ownership The power station is 100 percent owned by Maamba Collieries Limited (MCL), a joint venture company registered in Zambia. The shareholding in MCL is as illustrated in the table below. Note 1: ZCCM Investments Holdings Plc. is 100 percent owned by the government of Zambia Note 2: Nava Bharat Singapore Limited is a subsidiary of NAVA Limited, an Indian industrial, mining, manufacturing and agribusiness conglomerate.	2.171875
77340699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayte%20Penelas	Mayte Penelas	Mayte Penelas (María Teresa Penelas Meléndez) is a historian and philologist. She specialises in codicology, history and historiography in al-Andalus. She is Director of the Escuela de Estudios Árabes at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spanish National Research Council; CSIC) at Granada, Andalucía. Education Penelas was awarded a PhD in Philology in 1998 from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Her thesis was entitled Kitab Hurusiyus: traducción árabe de las "Historiae adversus paganos" de Orosio (The Arabic Translation of the Histories of Orosius, Editing and Study).It was published in 2001 as a monograph. The Kitāb Hurūshiyūsh (Arabic: كتاب هروشيوش) is the name conventionally given to a medieval Arabic translation of Orosius's early fifth-century Historiae adversus paganos. Research and career Penelas's research focuses on Arabic historiography, Andalusian Christian texts, and Arabic manuscripts from the ninth to the twelfth centuries CE. Penelas studied Arabic philology at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, before moving to Granada and then London for a postdoctoral fellowship. She returned to the School of Arabic Studies at Granada, and has been Director of the Escuela de Estudios Árabes at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas since 2017. Bibliography	2
77340809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Turner%20%28British%20Army%20soldier%29	Robert Turner (British Army soldier)	Turner was tall and well-built with white hair and beard and by around 1880 he was appearing on postcards, billed as "the oldest soldier in the Royal Artillery". In the late 19th century Queen Victoria often visited the fort on summer afternoon carriage drives to take tea and converse with Turner. Turner received the Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal and, in 1897, the Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal. When Victoria was succeeded by Edward VII Turner received a King Edward VII Coronation Medal. Edward also called at the fort to enquire of Turner's health. In 1906 Turner was awarded a Meritorious Service Medal and a supplement of £10 to his pension. Turner's wife died around January 1909. He was too weak to attend her funeral, but put on his uniform and stood at salute in the fort's courtyard as her coffin was carried out. Later that year the Windsor and Eton Express said Turner had "a very substantial claim to the title of being the oldest soldier [in the British Army]". He died at the fort on 24 June 1910. His funeral was held at the church in Sunningdale and was attended by hundreds of people, including British Army officers and a fellow Crimean War veteran. Turner's coffin was draped with the Union Flag atop which was placed his service shako. The coffin sat on a gun carriage drawn by five horses and was escorted by a mounted detachment of the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays). Turner's tunic, dating from circa 1890, and medals are in the collection of the National Army Museum.	2.1875
78755484	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro%20P%C3%A9rez%20de%20Guzm%C3%A1n	Pedro Pérez de Guzmán	On 8 July 1919, Pérez de Guzmán, then a sailor on the ship Carlos V that was docked in the port of Vigo, was convinced by some Real Madrid fans to replace the injured Manuel Posada in the club's friendly match against Fortuna de Vigo, in which he played alongside the future Madrid president Santiago Bernabéu, and both of them scored once to help their side to a 3–2 win. This was Madrid's first-ever visit to Vigo, and five days later, on 13 July, he played his second and last match for Madrid, again against Fortuna, and again scoring once to help his side to a 2–1 win, thus scoring in the only two games he played for Madrid; few can say the same. Naval career First steps and medals for bravery After passing the exam, Pérez de Guzmán went on to the Naval Military School, then located in the town of San Carlos, entering as a candidate on 1 January 1916. In January 1918 he passed the exam to become a midshipman, earning his commission as an officer and his rank of frigate ensign in January 1920. He went on to embark on different units of the fleet, which at the time was reaching its peak during the Rif War, so the Navy remained constantly on alert in these waters.	2.4375
78755484	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro%20P%C3%A9rez%20de%20Guzm%C3%A1n	Pedro Pérez de Guzmán	After being promoted to naval ensign in January 1921, he was assigned to the gunboat Laya, from which he participated in the landing and operation on Sidi Dris beach on 1-2 June 1921. Despite being a non-commissioned officer, he reinforced the position with a detachment of only 15 sailors, which reached the coast and then managed to reach the front line at a critical moment, so that despite being few in number, some of the enemy forces were forced to bury their heads in the ground. Pérez de Guzmán then took command of four Spanish small-caliber cannons because their commanding officer had been wounded, and ordered to open fire without stopping and as quickly as possible. At first, he ordered the muzzles of the cannons to be lowered, as the enemy was no more than 25 meters away, but as they retreated, he ordered the muzzles to be raised again, hitting almost the entire enemy line squarely. "For this singular and meritorious act", he deserved his first individual Military Medal and the individual Naval Medal, being awarded to him by the King Alfonso XIII near the Torre del Oro in Seville on 30 July and 30 August, respectively. For the same reason, he was promoted to the rank of naval second lieutenant in the same year, for war merits. On 25-26 July 1921, Pérez de Guzmán once again showed his bravery in the relief of the same position at Sidi Dris and Afrau, in which he was the last to leave, firing one of the machine guns, but despite his efforts, only 25 of the almost three hundred men reached Laya safely. For this decisive action, he deserved his second Naval Medal, but this was delayed for several months, being only awarded to him by the King on 25 April 1923, this time in Madrid.	2.46875
78755782	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osek%20Monastery	Osek Monastery	Osek Monastery (; ) is a Cistercian monastery in Osek in Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. Originally built in the 13th century as a Romanesque-Gothic structure, it was transformed into the high-Baroque style during the early 18th century, giving it the today's appearance. The monastery complex comprises the Church of Assumption of Virgin Mary, the building of the convent, the abbot's residence (prelature) with a clock tower, and several auxiliary buildings. History Founding and early history The Osek Monastery was founded by a Czech nobleman called Milhošť who invited Cistercian monks from the Bavarian Waldsassen Abbey to his manor in Mašťov at the end of the 12th century. However, the monastery struggled financially, as Milhošť diverted its income for his own use. Consequently, the monks relocated to Osek in 1198 with the support of Slávek of the Hrabišici family, the chamberlain of King Ottokar I. Slávek and his heirs later moved to Riesenburg Castle above Osek, thus they were later called the lords of Riesenburg. The abbey flourished during the first half of the 13th century, even attempting to establish a daughter abbey in Nížkov, though unsuccessfully. The abbey suffered during a rebellion by the future Czech King Ottokar II, who sacked it due to its association with the Riesenburg family. In 1260, Boreš II of Riesenburg gifted the abbey a relic of a finger of St. John the Baptist. Royal abbey In the 14th century, King John of Bohemia made Osek a royal abbey. It prospered until the Hussite Wars when Prague's Hussite armies burned it in 1421. Most monks escaped to Altzella Abbey, but Osek Monastery fell into decline. By 1580, Pope Gregory XIII dissolved the abbey, and the remaining monks relocated to Sedlec and Zbraslav.	2.296875
78755921	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramji%20%28painter%29	Ramji (painter)	Ramji (fl. 1755–1785), also known as Ramji Das, was a painter based in Jaipur State. He specialized in portrait-painting and was active during the reigns of Madho Singh I and Prithvi Singh II (r. 1768–1785). He painted in a style which is now known as the Jaipur School. Some of his works depict officials that belonged to the court of the maharaja, without discriminating based on rank or status, even depicting courtesans (kalawants) or performers (bhaktans). Ramji had a group of followers, with another painter named Govinda painted in a similar style to Ramji. Ramji first appears on record in the early 1760's, with his salary being increased from 6 to 10 rupees in 1762. He was one of the two most-renowned artists of the Jaipur court, alongside Sahibram. Originally from Jaipur, at one point Ramji was sent to work at Jaiselmer. Surviving works Some of his surviving works are kept in the collection of the Jaipur Museum and the personal collection of Kumar Sangram Singh. 81 paintings inscribed with Ramji's name can be found in the collection of the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum whilst a further 200 in other collections can be traced to him. Much of the surviving works are khakhas (smaller sketches or drafts for larger paintings), monochromatic drawings, tinted-line drawings, or coloured figure studies. Many of the works were created with single-layered, hand-made, burnished paper whilst others are coloured paintings on vasli.	2.5625
78756337	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayelsa%20State%20Judiciary	Bayelsa State Judiciary	The Judiciary of Bayelsa State is a key branch of the Bayelsa State Government, responsible for interpreting and applying the state's laws, as well as resolving legal disputes and controversies. It plays a vital role in administering justice in the state. The judicial branch exercises this responsibility by hearing and ruling on a wide range of legal cases. The Judiciary is overseen by the Judicial Service Commission, which manages appointments, promotions, and disciplinary actions within the judiciary. History The Bayelsa State Judiciary was established in 1996 following the creation of the state. Initially, the judiciary began with six High Court Judges, including the late Hon. Justice K. D. Ungbuku, who served as the Chief Judge of Rivers State, Hon. Justice F. F. Tabai, the late Hon. Justice K. St. Sagbe, the late Hon. Justice F. K. C. Peters-Amain, Hon. Justice S. S. Alagoa, and the late Hon. Justice E. J. Igoniwari. The first Chief Registrar, L. M. Boufini Esq., had previously held the same position in the Rivers State Judiciary. At the time of its establishment, the Bayelsa Judiciary also included eight Magistrates who were transferred from Rivers State: Margaret I. Akpomiemie Esq., Kate Abiri Esq., D. A. Ayah Esq., Timi Cocodia Esq., I. Eradiri Esq., P. A. O. Eduoyemiekemo Esq., Ambrose Lewis-Allagoa Esq., and David Alagoa Esq. The judiciary initially consisted of two divisions: the Brass division, led by Hon. Justice E. J. Igoniwari, and the Yenagoa division, headed by Hon. Justice F. F. Tabai. In 1997, a third division, the Sagbama division, was created. On July 10, 2001, the judiciary expanded with the creation of five additional divisions: Nembe, Ogbia, Oporoma, Amassoma, Kaiama, and Ekeremor. Several new places of session were designated for these divisions: Nembe Judicial Division: Nembe Ogbolomabiri and Nembe Bassambiri Ogbia Judicial Division:Ogbia Town, Oloibiri, Anyama Amassoma Judicial Division:Amassoma and Otuan Kaiama Judicial Division:Kaiama, Odi, Sabagreia	2.46875
78756781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Williams%20%28Methodist%29	William Williams (Methodist)	William Williams FLS (1848 – 6 July 1913) was a naturalist and Wesleyan Methodist minister in Australia. He was elected president-general of the Methodist Church of Australasia for the years 1907–1910. History Williams was born in Kooringa, South Australia, and grew up at the nearby Burra Mines, receiving his early education from (later Dr) John Riccardo Stephens and at the local public school. He trained for the ministry in Adelaide, then at the Wesleyan conference in 1869 he was accepted as a probationer and immediately sent to Daylesford, Victoria, where the minister was Rev. R. C. Flockart, later the first Methodist Chaplain-General of Australia. After a year, he was sent to the St Arnaud circuit in the Northern Grampians, where he was given the task of missionary work in Carr's Plains country, and established a flourishing church on Mogg's Plains, now known as Swanwater, 18km north-west of St Arnaud. His next posting was to Wandiligong, in the Ovens circuit, completing his probation, and was "admitted to the connexion by ordination" at the 1873 Conference and posted to El Dorado, in the same region. A year later he was appointed superintendent of the Sale circuit, in the Gippsland region, and was able to breathe new life into its dwindling congregation and restore its failing finances. Two years at Bairnsdale topped off his country obligations, then he was brought into the city — first to Brunswick Street, Fitzroy, for three years, then another three on the Dunolly circuit, and Lydiard Street, Ballarat, staying for a year at Sebastopol, followed by Pleasant Street. The Sandhurst circuit followed, initially resident in Eaglehawk, then as circuit superintendent at Forest Street. In 1891 he was posted to the Jubilee Church, Toorak, at the corner of Toorak and Williams roads — an intellectually and spiritually superior establishment, but in a depressed condition due to the chronic illness of his predecessor. He was elected president of the Victorian Methodist Conference in 1903.	2.03125
78756910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20MacLellan%2C%204th%20Lord%20Kirkcudbright	William MacLellan, 4th Lord Kirkcudbright	William MacLellan, born c. 1647 in Borgue, Kirkcudbrightshire, Dumfries & Galloway, Scotland, was the 4th Lord Kirkcudbright, a title he held from 1665 until his passing on 29 March 1668. He was the son of Ann Maxwell and John MacLellan, 3rd Lord Kirkcudbright. Biography During William’s short tenure as Lord Kirkcudbright, Scotland experienced significant political and religious tension. The re-establishment of Episcopacy under Charles II led to resistance from the Covenanters, culminating in events such as the Pentland Rising and harsh suppression of Presbyterian dissent. The Killing Times began, with the government persecuting and executing Covenanters. Scotland was also significantly affected by the Second Dutch War, economic disruptions, and outbreaks of the plague. Charles II also worked to consolidate royal control, leading to increased conflict with Presbyterian factions. Throughout Lord Kirkcudbright’s lifetime, his father's entire estate was taken by creditors. Since William was a minor and unmarried at the time of his death, the succession was then opened to the descendants of William McClellan of Auchlane. in 1668, John McClellan of Auchlane, made a supplication as heir of the deceased William MacLellan, 4th Lord Kirkcudbright, as nephew of John MacLellan, 3rd Lord Kirkcudbright, but immediately renounced his right as heir because he was pursued by his father William MacLellan of Auchlane's creditors and lacked sufficient funds to pay off his debts. Nevertheless, he is occasionally referred to as a Lord Kirkcudbright, despite the fact that he never possessed the title.	2.296875
78757105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeko%20Sasamori	Shigeko Sasamori	Shigeko Sasamori (; Niimoto; June 16, 1932 – December 15, 2024) was a Japanese peace and anti-nuclear activist. She was a survivor of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and an advocate for peace and nuclear disarmament. After receiving reconstructive surgeries in the United States, she pursued a career as a nurse's aide and shared her experiences to educate others about the consequences of nuclear warfare. Early life and education Sasamori was born on June 16, 1932, in Hiroshima, Japan, to Masayuki Niimoto, an oyster fisherman, and Sato Tanabe Niimoto, a homemaker. On August 6, 1945, at the age of 13, she survived the atomic bombing of Hiroshima while working to clear debris from the city's streets. She was approximately two miles from the bomb's hypocenter and suffered severe burns on over a quarter of her body, including her face, chest, arms, and hands. Her parents found her several days later and cared for her injuries at home using makeshift treatments. In 1955, she was selected as one of 25 young women, later known as the "Hiroshima Maidens," to travel to the United States for reconstructive surgeries arranged by Norman Cousins, a journalist and peace activist. She underwent multiple operations at Mount Sinai Hospital, which improved her appearance and functionality, though her scars remained visible. During her time in the United States, she lived primarily with the family of Norman Cousins in Connecticut. Career After her reconstructive surgeries, Sasamori returned briefly to Japan but later relocated to the United States. She continued her education and trained as a nurse's aide in the late 1960s. During her nursing career, she cared for patients, including newborns and individuals with debilitating conditions such as Parkinson's disease.	2.8125
78757222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USACE%20Bayfield	USACE Bayfield	USACE Bayfield is tugboat museum ship at Lake Superior Maritime Visitor Center, Duluth, Minnesota. Bayfield was built in 1953 as United States Army tugboat ST-2023. The Army's ST, small tugs, ranged from about to in length. The ST-2023 was built by the Roamer Boat Company in Holland, Michigan. Roamer Boat Company was founded by Robert R. Linn in 1946. ST-2023 was the 8th hull built by Roamer Boat Company. Bayfield is a small steel hull harbor tug. ST-2023 is of the design 320 type. Design 320 type is based on the Equity 45 type tugboat that was designed by Equitable Equipment Company. The Equitable Equipment Company was founded by Neville Levy in 1921 and is located on the Tchefuncte River in Madisonville, Louisiana, The United States Army transferred ST-2023 to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in 1962 as USACE Bayfield. Bayfield was retired in 1995, and transferred as a fully functional museum ship to the Lake Superior Maritime Visitor Center. She is powered by a single diesel engine (Detroit 8V-71) built by Detroit Diesel with a single propeller. She as a length of , a beam of and depth of .	2.0625
78757247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrapur%2C%20Chhattisgarh	Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh	Management The temple is managed by a local trust responsible for its maintenance and the organization of festivals and daily rituals. The trust ensures the preservation of the temple's sanctity and oversees the welfare of pilgrims and visitors. Nathal Dai Temple The Nathal Dai Temple holds substantial spiritual and cultural importance in Chandrapur. Located at the confluence of two rivers, it is dedicated to Goddess Durga. The temple's serene environment provides a profound sense of peace to its visitors, making it a cherished site for worship and reflection. History The Nathal Dai Temple is an ancient shrine dedicated to Goddess Nathal Dai, revered as an incarnation of Goddess Durga. Located at the confluence of two rivers, the temple's serene environment has made it a significant spiritual site for centuries. Festivals and Annual Gatherings Navratri is the most prominent festival celebrated at the Nathal Dai Temple. During this time, the temple is adorned with vibrant decorations, and devotees participate in traditional rituals and cultural events. The influx of pilgrims during Navratri transforms the temple into a hub of spiritual and cultural activities, reflecting the deep-rooted traditions of the region. Management The temple's management is overseen by a committee responsible for daily operations, maintenance, and the organization of festivals. The committee ensures that the temple remains a place of solace and spiritual enrichment for all visitors. Both the Chandrahasini and Nathal Dai Temples play a pivotal role in the cultural and spiritual life of Chandrapur, attracting devotees and tourists alike, and contributing to the town's rich heritage. Cultural Significance	2.390625
78757399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional%20Day%20of%20Offering	Traditional Day of Offering	Practice In the past, Traditional Day of offering or Chunyipai Losar was celebrated for 15 days. On the day, special offerings are made in memory of Ngawang Namgyal. It is a thanksgiving day in Bhutan. Chunipa Losar is also to make offerings to the deities and ancestors. For families, it is an occasion to gather and feast on good food, donate food to the poor, and play games. Chunipa Losar begin by waking up early, lighting butter lamps and preparing offerings like traditional "khabzey" (Bhutanese deep-fried cookies) and "khuley" (traditional pancake). These traditional dishes are then offerred to deities and Ngawang Namgyal by placing at the altars. Then they prepare sumptous meals and feast on varied delicacies starting with rice porridge, followed by suja (butter tea) and milk tea with snacks. Lunch and dinner would usually be red rice with meat dishes. Many families gather and go out for picnic lunches in urban areas. The men participate and contest in the country’s national sport of archery. Other traditional sports like degor and Khuru are also played. Some also visit monasteries and temples to make offerings. In the evening, men and women often have gatherings at one of the households to party. The Traditional Day of Offering (Chunipa Losar), 2025 falls on Thursday the 30th of January 2025.	2.546875
78757618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20regencies%20and%20cities%20in%20East%20Kalimantan	List of regencies and cities in East Kalimantan	As of , East Kalimantan consists of 7 regencies and 3 cities. These are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The totals below have been adjusted to take account of the removal of North Kalimantan. Cities in this table are marked by grey background, while regencies are left unmarked. As of July 2023, the new capital of Nusantara (tentatively designated or IKN) has not officially gazetted separate as a jurisdiction per Interior Ministry in practice, but is reported to cover 2,561 km2. including 682 km2 of sea; it includes a central likely government heavy area named KIPP with IKN, would occupy 66.7 km2 and 200,000 strong staffers and families from Jakarta. The province forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council. The East Kalimantan Electoral District consists of the entire province (at-large), and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council. For the present Parliament, this includes the area and population of the newly designated national capital of Nusantara. History During its first years since its creation in 1956, East Kalimantan was composed of three regency-level special regions — Kutai, Berau and Bulungan — all of them were led by the respective sultans. Later on 26 June 1959, Balikpapan and Samarinda were split from the outgoing Special Region of Kutai, while Pasir (later known as Paser) was split from Kotabaru Regency in South Kalimantan and transferred to East Kalimantan, therefore increasing its number to six. At the same time, special statuses of each regency were removed.	2.4375
78757986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla%20Filipe	Carla Filipe	Carla Filipe (born 1973) is a Portuguese multidisciplinary artist and photographer, whose work explores the relationship between art objects, popular culture, and activism. She was the winner of the 2023 FLAD (Fundação Luso-Americana para o Desenvolvimento) drawing prize. Early life and education Filipe was born in Aveiro in 1973 and brought up in Vila Nova da Barquinha, a small town in the centre of Portugal. She lived in a house built by the state railway company for its staff and was to develop a strong interest in railways. She studied sculpture at the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Porto and then obtained a master's degree in contemporary artistic practices from the same university. She was co-founder of artist-run spaces Salão Olímpico (2003-2005) and Projecto Apêndice (2006), both in Porto. She has undertaken residencies at Acme Studios , London, Uk (2009–10); AIR Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium (2014), the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation (Captiva, Florida) U.S.A, 2015; the Krinzinger Projekte, Vienna, Austria (2017); and Peacock & Warm, Aberdeen, Scotland, Uk, (2023). Career She´s a multidisciplinary artist whose practice critically explores the relationship between art objects, culture and activism. Anchored in drawing, personal experiences and in the concept of autobiography as an experimental archive of contemporaneity, Filipe’s creative process is the outcome of appropriating artefacts and documents that build a singular form of social portrait and, simultaneously, self-portraiture. By applying anthropological methodologies, Filipe observes, collects, interviews and documents the traces of individual and collective narratives, questioning conventional discursivity on the recent past and on the present in an idiosyncratic way. In doing so, the artist investigates transversal concepts such as territory, property, memory, identity or representation.	1.953125
78758208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1996%20Q1%20%28Tabur%29	C/1996 Q1 (Tabur)	C/1996 Q1 (Tabur) is a non-periodic comet that became visible to the naked eye in October 1996. It is the first of three comets discovered by Australian astronomer, Vello Tabur. Discovery and observations The comet was first spotted by Vello Tabur from his reflector as a 10th-magnitude object within the constellation Eridanus on the evening of 19 August 1996. At the time, astronomers had difficulty confirming the new comet's existence until Herman Mikuž and Alan Hale independently spotted it on 21 August. The comet steadily brightened as it approached the Earth throughout the entire month of September, and was "widely noted as a naked eye object in the first half of October. It faded rapidly from mid-October despite the fact that it was still approaching perihelion. It was theorized that the comet's sudden decline in brightness were likely caused by the depletion of volatiles within its nucleus. The comet was last seen as a 9th-magnitude object on 23 November 1996. Orbit Shortly after discovery, Brian G. Marsden computed the first parabolic orbit of the comet on 23 August 1996, which was roughly 73 degrees inclined to the ecliptic and an orbital period of approximately 18,500 years. A revised orbit was published about a week later, and Jost Jahn noted it has a strong resemblance to the orbit of C/1988 A1 (Liller), suggesting they might have fragmented from each other in a previous perihelion, despite the latter's shorter orbital period of 2,900 years. In the following years, more fragments of the same comet family were found. These were C/2015 F3 (SWAN), C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) and C/2023 V5 (Leonard).	2.953125
78758347	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1892%20E1%20%28Swift%29	C/1892 E1 (Swift)	C/1892 E1 (Swift) is a non-periodic comet discovered by Lewis A. Swift on 7 March 1892. The comet became visible with naked eye. Observational history The comet was discovered by Lewis A. Swift on 7 March 1892 using the 11-cm telescope at Warner Observatory in Rochester, New York. The comet was then located in Sagittarius. at a solar elongation of 65°, and moving eastwards. Edward Emerson Barnard spotted the comet with naked eye on 8 March and estimated its magnitude to be 5–6. He described the comet as having a round coma about 8 arcminutes across and a faint tail. At that point the comet was moving both towards Earth and the Sun. On 10 March Johann Holetschek estimated its magnitude to be 4. On 16 March E. E. Barnard said it was quite easily seen with naked eye. A photograph of the comet from 11 March showed the comet had five rays emanating from the nucleus, the longest of which was 35 arcminutes long. The closest approach to Earth took place on 27 March, at a distance of 1.05 AU, while perihelion took place on 7 April. In April the comet was better visible from the southern hemisphere. On 2 and 8 April, J. M. Thorne from Cordoba, Argentina estimated the comet had a magnitude a little brighter than 3 and a tail 15 degrees long, which however couldn't be observed with naked eye. Barnard photographed the comet on 7 April and noted the tail forked into two branches. Chinese sources claim a "broom star" was visible between 28 March 1892 and 26 April 1892. In May the comet faded as it was moving away from both Earth and the Sun. On May 1, the comet's head was reported to be of 4th magnitude by Backhouse while on May 28 Holetschek estimated the comet's magnitude to be 5.5. Schur reported the comet had a tail about 1.5 degrees long on 27. By June 10 the comet was hardly visible with naked eye and on 27 June its magnitude was reported by A. Abetti to be 7. On August 30 its magnitude had dropped to 8, as estimated by Holetschek.	2.734375
78758613	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1988%20A1%20%28Liller%29	C/1988 A1 (Liller)	C/1988 A1 (Liller) is a non-periodic comet discovered on 11 January 1988 by William Liller. The comet is part of a family of comets, known as the Liller family, which also includes the comets C/1996 Q1 (Tabur), C/2015 F3 (SWAN), C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS), and C/2023 V5 (Leonard). Observational history The comet was discovered by William Liller in two images exposed 30 minutes apart during the PROBLICOM survey on 11 January. He described the comet as diffuse with a coma about one arcminute across and with faint condensation. The presence of the comet was confirmed by T. Cragg and R. H. McNaught. They estimated visually that the comet had an apparent magnitude of 10.2 and a coma 6 arcminutes across. Upon discovery the comet was located in the constellation of Sculptor, at a solar elongation of 60°, and was located 1.62 AU from the Sun. The comet was observed to brighten from mag 10 to mag 9 until the end of January and continued to brighten in February and March, reaching mag. 7 at the end of the month. The comet reached minimum elongation on 13 March, on 25°. It reached its peak brightness in April. Jacobson spotted the comet with naked eye on April 18. David H. Levy reported that the comet had an apparent magnitude of 4.7 with the naked eye on April 24. In the end of April the tail of the comet was reported to be up to 2–3 degrees long. An antitail 0.2 degrees long was also reported from 21 to 23 April. The comet was fading in May. Closest approach to Earth took place on May 12, 1988, at a distance on 1.22 AU. By the end of May its magnitude was reported to be 7-7.4. By July the comet was very faint and diffuse. It was last observed on 12 August 1988, when it had an apparent magnitude of 12 and its coma was 1.3–1.4 arcminutes across.	2.53125
78758779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardrobe%20of%20Anne%20of%20Denmark	Wardrobe of Anne of Denmark	At the Union of the Crowns in 1603, James became King of England. There are indications that Anne changed her style to that of the English court by having some clothes altered. New clothes were made for her household, and James (who travelled to England first) sent some of Elizabeth's jewels to Anne with an English hairdresser, Blanche Swansted. Giovanni Carlo Scaramelli, a Venetian diplomat, wrote that Anne of Denmark had given away her jewels, costume, and wall-hangings to her ladies remaining in Scotland, and would find six thousand gowns in Elizabeth's wardrobe which were being adjusted for her. Dudley Carleton wrote that the new queen "giveth great contentment to the world in her fashion and courteous behaviour", and had a "comely personage and an extraordinary grace in her fashion". She had done her face "some wrong" by sunburn from not wearing a mask or visard during her journey to Windsor Castle. When the Spanish ambassador Juan Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, 5th Duke of Frías, arrived in August 1604 to negotiate the Treaty of London, Anne and her companions wore black masks while observing from a barge on the Thames. Even though their boat had no royal insignia, the Spaniards had no difficulty recognising them. James and Anne were crowned at Westminster on 25 July 1603. Audrey Walsingham had been sent to meet Anne at Berwick-upon-Tweed and was appointed a lady of the bedchamber, and after the coronation she was made Mistress of the Robes. Anne of Denmark's master tailor and yeoman of the robes was James Duncan, a Scot with Aberdeenshire connections. The court and royal households moved locations several times to avoid the plague that year, and "James Duncan's man" carried gowns from Winchester (where Anne had staged a masque) to Nonsuch and Oatlands for Princess Elizabeth and her companions.	2.59375
78758779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardrobe%20of%20Anne%20of%20Denmark	Wardrobe of Anne of Denmark	According to Arbella Stuart, Anne of Denmark asked Audrey Walsingham and the Countess of Suffolk to take Elizabeth's old clothes from a store in the Tower of London for a masque at New Year, The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses. Dudley Carleton described the masque costumes as "embroidered satins and cloths of gold and silver, for which they were beholden to Queen Elizabeth's wardrobe". The costumes were tailored by James Duncan. Anne, playing the part of Pallas, wore a brand new stage helmet made by Mary Mountjoy and skirts below the knee but shorter than was customary. Anne was also depicted in an engraving as Pallas, dressed in classical armour, "a figure at odds with wifely obedience and Jacobean pacifism". It was said that George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar, master of King's wardrobe, received a great quantity of Elizabeth's clothes as a gift from King James and he sold them for his own profit. Anne retained a small collection of the gowns and garments of previous queens of England and Henry VIII, which she kept at Somerset House. These were sold on her death in 1619. Anne's usual costume now included large drum farthingales which were made by Robert Hughes in his Strand and Bow Lane workshops. Their size was noted by diplomats including the Venetian priest Horatio or Orazino Busino. Experimental reconstructions show that the farthingales were unlikely to have been quite as big as exaggerated contemporary reports. There is also some uncertainty if Anne's use of large farthingales was in keeping with the fashion of other courts, and some scholars have argued that her preference for farthingales deliberately emulated the style of her predecessor in England, Elizabeth I.	2.9375
78758872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ione%20Mylonas%20Shear	Ione Mylonas Shear	Ione Mylonas Shear (; February 19, 1936January 15, 2005) was an American archaeologist who specialised in the domestic spaces of Mycenaean Greece. She was the daughter of George E. Mylonas, a Greek-born archaeologist teaching in the United States. Ione Mylonas was educated at Wellesley College and undertook graduate study in archaeology at Bryn Mawr College and at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA). She excavated under her father at Eleusis, at Isthmia in central Greece, and at Morgantina on Sicily. At Eleusis, she met the archaeologist T. Leslie Shear Jr., whom she married in 1959. Shear's publications included works on ancient Greek art and the Acropolis of Athens in addition to her primary field of Mycenaean archaeology. She published three monographs, including two in which she argued that the Homeric poems (the Iliad and Odyssey) were accurate reflections of the world of Bronze Age Greece. These beliefs, which she shared with her father, were generally rejected as outdated. Biography Ione Mylonas was the daughter of the Greek archaeologist George E. Mylonas and his wife, Lena (). She was born on February 19, 1936, in Champaign, Illinois, and grew up in St. Louis, where her father was a professor at the Washington University. She was then educated at Wellesley College, a women's college in Massachusetts, before undertaking graduate study in archaeology at Bryn Mawr College, another women's college in Pennsylvania, and spent the 1959–1960 academic year at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA). Her doctoral dissertation, Mycenaean Domestic Architecture, was published in 1968. In her early career, she excavated at Eleusis in Attica, where her father was director, and at Isthmia, and in Sicily at Morgantina. At Isthmia in 1960, she supervised the excavation of human remains found in the so-called "Theater Cave".	2.015625

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