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78759132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden%20Gemeinn%C3%BCtzige%20Obstbau-Siedlung	Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung	Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung is a cooperative in Oranienburg north of Berlin. It was founded in 1893 as the first vegetarian intentional community in Germany. History The founding document of Eden was signed on May 28 1893 by 18 Lebensreformers with commercial leadership from Bruno Wilhelmi at the Ceres Inn in Berlin. The cooperative was inspired by Gustav Struve and Eduard Baltzer. It can be seen in the context of rapid population growth, urbanization and subsequent land reform in Germany in the late 19th century. At the time, hundreds of ideologically motivated settlements were created, sometimes with cooperative funding and other times through government programmes. In its first incarnation, the project covered 40 ha with 80 gardens which were lent out to settlers. Until 1900 the settlement counted 15,000 fruit trees, 50,000 berry bushes, 3,000 hazelnut bushes, 200,000 strawberry plants and 20,000 rhubarb forbs. The settlement also included a school, hospitality businesses, a copy shop and collective fruit processing. Gustav Lilienthal became a prominent inventor of buildings in Eden. Products such as organic produce, marmelade and meat-alternatives were distributed through Reformhauses. After financial difficulties in 1895, Wilhelmi abdicated as commercial leader. He would later go on to found another similar settlement . Under its new leader Hermann Krecke the focus shiftet from organic agriculture to social reform. Non-vegetarians were allowed to participte in the Settlement. Eden attracted further subgroups of the Lebensreform movement, such as Pedestrianism, Victorian dress reform and drug prohibition focused on alcohol and tobacco. Further financial and ideological support was offered from the sociologist Franz Oppenheimer who also supervised the settlement Bärenklau near Velten. Amongst Edens chairmen was the Lebensreformer Paul Schirrmeister. Freiwirtschaftler Silvio Gesell also lived in Eden temporarily.	2.109375
78759161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20National%20Council	Romanian National Council	The task of governing Transylvania at this time was beyond reach for the Romanian National Council. Previously, on 23 October, Rudolf Brandsch – the leader of the German National Council – stood up for the territorial integrity of the Hungarian state, and the Romanian politician Petru Mihalyi contested Vaida-Voevod's right to speak on behalf of all Romanians and argued for a cooperation between Hungarians and Romanians. Furthermore, the Hungarian National Council established the Transylvanian Committee branch based in Cluj/Kolozsvár, and much later, in November, a German-Saxon National Council was formed – mainly following the policies of the larger German National Council, and a Székely National Council which demanded territorial autonomy if the unity of Hungary could not be maintained. Nevertheless, the council – often referred to as Romanian National Central Council during this period to distinguish it from to the local Romanian National Councils – issued directives from 3 November onwards with the purpose of organizing the local councils and the national guards, and at the same time reaffirmed its independence from the Hungarian National Council. Total separation On 8 November, following the collapse of the Balkan Front, the Kingdom of Romania declared its intention to re-enter the war against Germany and decided the next day through the High Decree nr.3179 to mobilize its army. On the same day the Romanian National Council of Transylvania issued an ultimatum to the Hungarian government:	2.421875
78759171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futazuka%20Kofun%20%28Katsuragi%29	Futazuka Kofun (Katsuragi)	The existence of a stone burial chamber in the circular posterior mound has been known since ancient times, but an archaeological excavation in 1958 revealed that there were also burial chambers in the anterior portion and the western extension. The posterior burial chamber is 16.7 meters long including the passageway. The burial chamber proper is 6.73 meters long, 2.98 meters wide, and 4.1 meters high, and opens to the south. A drainage ditch has been built in the passageway. The passageway is made of piled-up natural stones. It is believed that a tuff sarcophagus was placed in the burial chamber, but it has been destroyed and details are unknown. Although the burial chamber has been open since ancient times, and excavations have unearthed gilt bronze flower-shaped seating brackets, horse equipment, iron weapons, farming tools, and beads. The anterior burial chamber is 9 meters long, including the passageway. The burial chamber proper is 3.9 meters long, 1.7 meters wide, and 1.9 meters high. Only the bottom part of the tuff composite sarcophagus remains. Horse equipment, farming tools, and gold and silver hollow beads have been excavated. The stone chamber in the western projection is a type also found in parts of the Korean peninsula. The chamber has a total length of 7.82 meters, while the burial chamber proper measuring 4.48 meters long, 1.35 meters wide, and 1.26 meters high. It is unusual in that the burial chamber is built one step lower (about 0.9 meters) than the antechamber. Excavations have unearthed amber beads, straight iron swords, iron knives, horse equipment, iron arrowheads, iron axes, iron sickles, iron spades, and a large amount of Sue ware. As this chamber had not been looted, a total of 118 grave goods were found packed tightly together, which led to the theory that this was a stone chamber for burying grave goods. However, as there was a space of about two meters between the artifacts, it is believed that a wooden coffin had once been placed there.	2.625
78759295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Bazaar%2C%20Shimla	Lower Bazaar, Shimla	Lower Bazaar is a market in Shimla city. It is just below the Middle Bazaar and Mall Road. The market is popular among locals. The market has diverse range of shops such as clothing, restaurants, etc. History The Lower Bazaar was settled by the Britishers for local Indians. The Britishers did not allowed Indians in Upper Bazaar (Mall Road), so that's why Lower Bazaar was made. It is below Upper Bazaar that's why its name is Lower Bazaar. Location and Transportation Lower Bazaar is located in city centre Shimla. The area is no vehicle zone, only Ambulances and Municipal Corporation vehicles are allowed here. It is just below the Mall Road. It is only reachable by foot from Mall Road, which is itself is no vehicle zone or from Old Bus Stand via Ram Bazaar by a steep walk of 15 minutes. Commodities The Bazaar has every necessary household items, also the market deals in jewellery, stationary, toys, etc. The market has a lot of restaurants and dhabas. It comprises endless streets merging into one another, with shops selling everything from wooden items, walking sticks, winter clothes, vegetables to electronics such as mobile phones, laptops, etc.	2.265625
78759497	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour%20de%20Villa%20castle	Tour de Villa castle	The Tour de Villa Castle (French: Tour de Ville), also long called the Tower of the Poor (French: Tour des Pauvres), is a private castle in the municipality of Gressan, Aosta Valley. It stands on a modest granite rock on the gentle slope that also hosts the village, west of the Côte de Gargantua, the lateral moraine of the Pila basin glacier at the end of the Gressan stream impluvium. It is a little-known medieval-era castle, partly because compared with other Aosta Valley castles, such as the regionally managed Fénis Castle or Issogne Castle, this one is less imposing though in excellent condition, and was until 2011 inhabited by its owners and not open to visitors. Already visible from the regional road of Gressan (SR 20), nestled among the apple orchards and vineyards that characterize the fertile municipal territory, it can be reached by taking the road to the hamlet of the same name; from it, the De la Plantaz Tower towards the valley and the Sainte-Marie-Magdeleine church, with its façade frescoed in 1453, towards the east are easily reached with a short walk. Architecture The castle, originally consisting only of the 12th-century square-based tower, was erected with tufa blocks and granite-schist ashlars. The absence of windows, creating a consequent absence of light, was made up for by the adoption of loopholes; the original door, raised on the north side and accessed by a double wooden escalator, is 7 meters higher than the one added in current times and is in the same style as the one in the nearby De la Plantaz Tower; above the door one can still notice the original brackets that supported the sleeper, that is, the horizontal wooden beam for distributing the load of the structure, on which a wooden bertesca rested, as can be guessed from the holes in the wall for the supports. The tower thus ends with a lead platform roof, a kind of belvedere over the plain. The tower was surrounded by a “short crenellated wall enclosure.”	2.34375
78759497	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour%20de%20Villa%20castle	Tour de Villa castle	Perhaps because of this, tradition has it that the lordship of Villa belonged to Gundulph de La Tour, who was also linked to Gressan by the tower of the same name. According to historiography, the La Tour de Villa bequeathed it to the Aymonier family and later passed to the Carrel family. It got its name Tour des Pauvres from its next owner, the parish of Saint Laurent of Aosta, which disposed of it in the poorhouse. After a period of decay, in 1864 it passed to Vincent Carlin, who in 1885 gave it to the bishop of Aosta Joseph-Auguste Duc, who restored it and turned it into his summer residence. The castle belonged to the bishopric of Aosta and in 1921 to Baron Gerbore of the noble family of Saint-Nicolas. Since 1945 it has been owned by the Arruga family of Milan, Italy. The castle, which until 2011 was private and not open to visitors, has been converted into an accommodation facility and hosts temporary exhibitions; in 2012, part of the events for the Culture Festival of the Municipality of Gressan were held there.	1.984375
78759674	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica%20of%20Saints%20Felix%20and%20Fortunatus	Basilica of Saints Felix and Fortunatus	Interior The austere interior has three naves divided by nine arches alternately supported by columns and pillars: light enters through the oculus of the façade and the small side windows, creating shadow effects between the naves. The decoration is almost absent: a few side altars and the remains of a mosaic in the center remain. It is not easy to distinguish how much of the appearance is due to the original basilica and how much to the restorations of the 1930s, in which ancient materials were used as much as possible. The crypt – built “ad oratorio” with three naves with rib vaults, accessed by two staircases on either side of the front – can be dated with certainty to the second half of the 12th century. In the thickness of the wall are three niches, in which there are splayed monoforas. Mosaics The floor mosaic from the 4th century – belonging to the early church – is one of the most remarkable aspects of the basilica. In the course of time, it was covered by two other layers from later periods, which were not mosaics. As a whole, it appears disordered and fragmentary, consisting of several votive panels with different designs, juxtaposed or overlapping, with the names of the donors, wealthy citizens, appearing at the edges. The most noble, organic and well-preserved slab is located in front of the entrance and in axis with the hall. It is a square with a composite clipeus in the center, surrounded by a double coil and the inscription Felix cum Toribius et Immola, probably the names of the people of senatorial rank who commissioned it. Other ex-voto slabs include those of Leontius et Mariniana, Carpi et Penetia, Splendonius et Justina, and others.	2.3125
78759708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20Mile	Flying Mile	Flying Mile is a women's World Cup technical ski course in Mont-Tremblant town in Quebec, Canada, first held in 1983. The course is part of Mont Tremblant Ski Resort, located at Flying Mile Peak. The course profile is straight with average incline at 28% and starts from 565 meters above sea level and 1200 m long, reaches a difference in altitude of 230, up to 335 meters of the town centre. It is characterized by a persistent low slope along its entire length, but is dotted with the presence of various changes in slope and bumps. The initial flat part leads to a short wall (steepest part) which ends in a very undulating section which continues up to a few tens of meters from the finish line, located at the end of a short wall. History In 1983 season first ever World Cup events were organised, with women's downhill and giant slalom. Canadian skier Laurie Graham won the downhill and French skier Anne Flore Rey. In 1994 new chairlift, with the same name as this course, was built along the slope and mountain. In 2023/24 season World Cup events returned after 40 years break with two women's giant slaloms. In 2024/25 season, two planned women's World Cup giant slaloms were cancelled due to lack of snow. World Cup Women	1.984375
78760041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Fadeyev%20%28artist%29	Alexander Fadeyev (artist)	Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeyev (Russian: Александр Александрович Фадеев; born 1811 in Tallinn, Russian Empire (present-day Estonia) - died 16 November 1889) was a Russian heraldic artist. Life Fadeyev graduated from the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg in 1848. He cooperated for several years with the heraldic artist Bernhard Karl von Koehne. Together they designed decorations for the coronation ceremony of Emperor Alexander II of Russia in 1856 as well as the so-called great coat of arms of the Russian Empire which was officially taken into use in 1857. Fadeyev himself designed the so-called lesser coat of arms in the centre of the great coat of arms, which was accepted in 1856. The great coat of arms remained in use practically unchanged until 1917. In 1857 Fadeyev was appointed director of the coat of arms office of the heraldic department of the Governing Senate, where he remained for over 30 years. Fadeyev also designed the coats of arms for the members of the Russian imperial family as well as the coats of arms for hundreds of Russian noble families. He was awarded the title of collegial reistrator in 1861 and the title of collegial accessor in 1875. Fadeyev designed the first banknotes and coins of the Finnish markka for the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1860 to 1862.	2.4375
78760306	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20Division%20of%20Consolidated%20Laboratories	Virginia Division of Consolidated Laboratories	Virginia Division of Consolidated Laboratories (DCLS) is a public health agency located in Richmond, Virginia. The organization performs clinical (human) testing on infectious disease agents of public health significance. DCLS is also responsible for certifying and accrediting commercial and non-commercial laboratories to ensure regulations are met. In addition to clinical testing, DCLS also conducts environmental testing to safeguard public health. In 2014, the agency established the Virginia Biomonitoring Program to increase the commonwealth's capacity to assess environmental exposures in Virginians. The agency is currently led by Dr. Denise Toney. History DCLS was formed in 1972 from the consolidation of several Virginia agencies responsible for laboratory testing. In 2003, the Virginia DCLS opened a BSL-4 lab designated for research and testing involving hazardous microorganisms of the highest biocontainment level, such as Bacillus anthracis. The $63 million, 194,5000 square-foot facility also contains a BSL-3 lab and training space.	2.140625
78760751	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarthonis	Diarthonis	While the generic name Diarthonis was established using a rejected name (A. lurida) as its type, the nomenclatural rules permits the use of generic names in such cases. This allowed for the formal transfer of A. spadicea to Diarthonis as D. spadicea (Leight.) Frisch, Ertz, Coppins & P.F. Cannon in 2020. DNA analysis has suggested that Arthothelium norvegicum may also belong in Diarthonis, though further research is needed to confirm this relationship due to long phylogenetic branch lengths. Description Diarthonis is characterised by its thin, greyish to grey-green body (thallus) that typically grows beneath the surface of tree bark, though occasionally appears on the surface. Its most distinctive features are the small, rounded reproductive structures (apothecia) that resemble drops of tar on the bark. These apothecia are reddish-brown to nearly black, often with a slight shine, and measure between 0.2 and 1.5 mm across. When viewed under a microscope, the apothecia show a uniform orange-brown colour that turns dull purple when treated with potassium hydroxide solution (K). The spores produced in these structures are colourless, divided into two cells by a single wall (septum), and roughly slipper-shaped, measuring 7–11 by 3–4 μm. The genus also produces smaller reproductive structures called pycnidia, which are brown with orange to reddish-brown walls that also turn pale purple with potassium hydroxide. These contain tiny, rod-shaped to narrowly elliptical spores (conidia). Chemical analysis has not detected any lichen products in the species. Habitat, distribution, and ecology	2.328125
78760838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene%20Royse	Irene Royse	Irene Olive Mary Royse (née Stretton) (27 September 1921 – 12 November 2018) was a British athlete, who specialised in the sprint disciplines and was selected for the 1948 Summer Olympics and was two-times British champion. Career Stretton born in Aston, Birmingham, first came to prominence in 1937 after winning the National Schools championship over 100 yards, where she represented Palatine School of Blackpool. She joined the Bolton United Harriers and Athletic Club and won the 1939 Northern Counties Women's Amateur Athletic Association Championship. Stretton married in 1941 and became Irene Royse and won two consecutive 60 metres titles at the prestigious WAAA Championships. Royse placed on the podium in both the 100 metres and 200 metres at the 1945 WAAA Championships. The following year she won her first AAA title at the 1946 WAAA Championships over the 60 metres. After representing Britain in the Women's European Championship meeting at Strasbourg in 1947, she successfully retained her 60 metres title at the 1947 WAAA Championships. Royse was selected for the British team for the 1948 Olympic Games but failed to make an appearance in the sprint events at the London Games.	2.203125
78760866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicksville%20Escalator%20District	Hicksville Escalator District	The Hicksville Escalator District was a controversial special district in the Town of Oyster Bay, in Nassau County, New York, United States. Its purpose was to operate and maintain two escalators at the Long Island Rail Road's Hicksville station in Hicksville. Throughout the district's existence, it was the subject of bipartisan criticism by both taxpayers and government officials, who cited the district's inefficiencies, taxpayer cost burdens, and maintenance issues, amongst other things. History The Hicksville Escalator District was established on September 15, 1964, as a result of the reconstruction of the Hicksville station; the station, which had previously been at-grade, was raised onto an elevated structure through a grade crossing elimination project executed by the New York Public Service Commission. The district was created by the Town of Oyster Bay in order to pay for & maintain the rebuilt station's two escalators between the street and the platforms. The escalators went into service in 1966. Not long after the establishment of the district and the installation of the escalators, issues over costs & maintenance arose. Disputes between the town and the Metropolitan Transportation Authority hindered the district's ability to adequately maintain the escalators, which were subjected to frequent, chronic breakdowns and were poorly shielded from the elements. In an attempt to mitigate weather-related breakdowns, the escalators were enclosed by the town in 1969 to shield them from the elements, but chronic breakdowns and other issues persisted.	2.09375
78760974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20of%20Music%20of%20Cincinnati	College of Music of Cincinnati	Academics The College of Music of Cincinnati had both an academic department and a general school of music. It taught beginners and experienced musicians. The college offered a Bachelor of Music and a Master of Music. In 1925, some of its departments were boys choir, double base, dramatic art and expression, harmony and counterpoint, modern languages, opera, organ, pianoforte, voice, viola, violin, violincello, theory and composition, and public school music. Later, it had a radio and television department. The college also included the Albino Gorno Memorial Library, dedicated on May 31, 1949. Student life The College of Music had several fraternities. The first was Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, a social fraternity for men with a special interest in music, which opened a chapter in 1903. A chapter of the music women's fraternity Sigma Alpha Iota was established there in 1915. A chapter of Delta Omicron, a co-ed professional music honors fraternity, was chartered at the College of Music in 1918. That was followed by a chapter of the music sorority Mu Phi Epsilon in 1923. Phi Beta, a professional fraternity for the creative and performing arts, had a chapter starting in 1933. There were also student groups like the Three Arts Club. Notable people Alumni	2.46875
78761159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon%20of%20Musical%20Invective	Lexicon of Musical Invective	Slonimsky, a staunch defender of Jewish composers such as Schönberg, Milhaud, and Bloch, was particularly sensitive to the hypocritical attacks leveled against him. He had previously been a target of Nazi German press and ridiculed by musicians such as Serge Koussevitzky, who failed to recognize that Slonimsky was just as Russian-Jewish as Koussevitzky himself. An illustration of Slonimsky's Jewish humor can be found in the Lexicon, specifically in an article about Wagner, which makes the following reference to Hitler: "Hitler (in a pejorative sense)." Despite a favorable disposition toward a foreign composer, a critic may nevertheless find the composer's work, the composer's person, and even the composer's name to be a source of amusement. On October 27, 1897, a critic from the Musical Courier of New York playfully remarked, "Rimski-Korsakov — now there's a name! It evokes fierce mustaches soaked in vodka!" The irreconcilable opponent The National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party, took the process of incorporating new music with opposition to their political theories to an extreme degree. In 1938, the Party organized a concert of "degenerate music." However, music critics had already paved the way for this association. Nicolas Slonimsky highlights the term Degenerate Music at the beginning of an anonymous editorial from Musical Courier on September 13, 1899. The Lexicon provides several examples where music and political threats are closely linked: One year after the publication of the Lexicon, an audience member continued to refer to Edgard Varèse as the "Dominici of music" in reference to the tumultuous premiere of Déserts at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées on December 2, 1954.	2.125
78761328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%206%20%28Chile%29	Canal 6 (Chile)	In April 1973, the written press reported that the launch of "Teleonce" was planned for the following month, a new channel of the University of Chile that would broadcast on frequency 11 to replace Channel 9, which was still in use. In response to this, the Superintendency of Electrical, Gas and Telecommunications Services (Segtel) denounced that the airing of Channel 11 would be illegal, and on April 6, it authorized experimental transmissions for six months of a channel of the State Technical University (UTE) that would occupy said frequency (11). The authorities of the University of Chile denounced that this measure was illegal, since the legislation exclusively authorized the universities de Chile, Catholic of Chile and Catholic of Valparaíso —in addition to Televisión Nacional de Chile— to operate television channels, which was reaffirmed by the National Television Council on April 18. On June 16, 1973, the University of Chile announced that it was no longer transmitting on channel 9 and created Canal 6, starting its broadcasts regularly the next day at 8:05 p.m. The choice of frequency 6 had symbolism for the university, since it corresponded to "an inverted 9" in the words of its directors. Its transmitter was of limited power (1.5 kW) so the channel's broadcasts only covered the eastern sector of the Chilean capital, although it was expected that in the future they could reach up to Curicó or Talca.	2.171875
78761671	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir%20Mujahid	Tafsir Mujahid	Tafsir Mujahid () is a Sunni tafsir by the Tabi' Mujahid ibn Jabr, and is among the earliest and most significant works of Qur'anic interpretation (tafsir). Mujahid was a prominent student of Abdullah ibn Abbas, the renowned companion of the Prophet Muhammad and an authority in Qur'anic exegesis. Mujahid reportedly reviewed the Qur'an and its meanings with Ibn Abbas multiple times, which cemented his position as one of the foremost scholars of tafsir in the early Islamic period. For this reason, his interpretation was relied upon by scholars such as Al-Shafi'i and Al-Bukhari, among others. In the Book of Tafsir from Sahih al-Bukhari, we find that Al-Bukhari frequently cites tafsir from Mujahid. The statements of the early generations Salaf have widely affirmed that Mujahid was one of the most knowledgeable of the Tabi'in in interpreting the Quran. The book follows the order of the chapters (surahs) and verses of the Qur'an. However, it does not provide any interpretation for Surah Al-Fatiha or Al-Kafirun. At first glance, it becomes apparent that the tafsir is not comprehensive in scope. Instead, it offers linguistic clarification of the meanings of certain verses using concise expressions, along with references to some legal deductions (fiqh) that were later adopted by jurists in their respective schools of thought. It also touches on some theological discussions that subsequently became foundational for certain scholars in their theological discourse.	2.0625
78761718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20Florida	History of the Catholic Church in Florida	The first documented Catholic presence in present-day Florida was that of the expedition of the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León, who explored the east and west coasts of Florida in 1513. He called the new land "La Florida". When the Spanish landed on the Gulf Coast of Florida, they discovered that the Calusa, the dominant indigenous people of the area, possessed gold jewelry and other items. Despite Spanish efforts to peacefully trade for the gold, the Calusa attacked the ships, prompting Ponce de León to sail away. Convinced that Florida contained sizable amounts of gold, De Leon sailed from Puerto Rico with a colonizing expedition in 1521, landing near either Charlotte Harbor or the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River. His two ships carried 200 men, including priests, farmers and artisans. However, before Ponce de León could establish a settlement, the Calusa again attacked the Spanish. Ponce de León was mortally wounded in the battle. The expedition then returned to Puerto Rico. In 1539, the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto, leading an expedition of 10 ships and 620 men, landed near present-day Port Charlotte or San Carlos Bay in La Florida. He named the new territory "La Bahia de Espiritu Santo," in honor of the Holy Spirit. His company included 12 priests, there to evangelize the Native Americans. According to contemporary accounts, the priests celebrated mass almost every day. However, De Soto was looking to find gold and take slaves, not establish missions. Faced with such a large expedition, the Calusa evacuated their settlements near De Soto's landing. The expedition proceeded north on the Florida Peninsula, fighting different tribes, burning their villages and enslaving their inhabitants.	2.96875
78761718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20Florida	History of the Catholic Church in Florida	With substantial immigration of predominantly Catholic South and Central Americans to the South Florida area, the Catholic population of the region reached 25% in the early 2000s. Waves of immigrants from Asia and Africa led to priests celebrating mass in over a dozen different languages. The Office of Statewide Prosecution, part of the Florida Attorney General Office, in late 2018 launched an investigation into sexual abuse allegations by minors against priests in Florida. The investigation had been prompted by the Pennsylvania Grand Jury report in August 2018 that showed coverups of sexual abuse by bishops in that state. The Florida report, released in 2020, "found no evidence of ongoing, unreported, current sexual abuse of minors by church priests in Florida." The report listed 97 priests in Florida with historical accusations of sexual abuse. As of 2024, the Florida Conference of Catholic Bishops estimated the Catholic population of the state to exceed 1,900,000, served by 1,175 priests in 472 parishes and 51 missions.	2
78761992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden%2C%20Moorestown%2C%20Hainesport%20and%20Mount%20Holly%20Horse%20Car%20Railroad	Camden, Moorestown, Hainesport and Mount Holly Horse Car Railroad	The Camden, Moorestown, Hainesport and Mount Holly Horse Car Railroad was a railway company in New Jersey. It was incorporated in 1859 to build a rail line between Camden and Mount Holly, New Jersey. It was consolidated with the Burlington and Mount Holly Railroad and Transportation Company in 1866 to form the Camden and Burlington County Railroad, which ultimately constructed the line from Camden to Mount Holly. Its lines eventually became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad system and are mostly abandoned. Background The push for a rail link between Camden and Mount Holly was led by Barclay Haines, a prosperous Quaker merchant who had founded the town of Hainesport, New Jersey, on the South Branch Rancocas Creek, and operated a steamboat line between Hainesport and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mount Holly, a center of population on the North Branch Rancocas Creek, had obtained a somewhat roundabout rail outlet in 1849, via the Burlington and Mount Holly Railroad running north to the Camden and Amboy Railroad. Trains on the latter ran south to Camden and connected with Philadelphia by ferry. The Camden and Amboy enjoyed a state-guaranteed monopoly on rail and canal traffic between New York City and Philadelphia, which it guarded jealously through intense lobbying efforts in the New Jersey Legislature. A line from Camden to Mount Holly could form the nucleus of a competing route through southern New Jersey and was accordingly opposed.	2.453125
78762546	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux%20cyclide	Darboux cyclide	A Möbius sphere (also known as an M-sphere) is the set given by the equation , where do not vanish simultaneously. Darboux cyclides can exhibit symmetry with respect to up to five pairwise orthogonal Möbius spheres, though at least one of these spheres must be imaginary; that is, one M-sphere has no real points at all. Smooth Darboux cyclides can be classified topologically into three distinct categories: sphere-like surfaces, toruslike surfaces, and configurations consisting of two spheres. In architectural geometry, Darboux cyclides have been applied in the rationalization of freeform structures–the process of taking a complex freeform architectural design and breaking it down into parts that can be manufactured and built while maintaining the designer's artistic intent. Their ability to carry multiple families of circles makes Darboux cyclides particularly useful in the design of circular arc structures and the creation of panels and supporting elements in architectural surfaces. The geometric properties of Darboux cyclides allow for efficient manufacturing processes and structural stability in architectural designs.	2.21875
78762637	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%20Hartman	Rome Hartman	Rome John Hartman III is an American television journalist and producer. Early life and education Hartman was born on August 11, 1955, in West Palm Beach, Florida. He attended Catholic primary and high school in West Palm Beach and graduated from Duke University in 1977 with a BA in political science. He served a term on the board of visitors at Duke University's Sanford School of Public Policy. Career Hartman started his television journalism career in 1977, working at three local television stations in West Palm Beach, Miami, Florida, and Washington, D.C. In 1983, he launched his network career as a field producer for CBS News in the Atlanta bureau. Hartman's tenure at CBS News began in 1983 as key producer in the coverage of major events. From 1986 to 1989, he worked as the White House producer and received his first national Emmy award for his coverage of the Reagan-Gorbachev summit in Reykjavik, Iceland. Hartman served as the senior producer for the CBS Evening News in Washington, D.C. from 1989 to 1991. He joined 60 Minutes as a producer in 1991, where he produced 100 segments for Correspondent Lesley Stahl between 1991 and 2005.	1.90625
78762772	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20of%20Blachernae%20%281157%29	Council of Blachernae (1157)	The Council of Blachernae was a church council in the Byzantine Empire, convened in May 1157 at the imperial Palace of Blachernae, which condemned the newly elected Patriarch of Antioch Soterichos Panteugenos, and the rhetoricians Michael of Thessalonica and Nikephoros Basilakes. The exact background of the accusations against Panteugenos and the rhetoricians is not entirely clear, as Panteugenos' work does not survive, and the only source describing their views is the deeply hostile work of Panteugenos' opponent, Nicholas of Methone. Reportedly, Panteugenos strictly distinguished God the Father from Christ (the Son), who through his Crucifixion offered himself as a sacrifice to his father. In Panteugenos' view, humanity thereby exchanged substance by physically incorporating the Son, and became a sort of partner to God the Father. These views were regarded as heretical, and condemned by a Church synod, but Panteugenos demanded the right to defend his views before Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. The case was heard before an assembly of senior courtiers and clergy. After Michael and Basilakes recanted, Panteugenos stubbornly defended his views even against the Emperor, until he too was persuaded to confess to error. After that, the most senior of the prelates present, including the patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem, and the Archbishop of Bulgaria, demanded his dismissal, which was announced the next day.	2.015625
78762983	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Suchard	Benjamin Suchard	Benjamin D. Suchard (born 1988) is a historical linguist specializing in the Semitic and Afroasiatic language families. His research focuses on phonological and morphological reconstruction, including the history of the reading traditions of the Hebrew Bible. He is currently a postdoctoral researcher at KU Leuven. He is known for applying the Neogrammarian hypothesis—focusing on regular and phonetically conditioned sound changes—to Semitic linguistics, which has historically under-emphasized this method. Suchard's Law In his first book The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels, Suchard resolved the longstanding irregularity of the Canaanite Shift, whereby /ā/ shifted to /ō/ except in vicinity of /u/ or /w/. This led to the discovery of an early Hebrew sound change /u/ > /i/ next to labial consonants. This sound change subsequently became known as Suchard's Law, joining a number of other sound changes named after their discoverers including Philippi's Law and Geers's Law. Public engagement Suchard made a name for himself with his public engagement, unusual in historical linguistics. He uses his X (formerly Twitter) and Bluesky accounts to engage with the public about Ancient Near Eastern languages. He has been involved as a language consultant in the production of major Hollywood films. Books Suchard B.D. (2022), Aramaic Daniel: a textual reconstruction of chapters 1-7. Studia Semitica Neerlandica no. 73. Leiden: Brill. Suchard B.D. (2019), The development of the Biblical Hebrew vowels. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics no. 99. Leiden: Brill.	2.28125
78763471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo%20Mu%C3%B1oz	Jerónimo Muñoz	Jerónimo Muñoz ( – October 1591) was a Valencian astronomer, mathematician, and professor. After graduating from the University of Valencia in 1537, he was educated in astronomy and mathematics by the mathematicians and professors Oronce Fine and Gemma Frisius. Muñoz became a professor in the 1540s and taught astronomy, mathematics, and Hebrew until his death in 1591. A prominent and highly respected figure in Spanish mathematics and astronomy, he gained fame throughout Europe for his 1573 publication , his account of SN 1572. Early life and education Muñoz was born in Valencia around 1520. He studied at the University of Valencia, graduating as a Bachelor of Arts on 6 June 1537. Following his graduation, he continued his education travelling across Europe. He stayed in Paris, where he was a disciple of the Collège Royal professor of mathematics Oronce Fine, until roughly 1540. Muñoz then left Paris and went to Leuven to study under Gemma Frisius, a professor of medicine at the University of Leuven. At that time, the university officially lacked a mathematics professor, so Muñoz attended private lessons in astronomy and geometry delivered by Frisius in his own home. The teachings of both Fine and Frisius had a large impact on Muñoz's own career as an astronomer and mathematician. Muñoz married Isabel de Valenzuela and had four children: Eudoxia, Jerónima, Estefanía, and Francisco.	2.5
78763565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20Blue%20Amazon	Brazilian Blue Amazon	The Blue Amazon has an area of 3.575.195,81 km² within the EEZ's outer boundary, at 200 nautical miles from coastal baselines, and a further 2,094,656.59 km² of the most recent extended continental shelf claims, for a total of 5 669 852,41 km². This value is equivalent to 67% of national territory (8.5 million km²) and 1,1 times the size of the Legal Amazon (5.2 million km²). When the concept was introduced in 2004, the total area was at around 4.5 million km². The earliest extended shelf claim comprised 911,847 km², later increased to 953,825 km² in a 2006 addendum. Revised proposals were submitted in 2015 and 2018 . Other definitions include waterways, of which there are 60 thousand kilometers. The EEZ's area is relatively small compared to the length of the coastline (7,491 km), as Brazil has few remote oceanic islands. Three of them are counted as inhabited islands for purposes of EEZ projection: Fernando de Noronha, Trindade and Saint Peter and Saint Paul. Objectives The concept's subdivision into four facets, or areas of interest to the Brazilian state — political-strategic, economic, scientific-technological and environmental — is the framing in which Brazil understands itself as a maritime power and communicates the Navy's roles. Besides a conventional military force, the institution is a port authority and a coast guard. The Commander of the Navy is the Brazilian Maritime Authority and as such, is responsible for implementing and policing laws and regulations on the sea and interior waters. To this end, a large number of patrol vessels are assigned to the Naval Districts, with further support from the Brazilian Air Force's patrol aircraft.	2.59375
78763565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20Blue%20Amazon	Brazilian Blue Amazon	In his dissertation at the War College (the ), Matheus Marreiro contended that the concept is "a top-down [Navy] project which attempts to construct national identity based on its own political and ideological conceptions". It is part of a political initiative to accrue "popular support for the creation of a maritime strategy, for attempts to expand national maritime boundaries and for the acquisition of new naval assets for defense of this space and resources". In this geopolitical discourse, the South Atlantic is presented as a natural zone of Brazilian influence and military power projection. This is not necessarily the only geopolitical paradigm for the South Atlantic, and the region can also be studied from the perspective of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, environmentalists and other states. The Amazon as a metaphor is a loaded word and is transposition into the sea is a semantic appropriation. Public imagination ties the Green Amazon to natural resources, biodiversity and environmental and sovereignty concerns. According to admiral Carvalho, his concept does not compete with the Green Amazon, but merely takes advantage of its popularity. The Navy has riverine components and has also contributed to the military buildup in the Green Amazon, although at a slower pace than other branches of the military. Its focus is on blue waters and admiral Vidigal has even criticized it for neglecting its riverine side.	2.078125
78763566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20shelf%20of%20Brazil	Continental shelf of Brazil	In order to substantiate its proposals of a continental shelf beyond the 200-nautical mile line, since the late 1980s the Brazilian Navy, Petrobras and the country's scientific community joined in the Brazilian Continental Shelf Survey Plan (LEPLAC) to retrieve hundreds of thousands of kilometers of geological profiles in the area. In 2007 the CLCS only accepted part of the Brazilian proposal and a new cycle of surveys began in response. Economic interest in the region grew after the discovery of fossil fuel deposits in the pre-salt layer of underwater sedimentary basins, thanks to which Brazil became the world's 8th largest crude oil and lease condensate producer in 2023. Revised proposals are larger and in 2018 covered the mineral-rich Rio Grande Rise. Geologically, Brazil's legal continental shelf mostly corresponds to a divergent continental margin formed by the split between South America and Africa, with a well-defined shelf, slope and rise. It is at its widest off the Northern coast, where the Amazon River forms one of the world's largest submarine fans. The margin narrows through the Northeast and widens again south of the Abrolhos Bank. The São Paulo Plateau, which is the largest marginal plateau in the Brazilian coast, contains its two richest oil basins (Campos and Santos). Beyond fossil fuels, the continental margin also has mineral reserves of coal, gas hydrates, aggregates, heavy mineral sands, phosphorite, evaporites, sulphur, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, polymetallic sulfides and polymetallic nodules, which are almost entirely untouched by undersea mining. Geomorphology	2.734375
78763566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20shelf%20of%20Brazil	Continental shelf of Brazil	Further south, the continental margin exceeds 500 km in width. The Campos, Santos and Paraná sedimentary basins comprise the São Paulo Plateau, the largest marginal plateau in the Brazilian coast, which is placed between the continental slope and rise. Its outer limits meet the Jean Charcot Seamounts and the São Paulo Channel. The Vema Channel and the Rio Grande Rise (RGR) define the Brazil Abyssal Plain's southern limit, separating it from the Argentine Abyssal Plain. The RGR spans the 28th to the 34th parallel south, in a total area of 500 thousand km2, emerging from a seabed 5,000 m below sea level to 650 m at its highest. Its origin and evolution are controversial. It is aligned to the Paraná and Etendeka Traps and the Walvis, Gough and Tristan da Cunha ridges. In the past, some portions were above sea level. The southern continental margin, from the São Paulo Plateau to the Uruguayan maritime boundary, contains the Santa Catarina Plateau, the Rio Grande Terrace, the Pelotas Basin and the Rio Grande Fan. Legal definition The continental shelf was introduced in Brazilian law by decree in 1950: "the submarine shelf, in the part which corresponds to Brazil's continental and insular territory is integrated to that same territory, under exclusive jurisdiction and domain of the federal government". This legislation did not define the shelf's limits; its international precedent, Harry S. Truman's 1945 unilateral declaration of a continental shelf for the United States, went as far as a maximum depth of a . The Brazilian decree made no change to the continental shelf, which extended at the time to from the coast.	2.46875
78763566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20shelf%20of%20Brazil	Continental shelf of Brazil	The 3rd UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, concluded in 1982, produced the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which Brazil ratified. Adjustments to national law to comply with the UNCLOS revoked the 1970 decree and established a 12-mile territorial sea, 200-mile EEZ and a continental shelf "throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured". In effect, the shelf's outer margin remained at 200 nautical miles from coast, the same outer boundary used by the EEZ, but with a possible extended continental shelf to be recognized in the future beyond this line. Following article 77 of the UNCLOS, "the coastal State exercises over the continental shelf sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural resources". "If the coastal State does not explore the continental shelf or exploit its natural resources, no one may undertake these activities without the express consent of the coastal State", and these rights "do not depend on occupation, effective or notional, or on any express proclamation". International scientific research and submarine cable laying in this area are conditioned on the Brazilian government's consent. Extended shelf	2.421875
78763566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20shelf%20of%20Brazil	Continental shelf of Brazil	LEPLAC's first stage lasted until 1996 and employed the military research vessels Almirante Câmara (H-41), Álvaro Alberto (H-43), Sirius (H-21) and Antares (H-40), crewed by Navy specialists, civilian researchers and, during geophysical surveys, Petrobras professionals. The expeditions collected multi-channel seismic data to determine sediment thickness in the continental margin, from the geological continental shelf until 350 nmi from the baselines. Gravimetric and magnetometric data was gathered to estimate other information, including the limit between oceanic and continental crust. Bathymetric surveys identified the foot of the continental slope, the outline of the 2,500 m isobath and new marine geomorphology models. In total, LEPLAC's first stage collected 46,966 km of two-dimensional seismic lines and 89,369 km, 97,237 km and 93,604 km of bathymetric, gravimetric and magnetometric profiles. All assets involved were exclusively national. Beyond its immediate political objective, LEPLAC provided data for many university research programs, increased the geological and geomorphological knowledge of the Brazilian continental margin, particularly in areas of economic interest, and promoted technological development and the training of specialized personnel. The handful of civilians and military personnel at the front lines of this process have been idealized in official sources as the " of the salt longitudes". Technical knowledge acquired during LEPLAC would later be used to aid South American and African states in their own continental shelf surveys. In 1997 the CIRM created the Evaluation of the Brazilian Legal Continental Shelf's Mineral Potential (, REMPLAC) program to continue surveys of the continental shelf. It is coordinated by the Ministry of Mines and Energy and focuses not on the shelf's limits, but its economic potential, initially with resources located within 200 nautical miles from the baselines. 2004 proposal	2.515625
78763566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20shelf%20of%20Brazil	Continental shelf of Brazil	The sea is the primary site of national oil extraction — 95.1% of 2023's production in barrel of oil equivalent (boe). The sector provided 15% of the national industrial gross domestic product in 2022, 7% of it in extraction and 8% in the derivatives market, and is the most technology-intensive sector of the Brazilian maritime economy. Average daily production in 2023 stood at 3.402 million barrels of crude oil and 150 million cubic meters of natural gas, which was the world's 8th largest production of crude oil and lease condensate. There were 15.894 billion barrels of proven oil reserves and 517 billion cubic meters of proven natural gas reserves in 2023; in 2018, Brazil had the world's 14th largest reserve. The most important basin is Santos, where 74.08% of crude oil and 75.34% of natural gas were extracted in 2023. The Campos Basin is in second place for both products. Fields along the coast of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo had a combined share of 55.2% of national production in 2019. The first offshore oil well was drilled in 1968, when continental production could no longer satisfy demand. The earliest discoveries were in the marine prolongation of the Sergipe-Alagoas continental basin. The 1973 oil crisis encouraged further investment in this sector and commercially viable drilling began in 1977 and overtook continental drilling five years later. Daily oil production rose from 167 thousand barrels in 1970 to 574 thousand in 1985 and a million in 1997. Technological challenges were overcome to exploit ever deeper waters; ten years after production began, it already reached the continental slope, under water columns of 700 m and higher, and Brazil is now a significant producer at deep (500–1500 m) and ultra deep (> 1500 m) waters.	2.40625
78763566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20shelf%20of%20Brazil	Continental shelf of Brazil	Phosphorites are correlated with upwelling zones and are therefore uncommon in the Brazilian continental margin. However, they have been found in the Ceará Plateau at a 400 m depth, the Pernambuco Plateau at 700–1,250 m, the Florianópolis Terrace at 200–600 m, the Rio Grande Terrace at 200–800 m and the Rio Grande Rise at 700–1,500 m. They can be used as fertilizer and industrial phosphorus sources, and some deposits have significant concentrations of iron, titanium and rare earth metals. Heavy mineral placer deposits are found in both emerged and submerged portions of the coast, from Pará to Rio Grande do Sul. Zirconite, titanium-rich rutile and ilmenite, cerium- and thorium-rich monazite have seen industrial-scale extraction in the past or the present. In the submerged portion, extraction at depths of 40 to 100 m is viable but not yet undertaken. The mouth of the Jequitinhonha and Pardo-Salobro rivers in Bahia may contain diamond deposits. Mineral salt evaporites — anhydrous salts, gypsum, halite, potassium and manganese — overlay the pre-salt layer from the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin to the Santos Basin. As of 2005, the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin was the only potassium chloride production site in the country, with estimated reserves of 13.5 million tons. Deposits from Abrolhos to Mucuri, in Bahia, and Barra Nova, in Espírito Santo, are particularly promising for their minimal depths and distances from the shore. In Abrolhos, sulfide-covered saline domes have been found at depths of 20 to 30 m.	2.5
78763620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28Poland%29	62nd Infantry Regiment (Poland)	On the morning of 2 September, the reconnaissance company of the 62nd Infantry Regiment advanced towards Trzemiętowo, Gliszcz, and Samsieczno. At 11:00 AM, German aviation bombed the 62nd Infantry Regiment command post in the village of Wtelno. Due to a breakthrough in the Polish defense along the Bystrzyce Lakes, the commander of the 15th Infantry Division had to withdraw part of the 62nd Infantry Regiment from the fortified defensive position and relocate it to a weakly fortified area on the northern section of the Bydgoszcz bridgehead, to the right of the 61st Infantry Regiment's positions. In the afternoon, a German reconnaissance unit from the 122nd Infantry Regiment attacked the 3rd Battalion of the 62nd Infantry Regiment in the area of Wojnowo. The positions of the 8th and 9th Rifle Companies were shelled by German artillery, and a strong attack was launched against the 9th Rifle Company. The German assault was repelled, forcing the German troops to retreat towards Sicienko. At 7:15 PM, the 62nd Infantry Regiment, minus its battalion, received orders to occupy the section from 108.9 Hill through Tryszczyn to the southern edge of the forest near Łącznica. From the morning of 3 September, the 62nd Infantry Regiment took up defensive positions as follows: The 2nd Battalion from 108.9 Hill through Szczutki to the Tryszczyn forest, The 1st Battalion from the Tryszczyn forest through Tryszczyn to the Brda river, The 3rd Battalion in reserve in the Łącznica and Bożenkowo areas, Regiment command in Smukala Górna.	1.929688
78763620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28Poland%29	62nd Infantry Regiment (Poland)	Participation in the battle of the Bzura In connection with the assignment of part of the forces of the 15th Infantry Division to eliminate the German 3rd Infantry Division's bridgehead near Płock, the 62nd Infantry Regiment received orders to move to the forest north of Gąbin. On 15 September, the 62nd Infantry Regiment took up defensive positions: I/62nd Infantry Regiment near Koszelew, II/62nd Infantry Regiment near Topolno, and III/62nd Infantry Regiment in reserve at Topolno, covering the rear of the 15th Infantry Division. Due to a change in the offensive strategy of the combined forces of the Poznań and Pomeranian armies, the 15th Infantry Division received orders to regroup to the area of Budy Stare. On 15 September, the 62nd Infantry Regiment, reinforced by the 82nd Motorized Cavalry Squadron, machine gun units, and a sapper company from the 15th Engineer Battalion, became the reserve of the 15th Infantry Division commander. On the night of 15–16 September, the 62nd Infantry Regiment was transported by trucks through Topolno, Sanniki, Giżyce, Ruszki, and Młodzieszyn. On 16 September at 7:00 AM, the 62nd Infantry Regiment reached the forests north of Biała Góra. It halted for rest, with I/62nd Infantry Regiment securing Radziwiłłka forest, II/62nd Infantry Regiment near Biała Góra, and III/62nd Infantry Regiment south of Młodzieszyn, securing the direction to Ruszki. The regimental command was in Radziwiłłka forest.	1.96875
78763725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin%20Hoffmeister	Karin Hoffmeister	Karin Hoffmeister is a Polish-born physician-scientist specializing in glycoscience, the study of sugars and carbohydrates on cell surfaces. She holds the Hauske Family Endowed Chair in Glycobiology at the Versiti Blood Research Institute. Early life and education Hoffmeister was born in Poland and obtained her MD at the University of Aachen in Germany. Career Hoffmeister chose to study glycans because they are on the cell surface, where they are visible to the immune system, and they underlie the ABO blood groups which play key roles in blood transfusion and organ transplantation. Her work has helped show how glycan patterns contribute to blood cell production, cancer biology, sickle cell anemia, and other diseases. She has described her goal as trying to "unravel the sugar-code". In 2003, Hoffmeister was first author on a Science paper testing a new technique to prevent chilled platelets from being cleared by macrophages, in hopes of extending the shelf life of platelets to ease inventory management constraints and reduce the chance of septic reactions. The technique involved covering a sugar on the platelet surface with galactose. Hoffmeister was promoted to Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School. In 2017, she joined Versiti Blood Research Institute in Milwaukee and established its glycomics center. Her work on sialic acid has helped identify new therapeutic targets for treating immune thrombocytopenic purpura. She is principal investigator of the NHLBI career development consortium for excellence in glycoscience. Awards 2005 Pew Scholar	2.25
78764306	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Baron	Samuel Baron	Samuel Baron (April 27, 1925 in Brooklyn, New York – May 16, 1997 in New York City, United States) was an American flutist. He studied violin in high school and then attended The Juilliard School as a flute student of Georges Barrère and Arthur Lora, graduating in 1948. While at Juilliard, Baron formed the New York Brass Ensemble, and in 1953, the group released an LP recording of seven canzonas by Giovanni Gabrielli with Baron conducting. Meanwhile, the New York Woodwind Quintet had formed in 1947, and Baron was its flutist from 1948 until 1969 and again from 1980 until 1997. With the quintet, Baron made many recordings, premiered many works, and toured widely in North and South America, Asia, and Europe. He took a leave from the ensemble to perform as principal flute with the Minneapolis Symphony (now the Minnesota Orchestra) for the 1952–53 season. Baron was flutist for the Bach Aria Group from 1965 until 1997. When its founder, musicologist William Scheide, stepped down in 1980, Baron become the director of the group and established the Bach Aria Festival and Institute, which took place at Stony Brook University in summers from 1981 until 1997. Several works were dedicated to Samuel Baron, including Eldin Burton's Sonatina for Flute and Piano (1948), Karl Korte's Remembrances for Flutes (Alto, Soprano, and Piccolo) and Electronics (1971), and Meyer Kupferman's Superflute for solo flute with prerecorded piccolo and alto flute (1971). Baron taught generations of students at Stony Brook University starting in 1966, The Juilliard School starting in 1971, the Yale School of Music (1966–68), and the Mannes College of Music (1969–72). From 1977 through 1978, Baron was president of the National Flute Association, which honored him with a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996.	2.265625
78764420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Robertson%20%28RAF%20officer%29	Frederick Robertson (RAF officer)	Frederick Robertson (25 July 1918 – 31 August 1943) was a British flying ace of the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. He is credited with the destruction of at least twelve aircraft. Born in Romsey, Robertson was a member of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve when he was called up for service in the RAF on the outbreak of the Second World War. He served with No. 66 Squadron during the later stages of the Battle of France and in the first phase of the Battle of Britain, claiming his first aerial victories during this time. In late July 1940 he was sent to Malta where he flew Hawker Hurricane fighters during the siege of that island. He was one of the most successful RAF pilots in the early stages of the siege, claiming several aerial victories and being awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal. Repatriated to the United Kingdom after 12 months, he carried out instructing duties until early 1942. He then served with a series of night fighter squadrons until his death at Foulsham in a flying accident on 31 August 1943. Early life Frederick Neal Robertson was born on 25 July 1918 in Romsey, England, the son of Frederick and Beatrice Robertson. His father, a Scotsman, was an officer in the Gordon Highlanders who had been killed a few months during the Spring Offensive before the birth of his son. Raised in Lockerley in Hampshire, after completing his schooling Robertson trained as a marine engineer. He enlisted in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve in September 1937 and trained as a pilot.	1.960938
78764501	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden%20and%20Burlington%20County%20Railroad	Camden and Burlington County Railroad	The Camden and Burlington County Railroad was a railway company in the United States. It was incorporated in 1866, replacing the Camden, Moorestown, Hainesport and Mount Holly Horse Car Railroad and the Burlington County Railroad. The Camden and Burlington County Railroad extended its network by building from Mount Holly, New Jersey, to Pavonia, in the vicinity of Camden, New Jersey. The Camden and Amboy Railroad leased the company in 1867; this was assumed by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1872. The Camden and Burlington County Railroad was consolidated with the Mount Holly, Lumberton and Medford Railroad and Vincentown Branch of the Burlington County Railroad in 1915 to form the Camden and Burlington County Railway. Of its lines, part of the Pemberton Branch remains. History The Burlington County Railroad, incorporated in 1848, had constructed a line from Burlington, New Jersey, to Pemberton, New Jersey, via Mount Holly, New Jersey by 1863. The line connected with the Camden and Amboy Railroad's main line in Burlington. The Camden, Moorestown, Hainesport and Mount Holly Horse Car Railroad, incorporated in 1859, was intended to build westward from Mount Holly to Camden, New Jersey, but did not lay any track. The Camden and Burlington County Railroad was incorporated on February 6, 1866, consolidating the two companies. The new company built west from Mount Holly to Pavonia (near Camden, New Jersey), also on the Camden and Amboy's main line. This extension was completed on October 21, 1867, at which point the Camden and Amboy leased the Camden and Burlington County Railroad.	2.09375
78765376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20domain%20in%20India	Public domain in India	India is a signatory to several international copyright conventions that influence its public domain framework: Berne Convention (joined 1928): Sets minimum copyright protection standards TRIPS Agreement (1995): Establishes intellectual property standards for WTO members WIPO Copyright Treaty (2018): Addresses copyright in the digital environment Geneva Phonograms Convention: Protects producers of phonograms against unauthorized duplication These agreements have shaped India's approach to copyright duration and public domain status. Key Judgments Impacting Public Domain Several landmark cases have shaped the interpretation of copyright law concerning public domain: Supreme Court Ruling on Judgments (2016): The Supreme Court ruled that no one can claim copyright over its judgments, allowing anyone to reproduce them without infringement claims. This decision opened up access to legal materials that were previously monopolized by certain publishers. Chancellor Masters & Scholars Of The University of Oxford vs. Narendra Publishing House (2008): The Delhi High Court ruled that mathematical equations are not subject to copyright as they are expressions of natural laws. Eastern Book Company v. D.B. Modak (2008): This case emphasized that for a work to be protected by copyright, it must be original in its selection or arrangement rather than a verbatim reproduction. Fair Dealing Provisions India employs a "fair dealing" doctrine rather than a broad "fair use" doctrine. Under Section 52 of the Copyright Act, specific exemptions allow for: Private or personal use (e.g., research or education) Criticism or review Reporting current events These provisions encourage educational engagement with copyrighted materials while protecting creators' rights. Challenges and Future Developments Several challenges exist in the management and protection of public domain works:	2.359375
78765677	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando%20Province	Cuando Province	Cuando is a province of Angola. It was created on 5 September 2024 from the eastern part of Cuando Cubango Province. Its capital is Mavinga. Geography and climate Cuando borders the Angolan provinces of Cubango to the west and Moxico to the north. It also borders Zambia's Western Province to the east, and the Namibian regions of Zambezi and Kavango East to the southeast and south respectively. The province is drained by the Cubango and Cuando rivers. The Cubango forms part of the province's border with Namibia, and its tributary the Cuito River forms much of the province's border with Cubango Province. The Cuando River runs along or close to much of the province's borders with Moxico Province and Zambia. Luengue-Luiana National Park and Mavinga National Park are located in the province. Both parks are components of the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area, the world's largest land-based transboundary protected area. The northern part of the province belongs to the dry miombo woodlands ecoregion, while the south falls in the Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands ecoregion. Cuando's climate varies from tropical in the north to semi-arid in the south. Annual rainfall ranges from in the north to in the south. History Since at least 2016, there have been proposals to divide Cuando Cubango, formerly Angola's second largest province by area, into two smaller provinces. On 14 August 2024, Angola's National Assembly approved a law to create three new provinces, including the division of Cuando Cubango into the provinces of Cuando and Cubango. This law went into effect with its publication in the official gazette of Angola on 5 September 2024. Administration Cuando is divided into the nine municipalities of Cuito Cuanavale, Dima, Dirico, Luengue, Luiana, Mavinga, Mucusso, Rivungo and Xipundo. Cuito Cuanavale is further subdivided into the communes of Cuito Cuanavale and Lupire; Dima is subdivided into the communes of Cunjamba and Cutuile; and Dirico is subdivided into the communes of Dirico and Xamavera.	2.5625
78766305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Kerin	Dorothy Kerin	Dorothy Kerin (28 November 1889 – 26 January 1963) was an English Christian visionary and healer, and the subject of at least twelve books. Many testimonials show the impact she made on people's lives and wellbeing, one of which was by Marina Alexandrovna Chavchavadze, a Russian princess and long-time companion, who later wrote a book about her life with Kerin. Early life Dorothy Kerin was born at 6 Boyson Road, Walworth on 28 November 1889, the second of five children of William Augustus Gerald Patrick Kerin, cargo superintendent, and Emily Jane (née Wilson). She was baptised at St Mary, Newington on 9 March 1890. Dorothy had an older brother (William Albert), two younger brothers (Gerald Wilkinson and Reginald Wykeham) and a sister (Evelyn). Their father "came from an old Irish family which had its roots in Western Ireland...It has been said, with some authenticity, that the Kerins can be traced to William of Wykeham (1324-1404), Bishop of Winchester". The Wykeham name was used several times by Dorothy and other Kerins. Dorothy’s mother came from the musical Wilson family; her three-times great-grandmother was the opera singer Giovanna Sestini.	2.25
78766305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Kerin	Dorothy Kerin	Recovery and visions On 4 February 1912, Kerin reported having a religious experience: In the evening she asked her sister Evelyn to sing "Abide with Me". She didn’t know it well enough to sing, but as she sat by Dorothy’s side they both “heard it sung from beginning to end most beautifully”. Dorothy then described how she seemed to drift into space, free from pain, and saw a group of angels, one of whom handed her a chalice, from which she drank. After travelling a great distance she came to a place where she heard her name called and an angel took her hand and said “Dorothy, your sufferings are over. Get up and walk.” He passed his hands over her eyes and touched her ears, and then she opened her eyes and found herself sitting up in bed. Her mother and a number of friends, sixteen people in all, were standing round the bed, looking very frightened. She was given a dressing gown, got out of bed and walked unaided. She went back to bed at midnight and slept until eight o’clock the following morning. Her body had become plump and firm and she could see and hear. Dr Norman was sent for and, after examining her, asked her to go up a steep flight of stairs to test her muscles. "When he saw me run up them, he slapped his head and said, 'Great God, what is the meaning of it all?'" The newspapers were soon reporting the story.	2.4375
78766336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20money%20in%20Finland	History of money in Finland	After solidi stopped appearing in Finland, there have been no coin findings in Finland from a period of three centuries. Around 800, a trade route was opened through the Gulf of Finland from Sweden to Russia, and there have been findings of money treasures from a place at the start of the trade route in the Åland islands, containing over 1300 Eastern silver dirham coins. There have been fewer dirham coins found in continental Filand. In the 11th century, silver coins grew more popular in Finland Proper and Tavastia as well as later also in Karelia. Over a thousand English and over four thousand German silver coins as well as Scandinavian, Bohemian, Byzantian, Hungarian and Italian silver coins have been found from that period. The coins from the Viking age were made of silver brought to Finland in an easily usable form which was used for trade as well as raw material for jewellery. Coins were weighted and cut and used by weight. There was no proper money economy in Finland at the time. The bringing of silver to Finland lessened in the middle 11th century and money started growing more popular in Finland again in the 13th and 14th centuries.	2.609375
78766336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20money%20in%20Finland	History of money in Finland	Swedish rule When Finland was annexed to Sweden, Swedish money was used in Finland. It originally grew popular in Åland in the 13th century and in continental Finland in the 14th century, but in inland Finland only in the 15th century. In southern Finland, Livonian money was used concurrently with Swedish money in Medieval times. This Livonian money had usually been struck in Tallinn. Some English and German gold coins were also used. There was a mint in Turku approximately from 1410 to 1558. The oldest unit of currency known in Finland is the kuusinainen or abo, with a value of six penninkiä (pfenning). This name was already used by Mikael Agricola in his writings, although the currency was already in use before his birth, at least since the 15th century. The basis of Swedish money was the unit of account mark or markka, divided into eight öre or äyriä. The largest struck coin was the örtug, with an original value of a third of an öre, and of half an öre since the 1520s. Before this the only struck units of money were the pfenning (one 192th of a mark) and the ropo, with half of the value. Most of the coins struck in Turku found from before the time of Gustaf Vasa have been örtugs and half-örtugs; some pfennings were also produced. The name of the coin struck in Turku was kuusinainen in Finnish, fyrk in Swedish and abo in Latin. The Finnish name comes from its value of six penninkiä. In contrast, the Swedish name comes from the words fyra penningar meaning four pfennings, because the value of the coin had since lowered. Large silver coins were placed in circulation in Sweden-Finland during Gustaf Vasa's time, with face values of an öre (1522), a mark (1536) and a daler (1534). Until the 1620s only silver was used as a coin metal. Copper coins started to be struck in 1624. From 1644 to 1778, large copper plates known as plåt were also used. Sweden started using paper money in 1661.	2.765625
78766336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20money%20in%20Finland	History of money in Finland	The value of money in Sweden was recalculated in 1776 in order to stop inflation. At this time, the riksdaler became the base unit of currency. During the last decades of Swedish rule in Finland, there were two times when local paper money was used. In 1790, military officials used their own temporary banknotes, and the Discount office in Turku active from 1806 to 1808 also used its own banknotes. Money in autonomous Finland The oldest Russian coins found in Finland were found in a cache in Karelia around the year 1100. Many Russian coins from the 16th and 17th centuries have been found in Karelia and silver roubles and copper kopeks from the 18th century have been found from a wide area in eastern Finland. During the Greater Wrath and the Lesser Wrath in the early 18th century the entire country of Finland was occupied by the Russians, and Russian money was also in use. After 1743 use of Russian copper money was forbidden, but use of silver money was still allowed. After Russia had conquered Finland, the Russian rouble became the "main and fundamental unit of sale, i.e. money" of the Grand Duchy of Finland per an announcement made on 29 December 1809. Swedish money also remained in common use despite attempts by government officials to forbid and restrict it. The institution that eventually became the Bank of Finland, founded in Turku in 1811, received the right to print banknotes, starting from small banknotes of 20, 50 and 75 kopek on August 1812. After the bank moved to Helsinki in 1819 it continued printing banknotes there. In 1819 larger banknotes of 1, 2 and 4 roubles were printed. Printing of rouble banknotes moved to Saint Petersburg in 1821 and printing kopek banknotes moved there in 1824. A new feature of the banknotes was a narrow decorative frame with a decoration at the corner. Depending on the value, this was either a star, a crown or the coat of arms of Finland with a lion. In the 1820s banknotes started featuring relief stamps, watermarks, numbering and signatures.	2.65625
78766424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture%20of%20Ghana	Architecture of Ghana	Architecturally, these forts were typically designed as large squares or rectangles, with outer components consisting of four bastions or towers located at the corners. The inner-sections featured two or three-story buildings, some with additional towers, and often included enclosures, courtyards, or spurs. These designs were periodically modified and expanded by successive European powers to suit new needs, and many forts bear traces of these adaptations. While some structures remain intact, others have fallen into ruins due to environmental pressures and lack of maintenance. Most of these sites remained as architectural landmarks, and in 1979 designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. In the 19th century, European missionaries introduced new building typologies, including churches, schools, and training colleges. This included the Abetifi Presbyterian Church and Akropong Presbyterian Training College, constructed with local labour under European supervision. The latter is the second oldest higher educational institution in early modern West Africa. These buildings often used rammed earth, stone nog, and brick. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, colonial towns like Anomabo became centres of hybrid architecture, blending European and Ghanaian styles. This hybridisation was particularly prominent in the homes of elite Africans, who used mimicry architecture to assert wealth, modernity, and resistance to colonial dominance. These homes often combined: European-inspired designs, such as Palladian symmetry, arches, and verandas, and local construction methods using materials like laterite, rammed earth, and wattle and daub. Colonial administrators in the Gold Coast also constructed government offices, railways, and military barracks. Under Governor Gordon Guggisberg in the early 20th century, projects such as Takoradi Harbour, Korle-Bu Hospital, and Achimota School were established. These projects predominantly employed European architects and engineers.	3.09375
78766699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Ya%CA%BDla%20al-Mawsili	Abu Yaʽla al-Mawsili	Abū Yaʽlā Ahmad ibn ʿAli ibn al - Muthanna al - Mawṣilī ( ) (210 AH/825 CE - 307 AH/919 CE) was a prominent Islamic scholar and traditionist known for his contributions to the collection and transmission of hadith (prophetic traditions). he is often associated with the city of Mosul (al-Mawṣil) in present day Iraq, where he was born and lived. Abu Yaʽla is best known for his Musnad (collection of hadith), often referred to as Musnad Abu Yaʽla. His work follows the Musnad format, arranging hadiths by the names of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad who narrated them. It is a valuable source for hadith scholars and serves as a complement to other Musnad works like that of Ahmad ibn Hanbal. He was considered a reliable hadith compiler, although some critics have raised questions about the authenticity of specific narrations in his Musnad. Despite this, his work remains widely referenced in the field of hadith studies. He studied under leading scholars of his time, including Abu Bakr ibn Abi Shaybah, Ali ibn al-Madini, Yahya ibn Ma'in and others, among his prominent students were Ibn Hibban and Al-Tabarani.	1.929688
78766714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20Constitution%20of%20Ba%27athist%20Syria	2012 Constitution of Ba'athist Syria	The 2012 Ba'athist Syrian Constitution was the constitution of Ba'athist Syria between 27 February 2012 until the fall of the Assad regime on 8 December 2024. Following the 2011 Syrian revolution, Ba'athist Syria drafted a new constitution and put it to a referendum on 26 February 2012, which was unmonitored by international observers. The modifications in the constitution were cosmetic and part of Ba'athist government's response to the nation-wide protests. Since the move monopolized power of the Government of Syria and was drafted without consultation outside loyalist circles, Syrian opposition and revolutionary parties boycotted the referendum, resulting in very low participation as per Assad government's data. The referendum resulted in the adoption of the new constitution, which came into force on 27 February 2012. This constitution will be phased out once the new constitution by the Syrian Transitional Government takes place. After the fall of the Assad regime, spokesman of the Syrian transitional government stated that during the government's three-month transition term, the Ba'athist constitution and parliament was suspended, adding that a 'judicial and human rights committee' would be established to review the constitution prior to making amendments. Overview The previous constitution of 2012 consolidated the authoritarian structure and centralized it under a highly powerful presidency. It also maintains Ba'ath party's explicitly Arab nationalist stance and advocates regional integration as a means for achieving "Arab Unity". The constitution declares Arabic as the official language of the country. The Constitution is divided into 6 parts (excluding the Introduction) which are called Chapters. Introduction Chapter 1: Basic Principles Chapter 2: Rights, Freedoms and the Rule of Law Chapter 3: State Authorities Chapter 4: The Supreme Constitutional Court Chapter 5: Amending the Constitution Chapter 6: General and Transitional Provisions Modifications	2.421875
78766927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict%20Nain	Charles Bénédict Nain	In 1900, Nain was approached by Michael Noctor, then the director of the St. Joseph's Institution to design an extension for the school. The extension, completed in 1903, included two curved wings and a "silvery dome". The extension gave the school a "baroque appearance" and a "resemblance to Saint Peter's in Rome. The newly extended building was hailed as "one of the most beautiful buildings in the East at that time." It was designated a national monument in 1992. In 1904, Nain was assigned to Seremban. While there, he worked on the St. Paul's Institution. He returned to France for two years in 1907. While on leave, he established a branch of the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus for the training of Irish nuns who were to leave for British Malaya. Nain returned to Singapore in 1909 and was appointed the priest of the Cathedral of the Good Shepherd, a role which he held until 1913. He succeeded Father Henri-Pierre Rivet in this position. He designed and built a new presbytery. In 1912, he began raising funds for a Bevington & Sons pipe organ, which arrived the following year. It remains the oldest pipe organ in Singapore and possibly in Southeast Asia. He was also responsible for installing electric lights and fans in the cathedral. In this period, Nain designed a holiday home for the Brothers of the Christian Schools in Singapore in Katong. This later became Saint Patrick's School. Personal life and death Nain returned to France in 1913 seeking treatment for a "bad attack of the sprue." By then, his health "had been failing for some time." However, World War I broke out the following year and Nain enlisted in the military as a nurse. He then "fell dangerously ill with a serious heart condition", which led to his death at the military hospital in Vichy on 28 June 1916. He was buried at the Cemetery of Farges-lès-Mâcon. His name is listed on The Cenotaph.	2.484375
78767105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetopsis%20coecutiens	Cetopsis coecutiens	Cetopsis coecutiens, the candiru-açú, piracatinga, bagre ciego (lit. blind catfish), or the blue whale catfish, is a species of catfish found throughout the Amazon basin in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. The fish was first described by Hinrich Lichtenstein in 1819, who named it for its resemblance to certain cetaceans. C. coecutiens is one of the largest species of "candiru" catfish. While these catfish are reported to grow to a size of , some specimens greater than have been caught in the wild. Cetopsis coecutiens, like its sister species C. candiru, is a carnivorous fish and commonly described as a voracious feeder, making use of powerful jaw musculature and a nearly continuous cutting surface of the incisiform dentition. The distributions of both species overlap and both Cetopisis species are known to simultaneously feed on the same bodies. They do however differ in the specifics of their behavior. Cetopsis candiru typically bite into carcasses and twist to create an entry into the body before proceeding to feed from the inside, where they may congregate in vast numbers during feeding frenzies. Due to these habits carcasses that were fed on by C. candiru oftentimes appear almost entirely skeletonized, but retain cartilage, eyeballs and tight skin. Cetopsis coecutiens on the other hand does not remain inside the body and instead will return to it multiple times, each time ripping away chunks of flesh. Both species leave similar circular bitemarks on bodies they scavenged on. They are opportunistic animals, feeding on the carcasses of animals that have drowned or otherwise died and fallen into the water. The role of these fish as important aquatic scavengers is highlighted by their prominent appearance in forensics around the Amazon, being well known to even feed on cadavers found in the various rivers of northern South America.	2.65625
78767510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Hinric%20Lid%C3%A9n	Johan Hinric Lidén	Life and work Lidén was born in Slaka parish, Östergötland county, to lecturer of philosophy Martin (1700–1769) and Elisabeth Rydelia (1709–1756). His ancestors had moved from Pomerania and become wealthy. His father had taken the surname from Lida farm outside Norrköping which he developed. His mother was the niece of philosopher bishop Andreas Rydelius. He went to the Linköping Gymnasium and in 1758 he joined Uppsala University. His father married after the death of Elisabeth to a widow of a vicar whose son was Samuel Älf (1727–1799) who was also a docent at Uppsala University. In 1761 he joined the University of Turku and in 1764 he returned to Uppsala University, completing a doctorate in literary history. He travelled around Europe and joined Göttingen University in 1768 (attending the philology classes of J. D. Michaelis) and after leaving in 1769 he joined Lund University where he was appointed associate professor of history. He collected books and theses which grew into a large personal library. He combined ideas from the enlightenment but also had critical views on some of the sciences. In 1771 he suffered from gout and resigned from his position at Lund in 1776. He lived with his friend Johan Kuhlman in Norrköping and was bedridden for the remainder of his life but continued his scholarship. In 1779 he donated his book collection, nearly 11,000 books, to Östgöta nation along with money to support the salary of a librarian. He continued to work on a bibliography of Swedish works in 5 parts. He was visited by the Crown Prince Gustav Adolf and he was a royalist and patriot. He died of pleuroperipneumonia and as per his wish he was autopsied. A modern study of his symptoms suggest that he had untreated rheumatic arthritis that may have been worsened by tuberculosis. He was buried in Hedvig cemetery.	2.4375
78767836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth%20of%20July%20Celebration%20in%20Centre%20Square	Fourth of July Celebration in Centre Square	Fourth of July Celebration in Centre Square is an oil-on-canvas genre painting by John Lewis Krimmel (1786–1821). The painting was first exhibited in Philadelphia in 1812 and was purchased by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1845. It depicts a diverse crowd of Philadelphia's citizens mingling in the public square. Description and analysis Like many of Krimmel's paintings, Fourth of July Celebration in Centre Square depicts a bustling street scene. The location is the public square at Broad and Market Streets, the site of present-day Philadelphia City Hall. Some 50 people enjoy an Independence Day outing in the sunshine, gathering in conversation or buying food and beer from a street vendor tabling on the lower left. The presence of the old woman selling alcoholic drinks is considered to be a moralizing statement against alcohol. The crowd is diverse in race, gender, age, and class, with smartly dressed ladies and gentlemen, austerely dressed Quakers, and Black Philadelphians (Krimmel was among the first U.S. artists to paint free African Americans). Two playful dogs sniff noses in the center foreground. Krimmel depicted crowd members reacting to the female nude statue, as a commentary on public consumption of art. Country bumpkins gape in amazement, a fashionable lady shades her eyes to see more clearly, mischievous boys clamber over the fence encircling the sculpture, a well-dressed Black couple stand nearby, and a plainly dressed Quaker man lectures his son while his wife furtively peers at the statue over his shoulder. In the background looms a Greek Revival building, the city waterworks' pumping station designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe and celebrated as an engineering marvel. In the center of the square is a fountain with a pine statue painted to resemble marble: William Rush's Water Nymph and Bittern (1809). These architectural features symbolize Philadelphia's cultural and economic prowess.	2.84375
78767848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn%20Malin	Marilyn Malin	Marilyn Malin was a British literary agent, an editor and a publisher; she was the managing director of Methuen Children's Books. Early life and education Marilyn's parents were Irene (née Littenberg) and Albert Malin; she was Jewish, and born and brought up in Golders Green, London. She had at least one sister. Marilyn attended North London Collegiate School. She was awarded a state scholarship, which she took up at King's College London. Career Malin got a job as a secretary at the publishers Blackie and Son in the 1950s. In the 1960s she joined Methuen Children's Books, first as an assistant to Olive Jones. She became assistant children's books editor in 1965, and, towards the end of the 1960s, managing director. With Charles Shirley, she "create[d] the separate entity of Methuen Children's Books. It was an outward-looking company whose sense of identity was enhanced by bright design, a keen marketing drive, and a strong European flavour". Malin was described as one of the "eminent editorial directors of her time". Her acceptance, in 1966 with Olive Jones, of The River Kings by Max Fatchen, has been described as the result of "a culture of calculated risk". In the 1980s, Malin left Methuen to become a literary agent. Malin was the UK editor for Astrid Lindgren, and for Ivan Southall. She was editor for Rosemary Manning, and wrote about her for the journal Bookbird. She published Michael Morpurgo's Warhorse, and books by Floella Benjamin, John Agard and James Berry. She worked with Michael Palin on his children's book Small Harry. Malin was the agent for Kjartan Poskitt, She was a mentor to the illustrator Jane Pinkney. Malin commissioned a book written by Alison Prince with 21 primary school children. In 1986 Malin started her own publishing imprint, Marilyn Malin Books, in partnership with André Deutsch. Personal life Malin died in 2022 aged 86. Publications "Ruth Manning-Saunders: a memoir", in Bookbird, 1989 (27,1) pp 9–10	2.09375
78767915	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hirsch%20%28educator%29	David Hirsch (educator)	David Hirsch (May 23, 1813 – February 2, 1895) was a German educator of the deaf. Biography David Hirsch was born into a Jewish family in , Rhenish Prussia, in 1813. At a young age, he began teaching children in the local Jewish community. His success in teaching two deaf boys to speak and write attracted the attention of the Prussian government. He went on to study at the Heinicke Institute for Deaf-Mutes in Crefeld, and afterwards at a similar institute in Cologne. At the age of 25, Hirsch was appointed director of a school for the deaf in Aachen. In 1847, he relocated to Rotterdam to work as a private tutor for the two deaf children of . Over time, additional deaf children were placed under his instruction. On May 23, 1853, Hirsch founded the Rotterdamsche Inrichting voor Doofstommen-onderwijs, the first school in Holland dedicated to the oralist method for the education of the deaf. He managed this institution until 1887, when health issues forced him to step down from active leadership. In recognition of his contributions to education, the Dutch government awarded Hirsch the Order of the Netherlands Lion, and France named him an Officier de l'Académie. Publications	2.53125
69831804	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%20Weise	Der Weise	Der Weise (Middle High German; ; ; literally 'the orphan', but often rendered as 'the Orphan Stone' or 'Orphan Jewel'; sometimes also ) was an exceptionally large precious stone, perhaps an opal, set into the crown of the Holy Roman Emperor until being lost sometime in the fourteenth century. The term der Weise was accordingly used in Middle High German, including in the political verse of Walther von der Vogelweide, as a metonym for the office of Holy Roman Emperor. Der Weise is first mentioned in the late thirteenth-century German poem Herzog Ernst, which associates the jewel with a crown that some scholarship links to the 962 coronation of Otto I, linked in turn in some scholarship with the Reichskrone (Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Schatzkammer der Hofburg, SK XII). Herzog Ernst says that der Weise was situated on the crown's front plate, in the middle of the upper row of four rows of three stones. It has been suggested that the German idea of der Weise was inspired by Arabic traditions of a similar peerless stone, al-Yatīma.	2.75
69832050	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20Project%20of%20New%20Jersey	Women's Project of New Jersey	Initial steps included defining the focus and scope of the Project, determining the research methods and how to ensure accuracy, establishing the editorial board, targeting the audience to be as wide as possible, deciding how to organize the volume, discussing funding sources and potential publishers, and identifying subjects for the biographical volume that promoted an understanding of the role of women in the history and culture of New Jersey. The selection of “representative” women of all backgrounds as well as “notable” women was determined, reflecting the diversity and value of the lives of the women of the State, and adopting an inclusive view of history that understands the past as the history of all the people, not merely the history of those who held a monopoly of power. The task of the editors was to determine “not only who was significant, but also what was significant”, including the value of women’s unpaid family and community-building work. The search for suitable subjects included scouring major historic reference sources, writing to all of the state’s 463 historic societies, and contacting major women’s organizations. In order to help ensure an appropriate historic perspective, it was decided that potential subjects for the biographical volume had to have been born in or before 1923, the date of the introduction of the Equal Rights Amendment, written by New Jerseyan Alice Paul. Out of 1,000 potential subjects, 296 were chosen, illustrating women’s private and public sphere of achievement. Special efforts were taken to seek out under-represented sub-populations of women.	2.421875
69832050	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20Project%20of%20New%20Jersey	Women's Project of New Jersey	Women’s History Website The “New Jersey Women’s History” website, an Internet project based on Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women, was the first state-based on-line women’s history website in the nation and the first electronic resource for New Jersey women’s history. It has been active since 1997. The American Association for State and Local History (AASLH) again awarded the WPNJ a Certificate of Commendation in 2004 for the website. During the time the WPNJ administered the website it was the only such state women's history website in the country. Follow-on Projects Women’s History Initiative In 2002, based on the 1990 WPNJ publication Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women, the WPNJ worked with the Historic Preservation Office of the NJ Department of Environmental Protection and the Alice Paul Institute to identify and create a survey of underrepresented historic sites and resources associated with the lives of both extraordinary and representative women of New Jersey, including a cultural and historical context study of how New Jersey women’s history related to United States history. This work constituted the foundational components of the NJDEP’s Women’s History Initiative. They were used to create the DEP's New Jersey Women's Heritage Trail guidebook, New Jersey Women's Trail. Preservation Partners Also based on the 1990 WPNJ publication Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women, Preservation Partners published its own book, Women's Place in New Jersey History, in 2004. The Encyclopedia of New Jersey WPNJ President Delight Dodyk served on the advisory board of The Encyclopedia of New Jersey (2004) and helped select subjects from Past and Promise for inclusion in the encyclopedia. Sixty-five entries from the Women’s Project of New Jersey volume were adopted into The Encyclopedia of New Jersey, with attribution to the WPNJ and to Past and Promise (1997).	2.78125
69832280	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillie%20Berger	Tillie Berger	Tillie E. Hollis Berger (née Hollis; – 12 February ) was an American museum technician. She was the supervisor of the herbarium preparatory staff at the Smithsonian Institution where she pioneered and taught new techniques for mounting plants. Early life and education Tillie E. Hollis was born in in Washington, D.C.. She grew up near the Smithsonian Institution on Linworth Place SW in Washington, D.C.. Her father owned a restaurant near 10th and Pennsylvania Avenue. Tillie and three of her sisters worked at the herbarium at the Smithsonian Institution. She was married to John H. Berger, and together they had three children. Career Tillie Berger worked at the Smithsonian Institution herbarium for 42 years, from 1935 to 1977. After joining, she soon became supervisor of the herbarium preparatory staff which added at least 35,000 newly mounted plants to the collection each year. She developed techniques for mounting plants of varying sizes and shapes to heavy rag paper and taught those techniques to thousands of visiting botanists and herbarium workers. This work required significant creativity and artistry. Examples of work that she collected and prepared are in the collection at the Smithsonian Institution and include Malus spectabilis, Hibiscus coccineus, Polygonum cespitosum Blume, and Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. Death and legacy Berger died on February 12, 1994, at the age of 86, in Silver Spring, Maryland.	2.28125
69832388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Anthoensen%20Press	The Anthoensen Press	In 1884, a two-year-old, German-born Frederick Wilhelm Anthoensen (1882–1969) emigrated to the United States with his parents, Peter and Betta, from Tønder Municipality, South Jutland, Denmark. While in the Portland schools system, he gained an interest in printing via the works of two Boston printers — Daniel Berkeley Updike and Bruce Rogers. In 1898, a 16-year-old Anthoensen began an apprenticeship at the Southworth Press. He became a full-time compositor in 1901. Sixteen years later, he had become the company's managing director. Anthoensen also wrote two books: John Bell Type: Its Loss and Rediscovery (1939) and Types and Book Making (1943). Anthoensen broadened the scope of the company's customers beyond the local area, beginning with the Pratt Institute Free Library. He perpetually searched for old, lost or forgotten types and designs. This led to his possessing the country's largest collection of "rare borders, flowers, and other typographical ornaments" from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Anthoensen's proof room was known for its ability to process complex academic writing accurately. From 1920 until after the conclusion of World War II, the Press printed books that were regular inclusions in the American Institute of Graphic Arts' "Fifty Books of the Year" exhibitions. (It was during this period, in 1924, that Anthoensen married Madeleine Hagan, with whom he had one daughter, Greta (1930–2015), who married William L. Chesley in 1953. They were wed for 62 years.) Anthoensen purchased the company in 1934, initially changing its name to the Southworth–Anthoensen Press, then (by 1944) The Anthoensen Press. On June 7, 1947, Anthoensen was awarded an honorary degree of Master of Arts from Bowdoin College. Anthoensen died on August 13, 1969, aged 87. He was interred in Pine Grove Cemetery in Falmouth Foreside, Maine. His wife of 45 years survived him by nineteen years, and was buried beside him upon her death in 1988. Later years	2.109375
69832699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acantholichen%20pannarioides	Acantholichen pannarioides	Acantholichen pannarioides is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae, and the type species of genus Acantholichen. The lichen has a bluish-tinged, gelatinous thallus with a surface texture that has a powdery to hairy texture. It is found in montane regions of Central America and northern South America, where it grows on forest litter, bark, on bryophytes, and on other lichens. Taxonomy Both the genus Acantholichen and species were described as new to science in 1998 by Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen. The type specimen was collected by Peter Döbbeler and Josef Poelt on the southern slope of Barva Volcano in central Costa Rica, at an elevation between . The specific epithet alludes to the lichen's superficial resemblance to some members of the family Pannariaceae, while the generic names refers to the characteristic acanthohyphidia. A 2009 molecular phylogenetics study showed that the species was indeed a basidiolichen, and belonged to the Dictyonema clade in the family Hygrophoraceae. Another analysis suggested that the foliose genus Corella might be most closely related to Acantholichen. Acantholichen pannarioides was the sole species in the genus until five additional Acantholichen species were described as new to science from the Galápagos, Costa Rica, Brazil, and Colombia in 2016. Description The thallus of Acantholichen pannarioides comprises gelatinous, bluish-gray squamules measuring 1–2 mm long. The margins of the squamules eventually curl upward to reveal a non-corticated lower surface covered with coarse soredia. The upper thallus surface appears either pruinose (dusted) or hairy; with appearance is a result of spiny structures called acanthohyphidia; these structures are also on the lower cortex-lacking surface. According to Jørgensen, when viewed with a microscope, the acanthohyphidia "give the surface the appearance of an unshaven chin", and "resemble the spiny clubs of Roman gladiators".	2.203125
69832793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Yatima	Al-Yatima	Al-Yatīma (, meaning 'the orphan', apparently named for its unique size) was a pearl 'considered to be the most celebrated Islamic jewel of the Middle Ages'. How it came into Muslim hands is not clear: it might have come from Visigothic Spain or the Sasanian Empire during the Islamic Conquests. During the Umayyad period al-Yatīma was displayed in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem; it (or another jewel believed to be it) came into Abbasid hands and became part of their royal insignia, mounted on the crown of al-Mu'tasim (r. 833-42 CE). From the tenth century onwards, its history is uncertain. The 11th-century Book of Gifts and Rarities records that the Yatīma was discovered by divers in the reign of Harun al-Rashid and that the Umayyads' pearl was called al-ʿAẓīma ('enormous one'). It was supposedly given by al-Mahdi to a slave girl named Hasana, who had it cut up to make dice. It has been suggested that the German idea of der Weise ('the orphan'), a precious stone in the crown of the Holy Roman Emperor, was inspired by Arabic traditions of al-Yatīma.	3.078125
69832813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20quantum%20dot	Silicon quantum dot	Properties Silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) possess size-tunable photoluminescence that is similar to that observed for conventional quantum dots. The luminescence is routinely tuned throughout the visible and into the near-infrared region by defining particle size. In general, there are two distinct luminescence bands that dominate silicon quantum dot properties. Long-lived luminescence excited states (S-band, slow decay rate) are typically associated with size-dependent photoluminescence ranging from yellow/orange to the near-infrared. Short-lived luminescent excited states (F-band, fast decay rate) are typically associated with size-independent blue photoluminescence and in some cases nitrogen impurities have been implicated in these processes. The S-band is typically attributed to the size-dependent band gap of the silicon quantum dots. This emission can be tuned from yellow (600 nm) into the infrared (1000 to 1100 nm) by changing the diameter of the silicon quantum dots from about 2 to 8 nm. Some reports also describe the preparation of green-emitting silicon quantum dots prepared by decreasing the size, however, these materials are challenging to isolate and require further development. Silicon quantum dot luminescence may also be tuned by defining their surface chemistry. Attaching different surface species allows tuning of silicon quantum dot luminescence throughout the visible spectrum while the silicon quantum dot dimensions remain unchanged. This surface tuning is typically accompanied by the appearance of nanosecond lifetimes like those seen for F-band luminescence. Silicon quantum dot photoluminescence quantum yields are typically in the range of 10 to 40%, with a handful of synthetic protocols providing values in excess of 70%.	2.140625
69832813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20quantum%20dot	Silicon quantum dot	The long-lived excited state of silicon quantum dot S-band luminescence that starkly contrasts photoemission from conventional quantum dots is often attributed to the inherent indirect band gap of silicon and lends itself to unique material applications. Combining long-lived excited states with the biological compatibility of silicon quantum dots enables time-gated biological imaging. The large Stokes shift allows them to convert photons from the ultraviolet range into the visible or infrared range and is particularly beneficial in the design and implementation of luminescent solar concentrators because it limits self-absorption while down converting the light. Importantly, SiQDs are biologically compatible and do not contain heavy metals (e.g., cadmium, indium, lead). The biological compatibility of these materials has been carefully studied both in vitro and in vivo. During in vitro studies, SiQDs have been found to exhibit limited toxicity in concentrations up to 72 μg/mL in HeLa cells and 30 μg/mL in epithelial-like cells (MDA-MB-231). In vivo studies assessing biological compatibility of SiQDs undertaken in mice and monkeys (rhesus macaques) found "no signs of toxicity clearly attributable to SiQDs." In bacteria, SiQDs have been shown to be less toxic than both CdSe and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Synthesis	2.09375
69832813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20quantum%20dot	Silicon quantum dot	Sensing Photochemical sensors take advantage of the silicon quantum dot photoluminescence by quenching photon emission in the presence of the analyte. Photochemical sensors based on silicon quantum dots have been used to sense a wide variety of analytes, including pesticides, antibiotics, nerve agents, heavy metals, ethanol, and pH, often employing either electron transfer or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) as the method of quenching. Hazardous high energy materials, such as nitroaromatic compounds (i.e., TNT and DNT), can be detected at nanogram levels via electron transfer. In the electron transfer method, the energy level of LUMO of the molecule is between the valence and conduction bands of the silicon quantum dots, enabling the transfer of an excited state electron to the LUMO, and, therefore, preventing radiative recombination of the electron hole pair. This also works when the HOMO of the analyte is just above the conduction band of the SiQD, enabling the electron to transfer from the analyte to the SiQD. Alternative methods of detection via quenching of the SiQD core have also been explored. By functionalizing the quantum dots with enzymes, various biologically relevant materials can be sensed due to the formation of metabolites. Using this method, glucose can be detected via the formation hydrogen peroxide that quenches luminescence. Another method uses ratiometric sensing, where a fluorescent molecule is used as a control and the relative intensities of the two fluorescent labels are compared. This method was used to detect organophosphate nerve agents visually at a lower concentration than can be observed for SiQD quenching alone.	2.59375
69833251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylecodon%20wallichii	Tylecodon wallichii	Tylecodon wallichii is a species of succulent plant in the genus Tylecodon belonging to the family Crassulaceae. The species is named in honour of Nathaniel Wallich, early 19th century Danish plant hunter, botanist and physician. Description Tylecodon wallichii is a low sparsely branched shrublet reaching a height of about 50 cm (up to 1 m) with a single thick succulent stem up to 6 cm in diameter. Greyish branches are densely covered with residual leaf bases (phyllopodia) up to 1.5 cm long and crowded leaves on their tips. Leaves are yellowish to ash-green, hairless, ascending, slightly curved inward, tapering towards the apex, with a shallow groove along upper side, 6.5 — 9.5 cm (up to 15 cm) long. Plants blossom during summer, producing spreading to pendent clusters of dangling yellowish-green, urn-shaped flowers of 7-12 mm long with spreading to recurved lobes. It hybridises with Tylecodon paniculatus. Distribution Gravelly or sandy slopes of South Namibia and RCA from Namaqualand into the Great and Little Karoo. Toxicity The plant contains bufadienolide-type cardiac glycoside cotyledoside which causes nenta poisoning ("krimpsiekte") in livestock. Subspecies Tylecodon wallichii subsp. wallichii — South Namibia, RCA (Northern Cape) Tylecodon wallichii subsp. ecklonianus (Harv.) Toelken — South Namibia, RCA (Northern and Western Cape)	2.171875
69833318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Tommaso%20Apostolo%2C%20Enna	San Tommaso Apostolo, Enna	San Tommaso Apostolo is a Roman Catholic parish church located on the Piazza Francesco Paolo Neglia (also known as Piazza San Tommaso, and Via Roma in the town of Enna in Sicily, Italy. At a diagonal, across the street stands the church of Anime Sante del Purgatorio. History and description Documents show that a church dedicated to St Thomas in Enna was contributing to the bishopric of Catania by 1308–1310. In 1500, the sculptor Giuliano Mancino was commissioned to make the marble altarpiece for the main altar, completed in 1515. In the first decades of the 17th-century, Francesco Pellegrino (Peregrinus) painted the altarpiece depicting St Thomas verifying the Resurrected Christ. The work was restored in 1708 by Giuseppe Salamone. The crucifix in the church was restored in 1526, thus dates to prior centuries. Among the other artworks in the church is, for the painting by Peregrinus, a floral mosaic background by Giuseppe Fornasier. The church has four paintings of the prophets and a Holy Family by Saverio Marchese (1806-1859), who was the brother of the priest of San Tommaso. The fountain with bronze sirens by Mario Termini in the piazza before the church was inaugurated in 1989. The bell-tower dates from the late 16th-century. The stairs before the facade had a metal balustrade added in 1994. The church hosts celebrations for the Madonna of the Consolation and for Saint Lucy. Based in the church is the Confraternity of the Holy Sacrament, originally established in 1687 as the Compagnia dei Bianchi, that was meant to accompany those condemned to death. Originally, the confraternity had a home in the no-longer extant Chiesa del Santissimo Sacramento, once located adjacent to the Chiesa Madre. This group was dissoved in the late 19th-century during the wave of dissolutions with the advent of the Kingdom of Italy, but refounded in 1935 to as a lay Catholic organization. In 1991, the confraternity gifted the parish with a painting exalting the Mystery of the Eucharist by Pietro Marzilla.	1.984375
69834057	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Bakr%20ibn%20Sa%27d	Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd	Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd (Persian: اتابک مظفرالدین ابوبکر بن سعد بن زنگی), also known as Muzaffar al-Din Qutlugh Khan, was the Salghurid atabeg (ruler) of Fars from 1226 to 1260. He was the son and successor of Sa'd I. Background Since 1148, the southern Iranian region of Fars had been ruled by the Turkoman Salghurid dynasty. Abu Bakr was the son of Sa'd I (), the Salghurid atabeg (ruler) of Fars. Before his succession to the throne, Abu Bakr attempted to seize power by rebelling in Shiraz against his father during the latter's conflict with two princes of the Khwarazmian Empire. He was, however, defeated by local troops and imprisoned. Just before his father's death on 5 November 1226, Abu Bakr was released and subsequently became the new atabeg. Reign On 12 November 1230, Abu Bakr captured the Kish Island, thus giving him access to the trade between the Persian Gulf and India, where he could enforce dues on it. In August 1236, Abu Bakr seized the islands of Bahrayn, which was officially part of the Abbasid Caliphate. This resulted in a long struggle against its Arab inhabitants. Following the occupation of northern Iran and Baghdad by Ilkhanid ruler Hulagu Khan (), Abu Bakr declared his allegiance to him by sending his son Sa'd II to the Mongol court at Baghdad. During Sa'd II's assignment, Abu Bakr died, on 18 May 1260. Sa'd II thus succeeded him, but died en route at Tafresh due to illness after ruling for twelve or eighteen days. According to the modern historian John Limbert, Abu Bakr's death marked the start of the decline of the Salghurids, as his successors were either "drunkards, braggarts, or children," contrary to the previous "harsh and tough-minded Salghurid rulers."	2.234375
69834135	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20National%206060	Canadian National 6060	In November 1991, the government of Alberta announced that it could no longer afford to maintain and operate No. 6060, due to the state of the economy of that time, and the government considered relocating the locomotive to a park for permanent display. The New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway (NYS&W) of New York State caught wind of this announcement, and they quickly made an offer to the province to purchase No. 6060 for use in their steam excursion program, but negotiations were subsequently dropped. The RMRS was adamant for No. 6060 to continue operating while staying in Canada, and they quickly launched a campaign for the provincial government to reconsider the locomotive's future. By February 1992, the Province of Alberta relinquished ownership of No. 6060 to the RMRS. No. 6060 was subsequently moved from a private siding in Calgary to the Alberta Railway Museum near Edmonton for storage and maintenance, and then in 1998, the locomotive was moved again to Stettler to operate regularly for Alberta Prairie Steam Tours (APST). More than a decade later, it continued to carry thousands of excursion passengers every summer, until it went out of service in early 2011. Several years later, the APST began performing an overhaul on the locomotive, and , the overhaul is still under way.	2
69834165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9%20%282014%20film%29	Café (2014 film)	Café, also known as Coffee, is a Mexican documentary directed by Hatuey Viveros Lavielle which won the Sesterce d’or for Best Documentary at the Visions du Réel Film Festival in Switzerland. The film is spoken in Nahuatl. Plot Café follows an indigenous family from the mountainous region of Puebla in Mexico as they struggle to overcome the loss of Antonio, the father. Teresa, the mother, will try to help her children with their current challenges. Jorge seeks to become the first lawyer in the area and sixteen year old Rosario will have to make a decision concerning her unwanted pregnancy. Prizes Café received the Sesterce d'or for Best Documentary at the 2014 Visions du Réel Film Festival in Switzerland. It also won Best Documentary at the Biarritz International Festival of Latin American Cinema and the Reveu Sequence Prize at the Montreal First Peoples Festival. In 2015, it was screened at Docs Fortnight at the MoMA in New York. About the movie The father of director Hatuey Viveros Lavielle and Antonio, the deceased father of the family portrayed, were close friends. Viveros Lavielle has known the family for most of his life and that is how he managed to obtain such close intimacy with his subject during the filming process.	2.015625
69834473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briscoe%20v.%20Bank%20of%20Kentucky	Briscoe v. Bank of Kentucky	John Briscoe took out a loan from the bank and received payment in banknotes. He defaulted, and the bank sued to collect the debt. Briscoe maintained that the banknotes were bills of credit since they were only pieces of paper whose value stemmed from the state's full faith and credit. He argued that, since the bank was in effect an agent of the state, its issuance of banknotes was unconstitutional. The bank's attorney, Henry Clay, was tasked with explaining why the Court's recent decision in Craig v. Missouri (1830), in which a 4–3 majority had struck down loan certificates issued by Missouri as unconstitutional bills of credit, did not foreclose his arguments. He argued that the bank was not part of the state but instead a separate corporation to which the constitutional prohibition did not apply. The Kentucky courts ruled in the bank's favor, and Briscoe appealed to the Supreme Court, citing Craig. The case was argued in 1835. A narrow majority of the Court was inclined to reach the same conclusion as in Craig, but the justices did not want to rule on the constitutional question until the vacancy created by Justice Gabriel Duvall's resignation had been filled. The death of Chief Justice John Marshall later that year reduced the number of available justices further. A newly reconstituted Court, on which all but two justices were appointees of President Andrew Jackson, reheard the case in 1837. Only a single justice from the Craig majority – Justice Joseph Story – remained on the bench. Decision	2.640625
69834473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briscoe%20v.%20Bank%20of%20Kentucky	Briscoe v. Bank of Kentucky	The Court rendered its decision on February 11, 1837. By a 6–1 vote, the justices ruled in favor of the bank, upholding Kentucky's law. Justice John McLean, who had dissented in Craig, delivered the majority opinion. He opined that no previous case had "exceeded", and few had "equalled, the importance of that which arises in this case". McLean admitted that the bank had a strong connection to the state, but, observing that the bank could be sued independently of the state, he concluded that the bank's notes were not backed by the state's credit: they were instead the banknotes of a private corporation that simply happened to be owned by a state. He expressed concern that a ruling against Kentucky could render unconstitutional the banknotes issued by many other states. Although the majority did not reverse Craig directly, some scholars have argued that it effectively overruled the decision. Justices Smith Thompson and Henry Baldwin each filed separate concurring opinions. The sole dissenter, Justice Story, filed an animated and lengthy opinion. Writing that the bank was "the sole and exclusive instrument of the State, managing its exclusive funds, for its exclusive benefit and under its exclusive management", he concluded that the bank was for all intents and purposes a part of the state, and thus in his view the banknotes were impermissible state currency. He argued that states could not lawfully permit others to do what they could not do themselves. Story, the protégé of Marshall, evoked the late chief justice's spirit by stating that "Mr. Chief Justice Marshall is not here to speak for himself" but that, if he had been, he would have ruled against the bank.	2.171875
69834995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20Protected%20Firepower	Mobile Protected Firepower	The Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) is a U.S. Army program to procure a combat vehicle that is capable of providing mobile, protected, direct fire offensive capability. The projected vehicle has been designated the M10 Booker, and will according to description essentially serve the role of an assault gun. The program is part of the Next Generation Combat Vehicle program. The MPF vehicle has been called a light tank by some sources, which is incorrect according to some Army officials. It will weigh about . MPF is similar in purpose to the M8 Armored Gun System light tank, the intended replacement for the M551 Sheridan, which the Army canceled due to budget considerations in 1996. The last user of M551 Sheridans, the 3/73rd Armor of the 82nd Airborne Division, was subsequently inactivated starting in 1996. In 2018 the Army selected bids from General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) and BAE Systems—for further evaluation for the MPF requirement. Prototypes of GDLS's Griffin II and BAE's M8 AGS were delivered to the Army beginning in 2020. BAE's submission was disqualified in 2022. The Army selected the GDLS model for initial production later that year. In 2023, the Army type classified the vehicle as the M10 Booker. The Army expects to purchase 504 units. History Background The Army recognized the poor performance of the M551 Sheridan light tank in Vietnam and began the process of retiring the vehicle in 1977. A small number were retained in active service by the 82nd Airborne Division and the National Guard.	1.984375
69835057	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution%20in%20Our%20Time	Revolution in Our Time	Revolution in Our Time: The Black Panther Party's Promise to the People is a nonfiction book about the Black Panther Party, written by Kekla Magoon and published November 23, 2021 by Candlewick Press. In 2021, the book was a finalist for the National Book Award for Young People's Literature. Reception Revolution in Our Time is a Junior Library Guild book. The book received starred reviews from Booklist, Horn Book,Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, and School Library Journal. Kirkus Reviews referred to the book as a "highly readable and not-to-be-missed story of America’s history and current reality" Publishers Weekly called it a "detailed, accessible text" that "presents an incisive, in-depth study of the Black Panther Party." Booklist wrote, "This rounded accounting of a pivotal but often-overlooked time in U.S. history should be widely read." The Horn Book similarly wrote that "this compelling work would be invaluable for both individual and classroom reading," and Shelf Awareness said it is "a must-have for American history units that will spend more time in readers' hands than on the shelves." Horn Book, Kirkus Reviews, and Publishers Weekly named Revolution in Our Time one of the best young adult books of 2021. The audiobook, narrated by Tyla Collier, received a positive review from Lit Hub.	2.234375
69835143	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20Audio%20Response%20Units	IBM Audio Response Units	Part of the machine order included the vocabulary order. IBM would record the words based on the user order. This meant the user could not record the words themselves. Users could select either a male or female voice. As an example, the Michigan Credit Union League selected a female voice they called Connie, which they described as a "pleasant girls voice". Users were allowed to specify up to 32 words by default. Users could request additional words in sets of 16 up to a maximum of 128 words based on model. The Model 1 is limited to 126 words, the Model 2 to 127 words and the Model 3 to 128 words. Lengthy words may be split into two words. However a track can contain several words if they are monosyllabic and can be said together in less than 500 ms. IBM call this a “phrase”. One word (one track) is reserved for a silent pause (meaning that the track is blank). Letters and numbers (A to Z and 0 to 9) could be requested as part of the vocabulary but each letter or number uses a single track. Words could be ordered in languages other than English. Part of the machine order included the number of carrier lines: By default the IBM 7770 has the hardware to connect 4 carrier lines. Additional lines are added in increments of 4 up to a maximum of 48. When more than 16 lines are ordered then another frame is added to house them. There are two panels: An operator panel which offers indicators to show incoming inquiries and an output jack for a user to monitor the response. A CE (Customer Engineer) panel that allows the CE to manual enter an inquiry and listen to the response using earphones and an output jack. It allows the CE to perform a variety of diagnostics. There are three models based on which IBM System it attaches to: The physical configuration is determined by the number of carrier lines: Example users	2.453125
69835428	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Karelia%20Central%20Hospital	North Karelia Central Hospital	The North Karelia Central Hospital () is a hospital located in the city of Joensuu in North Karelia, Finland. It was built in 1953, which makes it the oldest central hospital in the whole country. The hospital is located near the city center of Joensuu on the top of Niinivaara, from where its white main building can be seen tens of kilometers all the way to Koli. The height of the 12-storey building is 45 meters. Architects Jussi Paatela together with Olli Pöyry and Marja Pöyry were responsible for the design of the hospital buildings. In North Karelia, the hospital provides special medical services to a total of 166,400 inhabitants in 13 municipalities. The hospital also has a helipad for patient transport. The North Karelia Hospital District is under the special responsibility of Kuopio University Hospital. Part of the specialist care is provided in the area of special responsibility at the university hospital in the area. The North Karelia Central Hospital does not have open heart surgery and neurosurgery; by decree of the Finnish Government, for example, organ transplants are centralized throughout the country at Helsinki University Central Hospital and hyperbaric oxygen treatment at Turku University Hospital. The hospital serves as a teaching hospital for social and health care and medical students.	2.140625
69835640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20of%20La%20Tour-du-Pin	Hugh of La Tour-du-Pin	Hugh of La Tour-du-Pin (1197/1198 – December 1249) was the bishop of Clermont from 1227 until his death. Hugh was a son of Albert, lord of La Tour-du-Pin, and Marie d'Auvergne. He is called magister, showing that he had a formal education. Before his election as bishop, he was the prior of the Cluniac abbey of Sauxillanges, where many members of his family had served as prior. By 1227, he was also the provost of Clermont and a subdeacon. That year, he was elected to succeed his uncle, Robert of Auvergne, as bishop of Clermont after the latter was transferred to the archdiocese of Lyon. Since he was at the time only twenty-nine years old, Pope Gregory IX appointed him diocesan administrator on 30 April 1227. He was confirmed as bishop after he turned thirty. In 1229, Hugh, with Bishop Milo of Beauvais, brought French troops to Italy at the request of Gregory IX to fight against Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in the so-called War of the Keys. In 1242, during the Saintonge War, King Louis IX sent Hugh, joined by Humbert of Beaujeu, to harass the possessions of the rebellious Count Raymond VII of Toulouse in the Quercy. Raymond surrendered the castles of Saverdun and Bram to Hugh and Humbert. In 1243, Pope Innocent IV suspended Hugh and placed him under interdict for failing to attend a synod of the ecclesiastical province of Bourges, whose authority Hugh refused to recognize. In 1245, Hugh attended the ecumenical council of Lyon.	2.109375
69835726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/479%20BC%20Potidaea%20earthquake	479 BC Potidaea earthquake	The 479 BC Potidaea tsunami is the oldest record of a paleotsunami in human history. The tsunami is believed to have been triggered by a 7.0 earthquake in the north Aegean Sea. The associated tsunami may have saved the colony of Potidaea from an invasion by Persians from the Achaemenid Empire. Tectonic setting The Aegean Sea is a seismically active region with complex plate tectonics interaction both within and surrounding the Aegean Sea plate. Seismicity in the Aegean Sea is due to active extension within the lithospheric plate. The Aegean Sea plate is defined along several major plate boundaries including the North Anatolian Fault which runs through northern Turkey, where the Anatolian sub-plate slides past the Eurasian plate along this right-lateral strike-slip fault. The southern margin is dominated by active convergence of the African plate. It converges north towards the Aegean Sea plate at a rate of 5–10 mm/yr. The subduction rate along the Hellenic subduction zone at 35 mm/yr, however, greatly exceeds the velocity of the African plate. North–south extension within the Aegean Sea plate in the back-arc region compensates the subduction rate. Shallow crustal earthquakes within the Aegean Sea plate is a result of this extension, accommodated by east–west trending normal faults. Earthquake The 7.0 earthquake had an epicenter somewhere in Macedonia. It was given a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).	2.921875
69835830	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan%20Source	Trojan Source	In the above example, the RLI mark (right-to-left isolate) forces the following text to be interpreted differently than it is displayed: the triple-quote is first (ending the string), followed by a semicolon (starting a new line), and finally with the premature return (returning and ignoring any code below it). The new line terminates the RLI mark, preventing it from flowing into the below code. Because of the Bidi character, some source code editors and IDEs rearrange the code for display without any visual indication that the code has been rearranged, so a human code reviewer would not normally detect them. However, when the code is inserted into a compiler, the compiler may ignore the Bidi character and process the characters in a different order than visually displayed. When the compiler is finished, it could potentially execute code that visually appeared to be non-executable. Formatting marks can be combined multiple times to create complex attacks. Impact and mitigation Programming languages that support Unicode strings and follow Unicode's Bidi algorithm are vulnerable to the exploit. This includes languages like Java, Go, C, C++, C#, Python, and JavaScript. While the attack is not strictly an error, many compilers, interpreters, and websites added warnings or mitigations for the exploit. Both GNU GCC and LLVM received requests to deal with the exploit. Marek Polacek submitted a patch to GCC shortly after the exploit was published that implemented a warning for potentially unsafe directional characters; this functionality was merged for GCC 12 under the -Wbidi-chars flag. LLVM also merged similar patches. Rust fixed the exploit in 1.56.1, rejecting code that includes the characters by default. The developers of Rust found no vulnerable packages prior to the fix. Red Hat issued an advisory on their website, labeling the exploit as "moderate". GitHub released a warning on their blog, as well as updating the website to show a dialog box when Bidi characters are detected in a repository's code.	2.109375
69835996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Raphael%20Hahn	Max Raphael Hahn	In 2011, the descendants of Max Raphael and Gertrud Hahn launched the Hahn Research Project. Through research in the holdings of the Städtisches Museum Göttingen, a number of objects belonging to the Hahn family were identified (furniture, arts and crafts objects, graphic art, etc.), which were officially returned to the family in 2014. They are now on permanent loan from the family to the Göttingen Municipal Museum. Subsequently, as part of the Hahn Research Project, further research was conducted into the whereabouts of the family's possessions and Judaica collection. With the help of catalog information and historical photographs from the family's holdings, the so-called Jacob's cup from the Hahn Collection was identified at the Museum für Kunstgewerbe in Hamburg. It was officially returned to the family in November 2018. The fate of the Hahn Judaica collection, which was confiscated by the Nazis is the subject of the book "Das Vermächtnis des Max Raphael Hahn. Göttingen citizen and collector - a story of life and death, courageous perseverance, and the continuing power of family tradition," published by Hogrefe Verlag in 2014. In 2019, the Vancouver Holocaust Education Centre held an exhibition on the history of the family and its collection. Memorials On November 8, 2017, a memorial plaque for Mr. and Mrs. Hahn was unveiled at their villa in Merkelstraße. Since February 7, 2018, eight Stolpersteine in front of the residential and commercial building at Weender Straße 70 in Göttingen commemorate the fate of Max Raphael Hahn and his relatives.	2.3125
69836000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Mahon%20%28British%20Army%20officer%29	Denis Mahon (British Army officer)	At the advice of his cousin and estate agent, John Ross Mahon, Denis began a mass "assisted emigration scheme." in which he evicted thousands of people and chartered spots for many of them aboard ships destined for Quebec. Ships like the ones Mahon chartered were often referred to as Coffin Ships for the inhumane conditions that the people in transport suffered. The first ship Mahon sent during the clearance of his land was The Virginius which took 476 people and left Liverpool in may of 1847. Upon its arrival in Quebec Dr. George Mellis Douglas, superintendent of the quarantine site built to prevent the spread of cholera from new arrivals, examined the passengers who arrived at the Grosse-Île in Quebec. He wrote that 106 of the passengers were ill, 158 had died on the journey and "the few that were able to come on deck were ghastly yellow looking specters" This ship was followed by three more filled with Mahons tenants. The Naomi, The Erin’s Queen, and The John Munn all of which were inspected by Douglas who wrote of similar conditions on board those ships. News that nearly half of the people put on the ships by Mahon had died made it back to Roscommon in August of that year reaching the remaining tenants, many of whom had friends, loved ones, and long-time neighbours on board those ships. At the end of August 1847, Mahon returned from England to Roscommon where he had left local Catholic priest Michael McDermott in his place filling in as the chairman of the Strokestown famine relief committee. McDermott accused Mahon of amusing himself by "burning houses and turning out people to starve."	2.46875
69836360	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindropuntia%20bernardina	Cylindropuntia bernardina	Cylindropuntia bernardina is a species of cholla cactus commonly known as the cane cholla or valley cholla, native to California and northwestern Baja California. It is an erect cholla that grows up to 2–3 meters tall, and occurs primarily in the foothills of the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges, parts of the Sonoran Desert, and in the Coast Ranges with a few populations around the Cuyama River. It was formerly placed as the variety parkeri of Cylindropuntia californica until it was renamed to C. bernardina. It is more closely related to Cylindropuntia ganderi than to C. californica. Description This plant grows in an erect habit up to 3 meters tall. The terminal segments of the stem are generally 16 to 40 cm long, 1.7 to 4 cm in diameter and firmly attached, with tubercles 16 to 35 mm large and less than 7 mm high. The spines are generally less than 3.5 cm long, colored yellow to orange-brown, with the sheath translucent white to gold-brown. The flowers are yellow, often tinged with red tips. The filaments are colored green or yellow, while the stigma is cream to yellow. The green to yellow fruits are a leathery to dry texture, and have few to no spines. Taxonomy This species was first collected by George Richard Vasey, son of George Vasey, in February 1881, in San Bernardino, California. The National Herbarium erroneously ticketed G.R. Vasey's collections as being from New Mexico. The basionym of this species, Opuntia bernardina, was described by George Engelmann. Subsequent taxonomic changes led to plants of this species undergoing numerous names, most notably as Cylindropuntia californica var. parkeri. In 2018, genetic analysis placed plants of this species closer to Cylindropuntia ganderi than to Cylindropuntia californica var. californica. This species also integrades with C. ganderi and C. echinocarpa.	2.671875
69836966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankri	Sankri	Sankri is a village situated at an altitude of 1950 m above sea level in Mori Tehsil, Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand, India. Part of the Govind Balabh Pant Wildlife Sanctuary, Sankri is 25 km away from the sub-district headquarters Mori and 195 km from the district headquarters Uttarkashi. Barkot is the closest town to Sankri at approximately 86 km. The total geographical area of Sankri village is 40.01 hectares. According to 2009 statistics, Saur is the gram panchayat of Sankri, and according to 2011 census information, the location code or village code of Sankari village is 040230. Sankri is also considered as the base camp of several treks like Har Ki Doon, Kedarkantha, Ruinsara Tal, Bali Pass, Borasu Pass, Dev Kyara Bugyal, Bharadsar Lake, Saru Tal, Nalgan Pass, Maldaru and is also the base village of various mountain peaks such as Swargarohini Ranges, Banderpunch, and Black Peak. One has to go through Dehradun to reach Sankri. The route from Dehradun to Sankri is 200 km long that can be completed by taxis or government buses from Dehradun. There is no road beyond Sankri village; hence this village is also considered as the last road of Govind Wildlife Sanctuary. Unlike other villages present in Uttarakhand, the lush greenery of the Himalayan valley is seen inside Sankri. Sankri is the only village present in Uttarakhand, situated between mountains, deodar forests, and rivers like Supin, Tons and Kedarganga. Weather The village receives annual snowfall in the months of January and February. The average temperature is estimated to be in the range of 10 to 15 degrees celsius and the annual precipitation is about 1328 mm.	2.1875
69837159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neil%20Peak	O'Neil Peak	The mountain's name has been officially adopted by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. It honors Lieutenant Joseph P. O'Neil (1863–1938), United States Army officer who led the 1885 and 1890 O'Neil Expeditions to explore the interior of the Olympic Mountains. Traveling east to west, his second exploratory party of 1890 traveled up the North Fork Skokomish River, circled around the north side of Mount Steel to O'Neil Pass, then descended into Enchanted Valley and followed the Quinault River to Lake Quinault. Sometime during or immediately after the second expedition, the mountain was christened after him. The volume of work accomplished by O'Neil and his team expanded the body of knowledge about the interior of the Olympic Peninsula, and sections of the route that they blazed are now part of the park's trail system. Geology The Olympic Mountains are composed of obducted clastic wedge material and oceanic crust, primarily Eocene sandstone, turbidite, and basaltic oceanic crust. The mountains were sculpted during the Pleistocene era by erosion and glaciers advancing and retreating multiple times.	3.0625
69837390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%20Heierli	Jakob Heierli	Jakob Heierli (11 August 1853 – 18 July 1912) was a Swiss teacher, prehistorian and archaeologist. Biography Jakob Heierli was born on 11 August 1853 in Herisau to Christian Heierli, a weaver, and Katharina Barbara, née Tanner. From 1871 to 1873 he attended the teacher-training college in Kreuzlingen and in 1873 he received his teachering certificate. From 1873 to 1875 he headed the local training school. From 1875 to 1879 he completed the secondary-school teacher-training at the University of Zurich and in 1879 he passed the examination to become a secondary-school teacher. From 1882 until his death he worked as a secondary-school teacher in Hottingen (today a part of Zürich). From 1880 onwards, Heierli devoted himself to researching and popularizing Swiss prehistory in addition to his work as a teacher. He attended lectures at the University of Zurich, at the Zurich Polytechnic (today ETH Zurich) and took part in several geological expeditions and archaeological excavations. Heierli was a member of the board of directors of the Antiquarian Society of Zürich until 1904. From 1888 to 1893 he was vice-president of the Ethnographic Society (later Geographic-Ethnographic Society) of Zürich. He was subsequently actuary of the society until his death. As a docent at the University of Zürich, Heierli presented lectures in prehistory from 1889 to 1912; he also lectured at the Zurich Polytechnic from 1900. In 1901, the University of Zürich awarded him an honorary doctorate “in recognition of his services to research into the prehistory of Switzerland.” In France he was awarded the title “Officier d’Académie,” an order of knighthood reserved for academics and cultural and educational figures. In 1901, Heierli published Urgeschichte der Schweiz [The Prehistory of Switzerland], the first general overview of the subject. In 1907, Heierli was a co-founder of the Swiss Society for Prehistory (today Archäologie Schweiz). He was its secretary until his death.	2.234375
69837390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%20Heierli	Jakob Heierli	Heierli died in Zürich on 18 July 1912, a month short of his 59th birthday. He was survived by his wife of thirty years Julie Heierli-Weber, née Weber, whose field of study was the history of Swiss national costumes. Archaeology Jakob Heierli took part in numerous archaeological excavations in Switzerland. He made archaeological maps for the cantons of Zürich, Thurgau, Aargau, Solothurn, Schaffhausen, St. Gallen and Appenzell. At the time of his death, he left sufficient material for an archaeological map of the whole of Switzerland in manuscript. As Secretary General of the Swiss Society for Prehistory, Heierli compiled the Archäologische Landesdokumentation (National Archaeological Survey), which is now in the archives of Archäologie Schweiz. In this work, he created a dossier for each Swiss community, in which he filed reports of archaeological finds, letters, excavation notes, newspaper reports, etc., according to their respective archaeological epoch. In his lectures, Heierli always endeavored to attract new people to the subject of Swiss prehistory. He also tried to arouse interest in it in the widest circles through popular scientific lectures and publications. Heierli also attended various prehistoric excavations abroad and made numerous acquaintances with foreign researchers. He was a corresponding member of numerous foreign societies.	2.5
69837513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Museum%20of%20New%20Caledonia	Maritime Museum of New Caledonia	The Maritime Museum of New Caledonia () is a maritime museum in New Caledonia. It is largely dedicated to the history of French colonial exploration in the Pacific and the collection includes objects retrieved from the frigates Astrolabe and Boussole, which were wrecked under the captaincy of Jean-François de Galaup de Lapérouse. Background The museum is located near the Betico ferry terminal in Noumea. It occupies a former maritime station that was donated by the Autonomous Port of New Caledonia. The museum opened in 1999. In 2009, a commemorative stamp was issued to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the museum. The museum was renovated in 2013, which involved the creation of new galleries. In 2021, the museum opened a new temporary exhibition on the history of the cruise and the journey by sea from France to the territory. It runs educational activities for primary and secondary school students. Collection The museum's collection includes artefacts collected from the wrecks of the frigates Astrolabe and Boussole, which had been captained by Jean-François de Galaup de Lapérouse, a naval officer commissioned by Louis XVI to explore the Pacific. It also contain objects relating other voyages to New Caledonia in the colonial period, to missionary activity, and to the history of nickel. The museum collection also includes the skull of a pygmy blue whale. Museologists have commented that the museum focusses on French, rather than indigenous, maritime histories.	2.609375
69837747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Joly	Robert Joly	Robert Joly (1922–2011) was a Belgian philologist, hellenist, exegete and historian of Christian sources. Biography Joly was born in Carnières, Belgium on 12 May 1922. He was a professor at the Free University of Brussels and at the University of Mons. At the Free University of Brussels, he held the chair of New Testament and Greek and Latin patristics. He edited and commented on several writings on the origins of Christianity such as The Shepherd of Hermas and published works by Hippocrates in the Budé collection. His works on Ignatius of Antioch, who according to his research would be an imaginary character, were published from 1974 to 1980. He set out his conclusion that even the seven letters of Ignatius still considered authentic, would in fact be apocrypha written around 165 in the Christian community of Smyrna by the smyrniote forger Marcion of Smyrna. Joly also studied a pagan religious text, The Table (or Pinax or Tabula), attributed to Cebes, a disciple of Plato. He received the prize of the Société des Sciences, des Arts et des Lettres du Hainaut (), for his critical edition of The Shepherd of Hermas in 1958, as well as the Théodore-Reinach Prize of the Association pour l'encouragement des études grecques en France (Association for the Encouragement of Greek Studies in France), for his research on the pseudo-Hippocratic treatise on the diet (Peri diaites). He died in Anderlecht (Brussels region) on 24 July 2011.	1.914063
69837795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy%20El-Shall	Samy El-Shall	Research El-Shall's research interests include nanostructured materials, graphene and nanocatalysis for energy and environmental applications, gas phase clusters and vapor phase nucleation. El-Shall is the architect of the concept of cluster polymerization, and intracluster polymerization was first demonstrated in his lab at VCU. As of 2021, El-Shall has written over 290 publications in refereed journals in the areas of physical chemistry, catalysis and nanoscience. He also holds 11 US patents on the synthesis of nanomaterials, nanoparticle catalysts, graphene, graphene-supported catalysts and graphene-based materials for the removal of pollutants from water. Nucleation El-Shall was the first to apply the Resonant Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI) technique to selectively generate molecular ions within supersaturated host vapors and study the phenomena of ion-induced nucleation on well-defined ions. He also focused his study on the formation mechanisms of gold–zinc oxide hexagonal nanopyramids through heterogeneous nucleation using microwave synthesis. In 2018, he demonstrated nucleation and growth process of gold nanoparticles initiated by nanosecond and femtosecond laser irradiation of aqueous solutions of [AuCl4]−. Nanoparticles His group has also been involved in the development of a novel technique: Laser Vaporization Controlled Condensation (LVCC) for the synthesis of a variety of semiconductor, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. His research lab is currently focused on the applications of graphene in heterogeneous catalysis and energy conversion, and he developed novel microwave and laser methods for the synthesis of nanoparticle catalysts supported on graphene. The recent discovery of efficient photo-thermal energy conversion by graphene-based materials by El-Shall's group has resulted in the development of new materials for efficient solar water desalination and the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water.	2.046875
69837920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimaporia	Mimaporia	Mimaporia is a genus of moths in the Oriental swallowtail moth family Epicopeiidae consisting of two species, Mimaporia hmong and Mimaporia owadai. First described in 2017 by Shen-Horn Yen and Chia-Hsuan Wei, as the sole species Mimaporia hmong, from museum specimens held at the Natural History Museum, London. The second species, Mimaporia owadai was discovered two years after the initial description. Its members are found in Northern Vietnam, Northern India, and Sichuan Province in China. Named due to their resemblance to Aporia butterflies, this genus of moths engage in various mimetic relationships with other lepidopterans. This includes members of the butterfly genus Neptis in addition to the aforementioned Aporia. Recent genetic studies put Mimaporia as a sister group to Nossa and Epicopeia. Description Mimaporia is a genus of Epicopeiid moths, known for engaging in mimicry complexes with other lepidopterans. Mimaporia is no exception, in this case, the moth mimics members of the families Nymphalidae and Pieridae. With M. hmong known for engaging in a mimetic relationship with Aporia agathon. Whereas M. owadai is known for its mimetic relationship with members of the genus Neptis, including Neptis alwina, Neptis dejeani, and Neptis philyroides, with similar flight and wing patterns. The distribution of M. owadai overlaps with that of N. alwina and N. dejeani, while the Northern Vietnamese distribution of M. hmong overlapping with N. philyroides and thus making it a contender for its mimetic relationship. The genus is characterized by their lack of chaetosemata, which are sensory structures. Additionally wing venation, in the closeness of forewing vein M2 and M3 compared to the closeness of M2 with the stem of vein R5 and M1. The aedeagus of Mimaporia has a sclerotized shaft. In addition, similar to the genera Nossa and Epicopeia, of whom it has a sister-group relationship with, the aedeagus coecum is reduced or even absent. Etymology	2.03125
69838473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Mufaku	Muhammad Mufaku	Muhammad Mufaku al-Arnaut (; born 1952) is a Kosovar Albanian Syrian and retired professor of Middle East studies. Muhammad Mufaku was born (1952) in Damascus, Syria. He graduated from Damascus University with a degree in Arabic language and literature. Mufaku completed his master's and doctorate degrees in comparative literature and history at Pristina University, Kosovo. Later Mufaku taught at Pristina University and was based in its Department of Oriental Studies until 1987 when he was expelled by the Milošević government of Yugoslavian Serbia. In Jordan he became a professor of modern history and taught in a number of its universities like at Yarmouk University in Irbid and later was a lecturer at Al al-Bayt University in Mafrak until his retirement in 2018. During that time, Mufaku became the director of the House of Wisdom Institute, was a member of the Syrian Arab Academy of Sciences and a member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo. In the late 2010s, Mufaku was also elected by the assembly of the Oriental Studies Institute in Pristina as its director. Mufaku has written more than 30 books and over 100 articles in the Arabic and Albanian languages. His works have focused on Albanian history, Arab-Albanian relations, Albanian diaspora writings in Arabic and Balkan Islamic subjects. Mufaku has authored some pioneering works, due to his ability of researching Balkan and Arabic sources. In parts of the Levant, the Gulf, North Africa and the Muslim areas of the Balkans, Mufaku is recognised for his scholarly works, and in the Arab world he is considered an expert on Islam in the Balkans. Some works by Mufaku have aimed to reacquaint Arabic readers with the historical Muslim presence in the Balkans, an area of study often neglected in Middle Eastern academia. In 2012, Mufaku was decorated with the Medal of Merit by Kosovo's president.	2.15625
69838720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmia%20pulchella	Erasmia pulchella	Erasmia pulchella is a species of moth in the burnet moth family Zygaenidae and in the subfamily Chalcosiinae. It was described by Frederick William Hope in 1840. It is found throughout Southeast Asia, with its range stretching from northern India, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, and Japan. It is the type species of the genus Erasmia. The moth's larvae feed on Helicia cochinchinensis, and they build up toxic cyanide compounds within its body. As a deterrent, the moths are brightly colored to serve as aposematic coloration. Additionally, under threat, the adult moths can exude toxins in the form of a foam that is typically exuded from the neck. The chemical compounds linamarin and lotaustralin have been isolated from the moth as specific noxious chemicals. Various subspecies exude the toxins through various locations. There are six known subspecies of Erasmia pulchella. The moth is known as サツマニシキ, Satsuma-nishiki in Japanese, the name refers to the resemblance of the moth's wings to nishiki cloth, a type of dyed silk cloth with interwoven gold thread. The Chinese name for the moth is 山龍眼螢斑蛾, Shān lóngyǎn yíng bān é, "Mountain longan moth" and 雙星錦斑蛾, Shuāngxīng jǐn bān é, "Double star firefly moth". The former refers to its diet of Helicia cochinchinensis and the latter refers to its wing patterns. Description	2.4375
69838720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmia%20pulchella	Erasmia pulchella	Erasmia pulchella is found throughout Southern and Eastern Asia. Ranging from Northern India, and into Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and China. Its distribution extends as far east as Taiwan and Japan. There are four subspecies found in Japan, with its distribution stretching as far south as the Ryukyu Islands, with the furthest easternmost point being the Kii Peninsula. Its hostplant of Helicia cochinchinensis has a range that does not extend past the Tōkai region, explaining the limit. Its distribution in Japan is limited to the extent of Helicia cochinchinensis, and the moth rarely strays far from its host plant's distribution. Subspecies nipponica is found on the Japanese mainland, and is found on the islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Subspecies fritzei is found on Amami Ōshima and Okinawa Prefecture. Subspecies kumageana is found on Yakushima and Tanegashima. Subspecies sakishimana is endemic to the Yaeyama Islands. The nominate subspecies pulchella is found in Northern India. Subspecies hobsoni is found on the island of Taiwan. Subspecies chinensis was described from the mountains of Myanmar by Adalbert Seitz, and is additionally found in Vietnam. Former subspecies hainana is found on the island of Hainan in China. Former subspecies cyanea was described from Hong Kong. Former subspecies sangaica is found in Northern China and Southern Japan. Etymology The Anglicized Taiwanese names for the moth are 山龍眼螢斑蛾, Shān lóngyǎn yíng bān é, "Mountain longan moth" and 雙星錦斑蛾, Shuāngxīng jǐn bān é, "Double star firefly moth". Mountain longan is the Chinese name for Helicia formosana, a foodplant for the moth's larvae. The "double star" in the other name is thought to be referring to the two white dots on the tip of the forewing. Yen Shen-Horn translated the name into English as the "Dayflying Helicia Zygaenid Moth".	2.28125
69838792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Leisner	David Leisner	Leisner has composed many works for voice and varied instruments.Kandell, Leslie. "David Leisner, guitar," American Record Guide, July/August 1994. Richard Dyer characterized these pieces by their good literary judgment, imagination and taste in "taking poems from disparate sources and putting them into cycles that trace emotional progress and develop dramatic shape." Some of them are collected on Leisner's recording, Letter to the World (2022). "Confiding" (1985–86, originally for soprano and guitar, here for soprano and piano) is a ten-song cycle with folk-inflected harmonies that features poems by Emily Brontë and Emily Dickinson tracing the rise and fall of an intimate relationship before a turn to supra-human elements. "Of Darkness and Light" (2002, for tenor, violin, oboe and piano) sets five Wendell Berry poems from the Vietnam War era about darkness and light to music that moves through thoughtfulness, passion and anxiety to beauty; "Das Wunderbare Wesen" (2011, baritone and cello, for Wolfgang Holzmair) sets five German translations of Lao Tsu’s Tao Te Ching in songs expressing the mystical spirituality of Taoism. An early work, "Simple Songs" (1982, for baritone and guitar) placed six poems by Emily Dickinson covering a range of emotions and explored various contrapuntal and rhythmic complexities. Leisner has also written several works for orchestra. "Embrace of Peace" (1991, commissioned by the Fairfield Orchestra), inspired by a painting by George Tooker, was described as a "striving, passionate and hopeful" tone poem whose imaginative combinations of instruments and dissonances set up warm and satisfying resolutions. "Wayfaring" (2022, guitar and full orchestra) is a three-movement work written for guitarist Pepe Romero, based on the folk song/spiritual, "Wayfaring Stranger." Its emotional tapestry moves through a restless opening and dissonant middle to a simpler, jubilant final movement.	2.015625
69838999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua	Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua	Because the queens of the two Neo-Assyrian kings preceding Ashurnasirpal II (Adad-nirari II, 911–891 BC, and Tukulti-Ninurta II, 891–884 BC) are unknown Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua is the as of yet earliest known queen of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. She is the only Neo-Assyrian queen for which information concerning her family background and origin are known; her funerary inscription identifies her as the daughter of Ashur-nirka-da’’inni, the "great cupbearer" (šāqiu rabiu) of Ashurnasirpal. It is possible that Ashur-nirka-da’’inni is the same person as a man of the same name who was the eponym holder (the person whose name was used as the name of the year) in 860 BC. Michael Roaf suggested in 1995 that Ashur-nirka-da’’inni's appointment as great cupbearer and eponym holder coincided with Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua's marriage to Ashurnasirpal and that she was thus the king's second wife (after an unknown earlier queen) and married to him only briefly, but this is speculative; it is equally likely that Ashur-nirka-da’’inni held the position of great cupbearer significantly earlier and that him being honored as eponym holder was a late development. Due to their typical Assyrian names and Ashur-nirka-da’’inni's high position it is likely that both Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua and her father belonged to the Assyrian aristocracy. After Ashurnasirpal II's reign Albert Kirk Grayson suggested in 1993 that Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua outlived Ashurnasirpal by more than half a century, since the seal of the influential turtanu (commander-in-chief) Shamshi-ilu, active in the late 9th and early 8th centuries BC, was found in her grave and must have been placed there around 800 BC. This idea has been discarded by recent scholars, however, given that the seal was located in a bronze coffin in the same room, not inside Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua's sarcophagus.	1.953125
69838999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua	Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua	Though Grayson's idea is no longer accepted, it is clear from the inscription on her sarcophagus that Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua did outlive Ashurnasirpal for some time. The inscription curiously appears to identify her as the queen of both Ashurnasirpal and of his son and successor Shalmaneser III (859–824 BC). What this means is not clear and various explanations have been proposed; if she was young and only married Ashurnasirpal late in his reign she could in principle have then married his son. Alternatively, she might have been allowed to keep the title of queen after her husband's death (i.e. as queen dowager), though there is little to no evidence that other Assyrian queens did so. It is also possible that the inscription merely identifies her by her formal title and should be interpreted as her being the queen of Ashurnasirpal, but dying in the reign of Shalmaneser. Whether Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua was Shalmaneser's wife or mother continues to be a topic of debate among modern scholars, though it is considered more likely that she was his mother. The inscription on the lid of Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua's sarcophagus is mostly made up of a curse against anyone who would disturbe her tomb: Despite the curse, Mullissu-mukannishat-Ninua's sarcophagus was looted at some point after her burial. During the looting, a part of the great stone lid of the sarcophagus was smashed, which over the centuries allowed dust to drift into the grave. When the tomb was found in 1989, all that was found inside the looted sarcophagus was a single stone bead and a single piece of bone.	1.953125
69839246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockia	Rockia	Rockia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Nyctaginaceae. The only species is Rockia sandwicensis It is also within Tribe Pisonieae. It was once merged with Pisonia before recently in 2020 being separated again. Description A small to medium-sized evergreen tree, that grows up to tall, with up to 3 trunks, which are all about in diameter. The bark is dark grey, smoothish to finely fissured. The inner bark is whitish, slightly bitter. The twigs (or branches) are light grey with large raised half-round leaf scars. The leaves are glossy green, alternate (arranged), hairless with slender leafstalks of about long. They have large oblong blades, which are long and wide. They are leather-like, blunt, rounded or slightly notched at the apex. They are broad and rounded at the base, edges are smooth (and not toothed), and the upper surface is shiny dark green with visible side veining and are paler underneath. The trees flower during the summer months from June to August. The flowers are clusters rounded on stalks of long, at the leaf bases. It is dioecious. There are many male and female flowers but on different trees. The females have 2–3 scales or bracts at the base and narrow greenish tubular calyx about 6 mm long, which is finely hairy and fragrant. The male flowers are stalkless, with a rounded head about in diameter. It consists of a deeply 5–6 lobed tubular calyx with 5 short lobes. It has about 20 very small sterile stamens inside the tube and a pistil with a narrow ovary, slender style and enlarged fringed stigma. The fruit (or seed capsule), is cylindrical, about long and very narrow, widest below the middle, composed of enlarged calyx with lobes at the apex and many faint lines and enclosing the narrow 1 seeded fruit (or achene) with a style at the apex. The fruit have a sticky coating and can trap small creatures such as birds, lizards & insects. This can kill the trapped individual if they do not free themselves.	2.484375
69839262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis%20Ludlow	Travis Ludlow	Travis Ludlow (born 13 February 2003) is an English aviator. In 2021, he became the youngest person to fly solo around the world at age 18 years old, a record he held for 1 year. Early life Ludlow was born on 13 February 2003. He is from Ibstone in Buckinghamshire. According to his father Nick, he had aspirations to become a pilot from age 10. His grandfather, an RAF photographer, was his family's only prior connection to aviation. Ludlow also earned a black belt in kickboxing aged 12 and completed a triathlon, using a unicycle, when he was a teenager. At the age of 14, Ludlow became Britain's youngest glider pilot, having had his first lesson in gliding two years prior. He obtained his private pilot licence at age 16 whilst preparing for his Advanced Level qualifications at Great Marlow School in Buckinghamshire. He became the youngest certified private licensed pilot in the UK at 17. Solo flight around the world Ludlow aimed to break the record for the youngest person to fly unaccompanied around the world, which was at the time held by American Mason Andrews. Andrews was 18 years and 163 days old when he finished his journey in October 2018. A Guinness World Records spokesperson said that an official flight log with details of all take-off and landing times, witness statements, and photographic and video confirmation were required in order to break the record. As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, Ludlow could not take off in the first week of June 2020 as he had intended. In addition, his flight route was changed to avoid virus hotspots such as South America in exchange for more stops in the United States to make up for lost distance.	1.976563
69839281	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortepan	Fortepan	Function and description Fortepan can be considered innovative, perhaps even disruptive, to archiving practices on a number levels. First is its chronological organization strategy. Most of the photos are connected to a singular place, Hungary, and depict everyday Hungarian life. As a digital-only archive, Fortepan's founders rejected traditional archiving methods used at museums, libraries, and state archives, which display digital photos online to directly correspond to the physical originals stored in the back room. Traditional archives that have digitized some of their collections and moved them online often continue to organize digital objects within an individual collection and upload images, such as photos, with attention to the collection's historical order and provenance. Since Fortepan founder Miklós Tamási was more concerned with user experience and public exploration, he felt that time and place was the best way to introduce users to the photos in the archive. As a result, a Fortepan user enters the archive at a point in time, for example, the 1930s, and sees images from multiple collections that share the same date. The result is an unfolding of visual collective memory from the 20th century, and a new way to experience digital photo archives.	2.359375
69839369	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenvingea	Rosenvingea	Species of Rosenvingea exhibited different ecology pattern, Rosenvingea orientalis was recorded in the summer months in Australia, growing on rock associated with sand. Other species of Rosenvingea were found growing associated with other algae on rock in the shallow subtidal. Life history Like other genera of Scytosiphonaceae, Rosenvingea have heteromorphic life history that switch between phases. It was observed to be influenced by environmental factors like temperature and length of day. Exploitation/harvesting/cultivation No members of the Scytosiphonaceae have been identified internationally as ecologically or economically significant invasive species. Chemical composition/natural products chemistry Steroid, glycosides, alkaloids, and tannins were detected from the species of Rosenvingea collected in Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Results of the ethanolic extract exhibited low antioxidant activity when compared with standard ascorbic acid and less toxic property when compared to K2Cr2O7. The antibacterial activity was also tested for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus hominis. Utilization and management No species have been identified internationally as ecologically or economically significant invasive species.	1.929688

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