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69840123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian%20National%20Students%20Association	Armenian National Students Association	The Armenian National Students Association (ANSA) () is a non-governmental umbrella organization based in Yerevan, Armenia. History The Armenian National Students Association was founded on 9 September 2003 as a national students' union representing more than 20 student unions across Armenia. The Association is the largest representative of the student body on the national level and the organization aims to advocate, promote and protect educational, social, economic, cultural interests and rights of over 90 thousand students. The Association is a member of the European Students' Union. Mission and activities The Armenian National Students Association advocates for lowering tuition fees, ensuring quality education, protecting student rights and freedoms, promoting student involvement in the Bologna Process, among other goals. In 2003, the Armenian National Students Association and the Georgian Student's Organizations Association agreed to establish the South Caucasus Student Confederation, which would unite both Armenian and Georgian student unions and will implement European Youth Forum regional programs. As part of the TEMPUS program, the Armenian National Students Association organizes and hosts students from EU countries to promote exchange of experience among students.	2.09375
69840223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF%20like%20MARVEL%20transmembrane%20domain-containing%201	CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 1	Studies have reported that the levels of CMTM1 (typically the CMTM1–v17 isoform) are more highly expressed in breast, kidney, lung, ovary, liver (i.e. hepatocellular carcinoma), and salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma malignant tissues than the nearby normal tissues of these respective organs. According to the Human Protein Atlas, higher levels of CMTM1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues are associated with shorter survival times. Another study found that the levels of CMTM1 mRNA (which directs the production of CMTM1 protein) were higher in stomach cancer compared to nearby normal stomach tissues. And, studies of glioblastoma found no significant difference between the levels of CMTM1 in this brain tumor's tissues versus nearby normal brain tissues but higher levels of tumor tissue CMTM1 were associated with poorer prognoses. In addition, the forced overexpression of CMTM1 in cultured glioblastoma cell lines increased their proliferation and invasiveness. These findings suggest that CMTM1 proteins may act to promote the cited cancers and support further studies to determine if these proteins contribute to the development and/or progression of the cited cancers, can be used as markers of disease severity and/or prognosis, or are targets for treating these cancers.	2.109375
69840231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20C%C3%A9lestine%20Am%C3%A9lie%20d%27Armaill%C3%A9	Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé	Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé (née, de Ségur; known as the Comtesse d'Armaillé; 8 January 1830 – 7 December 1918) was a French writer, biographer, and historian. In 1887, she was a recipient of the Montyon Prize from the Académie Française, for the biography, Madame Élisabeth, sœur de Louis XVI. Armaillé died in 1918. Early life Marie Célestine Amélie de Ségur (or Célestine Marie Amélie, according to her birth certificate) was born on January 8, 1830, in the former 1st arrondissement of Paris, under the reign of Charles X. She was the daughter of Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur, French general and historian of the Revolution and the Empire, peer of France and academician, and of Célestine Gabrielle de Ventimiglia du Luc. Career Faithful to the traditions of her family, she was interested in historical and literary matters. Moreover, she brought together a society that shared her interests. She began to publish in 1864 with a study on the Queen of France, Marie Leszczyńska, wife of King Louis XV, which earned her the privilege of an article by the French literary critic Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve. She then continued with several other works on French noble women: Catherine de Bourbon, sister of King Henri IV, in 1865; Marie Antoinette and her daughter, Marie-Thérèse, in 1870; Élisabeth of France (known as Madame Elisabeth), in 1886, for which she received an award from the French Academy; Jeanne-Sophie de Vignerot du Plessis (known as Septimanie d'Egmont), in 1890; and finally, Désirée Clary, in 1897. Around the age of 69, she began to evoke the memories of her career through a memoir, voluntarily limiting herself to the first thirty years, from 1830 to 1860.	2.265625
69841123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Sund	Al Sund	Albert Clifford Sund, also known by his ring names Kid Sunn and Marty Sullivan (August 25, 1902 – August 30, 1951) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1918 to 1928. He was inducted into the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame in 1994. Boxing career A Delaware native, Sund started boxing around the age of 17 at shows staged in Wilmington. He "progressed rapidly and soon climbed to the top of local ranks in his class, by defeating all the glovemen who faced him," wrote The Evening Journal. Sund, who went by the ring names "Kid Sunn" and "Marty Sullivan," started his career by winning 53 straight fights and at one point had a career record of 87–1, including 19 consecutive knockouts. He was trained and often fought at the Keystone Field Club at East Fourth Street, and was managed by Olen Hackett early in his career. He later was managed by George Maull. In c. 1921, he was named unofficial bantamweight state champion, a title he never lost. He later fought in the Madison Square Garden and several east coast cities, including Harlem, Albany, Chester, Brooklyn, and multiple others. Sund retired in 1928 with a lifetime record of 203–2–2, winning 98.55% of his fights. Later life and death Sund later worked for the Pennsylvania Railroad as an upholsterer. On August 30, 1951, Sund collapsed while visiting a friend and was pronounced dead upon arrival to the Delaware Hospital. He was 49 at the time of his death. Sund was posthumously inducted into the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame in 1994. His brother Lenny Sund was inducted in 1998.	2.171875
69841326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Livre%20de%20Seyntz%20Medicines	Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines	Metaphors and similes The whole book is effectively allegorical: so a wounded man needs a physician, so a sinner needs redemption. The metaphors Grosmont uses to describe his remedy—including food, drinks, potions, bandages—"sounds rather banal", comments Pantin, but, rather, is "a work of great freshness and simplicity". The food, for example, is redeeming chicken soup and his bandages are Mary's Joys. Grosmont remains focussed on his overarching theme, but this does not prevent him from digressing—"often deliberate, always conscious"—into intellectual philosophising or personal anecdotes for which he regularly apologises. Grosmont makes full use of his active imagination in his use of language, using colourful and extravagant metaphors, although many of which—the Virgin's milk as a balm against sin, for example—were established tropes in religious writing. His senses are personalised. His body is a castle, with the walls his hands and feet, while his heart is the donjon "where innocence makes its last stand". A sow pregnant with seven offspring represent a worldly man bearing each deadly sin. Other metaphors for his heart—the area he devotes to his most complex and ambitious imagery—are a whirlpool, a foxhole and a public fair, or marketplace. The foxhole analogy is of interest, suggests Labarge, as it may reflect events going on in Grosmont's life at the time he wrote the particular paragraph. From March to April 1354 Grosmont was in negotiation with Guy of Boulogne via the medium of "a highly sarcastic exchange of letters" regarding England's attempts to recruit Charles of Navarre as an ally against France; Guy—believing he had prevented it—wrote that he had "stopp[ed] a mousehole", to which Grosmont retorted that "a mouse that knew of only one hole was likely to be in danger".	2.15625
69841326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Livre%20de%20Seyntz%20Medicines	Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines	Le Livre offers, argues Arnould, "an allegorical, but autobiographical, account of Henry's sins and penances". Arnould had argued in 1937 that it was odd that the Livre—"the author of which is also one of the most prominent men of his time—should have hitherto passed unnoticed". He compares its "picturesque style" with that of St Francis de Sales, while Ackerman has suggested that, with its "engaging, anecdotal charm" it is close to the spirit of the Ancrene Riwle, which Grosmont probably knew of, either in English or French. The historian Scott L. Waugh has contextualised the Livre as being part of an "intense" lay involvement in religious affairs in the mid-14th century, more obviously seen in the building of chantries and chapels by the former for the latter. But the Livre, says Waugh, is "the most spectacular evidence" historians have for this phenomenon. Waugh notes that, while his patronage of the church was extremely generous, it was also a conventional expression of piety: "his Livre was not." McFarlane has argued that the Livre indicates the existence, in the nobility, of a class who were not only active in their traditional roles—warfare, royal service, estate management, for example—possessed "quite remarkable versatility, accomplishments and taste", and casts further light—"a third dimension"—on historians' knowledge of the intellectual activities and abilities of the English aristocracy.	1.953125
69841360	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marq2%20transit%20corridor	Marq2 transit corridor	Marquette and Second avenues became one-way streets in the 1950s. The first express buses to use Interstate 35W used Marquette and Second avenues while running through downtown in 1972. Contraflow bus lanes debuted on the corridor on September 29, 1974. Bus lanes were between 18 and 21 feet wide which is much wider than a standard 12 foot wide lane. North-south bicycle traffic in Minneapolis began changing in the late 1990s, when proposals to ban bicycles from Nicollet Mall emerged. Bus drivers were concerned about unsafe conditions with sharing Nicollet Mall between bicycles and buses. One proposal had one direction of bus traffic on Nicollet Mall removed and bus traffic in that direction diverted to Marquette Avenue. The Minneapolis City Council was leaning towards separating north-south bus traffic onto Nicollet and Marquette until Metro Transit offered to help pay for installing bike lanes on Marquette and Second avenues in exchange for banning bicycles from Nicollet Mall for at least portions of the week. Ultimately bike lanes were installed on Marquette and Second avenues in September 1998, and bicycles were banned from Nicollet Mall on weekdays from 6a.m. to 6p.m.	2.453125
69841792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Huron%20Saints	Port Huron Saints	The Port Huron Independents continued play as members of the 1913 Class D level International league. Beginning play on May 24, 1913, the Port Huron Independents placed third in the Border League final standings. Port Huron ended the 1913 season with a 15–19 record as Bill Brown returned as manager. The Independents finished 9.0 games behind the first place Ypsilanti, Michigan team in the six–team league. The Border League permanently folded following the 1913 season. Port Huron returned to minor league play in 1921. The Port Huron "Saints" became members of the eight–team Class B level Michigan–Ontario league, replacing the Battle Creek Custers franchise in the league. The team is also referred to as the Port Huron–Sarnia Saints referring to a partnership with neighboring Sarnia, Ontario, located just across the St. Clair River from Port Huron, Michigan. The Saints finished the 1921 season in fifth place. With a final record of 58–63, playing under managers James Pierce, Steve Harder and Billy Kelly, Port Huron ended the season 15.5 games behind the first place London Tecumseh in the standings. Port Huron did not qualify for the playoff won by the London Tecumsehs. The Port Huron Saints continued play in the 1922 Michigan–Ontario league, again placing fifth in the final standings. Playing under returning manager Bill Kelly, the Saints ended the season with a final record of 67–65. Port Huron finished 16.5 games behind the first place Hamilton Tigers and did not qualify for the playoff won by Hamilton. Saints pitcher Richard Glazier of led the Michigan–Ontario league with an ERA of 1.31. The Port Huron franchise folded after the 1922 season and did not return to the Michigan-Ontario league in 1923.	1.914063
69842090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silphium%20perplexum	Silphium perplexum	Growth and reproductionSilphium perplexum can reproduce vegetatively through rhizome growth though the rhizomes are short, so spread slowly. Alternatively, this species can produce large numbers of seeds which are released when the seed heads shatter in autumn. S. perplexum commonly cross-pollinates with other Silphium species in natural environments so is liable to produce hybrid offspring. Hybrids observed include S. anteriscus x S. perplexum. Distribution and habitat This species is endemic to only three counties in west-central Alabama, it has an extremely limited distribution with all populations less than 9 miles from the Cahaba River. Old Cahaba rosinweeds favor soils overlying chalk, this contrasts with the parent species S. glutinosum which prefers growing over dolomite or limestone. S. perplexum is most numerous in prairies and openings within scrub and forest. This species is found alongside other tallgrass-prairie plants including grasses such as Andropogon L. spp. and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash. as well as legumes including Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex B.L.Rob. & Fernald. and shrubs including Rosa bracteata J.C.Wendl. Conservation Due to this species very restricted range and low population numbers within Alabama it has been listed as an S1 species by ‘Nature serve’. This means that Silphium perplexum is at a high probability of extinction unless conservation action is taken. Despite the recognized threats to this species, S. perplexum is not listed on the U.S. Endangered Species act or the IUCN red list. The lack of conservation attention could be due to uncertainty surrounding S. perplexum's'' species status.	2.71875
69842134	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20Account%20of%20the%20Voyages	An Account of the Voyages	With the dual aims of observing the 1769 transit of Venus from Tahiti and searching for a southern continent, the first voyage of James Cook set out in August 1768. On board was also the botanist Joseph Banks with an entourage including naturalist Daniel Solander and the artists Alexander Buchan and Sydney Parkinson. After sailing to Tahiti and observing the transit of Venus, Cook circumnavigated New Zealand and surveyed its coast, explored the east coast of Australia and passed through Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea. On the return journey, the ship was repaired at Batavia (now Jakarta), and several crew members including Parkinson died from dysentery. The ship returned to Britain in July 1771. John Hawkesworth was a writer who contributed to The Gentleman's Magazine from 1741 to 1773, worked on The Adventurer together with Samuel Johnson and edited Jonathan Swift's complete works. He was awarded a LL. D. degree by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1756. In 1771, the Admiralty was looking for an editor for the journals of the recent circumnavigations, and the journal of Frances Burney recounts that her father Charles Burney recommended Hawkesworth to John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, the First Lord of the Admiralty. The actor David Garrick also supported the choice of Hawkesworth, possibly as a second opinion. Writing and publication Hawkesworth had access to about 57 journals and logs of the voyages, but probably used only a few of them. Sandwich also helped him access the journal of Joseph Banks, and Hawkesworth was pleased to be able to use the writings of an educated gentleman in addition to Cook's journal, which contained more nautical details.	2.546875
69842422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20with%20the%20Chinese%20family%20name%20Liu	List of people with the Chinese family name Liu	Historical figures Liu Bang, Founder of the Han dynasty as Emperor Gaozu of Han Liu Jiao (King of Chu), the younger brother of Liu Bang and famous scholar Liu Ying, Second Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Heng, Fifth Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Qi, Sixth Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Che, Seventh Emperor of the Han dynasty known for expanding the Han dynasty to its fullest extent and for a long reign of 54 years Liu An (King of Huainan), advisor to his nephew, Emperor Wu of Han. Best known for editing the (139 BCE) Huainanzi compendium of Daoist, Confucianist, and Legalist teachings Liu Sheng (King of Zhongshan), the direct ancestor of the Shu Han emperors, had more than 120 sons Liu Xiang, government official, scholar, and author of who lived during the Han dynasty Liu Fuling, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu He, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Xun, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Shi, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Ao, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Xin, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Kan, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Xin, astronomer, historian, and editor during the Han dynasty Liu Xuan, Emperor Gengshi of the Han dynasty Liu Yan (Xin dynasty), general and older brother of Liu Xiu Liu Xiu, The restorer of the Han dynasty and the founding emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty Liu Dai, politician during the Eastern Han dynasty Liu Du (warlord), warlord and politician during the Eastern Han dynasty Liu Yan (Han dynasty warlord), politician and warlord during the Eastern Han dynasty Liu Biao, warlord during the late Eastern Han dynasty Liu Zhuang, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Da, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Zhao, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Hu, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Bao, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Zhi, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Hong, Emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Xie, Last emperor of the Han dynasty Liu Bei (161–223), Founding emperor of Shu Han Liu Shan (207–271), Second emperor of Shu Han Liu Hong, astronomer and mathematician of the Han dynasty	2.359375
69842547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%20Thumb%20Range	Two Thumb Range	Names The Thumbs twin peaks in the range have been described as "twin peaks like two giant thumbs … a famous mid-Canterbury landmark." The names of several of the range's peaks, including Achilles Peak, Exeter, and Graf Spee, commemorate New Zealand's involvement in the Battle of the River Plate. There may be potential confusion over the names as for example Achilles Peak is the official name, for the highest peak of Achilles, where Achilles is an unofficial name, located as the saddle between two peaks, that are called High and Low peaks. Further there is a Mount Achilles in Otago. Mount D'Archiac was named by Julius von Haast after the Adolphe d'Archiac. Geology Torlesse Composite Terrane rocks form the basement and range in age from the Jurassic near the Southern Alps to Permian in the east. Most of the Two Thumb Range consists of unfoliated metagreywackes, with areas of pumpellyite-actinolite. There is current and Quaternary displacement east of the Alpine Fault that has been ongoing for less than 5 million years that has resulted in uplift of the Two Thumb Range. The northern range is uplifting as part of the Southern Alps while distinct faulting structures are known in the southern portion. To the east of the ranges are two series of north-striking Fox Peak faults and to the west the northeast-striking Forest Creek faults that parallel the Alpine Fault at about the Mount Musgrave level in the southern range. A fault is inferred to separate the Round Hill area from the rest of the ranges. It has been postulated that the southern Two Thumb Range has uplifted about in the last 1.5 to 2 million years. . Recreation Dobson Peak and its surrounding terrain are the home of the Mount Dobson skifield. The smaller Roundhill Ski Area is also located within the range.	2.5625
69842612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja%20kingdoms	Beja kingdoms	During the Middle Ages there were six Beja kingdoms that were established. These kingdoms stretched from the lowlands of Eritrea to Aswan in Egypt. The Beja kingdoms occupied much of the former territory of the Aksum empire. These kingdoms were first noted by the famous Arab historian Al-Yaqubi during the 9th century A.D. The names of the kingdoms were Nagash, Tankish, Belgin, Bazin, Jarin and Qita'a. These kingdoms bordered each other and the powerful Nubian Alodia kingdom. To the south of the Beja kingdoms was a Christian kingdom called Najashi. Gold, precious stones and emeralds were found in many of the kingdoms. Al-Yaqubi noted that Muslim Arabs visited the kingdoms for trading purposes. He also noted that Arabs worked in the mines of the kingdoms. The rise of the Beja tribes was one of the main reasons for the demise of the Aksumite empire in the 7th century. Raids and invasions by the Beja tribes weakened the state of the Aksum empire. Also due to the rise of Islam they lost control of their trading routes on the Red Sea coast. The Beja capitalized on this and managed to take over much of Aksum's territory. Towards the end of the 7th century A.D, a powerful Beja tribe called the Zanafaj acquired a unified structure and penetrated the Eritrean plateau through the valley of Gash-Barka and raided the Aksumites. Much of the Eritrean Highlands were overrun by Beja tribes and many of the dispersed Aksumites fled southwards. After the fall of Aksum the coastal regions were occupied by the Beja.	3.140625
69842612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja%20kingdoms	Beja kingdoms	The Beja kingdoms were subdivided by tribes and clans. These clans were noted by Al-Yaqubi to be the Hedareb, Suhab, Amarar, Kubir, Manasa, Ras'a, Arbari'a and Zanafaj. It is also noted that the Kunama were a part of the Bazin kingdom, due the fact that they are called Bazen by Abyssinians. The Beja tribes were on good terms with Muslim Arabs that worked and visited their kingdoms. At the time that Al-Yaqubi visited the kingdoms, the Bazin kingdom was at war with the Nubian kingdom of Alodia. The Beja kingdoms were warlike and powerful nations who were skilled at warfare. There was a Beja tribe that was described as a warrior clan. The name of the clan was Dar As-Sawa. The young men of this particular tribe were sent to military training school, where they were trained for war and combat. The inhabitants of the kingdoms that were located in Eritrea were agriculturalist and pastoralist. These kingdoms established some of the modern day cities. After 600 years, the former Beja kingdoms were replaced by the powerful Belew kingdom (also called Mezega/Bellou/Kelew) whom were also Beja (Balaw).	2.65625
69843092	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Purser	Richard Purser	Richard Howard Purser (born 28 February 1942) is a New Zealand badminton player who has won 33 New Zealand national badminton titles, including the men's singles on nine occasions. He competed at four consecutive Commonwealth Games, from 1966 to 1978, and won the bronze medal in the men's doubles with his brother, Bryan Purser, at the 1978 Commonwealth Games. Early life and family Purser was born in New Plymouth on 28 February 1942, the son of Betty Purser (née Cochran) and Howard Musgrave Purser. He was educated at New Plymouth Boys' High School, where he excelled at tennis and badminton. Purser's brother, Bryan, and nephew, Craig Cooper, have also represented New Zealand in badminton. His nephew, Mark Purser, is a golfer who represented New Zealand in the Eisenhower Trophy before turning professional. Badminton Purser won national junior badminton titles in 1958 and 1959. He won the first of his 33 senior New Zealand national badminton championship titles in 1962, that year winning the men's singles and mixed doubles, with Margaret Moorhead. Purser went on to win the New Zealand men's singles title nine times. In February 1970, Purser was named the Taranaki sportsman of the year.	1.9375
69843385	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenomphalia%20chromacea	Lichenomphalia chromacea	Lichenomphalia chromacea is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is found in southern Australia. The yellow-orange fruiting bodies of the species are mushroom-like, with a cap width of typically less than . The thallus of the lichen is a greenish, granular layer of fungal hyphae and algae on the soil around the base of the stipe. Taxonomy The species was first scientifically described as a new species by John Burton Cleland, based on specimens collected from South Australia. In 1978, Scott Redhead and Thomas Kuyper transferred it to the genus Botrydina, and a year later—following changes to the rules for botanical nomenclature—to Phytoconis. Both of these genera have since been synonymized with Lichenomphalia. Tom May and Alec Wood proposed it be classified in Omphalina in 1995. In 2002, the basidiolichen genus Lichenomphalia was circumscribed, and this species was one of several that were transferred to it. Description Lichenomphalia chromacea produces yellow to orange mushroom-like fruiting bodies, with a cap diameter between , and a shape that is initially convex and umbilicate, later becoming flattened, but still umbilicate. The thick gills on the underside of the cap are distantly spaced, usually with a decurrent attachment to the stipe, which itself is slender and cylindrical, measuring long. The basidia are usually four-spored, but very rarely they are two-spored. The basidiospores are hyaline, ellipsoid, and measure 6.4–10.4 by 3.4–6.2 μm. The thallus of the lichen is disc-shaped to angular, measuring 200–900 μm broad and forming a green, crust-like surface when crowded together.	2.65625
69843937	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kausheya	Kausheya	Kausheya (kauseya, Kiau-she-ye, Kaushika) was a wild variety of ancient silk from India. Domesticated and undomesticated silk (also known as wild silk) were produced in both India and China. Silk weaving is mentioned in Indian texts from the 3rd century BC. In the 4th century BC, Kātyāyana, an ancient grammarian, defined kausheva specifically as vikar, a product of kos (vikara koshdvam), — in other words, silk fabric. Shatapatha Brahmana refers to kusa, a variety of silk obtained from a silkworm called kuswari or kuswara. These silkworms are raised on jujube trees. Kitsutram, kriminag, pattasutra, or pattron were names possibly referring to varieties of wild silk produced by various undomesticated silkworms reared on different trees, hence producing different qualities and colours of silk. Etymology Kaushika or kausheya is a Sanskrit word that literally translates as silk. It is derived from "kosh", which means "cocoon of a silkworm". The derivation of the word is given by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini. Mention Kausheya is described in a number of literary works, including the Indian Sanskrit epics Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Manusmriti. The Hindu goddess Sita is referred to as "Kausheya vasini," which translates as "one who wears silk garments". Sabha Parva (51.26) refers to kausheya in the Mahabharata, relating to an incident with Yudhishthira. The Sanskrit anthology of Buddhist avadana tales, Divyavadana (the fourth-century collection of Buddhist tales), also proves the existence of kausheya; it contains words such as kausheya, dhautapatta, kashikanshuka, kashi, pattanshuka, and chinashuka. Kosh and kausheva are mentioned in several Sanskrit texts, including the Shatapatha Brahmana, Shushruta Samhitas, Kautilya's Arthash, Vashistha Dharmasutra (11,66), Vishnu Dharmasutra (44,26), Pāṇini's Sutrapat and Gunapat, Vaikhanas Dharmasutra (3,4,2 Pravar Khand). Amarakosha also infers about a variety of kausheya that was . It is defined as "a bleached or white Kausheya."	2.671875
69844785	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Minot%20Guertler	William Minot Guertler	William Minot Guertler (10 March 1880 – 21 March 1959) was a German professor of metallurgy at the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin). He contributed to the development of metallurgy as an engineering discipline in Germany and advanced metallography with a three volume treatise. He was a member of the NSDAP from 1931. Life and work Guertler was born in Hannover to physician Alexander Guertler (1843–1931) and Grace née Sedgewick (1858–1931). He graduated from the Hamelin Gymnasium in 1899 and went to the technical school in Hannover followed by studies at the University of Munich and at the University of Göttingen where he completed his doctorate in 1904 under Gustav Tammann. He then worked as an assistant before moving to the Metallhüttenmännische Institut at Berlin in 1907. After habilitation in 1908, he spent a year in MIT. During World War I, he continued to work in Berlin and became an associate professor in 1917. In 1933 he became a full professor and in 1936 he moved to the technical school in Dresden. Guertler married Felicitas de la Porte in 1908 and they had two daughters.	2.046875
69845004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical%20refraction	Conical refraction	Paraxial theory: This theory provides a simplified description of conical diffraction for small angles of incidence and has been used to analyze the detailed structure of the light patterns observed. Chiral crystals: The inclusion of optical activity (chirality) in the crystal leads to new phenomena, such as the transformation of the conical cylinder into a "spun cusp" caustic. Absorption and dichroism: The presence of absorption in the crystal significantly alters the behavior of light, leading to the splitting of diabolical points into pairs of branch points and affecting the emergent light patterns. Nonlinear optics: Nonlinear optical effects in biaxial crystals can interact with conical refraction, leading to complex and intriguing phenomena. Applications: Conical refraction had found applications in optical trapping, free-space optical communications, polarization metrology, super-resolution imaging, two-photon polymerization, and lasers. Conical refraction was also observed in transverse sound waves in quartz.	2.546875
69845055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endrick%20%28footballer%2C%20born%202006%29	Endrick (footballer, born 2006)	Endrick Felipe Moreira de Sousa (born 21 July 2006), known as Endrick (), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a striker for La Liga club Real Madrid and the Brazil national team. Early life Endrick was born in Taguatinga, Federal District, and has one brother and two sisters. His father, Douglas de Sousa Silva Ramos, pursued a career in professional football and left his family when Endrick was eleven years old to play for several small clubs in Brasília. His mother was unemployed and homeless during that time, forcing Endrick and his siblings to reside in an orphanage at São Paulo until his father returned after six months. Both his parents worked at a cafe on the city's underground train station before his father received employment by Palmeiras as a janitor. Endrick started playing football at the age of four, and his father published his goals on YouTube to attract interested parties among the big Brazilian clubs. Endrick vowed to become a professional footballer to help his family after his parents were unable to feed him. At the age of eight, he trained in a Real Madrid camp with his friends at Águas Claras; he grew up supporting Real Madrid and idolised Cristiano Ronaldo. He was also inspired by other Brazilians who played for Madrid such as Ronaldo, Vinícius Jr., Rodrygo and Éder Militão. Club career Palmeiras After nearly signing for São Paulo, Endrick joined the Palmeiras youth team at the age of 11. In the next five years, he would score 165 goals in 169 games for Palmeiras youth teams. Endrick participated in the 2022 Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, where he scored eight goals in seven matches and was voted Player of the Tournament by supporters, after leading Palmeiras to their first title. Following the tournament, he caught the attention of international media and several major European clubs.	1.960938
69845804	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilipinas%20Super%20League	Pilipinas Super League	The Pilipinas Super League (PSL) is a men's professional basketball league in the Philippines. History The Pilipinas Super League (PSL) was founded in December 2021 by former officials of another league; the Pilipinas VisMin Super Cup, namely its former CEO Rocky Chan and former COO Chelito Caro. Chan assumed the post of PSL president and Caro as the league commissioner. Former professional basketballer Marc Pingris was appointed as commissioner in January 2022, succeeding Caro. There are also under-21 and under-18 divisions. The league then subsequently held its first Pro Division tournament: the Pearl of the Orient Cup, which saw eight teams compete in venues across Mindanao. Among the teams were two that moved from the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL): the Basilan Peace Riders and Davao Occidental Tigers, the latter of which became the inaugural champions. The second Pro Division tournament then came later that year with the DUMPER Cup, which saw sixteen teams compete. It was eventually won by the Pampanga G Lanterns, after defeating the defending champion Tigers. In mid-2023, PSL underwent new management changes with the entry of new president Cris Bautista and league commissioner Allan Caidic. After they left the PSL, the former management went on creating another basketball league, Sinag Liga Asya. The new management went on to start the third Pro Division tournament, the President's Cup. The President's Cup is the league's biggest to date, with 19 competing teams, eventually concluding with the Quezon Titans being crowned the champions. On May 8, 2024, the PSL became a stakeholder in the country's national basketball federation, the Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas. The PSL is set for the PSL President's Cup 2024–2025 which will begin on December 21, 2024 at Filoil EcoOil Centre in San Juan.	2.078125
69845966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%20killings%20by%20region	Honor killings by region	Honor killings continue to receive some support in the conservative regions of Turkey. In 2005, a small survey in Diyarbakir in southeastern Turkey found that, when asked the appropriate punishment for a woman who has committed adultery, 37% of respondents said she should be killed, while 21% said her nose or ears should be cut off. A July 2008 Turkish study by a team from Dicle University on honor killings in the Southeastern Anatolia Region, the predominantly Kurdish area of Turkey, has so far shown that little if any social stigma is attached to honor killing. It also comments that the practice is not related to a feudal societal structure, "there are also perpetrators who are well-educated university graduates. Of all those surveyed, 60 percent are either high school or university graduates or at the very least, literate." There are well-documented cases, where Turkish courts have sentenced whole families to life imprisonment for an honor killing. The most recent was on 13 January 2009, where a Turkish court sentenced five members of the same Kurdish family to life imprisonment for the honor killing of Naile Erdas, a 16-year-old girl who got pregnant as a result of rape. Honor killings also affect gay people. In 2008 a man had to flee from Turkey after his Kurdish boyfriend was killed by his own father. Ahmet Yıldız, 26, a Turkish-Kurdish physics student who represented his country at an international gay conference in the United States in 2008, was shot dead leaving a cafe in Istanbul. Yıldız, who came from a deeply religious family was believed to have been the victim of the country's first gay honor killing.	2.015625
69846491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules%20Lemaire	Jules Lemaire	Jules Lemaire (February 17, 1814, in Ferrières (Seine-et-Marne) – March 8, 1873, in Les Lilas [Seine-Saint-Denis]), was a French medical doctor and pharmacist. He was the first to discover the antiseptic properties of carbolic acid (phenol). Biography Lemaire, pharmacist and chemist, had been instructed by Dr. Ferdinand Le Beuf, pharmacist in Bayonne, to experiment with a preparation of coal tar, emulsified using an alcoholic tincture of saponin. Lemaire recognized antiseptic properties in this preparation, due to the carbolic acid (phenol) from coal tar, and published the results of this research in 1860 in a book entitled Du coaltar saponiné, désinfectant énergique (Saponinated coal tar, an energetic disinfectant). Lemaire then experimented with the effects of phenol alongside those of coal tar, and presented the results of all his work in a new book published in 1863: De l'acide phénique, de son action sur les végétaux, les animaux, les ferments, les venins, les virus, les miasmes et de ses applications à l'industrie, à l'hygiène, aux sciences anatomiques et à la thérapeutique. He gave his preference here to phenol, more energetic and easier to handle than coal tar, and recommended phenol in aqueous solution at 5%. The work was out of print in a few months and had to be republished in 1865. A long controversy, which began in 1865, pitted him against Doctor Gilbert Déclat (1827–1896) on the primacy of this finding. The scientific publications of Lemaire on this subject were well before those of Déclat; the primacy of discovery therefore belonged to Lemaire.	2.296875
69847278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldstream%20copper%20mine	Coldstream copper mine	The mine closed in 1967, leaving 2.7 million tonnes of sulphide tailings on site in two locations. In the years it was operation, the mine produced $28 million worth of copper, silver and gold. Activities restarted in 1990, but did not find underground resources worth extracting. Goldshore Resources company undertook drilling at the mine site in 2022, finding copper, cobalt and gold at a depths around 63 metres. Ownership Coldsteam Copper Mines Limited became incorporated in November 1951, in August 1959 the company changed its name to North Coldsteam Mines Limited. Their registered office was 44 King Street West, Toronto. At that time the president was W. S. Row, the board secretary and treasurer was R. D. Stewart. the assistant secretary and treasurer was B. C. Bone, other directors were E. T. Donaldson, L. J. Moreaux, R. V. Porritt, H. L. Roscoe, N. C. Urquhart, and R. D. Stewart. In 1968, the mining rights were sold to Nelson Machinery. In 1971, North Coldstream Mines changed its name to Coldstream Mines, before going into receivership in 1976. In 1977, International Mogul bought the mining rights from Nelson Machinery, which transferred to Conwest due to corporate mergers. Nelson Machinery went into receivership in 1991. Between 1992 and 1995, the Ontario Ministry of Energy, Northern Development and Mines ordered Nelson Machinery and Conwest to submit closure plans. After a court challenge to this, the Office of the Mining & Lands Commissioner ruled that Nelson Machinery was responsible for the rehabilitation of the buildings and Conwest was responsible for the tailings and mines. As the successor of Conwest Exploration Company Limited, AEC West Limited took ownership of the site before it fell under the management of Ovintiv subsidiary EWL Management Limited. EWL dissolved into Ovintiv in February 2022. Buildings and tailings The mine building and above ground structures were demolished in 2000 by the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, drawing from their Abandoned Mines Fund.	2
69847401	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons%20High%20School%20%28Mississippi%29	Simmons High School (Mississippi)	Simmons High School is a secondary school in Hollandale, Mississippi. It serves grades 7–12. History The school was originally established in 1891 as "Hollandale Colored School". The building was a one-room schoolhouse with no windows or ceiling. In 1923, the one-room schoolhouse was replaced with a larger multi-room brick building. In 1950, Hollandale Colored School was renamed "Simmons High School" in honor of educator and former slave Emory Peter "E.P." Simmons. Athletics In 1970, the football team was established. Blue Devils are the school mascot. Blue and white are the school colors. The Blue Devils won state championship titles for division 1A in 2015, 2016, and 2017. In 2021 it lost the championship to Bay Springs High School. Demographics The demographic breakdown by race/ethnicity of the 225 students enrolled for the 2019–2020 school year was: Black - 99.1% Hispanic - 0.9% The entire student body is categorized as economically disadvantaged. It is in the Hollandale School District. Alumni Larry Smith, NBA basketball player	2.390625
74397350	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still%20Life%20with%20Bread%20and%20Eggs	Still Life with Bread and Eggs	Still Life with Bread and Eggs (Le pain et les oeufs) is an 1865 painting by Paul Cézanne in the collection of the Cincinnati Art Museum. It is considered one of Cézanne's most important early still life paintings. In 2022 it was discovered it had been painted over an earlier portrait, possibly a self-portrait. Description The painting, which depicts a baguette, eggs, and red onions with a pewter tankard, a knife and a wine glass on a cloth-draped tabletop, is one of Cézanne's few dated paintings. The painting is from his "dark period" and is done in a realist style, as were many of his early works before he moved into an impressionist style and then post-impressionist. In 1865 it was rejected for an exhibit at the Salon. According to Le Monde it is "one of Paul Cézanne's most important early still lifes". Discovery of earlier portrait In 2022 a portrait was discovered beneath the still life when the museum's chief conservator, Serena Urry, removing the painting from an exhibit in which it had been included and examining it for potential maintenance requirements, noticed unusual patterns in the cracking and "on a hunch" had it x-rayed. Description of earlier portrait The portrait is rotated a quarter turn beneath the still life. The sitter is rendered in 3/4 view. Because Cézanne dated few paintings, it is believed to be the earliest firmly dated portrait by the artist. Museum curators believe it is likely a self-portrait; if so it may also be one of the earliest depictions of the artist, who was in his 20s the year he painted the still life. Cézanne completed dozens of self-portraits, but almost all were in pencil and were created after the 1860s.	2.359375
74398223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapir%20Valley%20tree%20frog	Tapir Valley tree frog	Donald Varela Soto, naturalist and co-owner of the Tapir Valley Nature Reserve, was the first to discover the species after noticing its peculiar sound. Around 2018, he already noticed the frog's shrill calls, as none of the other 16 frogs living there have a similar voice. He studied the wetland's sounds at night with biologist Valeria Espinall's help. Researchers actively searched for tadpoles to differentiate the species from others and understand its habitat requirements. Despite comparisons to regional field guides and iNaturalist, the frog did not match any known species. Speculations arose about it being a young Boana rufitela, but Soto remained uncertain due to the absence of the characteristic yellow line. Soto recorded a video of the frog and contacted other herpetologists. After a thorough analysis, it was confirmed that the frog was indeed a new species, and named Tlalocohyla celeste by the research team. Conservation The conservation status of the Tapir Valley tree frog is currently unknown, but scientists think it is probably a critically endangered species and may be on the verge of extinction. The species resides in the Tapir Valley Nature Reserve, which was previously heavily grazed pasture land. Thanks to recent conservation efforts, the area has been restored to a wetland habitat, where the species now thrives. This indicates that the species, along with others in the wetland, including the Tapir Valley tree frog, possess significant adaptability and resistance to environmental changes. While no direct predation observations have been made, the wetland harbors snakes and ctenid spiders, known frog predators. Opilionid arachnids have been seen scavenging a dead frog, and wasps have been observed attacking frog eggs and developing larvae.	2.921875
74398226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maidan%20Square	Al-Maidan Square	British traveler and journalist James Silk Buckingham had visited Baghdad during Ramadan in the early 19th century and described al-Maiden in his second volume of "Travels in Mesopotamia", he noted that "the place of the Maidan never failed to be crowded every night, with people of all classes; and every mode of diversion in use here, singing, dancing and music, with blazing fires, lamps, etc. were called in, to add to the effect of the general rejoicing." Buckingham had also visited the main mosque of al-Maidan which was the Mosque-Madrasa of al-Ahmadiyya and described it as having a "handsome dome and minaret" and was amazed by its colored tiles and paintings but was disappointed to finding that the inside wasn't special outside of being clean and well lighted. After Iraq's independence (20th century) In the early 20th century, part of the square was taken to be built into a nightclub. There was also a famous hotel in the square, the Crescent Hotel, where Umm Kulthum famously sang during her visit in 1932. It is said that due to the small space of its hall, people in the square rented seats to listen to the lady's singing after he had the hotel owners set up loudspeakers. The area has also become significant for the first sparks of demonstrations, coups, and sit-ins, in addition to its corridors, which were a focus for secret meetings and the beginning of national political activities against various regimes. The area was also full of shops that Iraqis and foreign tourists often visited and shopped from.	1.976563
74398571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Pilkington	Andrew Pilkington	Early career and naval secondment Pilkington joined the British Army as an ensign in an Independent Company on 7 March 1783 and was promoted to lieutenant in that company on 24 January 1791. Towards the start of 1793, with the French Revolutionary Wars ongoing, Pilkington transferred to the 2nd Regiment of Foot. Given command of the light company of the 2nd, Pilkington was sent to serve in the Channel Fleet with his men as marines. Stationed on board the 100-gun ship of the line HMS Royal George and under the command of Captain Love Parry Jones, he fought at the naval Glorious First of June on 1 June 1794, during which he was wounded by two splinters and had an epaulette shot off. In 1849 Pilkington received the Naval General Service Medal with a clasp for the battle. Pilkington was promoted to captain on 2 March 1795, travelling with his regiment to serve in the West Indies Campaign in the same year. Still serving in the West Indies two years later, on 21 February 1797 Pilkington participated in the Invasion of Trinidad. After this he returned to Europe, being stationed in Ireland at the time of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 which he assisted in putting down. Continuing his wide-ranging service, in August 1799 Pilkington joined the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland. Staff officer	2.421875
74399351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source%20artificial%20intelligence	Open-source artificial intelligence	Rise of open-source AI models and frameworks (2010s) The 2010s marked a significant shift in the development of AI, driven by the advent of deep learning and neural networks. Open-source deep learning frameworks such as TensorFlow (developed by Google Brain) and PyTorch (developed by Facebook's AI Research Lab) revolutionized the AI landscape by making complex deep learning models more accessible. These frameworks allowed researchers and developers to build and train sophisticated neural networks for tasks like image recognition, natural language processing (NLP), and autonomous driving. During this time, AI models like Google's BERT (2018) for natural language processing and OpenAI's GPT series (2018–present) for text generation also became widely available in open-source form. These models demonstrated the potential for AI to revolutionize industries by improving understanding and generation of human language, sparking further interest in open-source AI development. Key milestones in open-source AI (2020s–Present) Companies and models The 2020s saw the continued growth and maturation of open-source AI. Companies and research organizations began to release large-scale pre-trained models to the public, which led to a boom in both commercial and academic applications of AI. Notably, Hugging Face, a company focused on NLP, became a hub for the development and distribution of state-of-the-art AI models, including open-source versions of transformers like GPT-2, GPT-3, and BERT. With the announcement of GPT-2, OpenAI originally planned to keep the source code of their models private citing concerns about malicious applications. After OpenAI faced public backlash, however, it released the source code for GPT-2 to GitHub three months after its release. OpenAI has not publicly released the source code or pretrained weights for the GPT-3 or GPT-4 models, though their functionalities can be integrated by developers through the OpenAI API.	2.46875
74399564	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20Orabueze	Florence Orabueze	Orabueze, F.O. The Creative Writer as a Human Rights Activist. Nsukka: University of Nigeria press Limited, 2017. Orabueze, F.O. Society, Women and Literature in Africa. Port Harcourt: M & J Educational Books, 2010. Essay in Honor of Professor Florence Onyebuchi Orabueze, Perspective on Language, Literature & Human Rights. Nsukka: University of Nigeria Press Limited, 2019. Orabueze, F. (2010). The prison of Nigerian woman: female complicity in Sefi Atta's Everything good will come. African Literature Today, 27, 85–102. Orabueze, F. (2004). The Feminist Crusade Against Violation of Women's Fundamental Human Rights: Mariama Ba's So Long A Letter and Buchi Emecheta's Second Class Citizen. Women in the Academy: Festschrift for Prof. Helen Chukwuma, 111–16. Orabueze, F. O. (2011). The Dispossessed in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus and Half of a Yellow Sun. Department of English and Literary Studies, Faculty of Arts University of Nigeria. Orabueze, F. O. (2020). Art, History, Religion and Literature: the iconoclasts in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. IKENGA: International Journal of Institute of African Studies, 21(4).	2.0625
74399933	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakynthos%20horse	Zakynthos horse	The Zakynthos (Modern Greek: άλογο της Ζακύνθου; English: Zante horse) is a breed of generally black saddle and combined driving horses originating from the island of Zante, one of the Ionian Islands, in Greece. The origin of this breed is very recent, dating back to the 20th century. This breed is of Anglo-Arabian type and is genetically close to the Andravida. Genetic analysis shows that it has been crossed with the Thoroughbred. The Zakynthos may also be descended from the Nivernais-type Percheron. Its type remains unstable, and the breed has no official standards or identification documents. The Zakynthos is described as the most beautiful of Greek horses. It is used as a horse-drawn vehicle and for equestrian tourism, the latter use however endangering the island's loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) during beach rides. Presumably rare, these horses are bred by a few families on the island of Zante. Denomination "Zakynthos" is the local Greek name for these horses and the English translation would be "Zante horse". They are also known as "cheval de Zante" in French. German-speaking author Jasper Nissen calls them Zakynthos-rappe, which could be translated as "black Zakynthos" in English. History The existence of Zakynthos dates back to the 20th century. However, the breeding and usage of horses on the island of Zakynthos is mentioned earlier. An ancient Greek poet of the 4th century BC, Simonides of Zakynthos, states that horse-breeding does not correspond to this island, which Dr. Richard Rawles interprets it as a reference to Homer's texts which mention the presence of horses on other Greek islands. The existence of horse races was mentioned on the island of Zante in 1835.	2.671875
74400721	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel%20South%20Yorkshire	Travel South Yorkshire	Travel South Yorkshire is the public transport passenger information brand used by South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority. It was originally the public facing brand of the South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive before it was dissolved and merged into SYMCA in April 2023. Infrastructure Travel South Yorkshire is responsible for all the bus stops, shelters and bus interchanges in the county, along with park & ride sites. It also is responsible for the Sheffield Supertram network infrastructure. Travel South Yorkshire's interchanges at Sheffield, Arundel Gate in Sheffield, Rotherham, Barnsley, Doncaster, Hillsborough and Dinnington provide information and advice about public transport in South Yorkshire. From these interchanges, information can be obtained and a range of multi-modal (TravelMaster) tickets can be bought from self-serve vending machines. Other travel passes which were previously available at 'Information Centre' desks at these interchanges are now only available from the Travel South Yorkshire website or over the phone from Traveline. Timetable information Travel South Yorkshire provides timetable information for all bus and train services within South Yorkshire. This can be found at stops, in the form of timetable leaflets, information on the web and a telephone enquiry service called Traveline.	1.96875
74401359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriloquial%20oriole	Ventriloquial oriole	The ventriloquial oriole (Oriolus consobrinus) is a species of bird in the family Oriolidae. It is found in Southeast Asia through Borneo and on the islands of Palawan and Culion in the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests where it is threatened by habitat loss. The ventriloquial oriole was formerly considered to be conspecific with the dark-throated oriole (Oriolus xanthonotus). Description and taxonomy Ebird describes this as "A streak-breasted oriole with a rather long, lipstick-pink bill. Male is yellow with a glossy black hood and dark wings. Female is olive-green above. Both sexes have dark red eyes. Limited to northern Borneo, where has at most limited overlap with the similar Dark-throated Oriole (with which it was formerly considered conspecific). Inhabits lowland and hill forests and forest edges, typically moving in the upper levels of the forest. Sometimes found singly, sometimes in pairs or mixed flocks. Song is short but fluidly melodic, often with the last note stretched out. Gives a harsh, jay-like “chew!”. Two subspecies are recognized: O. c. consobrinus - Ramsay, RGW, 1880: Originally described as a separate species. Found on Borneo and offlying islets O. c. persuasus - Bangs, 1922: Found in Palawan and Culion Habitat and conservation status Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forest up to 500 meters. It has been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a least-concern species but populations are declining due to habitat loss. This species is somewhat tolerant of habitat loss but the complete conversion of forest into palm oil plantations have caused a slow decline in this species.	2.8125
74401584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenguela%20Tower	Berenguela Tower	The Berenguela Tower ( or , ), is the bell tower of the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Tradition states that it was built by Archbishop Rodrigo del Padrón as a defense tower with the work continuing after his death by his successor, Archbishop Bérenger de Landore, after whom the tower is named. Reflecting its original purpose, much of the tower is made of ashlar stone. The tower sits on the southeast side of the cathedral where the and Quintana Square meet. The tower is visible throughout the city. Background The upper portion of the tower has a pyramid-shaped crown, surrounded by four permanently lit bulbs and topped with a lantern finial. Construction of the tower began circa 1316 at the direction of Archbishop Rodrigo del Padrón as a defense tower. After Padrón's death the work was continued by his successor, Bérenger de Landore. The tower is named after de Landore. In the 15th century several modifications were made and in 1483 Louis XI of France donated the two largest of the thirteen bells. In 1833, Archbishop commissioned Andrés Antelo to install clocks on each side of the tower. The clock mechanism has two bells, one, sounding the full hour, called Berenguela, and a smaller one marking the quarter hours. The bells were cast in 1729 by Güemes Sampedro. Berenguela has a diameter of and a height of , weighing approximately , while the smaller one weighs in at , with a diameter of and a height of . Both original bells cracked and were replaced by replicas, cast in Asten, Netherlands by the Eijsbouts foundry in 1989, and installed in the cathedral in February 1990. During a Jacobean Holy Year, Berenguela's lantern is lit throughout the year. otherwise it stays unlit. The light acts as a lighthouse to guide pilgrims to the cathedral during the holy years.	2.625
74401793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Doksuri	Typhoon Doksuri	In Fujian, the rainfall set records for 24-hour totals, including an accumulation of more than . Torrential rains impacted many areas, with accumulations in Xiamen, Quanzhou and Putian reaching . The remnants of the storm produced heavy rainfall in Beijing. The remnants dropped up to of rainfall in Wangjiayuan Reservoir in Changping District with Doksuri setting maximum rainfall records since recordkeeping began during the Qing dynasty in 1883. Overall, Doksuri caused US$28.5 billion worth of damages across the four countries affected by the typhoon. Meteorological history On July 19, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began tracking a low pressure area in the Philippine Sea, east of Mindanao. The agency noted its formation into a tropical depression by July 20; the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) released a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert later that day. The system maintained its intensity over the following day as it tracked further northwestward. On July 21, the system intensified into a tropical storm and was immediately named Doksuri; the Philippine meteorological agency PAGASA also noted the storm's formation and locally named it Egay. It was then designated by JTWC as the newly formed tropical depression 05W. Driven by a deep-layer subtropical ridge to its north, the storm slightly intensified as it tracked northwestward across the following day. At 09:00 UTC on July 23, Doksuri began to rapidly intensify as it reached typhoon status over the Philippine Sea. Its rapid intensification is attributed to a lack of vertical wind shear affecting the cyclone whilst moving over very warm () ocean waters. Satellite imagery showed the development of an eye-like feature, which was fully defined by 03:00 UTC on July 24. Over 24 hours, its maximum sustained wind speeds grew by and eventually reached a peak of . At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded the system into a 'super typhoon'—its highest storm category—after Doksuri attained 1-minute sustained winds of .	2.46875
74401793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Doksuri	Typhoon Doksuri	At 08:00 PHT (00:00 UTC) on July 25, PAGASA declared Doksuri a 'super typhoon', making it the second PAGASA super typhoon of the season; the JTWC later downgraded the system from its super typhoon category by 09:00 UTC. Doksuri significantly slowed down as it approached the extreme northern Philippines, with a slight wobble in its movement. Though atmospheric conditions made further development favorable, interaction with land and some dry air around the system suppressed development. Nevertheless, it held its peak intensity of 100 knots for over 12 hours. At around 12:00 UTC, the storm was now just off the coast northwest of Cagayan, continuing its west-northwestward track. With its eye almost complete surrounded by dry air, Doksuri began to undergo an eyewall replacement cycle at 15:00 UTC. PAGASA downgraded the storm into a typhoon prior to making landfall at Fuga Island in Aparri, Cagayan, around 03:10 PHT (19:10 UTC). It completed its eyewall replacement cycle around 21:00 UTC, though it still maintained its intensity. Now moving westwards through the Luzon Strait, Doksuri made a second landfall over Dalupiri Island at 11:00 PHT (03:00 UTC) on July 26. The storm significantly slowed down following landfall, remaining quasi-stationary over the Babuyan Islands.	1.9375
74401865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20Edzerza-Bapty	Kelly Edzerza-Bapty	Early life and education Edzerza-Bapty grew up in Inuvik, Northwest Territories while spending portions of her youth with her family in Telegraph Creek. Her experience living in remote, northern communities revealed to her “how a single space can serve multiple purposes and how its design could affect the mood.” Edzerza-Bapty’s mother recognized her potential in design and encouraged her to pursue architecture as a career. As a result, Edzerza-Bapty attended the University of Alberta to receive a Bachelor in Design. Following her undergraduate degree, Edzerza-Bapty joined an architectural firm in Whitehorse, Yukon where she worked on many First Nations’ projects. After working in Whitehorse, Yukon, Edzerza-Bapty attended the University of British Columbia School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, receiving her Master of Architecture in 2010. During her time at UBC, Edzerza-Bapty found there was little information or mentorship offered at the school regarding Indigenous designs and structures. As a result, Edzerza-Bapty developed her own architectural approach through research of land titles and policies to determine how different First Nations’ governance works, and how traditional structures are built and maintained. Eventually, her approach grew into what she now calls, Generational Architecture. Architecture In 2019, Edzerza-Bapty became the first female Indigenous architect from a British Columbia nation to receive the AIBC Architect designation and is the founding principal architect at Obsidian Architecture.	2.1875
74401865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20Edzerza-Bapty	Kelly Edzerza-Bapty	Obsidian Architecture is a female-first, Indigenous-owned and operated firm working primarily with First Nations across the Yukon and British Columbia. Edzerza-Bapty leads Obsidian Architecture through a gradual, community-led design approach, creating regionally specific designs that serve the needs of the specific Nations. Edzerza-Bapty prioritizes this "slowed-down" approach to architecture to build trust with the community that her practice is working with. "I ask for different groups of elders, often in gender split, and local Indigenous language speakers, as well as the members that are running the programming in communities. We try to do at least a full-day workshop with youth in the community each time we come in: we’ll run model-building workshops, and design-thinking sessions with iPads, markers, laptops with 3D building files. These youthful contributions to the design process, programming, and final project are valuable. In this participatory approach, we’re thinking about [buildings] in terms of being in place for several generations, of having that longevity and durability. We are investing in ‘generational architecture’ and ‘generational building." Generational Architecture Edzerza-Bapty's term, 'Generational Architecture' is "a way to consider what it means to design communities and buildings that will be here for our [human] future generations." The approach uses landscapes, ancestry, and languages, to create the potential for indigenous communities to re-establish their presence and re-build their communities.	2.234375
74401932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane%20Gayer	Diane Gayer	Between June 1999 and September 2000, she worked as a planner for the state of Vermont. During this time, she was responsible for organizing the Smart Growth conference for the state, also authoring a work on the History of Planning in Vermont. Diane Gayer participated in a diverse range of projects to show her passion and versatility in the architectural field, one of which is the Masozera House in Rwanda. Additionally, she actively engages in pro bono endeavors in South Africa, lending her expertise to various local initiatives. Beyond this, Gayer commits herself to numerous NGO projects, advocating for architecture as an effective instrument for driving social and communal advancement. The Masozera Family House The Masozera Family House in Rwanda is a prominent testament to her creative prowess of Diane Gayer. Nestled above Lake Kivu and aligned with a fault line connecting Lake Victoria to the Nile Basin, the property's strategic location served as a canvas for Gayer's ingenuity. Drawing inspiration from Rwandan architect Vedaste Ngarambe, who championed the aesthetics of indigenous materials and craftsmanship, Gayer harnessed the geographical alignment and incorporated local elements and techniques into the project. The architectural concept of the house was underpinned by a commitment to sustainable design, aiming to contribute to the country's recovery and address the effects of the 1994 genocide.	2.140625
74402004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susana%20Dias	Susana Dias	Susana Dias (c. 1553 – 2 September 1634) was a Portuguese bandeirante who, along with her son captain , founded the city of Parnahyba in the Captaincy of São Vicente, which would become the modern-day city of Santana de Parnaíba, São Paulo, Brazil. Dias was born around 1553 to Pero Lopes, of Portuguese background, and Beatriz Dias, of Indigenous background. Susana's grandfather was cacique Tibiriçá. She established a farm in 1580 on the banks of the Anhembi river (later called the Tietê river), as part of further Portuguese colonization into the interior of the continent in search of minerals and Indigenous slaves. She erected a well dedicated to Saint Anne to whom she was devoted to on the land, to which the current city of Santana de Parnaíba derives its name. It is estimated that one of her sons, André, was two at the time of the establishment of the city, but the municipality was installed in 1625 under his influence to become a separate municipality from the larger São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, the predecessor to the current city of São Paulo. She was married twice; First to Manoel Fernandes, and second to Belchior da Costa, the latter ending in 1625. Between them she had 19 children. Many of these children became bandeirantes themselves, going further into Brazil in search minerals and Indigenous slaves. These children included André; Domingos Fernandes, who would later establish the city of Itu; and Baltasar Fernandes, one of the founders of the city of Sorocaba.	2.390625
74403192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel%20gas%20turbine	Neuchâtel gas turbine	The Neuchâtel gas turbine is the world's first electric power-generating gas turbine to go into commercial operation. It was designed and constructed by Brown, Boveri & Cie and installed in 1939 at the municipal power station in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. The gas turbine was in service as a standby unit from 1940 until its retirement in 2002. Design and development Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC) first became involved with gas turbines when they began building turbo-compressors in collaboration with the French industrialist Auguste Rateau. The first machine built under this agreement was a 25 impeller, three casing centrifugal compressor for the experimental 1906 Armengaud-Lemale gas turbine. BBC worked on a number of experimental gas turbine projects in the 1910s and 20s. BBC's gas turbine collaborations included Holzwarth's explosion turbines and a two-stroke version of Herbert Humphrey’s Humphrey pump which would have been used for power generation (a so called “wet gas turbine”). None of these early gas turbine experiments produced a commercially viable product. In the 1930s BBC developed the commercially successful Velox boilers. Velox boilers use an axial flow air compressor driven by a flue-gas turbine to allow rapid heating of a steam boiler. The first Velox boiler was installed at the Mondeville steel works in France in 1932. In 1936, BBC built the world’s first constant flow industrial gas turbine for the Sun Oil refinery in Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania. The early BBC gas turbine sets were essentially Velox boilers with the steam component removed. The Marcus Hook turbine was used for the catalyst regeneration cycle of the Houndry oil refining process and had a high enough compressor efficiency that the turbine produced a continuous power surplus that was used for electricity generation.	2.515625
74403871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Ruyter%27s%20expedition%20to%20West%20Africa	De Ruyter's expedition to West Africa	An attempt to send a negotiator ashore failed as the English fired upon them. The War Council decided to launch a large-scale operation. A force of 431 men, led by Count Johan Belgicus van Hoorne and Captains van Nes, Swart, and Eland du Bois, was sent ashore. The English put up weak resistance, but hordes of local tribesmen attacked the Dutch. Soon, the Dutch gained the upper hand and captured the fort, where they found only thirteen sick Englishmen. The fort was temporarily garrisoned by fifty men. The next day, around 200 or 300 canoes sent by Governor Valkenburg from Elmina, the primary Dutch stronghold in the area, appeared. Two WIC officers brought a letter from Valkenburg advising the destruction of Fort Tacorary. With each of the twelve ships contributing a keg of gunpowder, they blew up the fort under De Ruyter's supervision. Meanwhile, the black auxiliary troops wreaked havoc on the tribes that had collaborated with the English. When the English prisoners were brought back to the ships, they had to be vigorously defended against the vengeful actions of the auxiliary troops. The fleet then set course for Elmina, the most crucial WIC establishment in West Africa, arriving on January 7, 1665, at the harbor of the trading settlement. De Ruyter received information about an approaching English fleet under Prince Rupert, and the States-General's preparation of a fleet under Commander Jan van Campen. De Ruyter was ordered to capture or destroy English ships. The letters were dated October 21, 1664, taking ten weeks to reach him. Two seized ships, Victoria and St. Martha, were immediately converted into Dutch fire ships. The question arose: who would arrive first, Jan van Campen or Prince Rupert?	2.671875
74404540	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20long-tailed%20woodcreeper	Little long-tailed woodcreeper	The little long-tailed woodcreeper mostly forages from the understory to the canopy, about above the ground. It forages singly, in pairs, and in mixed-species feeding flocks; the composition of the last varies. It hitches up trunks and vines, mostly picking or gleaning its prey but sometimes making short sallies to capture it in the air. Its diet is not known in detail but is mostly arthropods, and it seems to favor adults rather than including significant numbers of larvae. Breeding Almost nothing is known about the little long-tailed woodcreeper's breeding biology. The scant evidence indicates that its breeding season varies geographically. One clutch contained two eggs. Vocalization The little long-tailed woodcreeper's song is "a long and fast series of short piping notes that first speeds up, becomes louder and rises slightly in pitch, then slows again whilst also decreasing in amplitude and pitch." It has been put into words as "weet!-weet!-WEEEET!-WEEEET!-WEEEET!-weet-weet-weet...". The species can sing at any time of day, though it is most heard in early morning and late afternoon. It does not sing continuously. Playback of the local song elicits a strong response, so the song "likely has a territorial function". Status The IUCN has assessed the little long-tailed woodcreeper as being of Least Concern. It has a fairly large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered uncommon and local in Central America, with few records in Honduras, Nicaragua, and most of Panama. Subspecies D. l. typicaand D. l. darienensis are found in several protected areas. However, "[i]t appears to be highly sensitive to habitat modification and requires nearly continuous forest to persist."	2.765625
74404555	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20Durbin%20Ellis	Marion Durbin Ellis	Marion Durbin Ellis (October 25, 1887December 16, 1972) was an American ichthyologist and entomologist. She is credited with conducting the most comprehensive study to date of the Hemigrammus genus of fish of which she named nineteen taxa. The taxon Corydoras ellisae and Hyphessobrycon ellisae (a.k.a. Hyphessobrycon sergipanus) are named for her as are the species Bryconops durbinae and Bryconacidnus ellisi. Early life Marion Lee Durbin was born in Los Angeles to David Henry and Cornelia (Fitch) Durbin. She graduated high school from Anderson High School in Indiana. She attended Earlham College from 1905 to 1906 and then earned her A.B. degree in 1909 from Indiana University where she was a member of Delta Gamma sorority, and Sigma Xi honorary society. She married Max Mapes Ellis in September of that year. She earned her A.M. degree from Indiana University in 1910. During her time at IU she studied under Carl H. Eigenmann and Charles Zeleny. Career In 1908, Dr. Eigenmann turned over some fish samples he had taken from British Guyana that he found very perplexing. The then-named Ms. Durbin was able to identify a new genus and twelve new species of Tetragonopterid Characins. After graduating from IU, the family moved to Boulder, Colorado where she worked with Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell. They made the first scientific observations of Claytonia rosea in 1913. By 1914, she was the Dean of Women at the University of Michigan Biological Station where her husband was also on staff. In 1925, she moved with her husband to Fairport, Iowa where they worked at the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries lab and studied mussel reproduction. In 1930, Cockerell used her as one of two examples in an article in Nature about how the scientific community needed to fix citations for women who publish work before and after a name change.	2.421875
74404645	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20Chapel%2C%20Malindi	Portuguese Chapel, Malindi	The most prominent internal feature of the chapel is the stone altar. As was the practice until Vatican II, the priest celebrated mass with his back to the congregation, and the altar is placed against a wall. The square central depression in the altar table was probably intended for an Altar stone. This would have been a small, portable, stone slab that incorporated an integral, man-made depression in which the relic of a saint, such as a sliver of bone, had been sealed. It need not have been a permanent fixture in the altar itself, but such a stone, with its relic, was a requisite for the celebration of Mass. Another feature of note is the niche inset on the south wall. This was undoubtedly intended for liturgical use, since it incorporates a simple cross sculpted on its rear wall. A lavabo, a place for the ritual washing of the priest’s hands during mass, was its most likely purpose, although other uses are possible. After the Portuguese departed in 1593, the history of the chapel is obscure. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Malindi declined and nearly disappeared, being described as ruined and deserted. The Chapel itself may have been a ruin at various times and no history can be ascribed to it for nearly 300 years. It is unclear how much of the current fabric is original. James Kirkman, an archaeologist working in the mid-twentieth century, refers only to the 'remains' of the chapel, but writes that a painting of the crucifixion was then still faintly visible on an interior wall at the south-west corner of the chapel. The traditional makuti roof (palm leaf thatch) is an obvious and necessary modern restoration.	2.5
74404656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengiran%20Indera%20Mahkota	Pengiran Indera Mahkota	Pengiran Mohammad Salleh ibnu Pengiran Sharifuddin (1790s–1858) or commonly referred to by his title Pengiran Indera Mahkota, was a Bruneian nobleman and politician who was governor of Sarawak in 1827. He founded the city of Kuching in 1827 in what is now Sarawak. Early life and education Pengiran Salleh was born around the late 1790s, and grew up in Sambas. His father was Pengiran Sharmayuda with ancestral links to Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin and his mother was Raden Kencana, daughter of Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II of Sambas. A mosque was erected with the money obtained from gold mining, to the right of Sultan Umara Aqamaddin II's palace, named Kamashaiaita Mosque. The Malay sultanates were subject of the conflict in the archipelago at that time were the Sultanates of Sambas and Brunei. This shaped Pengiran Salleh as he grew up in this environment. He is reported to have attended school in Batavia (Jakarta) while residing in Sambas and to have visited the Netherlands once. This demonstrates that he was a knowledgeable individual with extensive experience, an open mind, and a long-term perspective. Personality Pengiran Salleh was cunning, as James Brooke admitted in his notebook. Moreover, James Brooke was also aware of his inventiveness and lofty thoughts. Spenser St. John, among other authors, describes his personality and method of thinking in his book The Life of Sir Jame Brooke as follows: "He was probably the most intelligent Malay whom we ever met in Borneo, frank and open in manner, but looked upon us the most cunning of the raja's advisers. He was much puzzled, as were indeed all the nobles, as to the true subject of Brooke's visit to Borneo." Like all the lords, he was quite perplexed about the real purpose of Brooke's trip to Borneo. While T. Pringle stated that he was "His education has been more attended to the than another of his own rank. He both reads and writes his own language, and is well acquainted with the government, laws and custom of Boreno" in his book Rajah and Rebels (1970).	2.421875
74404656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengiran%20Indera%20Mahkota	Pengiran Indera Mahkota	Governor of Sarawak Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, who was in power in 1820, summoned Pengiran Salleh to return to Brunei. He was then given the title Pengiran Indera Mahkota by the Sultan, and gained the moniker Pengiran Indera Mahkota after it. Later in 1827, he was assigned the responsibility of serving as the Sultan of Brunei's representative as head of government or Governor of Sarawak. He was the one who originally established Kuching at Lidah Tanah. Sarawak grew under his leadership by exporting antimony, he expanded its commerce and raised its income. The locals rose up in rebellion against him in 1839, led by Datu Patinggi Ali, as a result of his tyrannical reign. Pengiran Muda Hashim, the son of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, was dispatched by Brunei to quell the uprising. James Brooke also went there, drawn by the region's wealth. Due to a long-standing grudge he held towards Pengiran Salleh, Pengiran Muda Hashim requested Brooke's help. Pengiran Muda Hashim had visited Kuching five years prior, but Pengiran he had not personally greeted him upon his arrival. Arrival of James Brooke When James Brooke arrived in Sarawak in August 1839, Pengiran Salleh, who was serving as the Sultan of Brunei's ambassador in Sarawak and was living in Kuching, paid a nighttime visit to James Brooke's ship. James Brooke discovered him conversing in Dutch and English inside the ship called Royalist. He stayed and talked aboard the ship after dark till ten o'clock. James Brooke first refused to aid Pengiran Muda Hashim, but the next year he changed his mind after being promised the governorship of Sarawak in lieu of Pengiran Salleh if he could put a stop to the uprising. Although Brooke was successful in putting a stop to the uprising, he was not given the governorship until he forced the matter in 1841. As Governor of Brunei in 1842, Brooke sailed there in return for a yearly payment.	2.59375
74405163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%20World%20Athletics%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20100%20metres	2023 World Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres	The women's 100 metres at the 2023 World Athletics Championships was held at the National Athletics Centre in Budapest on 20 and 21 August 2023. Summary The field had five of the fastest eight of all time: #3 defending champion Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, #5 Shericka Jackson, the world leader for 2023, #7 Sha'Carri Richardson; and #8 Marie-Josée Ta Lou. In the semi-finals, Jackson, Richardson and Ta Lou were all in semi #2, with only two automatic qualifiers. Jackson and Ta Lou ended up in a virtual tie at 10.79 leaving Richardson to have to wait in the holding room. Her 10.84 easily held up but because she finished third in the semis, she was given an outside lane in the final. In the final, the slowest qualifier Ewa Swoboda got the marginally best start, but the field got out to a fairly even start, save Richardson who was slightly behind. "Mommy Rocket” Fraser-Pryce did not get out to her typical dominating start. Over the next 30 metres, Fraser-Pryce, Jackson and Swoboda gained a slight edge on the rest of the field. Out in lane 9, Richardson recaptured the lost ground from the start to pull even with Ta Lou and Swoboda. With 40 meters to go, Jackson had gained a slight edge on Fraser-Pryce, but Swoboda had not gone away. Behind them, Julien Alfred, Ta Lou and Richardson had emerged from the others. Coming into the finish, the two Jamaican athletes were focusing on each other in the center of the track as Richardson picked off Asher-Smith, Swoboda, Ta Lou, Fraser-Pryce, and finally Jackson with 15 meters to go. Richardson crossed the line with her arms outstretched and emerged victorious by .07 seconds, Jackson in 2nd and the defending champion Fraser-Pryce in 3rd. Not only did Richardson win the World Championship, she beat Fraser-Pryce's Championship Record and tied Marion Jones and Jackson's time earlier in the season as #5 of all time. Records Before the competition records were as follows: The following records were set at the competition:	2.0625
74405183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%20World%20Athletics%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20400%20metres%20hurdles	2023 World Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres hurdles	The women's 400 metres hurdles at the 2023 World Athletics Championships took place in three rounds at the National Athletics Centre in Budapest, Hungary, from 21 to 24 August 2023. Athletes could qualify by archieving the entry standard. Forty-one athletes of thirty nations participated in the five heats of the first round on 21 August. Kemi Adekoya of Bahrain set an Asian record of 53.56 seconds. Twenty-four athletes competed in the three heats of the semifinals on 22 August. Adekoya improved her Asian record to 53.39 seconds and Ayomide Folorunso of Italy set a national record of 53.89 seconds. Eight athletes competed in the final on 24 August. The gold medal was won by Femke Bol of the Netherlands in 51.70 seconds, silver by Shamier Little of the United States in 52.80 seconds and bronze by Rushell Clayton of Jamaica in 52.81 seconds. Outside the medals, Adekoya again broke her Asian record in 53.09 seconds. Background In the absence of the 2022 world champion and world record holder Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone, the overwhelming favorite for the world title was the 2022 European Champion and #2 of all time Femke Bol. In 2023, the 23-year-old Dutch woman broke the world indoor record over 400 metres flat, as well as her own European record over the 400 metres hurdles. Bol remained unbeaten in all her hurdles races since the 2022 final and her world-leading time of 51.45 s was almost 2 seconds faster than anyone else had run this year. After 2019 champion and #3 all time Dalilah Muhammad failed to qualify for the final, Bol's biggest opponent seemed to be the 2015 silver medalist and #5 all time Shamier Little, who posted the fastest qualifying time in the semi-finals. Other medal hopefuls were Bahraini Kemi Adekoya, who set Asian records in both the preliminary heats and semi-finals, and 2019 bronze medalist Rushell Clayton from Jamaica, who set a personal best in the semi-finals.	2.03125
74405267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaka%20%C5%8Chide	Tanaka Ōhide	Tanaka Ōhide (田中大秀) (1777-1847) was a Japanese antiquary, folklorist, lexicographer, ethnographer, and scholar of the nationalist kokugaku movement. He is best known for his commentary on the Taketori Monogatari (The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter). Biography Tanaka Ōhide was born in Takayama, Hida Province in 1777. At the age of 21, he went to Atsuta in Owari, where he began to study waka poetry and kokugaku philosophy. He studied in the Atsuta Shrine under the supervision of the Shinto priest Awata Tomokane. From 1801, Ōhide also began to attend Norinaga's lectures and became one of his students. In 1804, after Norinaga's death, he took up the study of his posthumous legacy, living for several months at his house in Matsusaka. Ōhide's scholarship focused on classical and medieval monogatari tales and diaries, such as the Ochikubo Monogatari, Kagerō Nikki, and Tosa Nikki. But he was most interested in Taketori Monogatari, for which he wrote the detailed commentary. Ōhide became skilled in courtly arts such as prose writing, poetry composition, and playing the flute and koto. In 1812, Ōhide completed the first draft of Taketori no Okina no Monogatari Kai. He then submitted it to the attention of Nabunaga's famous students, Suzuki Akira and Motoori Ōhira. After receiving their comments and suggestions, Ōhide revised his work into a final version, which was completed in 1820. In 1831, a printing block copy of his work was printed. By that time, Ōhide had already gained a well-deserved reputation and had his own students at Gifu and Fukui. In 1844, Ōhide designed a mechanical bascule bridge for the . Using medieval gazetteers, Ōhide identified the locations of many rural cemeteries that had been forgotten and fallen into disrepair. He oversaw repairs and reconstruction work on a number of these cemeteries. He also installed a memorial stele at the , where the ancient hero Yamato Takeru was said to have washed his eyes.	2.453125
74406503	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil%20Sharpener%20Museum	Pencil Sharpener Museum	The Pencil Sharpener Museum, officially the Paul A. Johnson Pencil Sharpener Museum, is a museum showcasing about 3,479 pencil sharpeners just outside of Logan, Ohio. It is located off Ohio State Route 664, inside the Hocking Hills Regional Welcome Center. It is believed to be the largest collection of these items in the entire country, claiming to contain no duplicates. History The collection was started by Rev. Paul Johnson in 1989. His wife, Charlotte, had bought him two metal car-shaped sharpeners as a gift, and Johnson needed a hobby following his retirement in 1988. Johnson died in 2010, and Charlotte decided to move the collection to Hocking Hills Regional Welcome Center. Exhibits The pencil sharpeners are organized by category, having sections such as food, travel, music, and others. The oldest sharpeners can be found on the lower shelves, and the collection also contains a book describing the correct way to sharpen a pencil. There are also many different materials in the collection, including plastic, metal, and glass versions, along with ones that can be handheld, hung on the walls, or shelf-mounted.	2.421875
74406750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20Badal%20Koeri	Mata Badal Koeri	Mata Badal Koeri was an Indian peasant leader, who was one of the founding member of Oudh Kisan Sabha (Awadh Kisan Sabha) during 1920 Non-cooperation movement. He, along with leaders like Baba Ram Chandra, Jhinguri Singh and Kedar Nath established Oudh Kisan Sabha in 1920, to work in Pratapgarh district. The prime motive of these leaders in establishing this organisation was to reorganise all the defunct Kisan Sabhas and make the members of these Sabhas (councils) as active part of Non Cooperation movement. He was a resident of Rae Bareli district. The Oudh Kisan Sabha, with which he was associated was third such council in the region. Author Majid Hayat Siddiqi considers Matabadal Koeri to be one of the three chief lieutenants of Awadh Kisan Sabha. Participation in Kisan Sabha movement Matabadal, a resident of Rae Bareli belonged to Koeri caste, similar to agriculturist Kurmis, earlier known for their excellent market gardening skill. He, as a resident cultivator of Rasulpur village in Rae Bareli district, came into conflict with his rent collector, who was a corrupt man. The rent collector used to collect full rent from the peasants, but used to record only a partial amount in his record book. In this way, he appropriated excess rent amount for himself. When Matabadal exposes this abuse of his rent collector, he was dislodged and evicted from his land as punishment. After his eviction, he contacted Baba Ramchandra, who had gained recognition as peasant leader, organising peasants in various region by United Province by then. Due to effort of Matabadal, Ram Chandra arrived in Rae Bareli, where only 3.63% of the peasants had secure land tenure. Their efforts led to establishment of Raebareli Kisan Sabha (Raebareli Farmer Council) on 28 October 1920. Thereafter, Ram Chandra toured in Rae Bareli preaching Hindu-Muslim unity and use of Swadeshi (local products).	2.375
74407083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%E2%80%9323%20Massachusetts%20Agricultural%20Aggies%20men%27s%20ice%20hockey%20season	1922–23 Massachusetts Agricultural Aggies men's ice hockey season	The 1922–23 Massachusetts Agricultural Aggies men's ice hockey season was the 15th season of play for the program. The Aggies were coached by Herbert Collins in his first season. Season In late November, the hockey team held its first meeting and set about getting ready for the season. While the Aggies were looking at a difficult schedult that include some of the top college teams, MAC also had to deal with some off-ice upheaval. Elton Mansell, the team's leader for the past five years, was now gone. Herbert Collins took over as head coach, however, as he had played with the team over the previous four years the two were well acquainted with one another. The bigger issue was that just two lettermen (Doc Gordon and Shorty Hodsdon) were returning and Collins had to remake the team without a usable ice rink. The venue had been rebuilt by that time but the weather was not cold enough for the surface to freeze and the candidates were forced to train on the floor of Drill Hall. After returning from the winter break, the Aggies were happy to find that cold weather had arrived in the region and were able to get several practice sessions in before the first game.	2.234375
74408028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizations%20related%20to%20the%20Unification%20Church	Organizations related to the Unification Church	Businesses The Unification Church controls a large number of businesses around the world. In 1997 David Bromley, a sociologist at Virginia Commonwealth University, said: "The corporate section is understood to be the engine that funds the mission of the church. The wealth base is fairly substantial. But if you were to compare it to the LDS Church or the Catholic Church or other churches that have massive landholdings, this doesn't look on a global scale like a massive operation." The lines between the Unification Church's charities, businesses, religious activities, and related organizations is blurred with money and goods flowing between them. Money is in general believed to flow from East Asia to the United States although these flows are opaque. In the 1990s One Up Enterprises Inc. was the Church's primary American holding company. Business are owned by the Church through arcane corporate structures with many ultimately controlled by the holding company Unification Church International Inc. The International Association for Peace and Economic Development (IAED) was created and operates as one of the specialized UPF organizations. At the first virtual International Leadership Conference (ILC) in September 2020, organized by UPF, the work of the International Association for Peace and Economic Development (IAED) was presented. Automotive	2.21875
74408323	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptocarpus%20crassifolius	Camptocarpus crassifolius	Camptocarpus crassifolius is a species of plant in the Apocynaceae family. It is endemic to Madagascar. Joseph Decaisne, the botanist who first formally described the species, named it after its thick ( in Latin) leaves (- in Latin). Description It is a climbing plant. The upper portion of the stems are wavy and slender with diameters of 0.6–0.8 millimeters while the lower portions are firmer and thicker with diameters up to 1.2 millimeters. The length between leaves or branches is 5–8 centimeters. Its wedge to egg-shaped leaves are 25–30 by 6–8 millimeters with the broader part closer to the tip. The tips of its leaves are blunt with a short sharp point that is 0.2 millimeters long. The base of the leaves are variably tapering from 10° to 25°. Its short petioles are 2.5 millimeters long. Its Inflorescences occur at the junction between the leaves and stem and have rudimentary branches with 1–3 flowers. The inflorescences have very short peduncles that are 3 millimeters long, and flowers that are 4 millimeters long. Its flowers have 5 overlapping, rounded sepals. The bottom third of its 5 petals are fused at their base forming tube. The tooth-shaped, broad lobes of the petals have blunt tips and do not reach the top of the stamens. Reproductive biology The pollen of Camptocarpus crassifolius is shed as permanent tetrads. Distribution and habitat It has been observed growing at elevations of up to 450 meters.	2.984375
74408466	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascine%20mattress	Fascine mattress	In 1849, the British engineer Charles Blacker Vignoles visited Dutch contractors Aart Schram and Leendert Martinus Prins in Sliedrecht, and arranged for them to travel to Kyiv and install fascine mattresses as scour protection to the piers of the Nicholas Chain Bridge, which had suffered extensive damage during construction. Other examples of the use of fascine mattresses outside the Netherlands in the 19th century include riverbank improvement works by James Buchanan Eads on the southern Mississippi, using fascines made from Poplar trees and shoots grown on the banks above Baton Rouge, and protection works using fascine mattresses made from mangroves on the coastline of British Guiana. Fascine mattresses continue to be used internationally, including for bed protection works in Bangladesh, Vietnam, India, and Laos, particularly in the framework of development aid projects. One benefit of the method is that whilst these systems are labour intensive, they do not require significant capital expenditure, which is therefore an advantage in developing countries.	2.171875
74408471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choeradoplana%20eudoxiae	Choeradoplana eudoxiae	Choeradoplana eudoxiae is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is known from specimens found in the São Francisco de Paula National Forest in Brazil. Description Choeradoplana eudoxiae is a flatworm around 38 mm in length and 1.5–2 mm in width. It has a slender, subcylindrical body that narrows as it approaches the front tip of the body, with a convex dorsal side and a slightly convex ventral side. The front tip is rounded, and the back tip is pointed. The head region is rolled up. The creeping sole is 75.5% of the body width. The dorsal side of the body is a pastel yellow base color with fawn brown spots; in the paramedian regions of the body, these spots are denser. The ventral side is a cream color. The front tip is a greyish color dorsally and ventrally. It is distinguished from other members of Choeradoplana by its yellow color and brown spots, a lack of any lateral dilations or "neck" separating the head from the rest of the body, the ventral side of the head being concave, a lack of glandular cushions, the extrabulbar portion of the prostatic vesicle having paired branches and an unpaired, rounded section, the intrabulbar portion of the vesicle being a dilated vertical duct, and a lack of a penis papilla. Etymology The specific epithet, eudoxiae, was given in honor of Eudóxia Maria Froehlich, for "her insightful life lessons and lasting contribution to the knowledge of the neotropical planarian fauna for 60 years".	2.578125
74408905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20and%20Financial%20Organization%20of%20the%20League%20of%20Nations	Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations	Unlike the postwar IMF, which has significant resources of its own, the EFO itself had no financial firepower but could resolve collective action problems among private investors and governments that desired to foster financial stability but were unable or unwilling to do so on a purely bilateral basis. Its first endeavor, albeit of limited impact, came in early 1922 with support to a loan to Czechoslovakia led by Baring Brothers. Austria The EFO's first real action came later in 1922 with the financial distress of Austria, which was considered desperate enough that the allied powers did not want to take responsibility for it themselves. Austria was buffeted between the competing interests of Britain (which had high credit exposure to it), France (which was obsessed with the prospect of German-Austrian unification), Czechoslovakia and Italy (which had competing designs on Austria as its respective neighbours on the north and south). Jean Monnet, by then the League's deputy secretary-general, convinced the Council to take on the challenge, in conjunction with eloquent pleas by Austrian Chancellor Ignaz Seipel. Monnet had the intuition that the respective British, French, Czechoslovak and Italian interests could be leveraged into a cooperative plan, and had it conceived during a lakeside gathering with Salter and Basil Blackett. As he put it, "that real danger of foreign intervention could be literally flipped and transformed into a positive endeavor of joint action. It was about channelling the very forces that could have been tempted to take advantage of the crisis into contributing to the preservation of Austrian independence." A special committee on Austria, formed to prepare the assistance program jointly with the Financial Committee of the League, brought together Seipel with Britain's Arthur Balfour, Czechoslovakia's Edvard Beneš, France's Gabriel Hanotaux, and Italy's Guglielmo Imperiali.	2.046875
74408905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20and%20Financial%20Organization%20of%20the%20League%20of%20Nations	Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations	Even so, the League's advocacy, which included a plea for devaluation of the gold bloc currencies, played a key role in the Tripartite Agreement of 1936. The agreement’s text repeated much of prior EFO reports' language, and facilitated the simultaneous French policy pivot towards a more liberal trade stance. From 1937, after the Tripartite Agreement had only produced disappointing results, the EFO endeavored to secure more autonomy for itself within the League that would transform it into an autonomous agency along similar lines as the International Labour Organization, but to no avail in the League's fast-deteriorating environment. Economic research and statistics The EFO kept employing numerous talented economists in its staff, such as Gottfried Haberler, Jan Tinbergen, John B. Condliffe, and Ragnar Nurkse. Canada's Louis Rasminsky had joined the EFO in 1930, and would stay until 1939. James Meade served as specialist adviser on behalf of the British government. Jacques J. Polak was on the staff from 1938 to 1943. In the late 1930s, the EFO hired Oskar Morgenstern, Bertil Ohlin, and Jacques Rueff as outside experts for its influential work on economic depressions. Other economists who worked at the EFO and would attain later fame, often at the IMF, included Marcus Fleming, Alvin Hansen, Folke Hilgerdt, and Tjalling Koopmans.	1.953125
74409007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choeradoplana%20longivesicula	Choeradoplana longivesicula	Choeradoplana longivesicula is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is known from specimens found in General Carneiro, Brazil. Description Choeradoplana longivesicula is a flatworm around 34–67 mm in length and 4–6 mm in width. It has an elongate body with parallel margins. The head, or cephalic region, has two glandular cushions on the ventral side, separated by a longitudinal slit. The front end of the body is expanded, while the back end is slightly pointed. The dorsal side of the body is a yellowish base color, covered densely by irregular, small, dark brown flecks. The yellowish base is visible on the head and margins, as well as on a longitudinal median stripe that runs down the dorsal side aside from the head. The ventral side is a whitish color. It is distinguished from other members of Choeradoplana by its dark brown flecks and light midstripe, a bell-shaped pharynx, sperm ducts that open laterally into the proximal wall of the prostatic vesicle, a tubular and unpaired prostatic vesicle that narrows to open through the tip of the penis papilla as an ejaculatory duct, a cylindrical, almost symmetrical penis papilla that fills the entire common atrium, and an oval-elongate, unfolded atrium with no difference between the male and female regions. Etymology The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words and , literally meaning "long vesicle", in reference to the species' elongated prostatic vesicle.	2.265625
74410125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratera%20taxiarcha	Cratera taxiarcha	Cratera taxiarcha is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is known from specimens found in Albert Löfgren State Park and Cantareira State Park in Brazil. Description Cratera taxiarcha is a flatworm that can reach up to 70 mm in length and around 6 mm in width. The body is wide and slightly lanceolate, with a rounded front tip and pointed back tip. The dorsal side of the body has a white midline with scattered black spots, flanked on both sides by two paramedian black lines with irregular, spotted margins, made up of dense black spots. Additionally, there are two yellow marginal lines with black spots scattered within them. The ventral side of the body is a whitish color. Aside from its size and coloration, it is distinguished from other members of Cratera by having dorsal eyes that initiate in the head region, a bifurcated and extrabulbar proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle that is detached from the penis bulb, a well-developed penis bulb that extends 0.5 mm anterior to the penis papilla, a strong muscular cylinder surrounding the ejaculatory duct with a diameter twice that of the duct, the dorsal portion of the male atrium being pierced by several cyanophil glands, the male atrium being twice as long as the female, and the lack of a common glandular ovovitelline duct.	2
74410217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharth%20Pandey	Siddharth Pandey	Reception of writings Pandey has researched and written about fantasy and children’s literature, hill stations in India, nature writing, craft theory, folk culture, cinema studies, and pop culture. Pandey's writings have appeared in peer-reviewed journals and academic anthologies. Pandey's writings have also appeared on several South Asian newspapers and mass-media forums. These include The Hindu, The Indian Express, The Pioneer, The Tribune, Frontline, Live Wire, Outlook, Quint, Scroll.in, and The News. Indian hill stations Jeffrey A. Auerbach writes of Pandey's essay 'Simla or Shimla: The Indian Political Re-appropriation of Little England' (2014) as a 'postcolonial counter-narrative' to the colonial, predominantly British origins of Shimla as the summer capital of the British Raj. An essay by Pandey on Indian hill stations appears in Between Heaven and Earth: Writings on the Indian Hills (2022), an anthology of eminent historical and contemporary non-fiction writing on Indian hills, selected and edited by Ruskin Bond and Bulbul Sharma. In her book review of this anthology in The Tribune, Sarika Sharma comments: "Siddharth Pandey’s essay is a refreshing take on the femininity of hill stations in a country brimming with toxic masculinity."	2
74410299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratera%20arucuia	Cratera arucuia	Cratera arucuia is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is known from specimens found in Intervales State Park in Brazil. Description Cratera arucuia is a flatworm around 43 mm in length and 3 mm in width. The body is thin, with parallel margins, a rounded front tip, and a pointed back tip. The dorsal side of the body is a whitish cream base color, with an irregular median stripe made of small orange spots. An interval of the cream base may separate the stripe from dark gray or black lateral stripes that are mottled with eye halos. A mottled, marginal stripe of gray is outside of the lateral stripes, separated by a whitish cream interval. The ventral side of the body is a whitish color. Aside from its coloration, it is distinguished from other members of Cratera by having dorsal eyes that initiate in the head region, an ovoid and extrabulbar proximal section of the prostatic vesicle that is positioned dorsally above the penis bulb, a strongly developed penis bulb that extends 1.8 mm anterior to the penis, an ejaculatory duct that is not distally dilated, the presence of thick circular muscle surrounding the ejaculatory duct that is four times its diameter in the proximal region and twice in the distal, a penis papilla projecting into the female atrium, a male atrium that is 1.4 the length of the female, and the presence of a common glandular duct. Etymology The specific epithet, arucuia, is derived from the Tupi language words , "back, opposite side", and , "gourd", in reference to the dorsal location of the ovoid or gourd-like prostatic vesicle.	2.40625
74410331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Turquoise%20%281876%29	HMS Turquoise (1876)	HMS Turquoise was an composite screw corvette that served in the Victorian Royal Navy. The Emerald class was a development of the wooden but combined an iron frame and teak cladding. Launched in 1876, Turquoise was active during the War of the Pacific in 1879 and 1880, reporting the sinking of the during the Battle of Iquique. The ship was subsequently deployed to the Sultanate of Zanzibar on anti-slavery patrols. Turquoise captured five slave ships between 1884 and 1885 and ten between 1886 and 1890, releasing hundreds of slaves in the process. During one encounter, a slave ship rammed one of the ship's boats, but the crew still managed to sink the vessel and free 53 slaves. In 1890, the crew of the corvette joined an expeditionary force sent to Witu that successfully suppressed the slave trade in the area. In 1892, Turquoise was retired and sold to be broken up. Design and development The was a class of composite screw corvettes designed by Nathaniel Barnaby for the Royal Navy. The ships were a development of the preceding that replaced wooden construction with one that combined frames and keels of wrought iron, a stem and stern post of cast iron and a cladding of teak. The additional longitudinal strength of the metal frames was designed to afford the opportunity to build in finer lines, and thus higher speeds. The ships did not deliver this better performance, partly due to poor underwater design, and also were prone to oscillate in heavy weather. In service, however, they proved to be good sailing vessels in all sorts of weather. The ships were later redefined as third-class cruisers.	2.453125
74410346	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C3%ADre%20Kayap%C3%B3	Tuíre Kayapó	Tuíre Kayapó, also called Tuíra (1969, or 1970 – 10 August 2024), was a Brazilian indigenous rights activist, environmentalist, and a chief of the Kayapó people. She was active in the movement against the Belo Monte Dam project on the Xingu River in the 1980s and constitutional amendment PEC 215 in the 2010s. Early life Tuíre's father was born in the village of Kubēnkrãkêj. He met her mother in her home village of Kokrajmoro (also spelled Kokraimoro), which was also where Tuíre was born. Her grandmother named her. Growing up, Tuíre's grandfathers and uncle were Kayapó leaders who defended their lands against government incursions. Her paternal grandfather, Betikré, died during one of these conflicts. From a young age, her family encouraged her to also become a warrior and to defend her people. At age 17, Tuíre and her family moved back to her father's village, Kubēnkrãkêj. Her parents died shortly afterwards. Tuíre and her infant son moved to the village of Aukre, where she met her husband, Takaktô, from the village of Gorotire. They married soon afterwards. Activism In 1989, at age 19, Tuíre attended a meeting in Altamira, Pará, with officials from the Belo Monte Dam. She brandished her machete in the face of an official in protest of the dam's construction. taken of the event brought her name into the public consciousness. By the 1990s, Tuire began travelling abroad, including to the United States, to spread awareness of her people's political struggles. Tuíre took her uncle's place when he died, and faced little resistance from her community, although she was one of the first women chiefs of the group.	2.234375
74410661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratera%20imbiri	Cratera imbiri	Cratera imbiri is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is known from specimens found in Campos do Jordão State Park in Brazil. Description Cratera imbiri is a flatworm around 26–38 mm in length and 2.5 mm in width. The body has parallel margins and rounded tips. The dorsal side of the body has a sulfur yellow median stripe that's bordered on either side by a khaki grey band. The body margins are a cream color. The front of the body fades into a coral red color on both the dorsal and ventral side. The rest of the ventral side of the body is cream. Aside from its coloration and length, it is distinguished from other members of Cratera by having marginal eyes, a cylindrical pharynx with the dorsal insertion posteriorly shifted at about a fifth of the pharynx's length, a pharyngeal pouch that is very close to the prostatic vesicle, the epithelium of the penis papilla being underlain by a circular muscle fiber layer, a female atrium that is 3.2 times longer than the male and gradually narrows at its posterior, and the presence of a long common glandular ovovitelline duct. Etymology The specific epithet is derived from the former name of Campos do Jordão State Park, Vila de São Matheus do Imbiri, the type locality of the species.	2.453125
74410735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratera%20paraitinga	Cratera paraitinga	Cratera paraitinga is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is known from specimens found in the Boracéia Biological Station in Brazil. Description Cratera paraitinga is a flatworm that can reach up to 76 mm in length and 7 mm in width. The body is slightly lanceolate, with a rounded front tip. The body is widest at the pharynx, narrowing gradually towards the front and abruptly towards the back tip. The dorsal side of the body has a melon yellow median stripe that's bordered on either side by a jet black stripe; the stripes have a white band on the outside. The body margins are jet black. The front margins of the body fade into a carmine red color. The ventral side is a grey white color that fades into orange brown at the front of the body. Aside from its coloration and length, it is distinguished from other members of Cratera by having marginal eyes, a cylindrical to bell-shaped pharynx, a pharyngeal pouch 2 mm anterior to the prostatic vesicle, relatively large distal dilation of the ejaculatory duct, a penis papilla as long as the male atrium, a female atrium that is 2.4 times longer than the male, and the presence of a long common glandular ovovitelline duct. Etymology The specific epithet is derived from the former name of Salesópolis, São José do Paraitinga, the type locality of the species.	2.375
74411080	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023%20Cuban%20migration%20crisis	2021–2023 Cuban migration crisis	The 2021–2024 Cuban migration crisis was sparked by a convergence of factors in the country. Political repression and escalating economic difficulties led to public discontent, culminating in mass protests during the summer of 2021. The demonstrations were a response to rising inflation, chronic shortages of essential goods, and ongoing power outages. The government responded to the protests with a significant crackdown, resulting in the arrest of more than 700 individuals, including teenagers who received lengthy prison sentences. As the political and economic conditions deteriorated, an increasing number of Cubans sought to leave the country, taking loans with high-interest rates to gather the necessary funds, despite the average monthly salary on the island being approximately $46. According to Jorge Duany, head of the Cuban Research Institute at Florida International University, the most immediate reason for the migration surge is the protests in July 2021. Another major contributing factor to the crisis was a new visa-free travel policy in Nicaragua, which opened a land route for migrants who were hesitant to undertake the dangerous sea journey to the United States. Nicaragua's government dropped its visa requirement for Cuban citizens in November 2021, leading to a surge in flights between Havana and Managua. Some experts speculated that Nicaragua might be using Cuban migrants to exert pressure on the United States to lift sanctions on Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega and his inner circle, mirroring similar strategies seen in other geopolitical situations.	2.203125
74411563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine%20Byrd	Josephine Byrd	Josephine Byrd, often referred to as Josie Byrd, is an African American activist and former social service worker. The Josephine Byrd Community Services Building in Woonsocket, Rhode Island is named after her. Early life Byrd was born into a sharecropper’s family in rural South Carolina. She moved to Woonsocket on January 1, 1960. Byrd and her sibling attended a segregated school in the south and an integrated, mostly white, school in Woonsocket. Byrd worked at the Uniroyal Footwear Company until it shut down in 1969. Using her severance pay from the company, Byrd earned her business certificate. At that time, Black Americans were not allowed to work as secretaries due to segregation. In 1974, Byrd was hired by A.T. Cross as a clerk before being promoted to a secretary and then, a quality control manager. She worked at the company for 23 years. Byrd and her family helped to found St. James Church in Woonsocket. Activism In 2015, The Valley Breeze referred to Byrd as "one of the best known figures in Woonsocket's civil rights movement." Speaking at a ceremony honoring her civil rights work, Byrd spoke about protesting for fair housing and Black city officials in Woonsocket. She stated she advocated at the State House for Martin Luther King Day to become a holiday in Rhode Island.	2.75
74412249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siron%20Khurd	Siron Khurd	At least five different marketplaces (haṭṭas) are attested at Sīyaḍoṇi: Dosihaṭṭa, Prasannahaṭṭa, Caturhaṭṭa (possibly identical with the "Catuṣkahaṭṭa" mentioned elsewhere in the text), Kallapālānāmsatkahaṭṭa (which was owned by the Kallapālas), and Vasantamahattakahaṭṭa (which was possibly named after a guild leader). Sīyaḍoṇi also had a customs house (the Sīyaḍoṇi satka maṇḍapikā) and apparently a mint as well. Various types of artisans are mentioned in the Sīyaḍoṇi inscription: potters, stonecutters, sugar boilers, oil millers, and liquor distillers. Only two merchant specialties are mentioned: those mainly dealing in salt and those dealing in betel. Sīyaḍoṇi's salt merchants seem to have been especially prominent – of the 27 donation deeds in the Sīyaḍoṇi inscription, 17 were by salt merchants. Salt was a highly prized commodity in early medieval India, and Sīyaḍoṇi's salt merchants likely gained their wealth from importing salt and then shipping it off to various destinations, where they sold it for a large profit. Governance Sīyaḍoṇi was a sub-capital of the Gurjara-Pratihāra empire, ruled by local feudatories subject to the main Gurjara-Pratihāra kings. The exact nature of this arrangement is unclear; the feudatories may have been assigned to govern the city on a temporary basis. Four different rulers of Sīyaḍoṇi are mentioned in the Sīyaḍoṇi inscription, over a period of about 60 years: Bhoja, Mahendrapāla, Kṣitipāla, and finally Devapāla. They are mentioned with various titles, such as mahāpratihāra, samādhigataśeṣamahāśabda, and mahāsāmantādhipati. The feudatory rulers of Sīyaḍoṇi appointed pañcakulas to serve as the city's administrative body. The names of some pañcakula'''s members are recorded, but their backgrounds are not. Other officials, such as karaṇikas and kauptikas, are also attested at Sīyaḍoṇi.	1.984375
74412682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke%20number	Stroke number	Stroke number, or stroke count (), is the number of strokes of a Chinese character. It may also refer to the number of different strokes in a Chinese character set. Stroke number plays an important role in Chinese character sorting, teaching and computer information processing. Stroke numbers vary dramatically, for example, characters "丶", "一" and "乙" have only one stroke, while character "齉" has 36 strokes, and "龘" (three 龍s, dragons) 48 strokes. The Chinese character with the most strokes in the entire Unicode character set is "𪚥" (four 龍s) of 64 strokes. Stroke counting There are effective methods to count the strokes of a Chinese character correctly. First of all, stroke counting is to be carried out on the standard regular form (楷體, 楷体) of the character, and according to its stroke order, e.g., by writing the character stroke by stroke (in one's mind). On the same stroke, the tip of the pen can only move along a path once, not allowed to go back. Strokes "㇐" (heng, 横) and "㇀" (ti, 提) are written from left to right, and strokes "㇑" (shu, 竖), "㇓" (pie, 撇), "㇔" (dian, 点) and "㇏" (na, 捺) are written from top to bottom. And if needed, a standard list of strokes or list of stroke orders issued by the authoritative institution should be consulted. If two strokes are connected at the endpoints, whether they are separated into two strokes or linked into one stroke can be judged by the following rules:	3
74413101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning%20Point%3A%20The%20Battle%20of%20Stalingrad	Turning Point: The Battle of Stalingrad	Description Turning Point is a two-player board wargame, where one player controls the Axis forces, and the other the Soviet forces. The game has 400 counters, and has been described as "fairly complex" and "moderately difficult". Gameplay Turning Point uses an alternating series of turns, where the German player has three phases: Movement: All units can move Combat Mechanized Movement: Only mechanized units can take a second move action The Soviet player then has the same phases, completing one Game Turn, which represents two days of the battle. To simulate the German lack of defensive preparations, during the first turn, Soviet units attack with better odds. There are also optional rules about Russian command control difficulties, and the Adolf Hitler "stand and die" command, which forces the Sixth Army to remain in place. Scenarios The game comes with three main scenarios: "Campaign": Starting on 19 November, this covers the entire battle in 21 game turns "Breakthrough": Starting on 19 November, this simulates the Soviet attack, and covers only the first 7 turns of the "Campaign" scenario "Relief": Starting on 16 December, this simulates German attempts to break the Russian encirclement, and covers the last 7 turns of the "Campaign" scenario. There are also thirteen other scenarios, all based on these three, but offering a variety of orders of battle, deployment restrictions, and reinforcement arrivals. Publication history Until 1971, all board wargames used a simple alternating system of "move and attack." In 1971, Jim Dunnigan of SPI added an extra movement phase for mechanized forces to Kursk: Operation Zitadelle to simulate the ability of tanks to exploit breakthroughs. The following year, Dunnigan used the same "Kursk" system for Turning Point, which was published as a boxed set with graphic design by Redmond A. Simonsen.	2.46875
74413332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20immigration%20to%20the%20Americas	European immigration to the Americas	European immigration to the Americas was one of the largest migratory movements in human history. Between the years 1492 and 1930, more than 60 million Europeans immigrated to the American continent. Between 1492 and 1820, approximately 2.6 million Europeans immigrated to the Americas, of whom just under 50% were British, 40% were Spanish or Portuguese, 6% were Swiss or German, and 5% were French. But it was in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century that European immigration to the Americas reached its historic peak. Never before in human history have so many people immigrated to another continent. Between 1815 and 1930, 60 million Europeans emigrated, of which 71% went to North America, 21% to Latin America, and 7% to Australia. This mass immigration had as a backdrop economic and social problems in the Old World, allied to structural changes that facilitated the migratory movement between the two continents. British people and Iberians continued to immigrate, but influxes from other parts of Europe, particularly Germany, Italy, Ireland, Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire and Scandinavian countries also became numerous. Immigration history Between 1492 and 1640	2.96875
74413729	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Rowley%20%28netball%29	Elizabeth Rowley (netball)	Elizabeth Olive Rowley (born 6 May 1949) is a former New Zealand netball player. She was a member of the New Zealand team at the 1967 World Netball Championships, when New Zealand won the tournament for the first time. Early life Rowley was born on 6 May 1949, the daughter of Helen Fay Rowley (née Scott) and Rewi Thomas Graham Rowley who farmed in the Clifden area of Southland. Netball career Rowley first played representative netball for Southland when she was 16 years old. After the 1966 national championships, Rowley was one of 21 players named as trialists for the national team to travel to the 1967 World Netball Championships in Perth. She was duly selected after the trials held in March 1967, and was the youngest member of the squad. At the tournament, Rowley only played in one match, in the mid-court against Singapore. The 1967 world championship team was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame in 1996. Rowley moved to Christchurch in 1967 to study to become a dental nurse, and played for the Hagley club. The following year, she was selected to be a Canterbury representative player. Rowley graduated from the School for Dental Nurses in February 1969, and she returned to Southland. In June 1969, Rowley was a surprise selection in the national squad chosen to play two tests against the touring Australian team. She had initially been omitted from the trials, but was included as she had been a member of the 1967 team to Australia, although her play on that tour was described as being "extremely disappointing". Subsequently, she did not appear in either of the two tests. Later life In 1971, Rowley married Timothy Colin Story, who farmed Venlaw Station, east of Edendale, in partnership with his brother. She later lived in Coromandel, and Queenstown. She participated in the 1988 Golden Oldies World Netball Festival in Brisbane, playing in a team alongside Robyn Broughton and Elva Simpson.	1.960938
72943243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20state%20highways%20in%20Mississippi%20%28800%E2%80%93899%29	List of state highways in Mississippi (800–899)	The following is a list of state highways in Mississippi between the numbers 800 and 899. MS 822 Mississippi Highway 822 (MS 822) is a short highway near Vicksburg, Mississippi. The route starts at a frontage road and travels east along an old alignment of U.S. Route 80 (US 80). MS 822 then ends near Boniva, where state maintenance ends. The highway was designated in 1998, after US 80 was realigned onto Interstate 20 (I-20). All of the route is located in Warren County. In 2013, Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) calculated as many as 16,000 vehicles traveling west of Maxwell Drive, and as few as 2,700 vehicles traveling west of Amber Leaf Drive. It is not included as a part of the National Highway System. The route is legally defined in Mississippi Code § 65-3-3, and is maintained by the Mississippi Department of Transportation. MS 822 officially begins at the intersection of Clay Street, Old Highway 27, and the entrance to Vicksburg National Military Park. Continuing east as a divided city-maintained highway, state maintenance begins about afterwards at an I-20 frontage road. It soon intersects I-20, US 61, and US 80 at an incomplete, modified cloverleaf interchange. The road, still known as Clay Street, travels past a few stores before intersecting MS 27. After that, the road enters through a forest, with small roads and driveways leading to groups of houses. MS 822 then meets Mount Alban Road, a road that crosses over I-20. The route continues to parallel I-20, and gradually closer to a railroad owned by Kansas City Southern Railway. I-20 travels closer toward MS 822 as it heads eastward. The two highways soon travel adjacent to each other. Shortly after I-20 begins to travel northeastward again, MS 822 reaches its eastern terminus at the end of state maintenance. The pavement then changes, and the road continues into Bovina as Old Highway 80.	2.234375
72944454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehna%20Singh%20Bhangi	Lehna Singh Bhangi	Lehna Singh Bhangi (died September 1797, his first name is alternatively spelt as Lahina or Lahna) was one of the triumvirate rulers of Lahore during the late 18th century. Biography He was born into a Kahlon Jat family to a father named Dargaha. After a conflict with his biological father, he ran away from home and came across Gurbakhsh Singh of the Bhangi Misl at the village of Roranwala. Gurbakhsh Singh, who was without a male issue, adopted Lehna Singh. Later on 16 April 1765, alongside Gujjar Singh Bhangi of the Bhangi Misl and Sobha Singh of the Kahnhaiya Misl, they jointly attacked and conquered Lahore from the Afghan nominees Kabuli Mall and Amir Singh. They did not plunder the city after conquering it as it was the birthplace of Guru Ram Das, the fourth guru of the Sikhs. In December 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded the area and offered Lehna Singh governorship of the Punjab, which he declined. He and the two other sardars reoccupied the city of Lahore after Ahmad Shah left for Afghanistan. He lived in the citadel at Lahore Fort, and is also recorded as having a house and military cantonment in the area known as Shadman and Shah Jamal, but his house was subsequently knocked down to build the Lahore Central Jail. He ruled the city for 32 years until his death in September 1797, then the city was ruled by his son Chet from whom Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who was a distant relation, took the city in 1799.	2.015625
72945418	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Hall%20Witherell	Elizabeth Hall Witherell	The Harvard Gazette, the official news website for Harvard University, interviewed Witherell in connection with a 2015 article titled "Uncovering what Thoreau uncovered." The article describes the context for Thoreau's notes from the scene of the Fire Island shipwreck in which social reformer and writer Margaret Fuller died. The Houghton Library had recently acquired these notes in the form of a 18-page manuscript, and Witherell offered her expert services to transcribe them. Over many years, Witherell has become accomplished at reading Thoreau's handwriting. Megan Marshall quoted her as a subject expert in a Slate article entitled "The Impossible Art of Deciphering Manuscripts." Service and Honors Witherell served as president of the Thoreau Society from 1996 to 2000. The Society honored her with the Thoreau Society medal at their annual meeting in 2008. Witherell also delivered the keynote address at the annual meeting of the Thoreau Society in 2016. Witherell served on the Ecological Land Management committee at Fermilab from 1999 to 2005. She was the Executive Producer for a video about the Fermilab tallgrass prairie project, Part and Parcel of Nature: Illinois Tallgrass Prairie at Fermilab. The title of the video is taken from the first sentence of Thoreau's essay "Walking", which was published in the Atlantic in 1862, a month after his death: Witherell recruited actor Hector Elizondo to narrate this video.	2.453125
72946691	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Crawfish%20%28Belarusian%20folktale%29	Prince Crawfish (Belarusian folktale)	In a Belarusian tale titled Ab ràczku or "Аб рачку" ("About the little crayfish"), an old man goes to fetch firewood in the forest, when a crayfish begins to talk and asks to be taken home with him. Despite some reservations, the man takes the crayfish with him. Some time later, the crayfish learns of a local tsar who has three daughters, and asks the man to court one of the princesses on his behalf. The man is shocked at the crustacean's words, but goes to talk to tsar about his adoptive son and the princess's prospective son-in-law. The tsar then orders the crayfish to build a diamond bridge between the man's house and the palace. The old man reports to the crayfish about the task, and he accomplishes overnight. For the next task, the tsar orders the crayfish to plant poppies along the road overnight: the crayfish asks for some poppy seeds, which he plants and trees grow overnight. As a last task, the tsar asks the crayfish to sew a dress for the princess, without ever seeing her. The crustacean does it and the man delivers the dress to the princesses, which fits in all of them. Thus, the crayfish is brought on a platter to his wedding and marries the princess. On the wedding night, the crayfish removes his shell and reveals himself to be a handsome youth to the princess. He explains a witch cursed him into that form. The next day, the princess takes the crayfish shell and burns it. The youth despairs at the fact and says he could have endured another month, but now he does not know even if he will be able to escape the curse. He then gives her some climbing shoes, telling her to find him, turns into a pigeon and flies away. The princess cries for her decision, but puts on the shoes and wanders through mountains and forests until she reaches a derelct house where a witch lives. The witch does not welcome her in, but guides her to another witch who can give her a job of feeding her pigeons. The second witch's pigeons are actually enchanted princes	2.125
72946691	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Crawfish%20%28Belarusian%20folktale%29	Prince Crawfish (Belarusian folktale)	Russian folklorist summarized a tale he collected from a teller named Maxim Vasilievich Semyonov. In his tale, an old couple adopts a crayfish as their son, who has magic powers. One day, the old couple bring him to the king as a gift, and the crayfish demands the king's daughter as his wife. The king orders the crustacean to fulfill some tasks first, among which to erect a crystal bridge. He does and marries the princess. On the wedding night, he takes off the crayfish shell and becomes a human youth. The princess, advised by her mother, burns the crayfish shell and he disappears, prompting a quest for him. Razumova and Senkina reported another tale from a Karelian Pomor source, collected from a teller named Anna Semyonovna Nikitina. In her tale, an old man catches a crayfish in the sea and brings it home as his son. The crayfish wants to marry the princess and fulfills the king's suitor tasks. Later, the princess burns his shell and he vanishes; she goes after him and finds him with the help of some witches.	2.1875
72946691	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Crawfish%20%28Belarusian%20folktale%29	Prince Crawfish (Belarusian folktale)	In a Ukrainian tale titled "Рак-неборак і його вірна жінка" ("The Poor Crawfish and his Faithful Wife"), an old couple have three daughters. One day, the old woman sends his elder daughter to fetch water from a well. The eldest daughter takes a bucket and fills it with water, but a crawfish grabs the bucket and stops the girl, and is only willing to let her go if she marries him. The girl refuses and the crawfish pushes her into the well. The same fate befalls the middle sister. The youngest daughters goes to the well and the crawfish stops her to propose. The youngest daughter accepts his proposal and the crustacean shows her the sisters, still alive. The girl returns home and tells her parents to prepare for a wedding with the crawfish. On the wedding day, the crawfish does not appear; instead, a handsome youth on a white horse and his retinue appear. The youth marries the girl and whispers at her ear he is the crawfish, but she has to wait for a year and three months for his curse to fade. They marry, and the youth assumes the crustacean shape. Near the end of the time of the curse, the human youth tells his wife to wake him up at night when she hears three whistles by the window. However, the girl is sound asleep and cannot wake him up. The next morning, the youth places the crawfish shell on himself, tells his wife to look for him, and dives into the water. The girl goes back to her mother and asks her to make provisions for the road. She departs and meets an old man on the road, who directs her to the Blue Mountains, where the Moon lives with his mother. The girl walks to the house of the Moon and asks the Moon and his mother where she can find her husband. The Moon does not know, and directs her to the house of the Wind, who might know something. The Wind knows where the crawfish is, and agrees to take the girl to the golden castle where he is being kept in crustacean shape inside a fence. The girl sees him and goes to embrace him, which turns him human forever	2.140625
72947243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgis%20Warner	Sturgis Warner	Theater directing In 1992 Warner directed his first play, a student production at American Academy of Dramatic Arts, America's oldest acting school. Over the next several years he directed nine more plays at the Academy, all as a freelancer. In 1998 Warner founded Twilight Theater Company, a 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to the production of new plays. Through Twilight, Warner produced and directed new plays by Michael John Garcés, Gordon Dahlquist, Saïd Sayrafiezadeh, Ted LoRusso, Daniel Macdonald and Najla Said. Said performed her one-woman play Palestine for ten weeks to sold-out audiences at New York Theater Workshop. Through readings, workshops, and retreats, Warner worked extensively developing new plays at The Lark Play Development Company (closed in 2021), New York Theater Workshop, where he is a "Usual Suspect" and elsewhere. As a freelancer, Warner directed productions of new plays at theaters in New York City and around the country. In 2013 Warner began to put his focus on acting once again. Margarett Perry took over as Artistic Director of Twilight Theater Company. Animation In 2010 Warner started to work with filmmaker/animator Signe Baumane on her first animated feature film Rocks In My Pockets (2014). He was her dramaturg on the script and directed her 85-minute voiceover. He helped build background sets for her animation and was the lighting designer when she photographed them. As the film neared completion he came on board as Co- Producer. Rocks In My Pockets premiered at Karlovy Vary International Film Festival and went on to screen at 130 other film festivals. Zeitgeist Films was the theatrical distributor in North America.	2
72947257	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt%20Kanner	Burt Kanner	Burt Kanner (born July 30, 1939) is an American former swimmer, math teacher, swimming coach, public address announcer, and author. He is best known for coaching the San Marino High School Swim Team for eighteen years from 1970-1982, and 1985-1991 where he led the team to 8 California State (California Interscholastic Federation) Championships and 12 League Championships. His teams had an overall record of 211-10-1, earning an exceptional .95 Winning Percentage. Education and early swimming Born in the Bronx, New York in 1939 to Julius Kanner and Celia Newman, Burt came to Southern California at an early age. He took up swimming early and won his first competitive swim race at the age of ten. Kanner attended Verdugo Hills High in Tujunga, California where he graduated in 1957. While at Verdugo, he received a Most Valuable Player Trophy for Swimming in 1956, and received the Varsity Award in June 1957 as a Senior. He later attended Occidental College in Los Angeles where he studied Mathematics, graduating in June 1961. He earned a Masters of Education from Cal State University Los Angeles in 1966. Captaining the Occidental Swim team from 1960–61, Kanner set school records in all freestyle swimming events during his four years of competition from 1957-61. He was named Athlete of the Year at Occidental in July 1961, setting meet and conference records of 2:22.7 in the 200-yard Butterfly and 2:09.2 in the 220-yard freestyle during a meet at CalTech. In 1961, he held the Southern California Interscholastic Athletic Conference (SCIAC) record for the 100-yard freestyle, at 51.3 seconds, a record which held for two years. Competitive swimmer	2.25
72947885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20S.%20Bentley	Daniel S. Bentley	Rev. Daniel S. Bentley (1850–1916), was an American minister, writer, and newspaper proprietor. He was the founder of the Pittsburgh-based, Afro-American Spokesman newspaper. Biography Daniel S. Bentley was born in 1850 in Madison County, Kentucky. As a teenager he attended Berea College. He was baptized Christian by John Gregg Fee, the founder of Berea College; and by 1869, he started preaching in Danville, Kentucky. He continued his education at Danville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. For 14 years he led churches in Louisville and Frankfort. From 1884 to 1887, Bentley worked in Indiana; followed by a move to Pittsburgh to led the Bethel A.M.E. Church on Wylie Avenue. He founded the Afro-American Spokesman newspaper in Pittsburgh, for which he also wrote articles. Rev. George W. Clinton (1859–1922) had served as the newspaper editor. Bentley was also the president of the Spokesman Stock Company, which owned his newspaper. He was profiled in the book, The Afro-American Press and Its Editors (1891). He authored the short book, Brief Religious Reflections (1900). He received a PhD in divinity studies at Livingstone College. Bentley died on November 12, 1916, in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, while he was on the pulpit at the St. Paul A.M.E. Church.	2.390625
72948145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoaminergic%20activity%20enhancer	Monoaminergic activity enhancer	Monoaminergic activity enhancers (MAE), also known as catecholaminergic/serotonergic activity enhancers (CAE/SAE), are a class of drugs that enhance the action potential-evoked release of monoamine neurotransmitters in the nervous system. MAEs are distinct from monoamine releasing agents (MRAs) like amphetamine and fenfluramine in that they do not induce the release of monoamines from synaptic vesicles but rather potentiate only nerve impulse propagation-mediated monoamine release. That is, MAEs increase the amounts of monoamine neurotransmitters released by neurons per electrical impulse. MAEs have been shown to significantly enhance nerve impulse-mediated dopamine release in the striatum, substantia nigra, and olfactory tubercle; norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus; and/or serotonin release from the raphe nucleus in rodent studies. Some MAEs are selective for effects on some of these neurotransmitters but not on others. The maximal impacts of MAEs on brain monoamine levels are more modest than with monoamine releasing agents like amphetamine and monoamine reuptake inhibitors like methylphenidate. MAEs have a peculiar and characteristic bimodal concentration–response relationship, with two bell-shaped curves of MAE activity across tested concentration ranges. Hence, there is a restricted concentration range for optimal pharmacodynamic activity. Endogenous MAEs include certain trace amines like β-phenylethylamine and tryptamine, while synthetic MAEs include certain phenethylamine and tryptamine derivatives like selegiline, phenylpropylaminopentane (PPAP), benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP), and indolylpropylaminopentane (IPAP). Although this was originally not known, the actions of MAEs may be mediated by agonism of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Antagonists of MAEs, like EPPTB (a known TAAR1 antagonist), 3-F-BPAP, and rasagiline, have been identified.	2.078125
72948145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoaminergic%20activity%20enhancer	Monoaminergic activity enhancer	Rodent studies have found that exogenous MAEs like selegiline and BPAP augment brain monoamine release, slow monoaminergic neurodegeneration, and help to preserve behavioral activity with age. As an example, selegiline has been found to augment sexual performance and delay its age-related decline in rodents. It has been proposed that exogenous MAEs like selegiline might be able to modestly slow the age-related decay of brain monoamine release in humans, although such hypotheses have yet to be tested. Medical use Selegiline is currently the only MAE without concomitant potent monoamine releasing agent actions that is available for medical use. It is also a selective MAO-B inhibitor and is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and depression. According to József Knoll, one of the original developers of selegiline, the CAE effects of selegiline may be more important than MAO-B inhibition in terms of its effectiveness for Parkinson's disease. This is consistent with clinical findings that selegiline may be more effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease than rasagiline. Selective MAEs have been proposed for potential medical use in the treatment of a variety of conditions. These include psychiatric disorders like depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. There has also been theoretical interest in MAEs as potential antiaging agents that might help to oppose age-related catecholaminergic neurodegeneration and prolong lifespan, though such ideas have not been tested. Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane (BPAP) in particular has been proposed for potential clinical development. However, no other MAEs besides selegiline have been developed for medical use as of present. Amphetamine, methamphetamine, and likely other substituted amphetamines are MAEs, but their MAE effects are overshadowed and complicated by their concomitant potent monoamine releasing agent activities.	2.046875
72948640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurutzi%20Arregi	Gurutzi Arregi	Gurutzi Arregi Azpeitia [guˈɾu.ts̻i aˈʁe.gi as̻.peiˈti.a] (12 November 1936 - 6 May 2020) was a Spanish-Basque ethnographer. She was the director of the Ethnographic Research Group , which systematically collects ethnographic materials of the Basque Country. She was a co-founder and also worked in the . Arregi coordinated the Ethnographic Atlas of the Basque Country. Early life and education Gurutzi Arregi Azpeitia was born in Lemoa, Biscay, on 12 November 1936. Her father was Daniel Arregi from Lemoa and his mother was Arantzazu Azpeitia from Areatza. Gurutzi was the oldest of six siblings. Due to the Spanish Civil War, the family had to leave Lemoa. After living in Enkarterri and Deusto, the family arrived in Durango when Gurutzi was about four years old, remaining there until she moved to the Orue residence in Euba. Arregi graduated in Political Science and Sociology at the University of Deusto. At the same university, she received her doctorate with the thesis, (Function of the hermitage in the traditional neighborhood of Bizkaia). Career From 1972 to 1985, she worked with the Basque priest and anthropologist Jose Migel Barandiaran, founder of Etniker-Bizkaia which, since 1973, has been systematically collecting ethnographic materials from the Basque Country. Arregi coordinated the Ethnographic Atlas of the Basque Country with the help of the governments of the Basque Autonomous Community and the Autonomous Community of Navarre5. Within this project, volumes have been published on, Alimentación Doméstica (domestic food) (1991), Juegos Infantiles (children's games) (1993), Ritos Funerarios (funeral rites) (1995), Ritos del Nacimiento al Matrimonio (rites from birth to marriage) (1997), Ganadería y Pastoreo en Vasconia (livestock and pastoralism in Vasconia) (2000) and Medicina Popular (popular medicine) (2004), among others.	2.03125
72948640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurutzi%20Arregi	Gurutzi Arregi	Arregi taught courses on Cultural Anthropology at the Eskoriatza Teacher Training School (now Mondragon University) from 1982 to 1984. She was director of the Ethnography Department of the Labayru Institute of Bilbao and a member of the board of trustees that manages the Museum of Archaeology, Ethnography and History of Bilbao from 1981 to 1989. She was deputy secretary of Basque Studies Society (1979-1984), president of the Anthropology-Ethnography Department (1979-1986), and secretary-manager (1982-1990). She published Inmemoriam de nuestro maestro don José Miguel de Barandiarán, a tribute, on the occasion of his death in 1991. Arregi was a councilor in Durango's first post-Frankist council. She was also the promoter of the . She was one of the first members of the , and served as secretary in the organization. She also participated in several other cultural movements, such as the creation of the Kurutziaga school in Durango. Death and legacy Gurutzi Arregi Azpeitia died on 6 May 2020. In October 2020, the City Council of Durango started the procedure to name Arregi as an "adopted daughter", in response to a request made by about ten people from Durango. All the councilors who made up the municipal council unanimously decided to start the nomination process. On 12 November 2020, the anniversary of Arregi's birth, the Durango city council named her "adopted daughter", unanimously, and gave her a tribute ceremony at the (San Agustin cultural center). Awards and honours In October 2015, Arregi was awarded the "Carmelo Etxenagusia Honorable Mention" and medal "Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice" by the Patrimonio Artístico of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bilbao, "mainly due to her work in the compilation and recovery of the material and immaterial heritage and the diffusion of the artistic and cultural heritage of the Diocese of Bilbao". Selected works	2.4375
72949292	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20%22Sis%20Doc%22%20Richardson	Charles "Sis Doc" Richardson	Richardson served as Worthy Grand Procurator (National Vice President) of Kappa Sigma from 1898 to 1906. During that time, he installed chapters at William Jewell College, the University of Missouri, the Missouri School of Mines (now Missouri University of Science and Technology), Washington University in St. Louis, Baker University, and the University of Oklahoma. Richardson was the longest-serving Worthy Grand Procurator in the fraternity's history. In 1921, Richardson was one of three trustees who oversaw the purchase of the fraternity's first chapter house at the University of Arkansas. Chi Omega Fraternity In 1895, four female Arkansas Industrial University students asked Richardson for his assistance in starting a fraternity for women. With Richard's assistance, Psi chapter of Chi Omega was founded April 4, 1895, by Ina Mae Boles, Jean Vincenheller, Jobelle Holcombe, and Alice Cary Simonds. Richardson drafted the ritual, constitution, and by-laws of Chi Omega. He also fabricated the Chi Omega badge from dental gold. For his help, the women's fraternity made Richardson its only honorary member. He was affectionately known as "Sis Doc" by Chi Omega members. Richardson regularly met with members of Chi Omega and attended many of their national conventions. He was also a regular contributor to the fraternity's national magazine, The Eleusis. Other fraternities Richardson was also instrumental in the formation of the second and third men's fraternities at the University of Arkansas, the Alpha Upsilon chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon in 1894 and the Alpha Omicron chapter of Kappa Alpha Order in 1895. Personal life Richardson was a member of the Masonic order, along with the Rotary Club, and the Elks. He was also a bank director and an officer in the Chamber of Commerce. He was also the first person in Fayetteville to purchase an automobile, often taking the Chi Omega sisters for rides in his 1908 Ford Model N Runabout. He never married and did not have any children.	2.453125
72949295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Owl%27s%20Legacy	The Owl's Legacy	The Owl's Legacy () is a 1989 French documentary television series created by Chris Marker. Over 13 episodes, each 26 minutes long, it examines the relationship between the modern world and ancient Greece. It consists of discussions with scholars, politicians and cultural figures. The series was filmed in 1987 and 1988 and first shown on La Sept in 1989. Due to a negative reaction from the Greek financial backer, The Owl's Legacy was blocked from distribution for many years. It was eventually released on home media in 2018. Critics have praised the series as entertaining and stimulating. Episodes The 13 episodes are 26 minutes long and were written and directed by Chris Marker. They are built around interviews and discussions with historians, philosophers, politicians and people from the cultural sphere, interspersed with archive footage, film extracts and exterior shots. People who appear throughout the episodes include Jean-Pierre Vernant, Oswyn Murray, , Cornelius Castoriadis, George Steiner, Iannis Xenakis, Michel Serres, Theo Angelopoulos, Angélique Ionatos, Elia Kazan, Vassilis Vassilikos, Michel Jobert and Atsuhiko Yoshida. Each episode title consists of a Greek word followed by a phrase sometimes intended to be provocative. Production The initiative to The Owl's Legacy was taken by the producer Thierry Garrel in 1987 and the idea originally came from the screenwriter Jean-Claude Carrière. The series was produced by the then new French television channel La Sept with financial support from the Alexander S. Onassis Foundation in Greece. Filming took place in 1987 and 1988 in France, Greece, the United States, Georgia, Japan and Cape Verde. The format was inspired by the ancient Greek symposium, a banquet that included discussions over wine. Four meetings modelled after the symposium were held, one each in Athens, Paris, Berkeley and Tbilisi.	2.03125
72949403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937%20Nobel%20Prize%20in%20Literature	1937 Nobel Prize in Literature	The 1937 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the French author Roger Martin du Gard (1881–1958) "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault". Laureate Roger Martin du Gard was awarded for the then seven-part (a final eight part was later published) novel cycle Les Thibault (1922-1940), that chronicles a family of the bourgeoisie from the turn of the 19th century to World War I. His other work includes the novel Jean Barois (1913) that deals with the conflict between the Roman catholic faith of his childhood and the scientific materialism of his maturity and the impact of the Dreyfus affair on the protagonist, sketches of French country life in Vielle France ("Old France", 1933), a study of the author and his friend André Gide (Notes sur André Gide, 1951), and dramas. Les Thibault The multi-volume roman-fleuve Les Thibault influenced the Nobel Committee in awarding Du Gard the 1937 Nobel Prize in Literature. It follows intricately the fortunes of two brothers, Antoine and Jacques Thibault, from their upbringing in a prosperous Catholic bourgeois family to the end of the First World War. The novel was admired by authors like André Gide, Albert Camus, Clifton Fadiman, and Georg Lukacs. In contrast, Mary McCarthy called it "a work whose learned obtuseness is, so far as I know, unequaled in fiction." Deliberations	2.71875
72949854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Euungulata	Pan-Euungulata	Pan-Euungulata (literally: "all true ungulates"; also known as: Euungulata [sensu lato]) is a clade of placental mammals from grandorder Ferungulata, consisting of the taxon Euungulata [sensu stricto] and all taxa (species) more closely related to it than to any other living species. The specification of the above-mentioned taxa related to Euungulata s.s. varies from author to author and changes over time. The extinct family Protungulatidae is a typical representative of such taxa. Some (usually older) texts use the conceptually similar clade Ungulata in the broadest sense (and/or the clade Ungulatomorpha, which is Ungulata in the broadest sense plus Zhelestidae). This clade differs from Pan-Euungulata in that it also includes the taxon Paenungulata (i.e. for example Proboscidea, Sirenia and Hyracoidea) and sometimes also the taxa Tubulidentata and Dinocerata (and in the case of Ungulatomorpha also the taxon Zhelestidae). Classification and phylogeny Classification Clade: Pan-Euungulata Family: †Protungulatidae possibly other extinct taxa Mirorder: Euungulata (true ungulates) Clade: Pan-Perissodactyla Clade: Paraxonia	2.40625
72950149	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost%20Arles%20sketchbook	Lost Arles sketchbook	Refutation of Ginoux narrative The Van Gogh Museum said that the purported survival of the sketchbook was "highly improbable" and that the "drawing style of the maker of the drawings in the lost Arles sketchbook is, in the opinion of our experts, monotonous, clumsy and spiritless". The ink used in the drawings is brown while Van Gogh typically used black or purple ink according to the museum. Meedendorp said that discrepancies were apparent from the dates recorded in the notebook of the cafe. On 20 May 1890 Van Gogh's doctor brought a large book of drawings to the cafe, detailed in the notebook as "Monsieur Doctor Rey left for M. and Mme. Ginoux from the painter Van Goghe [sic] some empty olive boxes and a bundle of checked towels as well as a large book of drawings and apologizes for the delay". In 2013 the museum had been shown pictures of the notebook that referenced 19 June 1890, yet the book The Lost Arles Sketchbook of 2016 included a reference to 10 June 1890. The museum said "We would very much like to know how this is possible ... How reliable is the notebook if exactly the same statement can be found on two different dates?". The publisher of the Lost Arles Sketchbook, Editions du Seuil, said they had " ... not changed our minds and are very happy that from now on everybody can make their own opinion after seeing the drawings and reading the analysis". Bailie said that the Van Gogh Museum had acted unethically and that "You would expect experts to act scientifically but they have never had these photos in their hands except for 50 minutes ... Unfortunately their arguments do not have a lot of density. They are safeguarding their perimeter".	1.953125
72950386	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita%20Egardt	Brita Egardt	Brita Sigrid Anna Lovisa Egardt (née Mellander; 1916–1990) was a Swedish ethnologist and folklorist who undertook research into folk beliefs and customs. Attached to the Folklife Archive () at Lund University, from 1967 to 1973 she was docent of Nordic and comparative folklore research (Nordisk och jämförande folklivsforskning) and thereafter docent of ethnology research specializing in folk customs. In addition to her highly rated 1962 thesis Hästslakt och rackarskam (The slaughter of horses and the shame of the slaughterers), she was a co-editor of Schwedische Volkskunde. Quellen. Forschung. Ergebnisse (1961) and contributed articles on folklore to various journals. Early life, education and family Born in Trelleborg on 7 August 1916, Brita Sigrid Anna Lovisa Mellander was the daughter of the postmaster Arvid Gottfrid Mellander and his wife Augusta Matilda (Mattis) née Johnsson. She was the family's second child. After matriculating from Malmö's high school for girls in 1936, she studied Nordic studies, history of religion and folklore, graduating in 1941. In 1941, she married the banker Otto Egardt with whom she had two children, Eva-Mia and Peter. In 1962, she was awarded a doctorate on the basis of her thesis on the slaughter of horses. Career After working as an assistant (amanuens) at Lund University's historical museum, in 1952 she was promoted to principal assistant and in 1964 to archivist. From 1967 to 1973, she was docent for Nordic and folklore studies and thereafter for ethnology.	2.15625
72950407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every%20Animal	Every Animal	In December 2021, they published the first children's book about veganism in Ukrainian called "Hands, paws, or hooves" (Ukrainian: “Руки, лапи чи копита”). With the support of the Supreme Master Ching Hai organization, four thousand copies of the book were distributed to immigrant children in Poland, as well as to children in Bucha, Kyiv Oblast, where Every Animal organized a charity event in September 2022. The book is also distributed in some Ukrainian children libraries. With the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, they actively support vegans that serve in the Armed Forces of Ukraine by sending them vegan food. They created the Vegan Kitchen of Ukraine project, which provides free vegan meals to forcibly displaced people, volunteers, and servicemen of the Territorial Defense Forces. As of February 2023, more than 62,000 free vegan lunches were distributed and 760 parcels were sent to vegans in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In the fall of 2022, a lecture on veganism and sports was held, as well as two charity festivals “Vegan Weekend” in Kyiv. At events, the organization raised funds to support the Armed Forces of Ukraine.	2.265625
72951969	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian%20Skinker%20Malone	Lillian Skinker Malone	Lillian R. Skinker Malone (April 24, 1891 – July 22, 1992) was an American educator based in Washington, D.C. Early life and education Lillian Rose Skinker was born in Caroline County, Virginia, and raised in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Beckley Merriman Skinker and Rose (or Rosa) Allen Skinker. Her father was white, and her mother was Black. She had two brothers, Edward and Stanley, and three sisters, Ethel, Stella, and Laura. She attended M Street High School and trained as a teacher at Miner Normal School. In 1919 she completed a bachelor's degree in education at Howard University; she earned a law degree at Howard's law school in 1922. She earned a master's degree from Howard in 1934, with a thesis titled "A study of the rate of adjustment in migrant students to the elementary schools of the District of Columbia at the several grade levels as measured by scores made on standardized reading tests" (1934). Sorority activities She was a member of the Alpha chapter of Delta Sigma Theta, and in 1918 helped establish the Gamma chapter at the University of Pennsylvania, with Sadie Tanner Mossell, Virginia Alexander, and Pauline Young among its first members. She also helped to organize Epsilon Sigma Iota, a sorority for Black women in the legal profession. In 1946, her daughter was accepted as a pledge in the Alpha Xi Delta sorority at the University of Vermont; because she was Black, the sorority chapter was put in probation, with the explanation that "we have so many Southern chapters, you know." Career As a young woman, Skinker was known in Washington as an athlete in multiple sports; she swam competitively, played on a YWCA basketball team, and was the Black women's tennis champion in the city. She was a teacher and a principal at several schools in the city, including Reno, Smothers Elementary, and Stevens. In 1927, she and two other teachers resigned when they were charged with violating the district's maternity leave rule. She was principal of Stevens Elementary School from 1935 to 1953.	2.25
72952138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunchback%20%28gene%29	Hunchback (gene)	Hunchback is a maternal effect and zygotic gene expressed in the embryos of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In maternal effect genes, the RNA or protein from the mother’s gene is deposited into the oocyte or embryo before the embryo can express its own zygotic genes. Hunchback is a morphogen, meaning the concentration gradient of Hunchback at a specific region determines the segment or body part it develops into. This is possible because Hunchback is a transcription factor protein that binds to genes’ regulatory regions, changing RNA expression levels. Hunchback expression pathway Maternal Hunchback RNA enters the embryo at the syncytial blastoderm stage, where the entire embryo has undergone many nuclear divisions but has one communal cytoplasm, allowing for RNA to disperse freely throughout the embryo. This allows the maternal effect genes Hunchback, Bicoid, Nanos, and Caudal to regulate zygotic genes to create different identities for different regions of the body. The first step is establishing the anterior and posterior regions, which later give rise to the respective head and abdomen. In the syncytial blastoderm, Bicoid and Nanos RNA bind to protein ropes involved in cellular locomotion and intracellular transport called microtubules that ferry the RNA to the anterior and posterior regions, respectively. Hunchback does not bind to microtubules and therefore diffuses uniformly throughout the embryo. However, Nanos represses the translation of the Hunchback protein. Since Nanos is ferried to the posterior pole, maternal Hunchback is expressed predominantly in the anterior pole.	3.03125
72953248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritxell%20Huch	Meritxell Huch	Meritxell Huch (Barcelona, 1978) is a stem cell biologist and director at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics. Her research considers tissue regeneration and the development of tissue-specific disease models for human organs. She was awarded a European Research Council Consolidator Grant in 2023. Early life and education After college Huch decided she wanted to work in science because of a desire to understand how aspirin works. Huch was an undergraduate student at the University of Barcelona, where she studied pharmaceutical sciences. She remained there for her graduate studies, earning a Master in 2003 and doctorate in 2007. She completed her PhD research in the Centre for Genomic Regulation, where she worked alongside Cristina Fillat. After completing her doctoral research she spent a year as a postdoctoral fellow before moring to the Hubrecht Institute on a Marie Curie Fellowship. In Utrecht she worked in the laboratory of Hans Clevers, where she isolated the stem cells responsible for the turnover of the adult stomach. Research and career Huch was appointed a Sir Henry Dale Research Fellow at the Gurdon Institute at the University of Cambridge. She held a joint position with The Wellcome Trust and the Department of Physiology. After five years in Cambridge, Huch joined the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics as one of the first members of the Lise Meitner Excellence Program. She was appointed to the board of directors in 2022.	2.375
72953461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Gropman	Andrea Gropman	Andrea L. Gropman (née Saperstein) is an American pediatric neurologist specializing in neurodevelopmental disabilities and neurogenetics. She is a professor of pediatrics and neurology at the George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences. Gropman is chief of neurogenetics and neurodevelopmental pediatrics and an attending neurologist at Children's National Hospital. Life Saperstein's mother is a teacher and her father is a journalist. Her little brother, David Saperstein, also became a neurologist. They attended high school in New England. Gropman earned a B.A. in biology and biochemistry from Brandeis University in 1985. She completed a M.D. at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School in 1992. Gropman was a pediatric resident at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1992 to 1994. She completed a fellowship in neurology at the Children's National Hospital from 1997 to 2000. She conducted postdoctoral research in genetics and biochemical genetics at the National Human Genome Research Institute from 1997 to 2000. Gropman is a professor of pediatrics and neurology at the George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences. She is chief of neurogenetics and neurodevelopmental pediatrics and an attending neurologist at Children's National Hospital. Gropman specializes in neurogenetics with a focus on mitochondrial disorders and Smith–Magenis syndrome.	2.015625
72953886	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%20and%20Lesbian%20Teachers%20and%20Students%20Association	Gay and Lesbian Teachers and Students Association	On 27 January 2023, the ALRC released its consultation paper, Religious Educational Institutions and Anti-Discrimination Laws, in which the Australian government declared commitment to reforming federal anti-discrimination laws to ensure religious educational institutions no longer "discriminate against a student or member of staff on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, marital or relationship status or pregnancy". The proposed reform did not otherwise limit the right of religious institutions to give good-faith preference to persons of the same religion as the educational institution in the selection of staff. In light of the large volume of submissions received, amended Terms of Reference were promulgated 20 April 2023, and the report was released 14 December 2023. It was tabled in Parliament 21 March 2024. In December 2023, Saint Ursula's College, Kingsgrove ended its ban on same-sex partners for LGBT+ students attending the school formal after a Change.org petition launched by a student against its "discriminatory policy" had reached 4,900 signatures. Federal education minister, Jason Clare, had urged the Catholic school to rethink the ban and "show a little bit of common sense", saying "It's 2023. You should be able to take whoever you want to the Year 12 farewell." In the same month, Pope Francis announced that priests would be allowed to bless same-sex couples, a move that appeared to depart radically from the Church's erstwhile denial of its core sacraments to LGBT+ communicants if they were not celibate, and longstanding refusal to bless same-sex unions. Despite these advances, in March 2024, Equality Australia published a scathing 155-page report 'Dismissed, Denied and Demeaned: A national report on LGBTQ+ discrimination in faith-based schools and organisations' in which it claimed anti-LGBT discrimination was still rife in faith institutions:	1.914063

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