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71424178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisaro%20Anima	Bisaro Anima	Expeditions to the cave usually take place in the autumn and winter months, when drier conditions reduce the amount of runoff into the cave and leave it much drier; however, the high humidity and frequency of water in the cave leaves cavers and their equipment perpetually damp. Cavers are also required to sleep in hammocks, as the cave floor is uneven and the possibility exists of rolling into deep chasms while sleeping in an untethered sleeping bag, particularly Camp II which is adjacent to the Vimy Ridge cliff. Although none of the accidents have occurred in the cave required immediate attention, any incident would be handled by the Alberta/British Columbia Cave Rescue Service (ABCCRS) as the caves of British Columbia and adjacent Alberta are within their jurisdiction. In a comment to Global News, expedition member and ABCCRS provincial coordinator Christian Stenner warned: "The consequences of an injury in this environment are tremendous, due to the hazardous conditions and exceptional remoteness." Dangers faced by spelunkers in Bisaro Anima include falling rocks, deep canyons, narrow passages, steep drops, collapsing floors, and the potential for asphyxiation while diving.	2.3125
71424421	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weygoldtina	Weygoldtina	However, in 2018, researchers considered that the genus Graeophonus is invalid, because the holotype specimen of G. carbonarius (=Libellula carbonaria) is poorly preserved and hard to identify as an amblypygid. Even in 1911, Pocock considered that the holotype specimen possibly did not belong to an amplypygid. More confusingly, A.I. Petrunkevitch suggested to use another more complete specimen as the holotype in 1913, even though the original holotype specimen was not lost at that time. To solve problems caused by this, Jason A. Dunlop erected a new genus, Weygoldtina, and placed most specimens of G. carbonarius and G. scudderi into Weygoldtina scudderi, and G. anglicus is renamed as Weygoldtina anglica. Morphology W. scudderi had body length about . Body length of W. anglica ranges from for complete specimens, and the partly complete long specimen shows a distinct pear-shaped ocular tubercle on the carapace. CT data confirmed the presence of lateral eye tubercles. The center of the dorsal shield has a deep depression which probably acted as an attachment site for the muscles of the sucking stomach. Raptorial pedipalps were not mantis-like shaped like most of modern amplypygid but similar to ones of modern genus Paracharon. Main difference of pedipalp compared to Paracharon is the spine orientation. While the pedipalp spines in Paracharon appear to be almost parallel and slightly tilted outwards, W. anglica, however, the angle between the spines appears to be larger, at least 90 degrees. This character suggests that W. anglica used its pedipalps not exactly in the same way as the modern Paracharon. Study in 2021 shows two prominent spines on each pedipalp, which were not recognized before. Although first pairs of legs are not completely preserved, they are probably long and antenna-like, same as modern amblypygids. Main difference of two species is anterior projection from the prosomal dorsal shield. It is slightly wider, shorter and more diffuse in W. scudderi. Classification	2.359375
71424658	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Strathmann	Carl Strathmann	Carl Strathmann (11 September 1866, Düsseldorf - 29 July 1939, Munich) was a German painter in the Art Nouveau and Symbolist styles. Biography His father, also named Carl Strathmann, was a merchant and manufacturer, who later served as consul in Chile. His mother, Alice, was originally from Huddersfield, England, and was an art enthusiast. From 1882 to 1886, he studied at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, with Hugo Crola, Heinrich Lauenstein and Adolf Schill. After being dismissed for a "lack of talent", he enrolled at the Grand-Ducal Saxon Art School, Weimar where, from 1888 to 1889, he studied in the master class taught by Leopold von Kalckreuth. When Kalckreuth left, he did as well; moving to Munich, where he lived a Bohemian lifestyle as a free-lance artist, and met the painter Lovis Corinth, who became a lifelong friend and associate. In 1894, he painted one of his best known works: "Salammbô", inspired by a novel of the same name by Gustave Flaubert. In this monumental painting (6x9 feet) Salammbô, a high priestess of the Carthaginians, is shown caressing a snake, as part of a ritual sacrifice. Many were horrified, calling it a "sadistic fantasy". The scandal made him immediately famous. Around 1900, he shared a studio with and Adelbert Niemeyer, and gained a reputation as a caricaturist, when a portfolio of his drawings was published by Edgar Hanfstaengl. This resulted in work for several periodicals, including Pan, the Fliegende Blätter, Jugend and Simplicissimus. He also created patterns for wallpaper, menu cards, bookmarks, postcards and posters. He was a member of the artists' association, and, briefly, the Munich Secession, but left after some unspecified disputes. In 1904, together with René Reinicke, Hans Beat Wieland, Rudolf Köselitz, Wilhelm Jakob Hertling, and several others, he co-founded the Munich Watercolorists' Association. He exhibited with the Deutscher Künstlerbund and the Berlin Secession, which held a major showing of his work in 1917.	2.296875
77340974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhushravani	Madhushravani	Madhushravani (Maithili: मधुश्रावणी) is a Hindu festival celebrated in the Mithila region by newly married women. It is famous for popular faith and longevity of husbands and happy married life in Maithil women. It is believed that Goddess Parvati observed the Madhushravani Puja's fast first and continued to have Lord Shiva as her husband in all her births. According to legend, this festival is like penance. The 15-day festival lasts from the Panchami of the Krishna Paksha until Tritiya of the Shukla Paksha of the month of Savan. Observances It is customary that the brides wear the clothes and jewelry given by in-laws. All the materials of the Madhushravani Puja arrive from in-laws one day before the Puja starts. They pluck flowers and start worshipping the idols of Bishari Mata, Nag Nagin, Kechua, Elephant, and Mother Gauri with various kinds of fruits, flowers and sweets. and then listen to the story of Shiva Vivah. During the Puja, the story is told in 14 sections including Maina Panchami, Mangala Gauri, Prithvi Janma, Mahadev Katha, Gauri Tapasya, Shiva Vivah, Ganga Katha, Bihula Katha and Bal Vasant Katha. Rural women sing Madhushravani songs. The streets resonate with melodious Maithili folk songs. Homemade delicious sweet food is offered during this festival. On the seventh, eighth and ninth days of the Puja, khir is offered as prasad. Every evening, women try to please Lord Shiva by singing Aarti, Suhag Geet and Kohbar. The women eat arava food once daily. The women offer milk and lava to the Nag Devta in the morning and evening. On the last day of the festival, the brides undergo a difficult test. The hands and feet of brides are cauterized with a cotton Temi by placing betel leaves on it and burning the Temi.	2.421875
77341374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20Chapel%20%28Hillsdale%20College%29	Christ Chapel (Hillsdale College)	Architecture The chapel's primary motif is Doric, with Renaissance detailing and elements inspired by English churches of Wren and James Gibbs and American Georgian churches. Stroik specifically cited St. Martin-in-the-Fields in London and Christ Church in Philadelphia as influences. Stroik noted that "Christ Church was where the founding fathers met when they had the Continental Congress. We’re connecting two buildings and two events." Exterior The exterior of the chapel is faced mostly with buff-colored brick trimmed with Indiana limestone. The 70-foot-tall façade faces the college's main quadrangle at the opposite end from its historic Italianate Central Building. The buff brick was selected to match the color of other buildings on the quad, and the chapel is flanked with arcades that connect to an existing building on one side and that will connect to an under-construction building on the other side. Each side of the building is marked by four 28-foot-tall Palladian windows. Above the altar in the chancel is the chapel's only Venetian window. The entrance portico is formed by tholos partially recessed into the façade. The tholos is formed by eight Doric limestone columns, and the dome inside the portico is made of self-supporting red brick and spans 32 feet. The brickwork on the dome inside was built using the Guastavino technique (but interlocking brick instead of tile). The ribs of the dome were built with two layers of brick keyed together with a header course in which the bricks are placed with the short end exposed. The top of the dome is clad with copper standing seam panels and topped with a five-foot-three-inch pinecone finial that was handmade using the repoussé method involving hand-hammering copper sheets into a mold. In the portico, three convex entrance doors are marked with roundels, each made of different-colored marble, featuring the Latin names of the three theological virtues: Fides (faith), Spes (hope) and Caritas (charity). Interior	2
77342610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity%20in%20Dagestan	Christianity in Dagestan	Early period From the first centuries of our era until the 15th century, Christianity of various movements constantly penetrated Dagestan. The central regions of the spread of faith for the Monophysites of Southern Dagestan were the Gregorids communities of Eastern Transcaucasia, for Catholics - the Italian colonies of the Crimea and the Pryazovia region, for the Eastern Orthodoxy - the territory of Georgia. In the 5th-7th centuries, Georgian Christian missionaries spread Orthodoxy in the western regions of Dagestan. During this period, many churches and monasteries were built in Dagestan Oblast. The most famous surviving to this day is the Datuna Church. It was built in the late 10th - early 11th centuries. Earlier the preachers of Christianity in Dagestan were predominantly Albanians and Georgians missionaries, but in the 8th century the spread of Byzantine Orthodoxy began. The lands of the Khanate were united into the Goths diocese, which was under the omophorion of the Patriarch of Constantinople and headed by the metropolitan, whose see was in the city of Dolos (Crimea). In 780, the Gothic diocese included seven bishoprics, including Huns - in Dagestan. After the uprising of the Crimean Goths in 787, relations between the two powers cooled, and the Khagan abolished the Gothic diocese. Simultaneously with the Byzantine missionaries, Syrian Nestorians actively preached Christianity in the Caspian region. The position of Nestorianism remained quite strong for several more centuries. Some Dagestan and Khazar Christians remained committed to the Church of Caucasian Albania, and south of Derbent, in the ancient Albania lands, Grigoris (catholicos) was the dominant religion, which even captured Persian colonists and some Lezgins tribes.	2.609375
77342866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Dew-Smith	Alice Dew-Smith	Alice Mary Lloyd Dew-Smith (1859 – 1949) was a New Zealand-born writer, suffragist, feminist, and spiritualist. Alice Mary Lloyd was born on 1859 in Auckland, New Zealand, daughter of the Rev. John Frederick Lloyd, archdeacon of Waitemata. She and her family moved to England in the 1870s. She attended Newnham College, Cambridge and while there began a lifelong friendship with Jane Ellen Harrison. She taught at Wimbledon High School and worked as a journalist. She was one of a number of writers for the women-only column called "Wares of Autolycus" that was published in the Pall Mall Gazette. Her first book, Soul Shapes (1890), developed from a party game. Dew-Smith believed she could "visualize souls" and classified them into four color categories, with the blue soul being superior. Her collection A White Umbrella and Other Stories (1895), published under the name Sarnia, included "A Ballet in the Skies", where the narrator takes a trip to the Moon using flowers. Her stories of plant and animals published in the Pall Mall Gazette were collected in two volumes, Confidences of an Amateur Gardener (1897) and Tom Tug and Others (1898). The latter, illustrated by Elinor Mary Darwin, were stories told from the point of view of cats, dogs, insects, and a Mexican marmot named Whishton. In 1895, she married inventor Albert George Dew Smith. After his death in 1903, she moved to Rye, where she was a neighbor of Henry James. Sarnia died in 1949 in Surrey. Bibliography Soul Shapes (1890) A White Umbrella and Other Stories. (as Sarnia) 1 vol. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1895. Confidences of an Amateur Gardener. London: Seely and Co., 1897. Tom Tug and Others: Sketches in a Domestic Menagerie. London: Seely and Co., 1898. The Diary of a Dreamer. 1 vol. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1900. Spiritual Gravitation. Cambridge: W. Heffner & Son, 1927.	2.4375
77342914	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Bull%20RB17	Red Bull RB17	The Red Bull RB17 is an upcoming limited production track-only hybrid sports car produced by Red Bull Advanced Technologies, the commercial technology and engineering arm of Formula One team Red Bull Racing. Primarily designed by Red Bull Racing's Chief Technical Officer, designer, and aerodynamicist Adrian Newey, with additional assistance from team engineers, the RB17 is Red Bull's first production car. The name RB17 is derived from Red Bull Racing's Formula One car naming scheme sequence, having been skipped in 2021 when the 2020 RB16 was reused as the RB16B and was followed in 2022 by the RB18. The car was unveiled to the public as a non-working full-scale version on 12 July 2024 at the Goodwood Festival of Speed. Production is scheduled to begin in 2025, and will be limited to 50 cars, costing £5 million each. Specifications Initially, Red Bull planned for the car to be powered by an F1-inspired twin-turbocharged V8 engine, but this was later replaced by a Cosworth-developed 4.5 litre V10 engine capable of revving to 15,000 rpm at redline, with a proposed power output of . An additional of hybrid power is derived from an electric motor. The transmission will be a six-speed sequential unit developed in-house, with the gears built by Xtrac. The weight of the RB17 will be under , and it will be built entirely with carbon composite materials. It will use active suspension, which has not been permitted in F1 since the conclusion of the 1993 season.	2.015625
77343016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polina%20Panassenko	Polina Panassenko	Tenir sa langue tells the story of a little girl named Polina after her grandmother Pessah, who was of Jewish religion but when faced with Antisemitism had to take this Russian first name. The day after the fall of the USSR, Polina's family arrived in France and her first name was Frenchified as "Pauline". The narrator is then confronted with a double identity: Polina at home, Pauline at school. This change of first name crystallizes her quest for identity between her two languages and her two countries to the point that she takes administrative action to recover her original first name: "What I want is to bear the first name I received at birth. Without hiding it, without disguising it, without changing it. Without being afraid of it." A journey in the opposite direction of so many others. Panassenko is also the author of a short story, There is no sex in the USSR, and of the play The Queen of Silence, directed by Arnaud Meunier at the Centre Dramatique National de Saint-Étienne. Awards and distinctions 2022: Finalist of the Prix Femina 2022: Selection for the Prix Médicis 2022: Selection for the Wepler Prize 2022: Winner of the Porte Dorée Literary Prize 2022: Winner of the second edition of the Emmanuèle Bernheim Scholarships. 2022: Femina High School Students’ Prize for Holding Your Tongue	2.1875
77343651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix%20von%20Melle	Alix von Melle	Alix von Melle (September 1, 1971 in Hamburg) is a German mountaineer and alpinist who is considered one of Germany's most successful high altitude mountaineers, summitting seven eight-thousanders without using supplemental oxygen. Biography Alix von Melle was the third of four children born to a school teacher and businessman in Ahrensburg. After high school, she studied geography in Hamburg and in 1992 transferred to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. It was while studying in Munich when she fell in love with the mountains and discovered her passion for climbing and ski mountaineering. In Munich, she also met Luis Stitzinger, who would become her partner in ski mountaineering and in life. In 2001, she joined her partner on an expedition to Aconcagua that he was leading as a mountain guide. On that trip, she would become the first German woman to climb Aconcagua when she reached the summit via the south face. The experience led her to want to climb more. She climbed Muztagata the next year. After university, she spent a decade managing the Bavarian regional office of the German Alpine Club while Stitzinger was a mountain guide. Over twenty-five years together, the two became Germany's most high profile mountaineering couples, and would climb many of the world's highest peaks together. In 2004, von Melle climbed Ama Dablam via the southwest ridge, as well as Huascaran Norte. In 2005, she reached the summit of Denali. In 2006, alongside Luis, von Melle summitted her first eight-thousander, Gasherbrum II. The next year, she reached the summit of Lenin Peak. Stitzinger and von Melle married in 2011. Later she managed the press and public relations department of Globetrotter, a German sporting goods retailer before becoming a self-employed PR consultant. In 2014, after an unsuccessful summit of Makalu, due to altitude sickness, she climbed Kilimanjaro to recover. Notable ascents	1.929688
77343728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertia%20mooreae	Libertia mooreae	Libertia mooreae is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. The plant was first described by Dan Blanchon, Brian Grant Murray and John E. Braggins in 2002, and is native to New Zealand. Etymology The species was named after New Zealand botanist Lucy Moore. Taxonomy The specimens of the plant were previously identified as Libertia grandiflora. Leaf structure (equally spaced veins) and its smaller plant size were used to distinguish the species morphologically. Description Libertia mooreae consists of leafy fans with white flowers. Plants differ morphologically between areas, with specimens found in the Marlborough District being smaller and more grass-like, while plants in the Aorere River area are much larger. Distribution and habitat Libertia mooreae is endemic to New Zealand, known to occur in the northern South Island in the Tasman District and Marlborough District, and the southern North Island, as far north as the Manawatū Gorge. Plants have commonly been found in Nothofagus and Podocarpus forest edges, among mānuka scrub, and has also been found in ridges, cliffs, rocky river banks.	2.421875
77343870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophocolea%20mediinfrons	Lophocolea mediinfrons	Lophocolea mediinfrons is a species of liverwort in the family Lophocoleaceae. The plant was first described by John J. Engel and John E. Braggins in 2010 as Chiloscyphus mediinfrons, and has only been found on Ulva Island in New Zealand. Taxonomy The species was first identified by J.J. Engel and John E. Braggins in 2010 as Chiloscyphus mediinfrons. In 2013, the genus Lophocolea was revived as being separate from the wider Chiloscyphus, and the species was recombined as Lophocolea mediinfrons. Description Lophocolea mediinfrons has a soft, spongy and waxy appearance, ranging from pale green to pale brown in colour. Distinctive features of the species include variable leaf apices, and a leaf-free stem cell gutter. Distribution and habitat Lophocolea mediinfrons has only been identified as occurring at Flagstaff Point at the northeastern end of Ulva Island, near Stewart Island in New Zealand. The plants formed a forest floor mat underneath a southern rātā and kāmahi-dominated forest, and were found alongside the liverwort species ''Zoopsis argentea.	2.296875
77343926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Wilhelmina%20%281888%29	SS Wilhelmina (1888)	The goal of the exercise was to be a test case for the British naval blockade of Germany. W. T. Brooking, export manager of the company, was to go to Germany on a separate ship to take charge of the consignment, and thereby guarantee that the food would only be sold to the civilian population of Germany. As the blockade at the time had food as a "conditional contraband", and therefore only seizable if destined to military use, Hall was able to obtain assurances from both US Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan and British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey that the shipment was acceptable and would not be interfered with. Wilhelmina thus set sail from New York Harbor on 22 January and British cruisers allowed her to pass. While the ship was en route, however, on 26 January 1915, the German Federal Council announced a decision made the previous day that the German government would seize all grain in Germany, a decree interpreted by the British as putting the food supply all under the control of the German Army. Over the next few days, the German ambassador to the US von Bernstorff attempted to give guarantees that the decree did not apply to imported grain such as that carried by Wilhemina, and that therefore the ship's cargo would not be used by the military. This did not sway the British nor persuade much of the American public. Meanwhile, the Commission for Relief in Belgium offered to purchase the foodstuffs for the Belgian relief effort, but Hall refused, arguing a humanitarian concern for the German people but also desiring the great profit opportunity of a potential monopoly on food exports to Germany.	2.328125
77344065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengku%20Agung%20Syarifah%20Latifah	Tengku Agung Syarifah Latifah	Tengku Agung Syarifah Latifah (1896 – 2 November 1929) was a queen consort of Syarif Kasim II and a prominent figure from Riau who advocated for women's emancipation and education. She was known as the founder of the first women's school in Riau. Early life and education Syarifah was born in 1896 in into a noble family. Her father, Tengku Pangeran Embung Jaya Setia, was a deputy of the Sultan of Langkat in Luhak Langkat Hilir, and her mother, Tengku Aisiah, was the sister of Sultan Musa Langkat. She received her education at the Sultanate of Langkat Palace until she reached the age of maturity. Upon reaching maturity, she entered a period of seclusion, causing her to stop schooling and spend her time in isolation. On October 27, 1912, she married Sultan Syarif Kasim II in Tanjung Pura. After their marriage, she was appointed as the queen consort of the sultan. On March 3, 1915, Syarifah received the title of Tengku Agung when her husband was appointed as the Sultan of Siak. Establishing school Syarifah often accompanied her husband during visits. On a visit to Medan, where her husband met East Sumatra Resident, Syarifah saw that women could work at government offices. This was vastly different in Siak, where women's activities were limited to cooking and serving their husbands. Seeing the progress of women's rights in Medan, Syarifah initiated the establishment of women's schools to empower women's lives so that they could be equal to men. She founded a women's school named Sultanah Latifah School in 1927. This women's school was the first women's school in Riau. Sultanah Latifah School just only had its own building in 1928.	2.65625
77344152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapayuna%20people	Tapayuna people	The Tapayuna (autonym: Kajkwakratxi), also known as Tapayúna, Western Suyá and Beiço-de-Pau are an indigenous people native to the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Their population was around 167 in 2020. Language The Tapayuna speak the Tapayuna language, a Northern Jê language closely related and mutually intelligible with the Kĩsêdjê language. History The Tapayuna historically lived on the Arinos River, in the Tapajós basin, between Juruena and Aripuanã. They were decimated in mid-20th century as a result of numerous conflicts with Brazilian settlers, rubber tappers, and ranchers; it is estimated that their population declined 90% until reaching 41 individuals in 1969, which has been characterized as an ethnocide. The surviving Tapayúna were then transferred to Xingu Indigenous Park at some point between 1969 and 1970, resulting in 10 more deaths. At first, they stayed with the Kĩsêdjê, speakers of a closely related language. Later, many Tapayúna moved to Terra Indígena Capoto-Jarina, where they went on to live with the Mẽtyktire subgroup of the Kayapó people, speakers of another Northern Jê language, Mẽbêngôkre. Society The Tapayuna are generally monogamous; however, the pajé is allowed to marry two women. After marriage, a Tapayuna man must take up residence in his father-in-law's house.	2.640625
77344304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophyllopsis%20papillosa	Schizophyllopsis papillosa	Schizophyllopsis papillosa is a species of liverwort in the family Anastrophyllaceae. The species was first identified as Anastrophyllum papillosum by John J. Engel and John E. Braggins and Rudolf M. Schuster in 1998. Etymology The species epithet papillosa refers to the raised uneven tubercles found on the plant. Taxonomy The species was originally described as Anastrophyllum papillosum, until when the Anastrophyllum subgenus Schizophyllum was elevated to genus status by Jiří Váňa and Lars Söderström in 2013, and the species was briefly known as Schizophyllum papillosum. Due to Schizophyllum being a name for a pre-existing genus, this was rectified and the new genus Schizophyllopsis was created, and the species became known as Schizophyllopsis papillosa. Description Schizophyllopsis papillosa is stiff and wiry, and has a deep red pigment. The species is visually similar to Anastrophyllum auritum, and can be differentiated by sparse lateral intercalary branching. Distribution and habitat Schizophyllopsis papillosa is endemic to New Zealand, with the holotype of the species occurring above in the vicinity of Soda Springs in Tongariro National Park. The species has been identified in alpine areas of Mount Taranaki and the Southern Alps.	2.28125
77344530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancaster%20incident	Ancaster incident	During the appeal, Willis admonished government officials for not pursuing criminal prosecution in the case. Robinson asked members of the Law Society of Upper Canada for instances where they thought he did not fulfil his obligations as solicitor general. William Warren Baldwin responded with a harsh critique of Robinson, citing the lack of prosecution in the Ancaster Outrage as one example, blaming Boulton's representation of the defendants for the lack of prosecution in this case. Simons died in August 1829. MacNab wrote a letter to Simons's brother stating that the estates of Simons and Hamilton were being levied to pay a portion of the cost of the tar and feathers used in the attack, and proposed that each of them pay ₤10 for their share of the cost. Robertson's reputation in the Ancaster area was damaged during the trials, affecting his business as a merchant. He returned to London, England, by 1832. Legacy The attack was part of a series of actions by young Tory members that attacked symbols of the reform movement. Similar incidents included the Types Riot five days later, and the Niagara Incident when the government tore down William Forsyth's property to gain access to fortifications. In November 1827, a group of men attacked Jacob Hagle, a magistrate in Dundas, for marrying a woman who was several years younger than him. The mob might have consisted of the same men who attacked Rolph, and might have been emboldened to attack Hagle because of the lenient damages they paid to Rolph. These and other incidents caused the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada to form a select committee to investigate the abuse of power perpetuated by public prosecutors.	2.09375
77344652	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticta%20torii	Sticta torii	Sticta torii grows on the outermost branches of Alnus rubra (red alder), Malus fusca (Pacific crabapple), and Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) in coastal areas exposed to storms and the open ocean. This lichen is restricted to hypermaritime regions where winter temperatures rarely drop below freezing. The Alaskan habitat has been ice-free for about 16,000 years BP. In British Columbia, Sticta torii coexists with other epiphytic lichens such as Arctomia borbonica, Cavernularia hultenii, Collema furfuraceum, Erioderma sorediatum, Fuscopannaria laceratula, F. leucostictoides, Lobaria anomala, Lobaria anthraspis, Nephroma laevigatum, Pannaria malmei, Pseudocyphellaria mallota, P. hawaiiensis, Sticta limbata, and Usnea longissima. Two paratype specimens from British Columbia were collected from the same locality in different years on dwarfed Picea sitchensis branches at a sheltered, north-facing site just above the high-tide line on a small rocky islet. These islets, which provide roosting sites for migratory passerine birds such as warblers, kinglets, and sparrows, may contribute to the presence of Sticta torii in these areas despite extensive searches elsewhere.	2.390625
77345136	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoye%20Ostrovnoye	Bolshoye Ostrovnoye	Bolshoye Ostrovnoye () is a salt lake in Mamontovsky District, Altai Krai, Russian Federation. The lake lies roughly in the middle of the Krai. Mamontovo, Ostrovnoye and Malye Butyrki are located close to the lakeshore. The nearest towns are Bukanskoye, near the northern end, and Kazantsevo to the southwest. Geography Bolshoye Ostrovnoye is an endorheic lake that lies within one of the wide ravines of glacial origin cutting diagonally across the Ob Plateau. The lake has an irregular shape, stretching roughly from northeast to southwest for over . It has a very narrow southern section, and the broader section has two opposing landspits in the middle that almost divide the lake in two. There is an island near the northern shore. The bottom of the lake is sandy and most of the shore is low and swampy. The lake basin is well defined, located in the ancient valley of the Kasmala River. A southern branch at the head of the Kasmala flows out of the lake. The northern end of lake Gorkoye (Chernokurynskoye) is located to the southwest and lake Gorkoye (Romanovsky District) slightly to the WNW. Lake Zerkalnoye lies to the southeast and Mostovoye to the northwest. Flora and fauna The ribbon pine forest characteristic of the Ob Plateau flanks the eastern side of Bolshoye Ostrovnoye. Bulrushes and willows grow by the shore. The water is only slightly saline and fish were once abundant in the lake. Pike, crucian carp and roach are still to be found in its waters, however, in recent decades species such as tench, peled and perch have disappeared owing to eutrophication. At the time of the USSR there used to be a fish processing plant by the lakeshore, where fish caught in the lake was smoked. The facility was abandoned about 25 years ago, but currently there are plans to revive it and stock the lake with fish.	2.171875
77345196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion%20in%20Zambia	Abortion in Zambia	A 2010 survey found that most people consider self-induced abortions or traditional healers to perform abortions, only considering public health facilities if such procedures went wrong. Both clients and providers view medical abortion as more acceptable than surgical abortion. Legal abortions The law requires abortions to be performed by registered medical practitioners rather than nurses. As of 2018, Zambia has one doctor per 12,000 people, making access difficult, especially in rural areas. The law requires a signature from a specialist within a field relevant to the abortion, which further restricts access. Activists have argued that the requirement is unrealistic and has not resulted in access to safe abortions. As of 2013, 88 public facilities provide abortions. Abortion facilities are concentrated in Lusaka; the largest provider of abortions is the UTH. Public providers must provide abortions for no cost besides a registration fee, while private providers charge money. The registration fee is higher at UTH to incentivize seeking care at local clinics. Public health providers often illegally charge unofficial fees. The average cost of an abortion at UTH is , or US$52.6, as of 2013. Unofficial fees are a large part of the cost. Women who treat complications of an unsafe abortion may pay 70% more than getting a safe abortion. Some employees of public-sector facilities provide abortion care there under private arrangements at higher prices.	2.265625
77345196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion%20in%20Zambia	Abortion in Zambia	Unsafe abortions Many abortions in Zambia are performed by illegal practitioners, locally known as "quacks". A University of Zambia study found that, in five major hospitals from 2003 to 2008, 600 women obtained legal abortions, while 52,800 women were treated for abortion complications. Abortions are difficult due to a lack of information, societal stigma, objections from health workers, and insufficient services. A 2016 study in the journal Social Science & Medicine found that up to 70% of the country's abortions are unsafe. A lack of resources, resistance from some health providers, and limited knowledge of abortion options lead women to perform unsafe abortions, especially those who are poorer or younger. Many women induce abortions by using traditional medicines or inserting cassava sticks into their uteri. Some use unsafe drugs like chloroquine or quinine. As of 2017, six per thousand women die of abortion complications. A 2011 report by the Center for Reproductive Rights and the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women estimated that 30% of maternal deaths in the country were caused by unsafe abortions. This ratio is significantly higher than Africa's average. Deaths in the antepartum period comprise 31.2% of maternal deaths. The highest rate of maternal deaths caused by abortions is in Kitwe District, at 14%, as of 2021. Unsafe abortion often causes maternal near misses. In 2014, across three provinces, 42% of post-abortion care treated morbidity cases, and 7% treated near misses.	2.3125
77345196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion%20in%20Zambia	Abortion in Zambia	Adolescents are more likely to seek unsafe abortions. The Ministry of Health's 2011 Zambian Adolescent Health Strategic Plan identified unsafe abortions as a priority. Adolescents have lower knowledge of the abortion law and are more likely to face opposition by health providers. In 2005, 10% of patients at UTH receiving treatment for abortion-related complications were aged between 12 and 19. Some had avoided contraception, believing that it could cause side effects, that they were too young, or that they lacked knowledge. Societal factors Social norms and stigma about sex, pregnancy, and abortion lead to emotional harm among women deciding whether or not to terminate their pregnancies. Some women decide the health risk of having a secret abortion outweighs the social risk of people finding out. Unofficial payments in medical facilities are widely known to occur illegally but continue because the stigma prevents women from reporting them. Abortions in hospitals are publicly recorded, which may drive women to opt for illegal abortions. Zambian adolescents who get pregnant face social condemnation, so they keep abortions secret. Some get abortions out of concern that their family could not handle the child. Among secondary school students, a girl's decision to terminate a pregnancy is often influenced by fear of her fathers' reaction, concerns about her personal and financial relationships their partners, and wanting to continue education. Some adolescents delay abortions as they are unaware or in denial of their pregnancy symptoms. The national guidelines support abortions that are "the best interest of the minor", but healthcare workers may misunderstand the law to limit implementation. Some providers refuse abortion care to adolescents without parental consent or unauthorized fees.	2.71875
77345196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion%20in%20Zambia	Abortion in Zambia	Rural Zambia has low access to abortion services. Rural health bureaucrats have the job of overseeing and advising reproductive health programs. Their position is above managers of district health facilities. Bureaucrats are knowledgeable about abortion in Zambia and view it as a public health issue, though facility managers are often uninformed and their facilities do not provide abortions. The political and social sensitivity of the topic leads to many bureaucrats not discussing it outside of formal meetings. Some district health directors view abortion as an urban concern. Rural residents often keep silent about the topic, tolerating abortions that are kept private and reproaching cases that become public to defend their own morals. Most abortions are not reported to police. Men influence their partners who decide whether to terminate their pregnancies. Some men are not involved in their partners' pregnancies because the man denies paternity or the woman fears his response. Cases where the man is involved mostly result in safe abortions as men provide money or find information about safe abortion. Male friends and relatives may play a similar role in helping with an abortion. It has therefore been suggested that abortion education initiatives should include men. The rate of abortion is the same between women who have or do not have HIV. Community attitudes say that a pregnant woman with HIV should complete the pregnancy, especially if the woman is having antiretroviral therapy. Though people with HIV are stigmatized, the stronger stigma against abortion influences people's opinions that women should continue their pregnancies, especially among women.	2.625
77345202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Sanguino	Luis Sanguino	Sanguino's family moved house in 1944, relocating this time to Spain's capital, Madrid, where they would only live for a short time before moving once again, this time to Cádiz. It was during his short time in Madrid, however, that Sanguino's acquaintances put him in touch with the sculptor Mariano Benlliure, who despite considering Sanguino's aptitude in sculpture to be quite great, would not become his teacher owing to his already advanced age (Benlliure was 82 by this time), and instead recommended that fellow sculptor Federico Coullaut-Valera Mendigutia take on the task. Coullaut-Valera's father had also been a sculptor, Lorenzo Coullaut Valera (1876–1932), who had created, among other works, the sculpture "El Quijote", a work representing Don Quijote and Sancho Panza from the well known Spanish epic novel astride their mounts. It stands at the Plaza de España in Madrid as part of the Monument to Miguel de Cervantes. Artistic career Sanguino presented himself at his first plasterers' contest, which was being held in Cádiz, becoming a finalist (the work that he displayed was entitled "La perezosa", or "The Lazy Woman", made of plaster and one metre in height, and depicted a female figure), subsequently taking part in a further contest in Seville. There his work consisted of an execution of a decorative moulding one metre in height with flower and tear motifs, among other decorative elements. Even given the work's quality, however, he did not win a prize, although he did get chosen to participate in yet another contest, this one to be held in Madrid. This time, he won first prize at the residential college ("Colegio Mayor") "La Paloma", which could be considered the working-class university at that time. It was decided that Sanguino should move to Madrid, where he had already held exhibitions in December 1947 at the "Kebos" art salons, so that he could undertake his studies at Federico Coullaut-Valera Mendigutia's side.	2.375
77345202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Sanguino	Luis Sanguino	Sanguino's beginnings as a sculptor were not easy and he gave himself over to making little works to sell so that he could earn a living and at the same time continue his studies. He thus realized in polychrome plaster "Portales de Belén" ("Gates of Bethlehem") which he sold at the Plaza Mayor in Madrid, coming to establish a small industry in which his siblings collaborated. To earn money, he also made small sculptures from baked clay, but instead of selling them, he would himself go to pawnshops and pawn them there. Nevertheless, he rented a small studio on the Calle de la Luna (a narrow lane off the Calle de San Bernardo), a street where other already established artists lived, like the painter Enrique Navarro, Miguel Herrero, José Luis Mazuelos and Demetrio Salgado. Besides helping his teacher Coullaut-Valera, Sanguino worked for an antiquarian, Arturo Linares, a member of the Cortes Españolas (Francoist Spain's legislature), making statues of saints for him. The antiquarian would size old timbers, while Sanguino would carve and polychrome them, and then put them in the kiln. The resulting works looked thoroughly authentic. He made roughly 17 of these sculptures, whose heights were each between 50 and 60 centimetres, which were meant to simulate works by the great masters of the Spanish Golden Age: Alonso Cano, Gregorio Fernández and other great realist visual artists in Spanish Baroque sculpture. Motivated by his teacher, Coullaut-Valera, Sanguino presented himself as a sculptor at the contest for the "Valley of the Fallen", submitting a number of draft works on the armed forces of the land, sea and air, and militias; at this time, he was 18 years old. Sanguino's drafts consisted of the following: three in plaster one metre tall, a sculpture measuring 1.75 m, a hand worked in stone (for he wished to show his ability at carving stone), and several drawings. He was chosen to execute the work, although at the time, he found himself having to do the then obligatory military service.	2.4375
77345202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Sanguino	Luis Sanguino	Sanguino's keep The keep – or as it is popularly styled, castle – in Valdeprados that Sanguino bought in the 1970s has an illustrious history, having once been a royal inn where Queen Isabella sometimes spent the night on her journeys across the Province of Segovia. It was once held by a nobleman known as the Conde Puñoenrostro ("Count Fist-in-face" — there is a story about the noble house's name). It nowadays houses Sanguino's private collection, which comprises not only his own works, but others by Joaquín Sorolla, Marià Fortuny and Jan de Ruth, among many others. The castle's appointments include a habitable four-storey tower, a throne room, hearths, Gothic windows with their original Romanesque capitals, a great porticoed two-storey hall, gardens and a swimming pool surrounded by sculptures. At the back in the castle's main wing is Sanguino's studio, which has a six-metre-high vaulted ceiling and a hearth that is used for fires. Off the studio is a small apartment with a full bathroom and a loft library, and even a vaulted bedroom with a broad balcony. The main building (there are three outbuildings) has a floor area of some 1850 m2. The castle is continually being restored, and stands 19 km from Segovia itself, in the small municipality of Valdeprados in the province of Segovia and affords the artist the peace and quiet that he needs for creating his art, but at the same time is near enough to modern facilities that he and his wife also need for everyday living. One story – considered legend rather than history – has it that the counts with the unusual name came into ownership of the castle in King Henry IV's time when the king found himself having to fight a duel. The count at the time gallantly offered to take the king's place in the duel and fight it for him. The count apparently won, and he was thanked by the king by being awarded all the land that the count's horse could cover until the animal exhausted himself.	1.953125
77345202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Sanguino	Luis Sanguino	2007 — "Monumento Mausoleo de Rocío Jurado". Direct commission from Rocío Jurado's family. It is a bronze figure of the artist seated on her grave. The Mausoleum is completed with a shrine made of white marble from Macael which is topped with a pyramidal cupola with a crystal roof. It stands in Chipiona. In 2023, another work of Jurado by Sanguino, this one a bronze bust commissioned by Jurado herself, went for auction at the Fernando Durán auction house. Jurado and Sanguino were good friends. 2008 — "Monumento al Arrastre" ("Arrastre" is the dragging of a dead bull from the bullring), at the Félix Colomo de la Villa bullring in Navalcarnero. It is a sculptural set in bronze with brown patina that represents the moment when the bull is dragged out after the bullfight by a team of mules accomanied by the mule drivers. 2010 — Murals that complete the portico that will open onto the Plaza de la Almudena at Almudena Cathedral in Madrid. They represent with their bronze reliefs the Virgin's Five Joyful Mysteries: the Annunciation, the Visitation, the Birth of Jesus, the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple and the Finding of Jesus in the Temple. 2015 — "Monumento a la Guardia Civil", stands before Civil Guard Headquarters in Segovia. About this sculpture, Sanguino quipped "I have created the only Guardia Civil who does not impose fines." The Civil Guard's director general, Arsenio Fernández de Mesa, travelled to Segovia to preside over the unveiling.	2.015625
77345817	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20Carinthian%20Fishing%20Museum	1st Carinthian Fishing Museum	The 1st Carinthian Fishing Museum is a museum in the western bay of Lake Millstatt in the district of Wirlsdorf in Seeboden, Carinthia, Austria, established in 1980. After a temporary closure from 2009 to mid-2011, the museum is now open again. The Brugger House The Brugger House in the bay of Seeboden with the 1st Carinthian Fishing Museum is located at a historically important site. The house was named after the Steiner Bridge over the Seebach, the western outflow of Lake Millstatt, which was a river crossing used since Roman times, connecting the trading post in Baldersdorf near Molzbichl in the Drava Valley through a mountain pass sanctuary at Wolfsberg to Kötzing and Gmünd. Due to its position at the outflow of the lake, the Brugger House was once the most productive fishing spot on Lake Millstatt. Using a fishing weir, known as a salmon weir or salmon fence, salmon could be caught here with little effort. Even the water level of the lake could be regulated for fishing purposes, leading to repeated disputes with the farmers in Döbriach at the other end of the lake. In the 18th century, conflicts between the fishermen of Ortenburg and the farmers under the Millstatt lordship seemed to escalate. Mediation attempts by the court judge and the superior of Millstatt Abbey were unsuccessful. In 1724, the lake had again risen "halfway up the field, thus everything was drowned". A delegation of farmers noted that there was a new, higher fence: "Once because of the many foundation stones and then because of the large boards that were put in to raise the water, the timberwork was a whole tree higher." In 1725, nothing changed, and the farmers resorted to self-help and destroyed half of the fence. The "aggressive attack" was considered a breach of the peace, and the farmers had to humbly apologize.	2.40625
77346579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Tibold	Paul Tibold	As a prominent member of the Slavonian nobility, Paul entered the service of Ban Mikcs Ákos, an influential confidant of Charles I of Hungary. He served as župan (or ispán) of Gerzence County in Slavonia from 1326 to 1327, plausibly appointed by Ban Mikcs Ákos. In this capacity, he was involved in a lawsuit with some local nobles of Garešnica (Gerzence) over estates in 1326. Together with his brother Nicholas, Paul took part in the siege of Sjenićak (Sztenicsnyák) in the autumn of 1327, when Mikcs captured the castle from the rebellious Babonić family. In the next year, in March 1328, he was referred to as ispán of Szana County, also in the service of the ban. Paul donated a portion of his estate laid on the bank of the stream Gračenica to the Pauline monastery of Garić (Garics) in 1329. Prior to 1332, Paul turned against Charles I for unknown reasons and barricaded himself into the fort of Stupčanica, where from he constantly plundered the region and committed "innumerable sorts of evil" to the detriment of the king's supporters. During a clash, Peter Pekri (or Dobrakucsai) from the gens (clan) Tétény, lord of the neighboring Dobra Kuća (Dobrakucsa) captured and imprisoned him. Paul was killed in prison by lightning strike, possibly in 1330 or 1331. Paul had no descendants, thus his estates, including Stupčanica Castle, were inherited by his brother Nicholas (II). He swore loyalty to Charles and handed over the fort to the king, and was accordingly pardoned together with his son John (V) and his nephews. They were able to retain their possessions, and Nicholas was granted some additional portions.	2.234375
77346586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Strip%20%28book%29	The Strip (book)	Titled "Pop City (1958–1969)", the book's third chapter documents how cosmetic architecture—architecture focused on aesthetic appeal—inaugurated Las Vegas's pop culture era. Anthony Cornero, a one-time bootlegger, launched the era with the Stardust casino. As they built inexpensive hotels with "as much personality as a warehouse", a number of builders relied not on architects but on the lights. Signs turned into "large objects attached to smaller buildings". A neon sign from the Dune reached the height of 20-floor structures, while an electric sign from the Thunderbird spanned two football fields. Through signs, Downtown Las Vegas's appearance was transformed when the Golden Nugget put up a bullnose, while The Mint put up an eyebrow. Middle-class vacationers were attracted to visit through the Strip's rapid development. Numerous affordable accommodations enticed the middle-class guests who were traveling by air and interstate highways. The Caesars Palace resort gave vacationers the opportunity to watch shows at the Circus Maximus and consume cocktails while riding a cruising a "Cleopatra's barge" vessel. Jay Sarno, Caesar's owner, said, "Everybody is a Caesar." The book covers key milestones in the evolution of Las Vegas during the time period including the nuclear weapons testing at Nevada Test Site, the demand for electricity exceeding the Hoover Dam's output capacity, the casino resort Caesars Palace's debut, and Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown's seminal book Learning from Las Vegas. Alongside Caesars and Stardust, a resort that typified the era was Circus Circus.	2.4375
77346692	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%202024%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20marathon	Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's marathon	The women's marathon at the 2024 Summer Olympics was held in Paris, France, on 11 August 2024, the 11th time that the women's marathon has been contested at the Summer Olympics. Summary The temperatures for the women's marathon were a little warmer than for the men the day before, at 67 degrees Fahrenheit at the start. As is typical for championship marathons, a giant lead pack congealed and reduced in size as individuals fell off the back. By 15 kilometers, 21 runners remained. There was a 428-metre (1,400 feet) hill climb over the next 3K. Mélody Julien of host France used the home field advantage to break away to a 15-meter lead toward the Palace of Versailles. An hour in, Jessica Stenson then took the lead. At the halfway point, following the major portion of the hill, Julien, Stenson and Dakotah Lindwurm were the top three. After passing a water station near the Palace, Lindwurm emerged off the front, but Lonah Chemtai Salpeter and Sardana Trofimova, caught up at 24K. Salpeter continued on the front but in less than a kilometre, Tigst Assefa and Peres Jepchirchir closed in. Over the next 5K, the pack whittled down to 12. At about 28K, the race had its steepest climb, some of it up to a 13.5% grade—more than one and a half times the Hors catégorie in the Tour de France. Amane Beriso Shankule took the lead there, followed by a smaller pack including Assefa, Hellen Obiri, Salpeter, Jepchirchir, Sharon Lokedi, Eunice Chumba, Delvine Relin Meringor, and Yuka Suzuki.	2.109375
77346723	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian%E2%80%93Igan%20War	Bruneian–Igan War	War The first battle between Brunei and foreign armies was the Battle of the Igan Valley. The Igan River flowed through this valley and was located in the traditional lands of the Melanau-speaking people. There are two accounts of the fight: the first, more legendary, tells of a nine-month struggle between three Brunei heroes and Bilanapura, a genie that Jerambak finally defeated using a miraculous fish skin he stole from an ogre. According to the second, Awang Jerambak's Brunei men came up against Basiung and his 9,000-strong allied armies from Sambas, Matu, Sadung, and Sarikei. The Brunei army, aided by the Dayaks, overpowered Basiung's warriors despite their superior numbers; as a result, Igan was destroyed and war spoils were taken. Following this, Jerambak made Igan accept Awang Alak Betatar's dominance. The Bruneian soldiers persisted in their conquests, subduing Igan's allies, such as Sarikei, Rajang, Sadung, Sarawak, Tanjung Datu, and Lingga, and stealing and capturing the traditionally Melanau regions of Oya, Matu, and Mukah. Aftermath As a result of this victory, Brunei expanded it's dominion to modern day Sarawak, it later expanded further and finally reached its peak during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah.	2.53125
77346738	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDAGS%20syndrome	CDAGS syndrome	Many patients have no collarbones or they are underdeveloped, which can cause hightened mobility of the shoulders. Many patients have dental defects like enamel dysplasia. Cleft palate has been reported in some cases. Overlapping toes have been described in one patient. All patients suffer some form of alopecia. Newborns will typically have alopecia totalis. During infancy the hair on the scalp will set in at a later time than normal, but eventually will typically appear normal. Some patient's scalp hair will remain thin. Eyelashes will be sparse and will typically remain that way. Eyebrows are typically completely absent. Body hair as well will be very sparse or even completely absent. Genetics CDAGS is a spliceosomal syndrome. Because of a defect on the minor spliceosome alternative splicing events are seen in 120 genes and gene expression is dysregulated. The expression is most affected in the skin, which explains the skin eruptions. The biological processes impacted most are morphogenesis and forebrain development. This explains the skeletal defects and mental delay seen in some patients. In 2005, Dr. Mendoza-Londono determined the genetic cause to be located on 22q12-q13. In 2021, Dr. Xing discovered that biallelic variants in RNU12 cause CDAGS syndrome. Diagnosis Clinical diagnosis is typically made on the basis of the typical skin eruption pattern in combination with bicoronal craniosynostosis and anal atresia. Sequencing of the RNU12 gene can genetically confirm the diagnosis. Treatment The cranial defects, genetourinary malformations and anal anomalies can be surgically corrected and will typically have a good prognosis. Hearing aids can be prescribed for hearing loss.	2.046875
77348442	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque%20Cultural%20Heritage	Basque Cultural Heritage	Basque Cultural Heritage (, ) is a designation granted by the Basque Government to movable properties, immovable properties and intangible heritage of the Basque Country, Spain. The current law governing the designation was enacted in 2019, superseding the first one from 1990. History The first law, enacted in 1990, distinguished three categories of cultural heritage: Monument (, ): movable or immovable properties with individual cultural interest. Monument complex (, ): groups of movable or immovable properties forming a cultural unity. Cultural space (, ): places, activities, creations, beliefs, traditions or events of the past linked to relevant forms of the Basques' culture and lifestyle. The law offered two degrees of protection: qualified (, ) and listed (, ). While the Basque Government designated the sites, it was the governments of the Basque provinces that preserved and managed the sites. In August 2018, the Basque Government put forward a bill to update its regulations about cultural heritage. It would increase the number of heritage categories from three to thirteen, as well as toughen penalties for violators. The law was enacted in 2019, with near-unanimous support in the Basque Parliament. It was the third regional law in Spain to contemplate the protection of intangible heritage, after the ones of Navarre and Andalusia. The enacted law distinguishes nineteen categories of cultural heritage, arranged in three broad groups: Immovable properties: monument (, ), monument complex (, ), archaeologic or paleontologic area (, ), historic garden (, ), cultural itinerary (, ) and cultural landscape (, ). Movable properties: individual movable property (, ) and complex of movable properties (, ). Intangible heritage: cultural oral traditions and expressions, bertsolaritza, music, dance, traditional and commemorative performances, social traditions, cuisine, sport, festivities, traditions related to nature and the universe and artisanal and industrial techniques.	2.53125
77348550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhamati%20Tika	Bhamati Tika	Bhamati Tika (Sanskrit: भामती टीका) or Bhamati (Romanised: Bhāmatī) is a commentary on the six schools of the Indian philosophy and Brahman Sutra by the Indian philosopher Vachaspati Mishra. Bhamati was originally the name of the wife of the philosopher Vachaspati Mishra. Background Vachaspati Mishra was an Indian philosopher who studied Indian philosophy and Brahma Sutra during 10th century CE. It is said that 6th Shankaracharya given him a text Brahma Sutra. As a philosopher he worked on the analysis of the text Brahma Sutra. After completion of his study, he returned to his home and asked to his mother for the permission of writing commentary on the Brahma Sutra and the Indian philosophy. His mother granted the permission. After that he started writing commentary on the texts. When he completed his commentary, he came to know that his wife was giving him unconditional service during his literary work. It is said that after knowing the unconditional devoted services of his wife towards him, the philosopher named his commentary book as "Bhamati" after his wife name. Description Bhamati Tika is an important text in the realm of Advaita Vedanta philosophy. It has given a new direction with its advent to the Advaita Vedanta. So Bhamati is considered as an independent subschool of Advaita Vedanta. As an independent school of thought on Vedanta, it is also termed as "Bhamati School" and "Bhāmatī-Prasthāna". The place where Vachaspati Mishra composed the text Bhamati Tika is known as Vachaspati Mishra Dih.	2.296875
77348649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian%20gunboat%20Pikker	Estonian gunboat Pikker	In 1961, the ship was decommissioned from the Soviet Navy and handed over to Moscow State University. The Sevastopol shipyard converted it into a research vessel, including the installation of a boom-type trawl. Under the new name Moskowskij Uniwiersitiet (Московский университет), it was used for Black Sea research from bases in Sevastopol and Yalta. It was decommissioned in 1972. Fate of the ship There are various theories about the ship's fate. According to one of the former Estonian crew members, it was scrapped in 1976. Other sources state that it was scrapped in 1978, but there is disagreement about whether this occurred in Inkerman. The version that the ship was beached on the Caucasian coast and served as a restaurant is largely dismissed. After regaining independence, Estonia made several attempts to locate its presidential yacht, but these efforts were unsuccessful. The Estonian Maritime Museum currently holds a pre-war metal model of Pikker. Construction Pikker was a ship measuring 58 m in length (57 m at the design waterline) and 7.34 m in width. Its standard draft was 2.4 m. The full displacement was 540 tons, while the design or standard displacement was 500 tons. Around the 20th meter from the bow, there was a deck break. The superstructure fitted into this break was intended for the president and other official guests. Its standard was higher compared to the other compartments, featuring large windows instead of portholes. The forward superstructure had two levels. Both superstructures had masts, and between them, on the aft superstructure, there was a funnel. Pikker was powered by two diesel engines manufactured by Deutsche Werke Kiel. Their combined power of 1,900 hp allowed the vessel to reach a maximum speed of 18 knots.	2.21875
77348703	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clematis%20bigelovii	Clematis bigelovii	Clematis bigelovii, common name Bigelow's clematis, is a perennial climbing plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It grows to approximately in height with purple, solitary, bell-shaped flowers. It is native in Arizona and New Mexico and can be found in woodlands and rocky areas. Description Clematis bigelovii is a perennial vine that grows to approximately in height. Its stems are either erect or twining and sprawling. Leaves are pinnate with 7–11 leaflets. The flowers are terminal, solitary, and bell-shaped. Their sepals are purple, lanceolate, and often with white woolly margins. Clematis bigelovii can flower from March to November. Distribution and habitat Clematis bigelovii has been reported from central to western New Mexico at elevations up to , occurring in canyons, and from eastern Arizona to . It thrives in grassland, mountainous areas, and damp, rocky areas as well as pion-juniper woodlands to upper mixed conifer forests. Conservation , NatureServe listed Clematis bigelovii as Apparently Secure (G4) globally, with no status information for either Arizona or New Mexico. The species' global status was last reviewed on	2.265625
77348856	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Rusch	Leslie Rusch	Leslie Ann Rusch (born 1958) is an American and Canadian electrical engineer whose research interests include optical communication, edge computing, spread spectrum techniques, flexible antenna arrays, and wireless brain implants. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the Université Laval in Quebec City, where she holds a tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Communications Systems Enabling the Cloud and the NSERC/Huawei Industrial Research Chair in Fibre Optic Communications Systems. Education Rusch is a graduate of Schaumburg High School in Illinois. She majored in electrical engineering at the California Institute of Technology, graduating in 1980. After working for the US Department of Defense from 1980 to 1990, she returned to graduate study at Princeton University, where she earned a master's degree in 1992 and completed her PhD in 1994. Her dissertation, Interference Suppression in Spread Spectrum Code Division Multiple Access, was supervised by Vincent Poor. Recognition Rusch was named an IEEE Fellow in 2010, "for contributions in optical and wireless communications systems". She was the 2013 recipient of the IEEE Canada J. M. Ham Outstanding Engineering Educator Award, given "for excellence in graduate supervision". In 2017, IEEE Canada gave her their R. A. Fessenden Award, "for contributions to communications systems in optical & wireless technology importance". She became an Optica Fellow in 2017, "for research in optical communications including code division multiple access technologies, ultrawide band signal generation, transient gain effects in optical amplifiers, and exploitation of orbital angular momentum in fiber communications". She was given her Canada Research Chair in 2017; it was renewed in 2022.	1.992188
77349035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20of%20Christ%20the%20Saviour%20%28Samara%29	Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Samara)	In front of the royal gates, an unquenchable altar lamp was burning with the Intercession of the Theotokos and the icon of Saints Cosmas and Damian. The lamp, worth 1000 rubles, was made at the expense of the Samara city society in memory of the rescue of the imperial family on October 17, 1888. From the solea one could see other shrines of the cathedral and monuments of various events in the life of Russia and the province. On the right side, there was the chasse, under it, behind glass, there were the stones placed by Emperor Alexander II and his sons. The Ark was made in 1875 by one of the best St. Petersburg craftsmen from carved mortared oak in the Byzantine style according to the design of the architect Count de Rochefort. Next to it was a commemorative inscription on a gilded plaque: "These stones were laid by hand, the first by the now resting Tsar Liberator, Emperor Alexander II, the second by the now safely reigning Emperor Alexander Alexandrovich, and the third by His Imperial Highness, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich. These stones are immortal monuments to the unforgettable event of August 29, 1871, for the city of Samara". The ark contained the tools used by the royal family to lay the stones in the cathedral: a silver trowel and hammer, a wooden box for lime mortar and a washer for water. Above the Ark there were two khorugves: one was brought by the Iversky Monastery in honor of the millennium of the death of St. Methodius (celebrated in Samara on April 6, 1885), the other was created by the Samara City Society in memory of the 900th anniversary of the Christianization of Russia. The iconostasis and the adjacent icon cases were filled with various icons donated by the parishioners:	2.140625
77349058	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20M.%20Dimick	Alice M. Dimick	Marriage On June 12, 1907, she married Chester Edward Dimick (1880–1956) and she took the name Alice M. Dimick. The couple never had children. Chester was a mathematics professor and dean and became a faculty member at the school that later became the United States Coast Guard Academy (USCG), located in Maryland before moving to its current place New London, Connecticut. In 1944, Alice funded a mathematics award in Chester's name, and Dimick Hall on the academy's campus is named for him. During the ensuing years, Alice sometimes worked as a substitute teacher in the New London High School and was a private tutor, but for the most part, she volunteered with social, church, and civic activities. She belonged to the social sorority Kappa Kappa Gamma and was a member of its subgroup of alumnae whose husbands, like hers, served in the US armed forces. She also belonged to the Daughters of the American Revolution, the International Association of University Women, and was involved with the YWCA. Later years In 1951, the local newspaper in Tryon, North Carolina, announced that Alice had assembled a class reunion of the 1899 graduates from Columbian University, but only 8 of the class of 21 were represented. Alice Dimick died July 13, 1956, in Tryon, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Washington, D.C. with her husband, Chester Dimick USCG (retired), who had died only six months before.	2.234375
77349318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Yaniro	Tony Yaniro	Tony Yaniro (also spelled as Toni Yaniro, born 1961 or 1962), is an American professional rock climber known for his unique climbing style signature move, the "Yaniro" and for being the first-ever person to redpoint an graded rock climbing route. He has been called one of the founders of modern climbing training and describes himself as the "father of sport climbing'. He has made a number of first ascents across difficult routes in the United States and is known for being a pioneer in hand grip development. His approach to cross training and circuit training to train muscle groups for climbers has had a wide resonance beyond developing sport climbers. His training regimes have been used to develop climbing fitness and endurance in all types of climbers, and have been used by some of the world's leading alpinists and high-altitude mountaineers. He popularized the statement: “If you can't do the moves, then there is nothing to endure.” Background and climbing style Tony Yaniro grew up in California and began climbing at age 11 when he discovered the sport at summer camp. In 1974, he made a free ascent up to the first pitch of Anti-Jello Crack (5.10a) and soon would gain notoriety for outclimbing veteran climbers at Suicide Rock. At 16 in 1978, Yaniro free climbed The Pirate (5.12d).	2.25
77349338	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsala%20of%20Wala%20in%20the%20Nsongo%20District	Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District	Based on estimates by witnesses and later censuses, the number of deaths caused by colonial policy during the Congo Free State period varies widely, starting at around 2.2 million. Higher estimates put the population decline at up to 21.5 million. In 1998, Adam Hochschild considered a figure of around 10 million deaths to be realistic. The coercive measures were subsequently enforced by the Force Publique, the Free State army, and by private militias from the rubber companies involved, such as the Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company (ABIR). Both forces recruited in the Free State and those from other African regions were deployed. In 1877, the first Baptist missionaries from Great Britain began work in the area that would become the Free State. They were later joined by American and Belgian groups from various denominations. According to Leopold and the missionaries, colonialism in the Congo served the purpose of 'civilisation' and was largely driven by conversion to Christianity. They emphasised that this was linked to the fight against the slave trade, cannibalism, and polygamy.	3
77349338	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsala%20of%20Wala%20in%20the%20Nsongo%20District	Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District	On 14 May 1904, the day of the shooting, John Harris had travelled to a meeting in Jikau. Shortly after 8 a.m. that morning, while Alice Harris and Edgar Stannard were at the Harris residence, two boys at the mission informed them that guards had killed several people and that two men were en route, bearing hands as evidence. The boys were instructed to notify Harris and Stannard if the men returned. Subsequently, the men arrived at the residence of Harris and Stannard and were requested to display the hands. One of the men presented a hand and foot, which Stannard estimated to be recent and potentially belonging to a child of approximately five years of age. One of the two men, Nsala from Wala, identified himself as the father of the deceased Boali, to whom the limbs had belonged. It was reported that fifteen guards had arrived in Wala the previous day intending to collect rubber, despite the scheduled delivery date having been set for three days later. Two of the assailants were armed with Albini rifles. In addition to Boali, Nsala's wife Bonginganoa and a boy named Esanga were also victims of the attack, having been shot and subsequently dismembered and cooked. Three other individuals had sustained gunshot wounds, one of whom, Eikitunga, had fallen into a river during her escape and drowned. Furthermore, the guards had apprehended ten individuals, nine of whom were women. These women, as corroborated by a judge named Bosco and Stannard's account, were not held responsible for rubber collection. Nevertheless, eight women were released in exchange for a financial transaction. According to his own statement, Nsala had secretly picked up his daughter's hand and foot in order to use them as evidence. When asked whether he had cut them off himself, he denied this. Finally, Alice Harris took the photo on the veranda of the house. She used a Kodak dry plate camera for her photos. Edgar Stannard described Nsala as "dazed with grief", "horror-stricken" and "sorrowing".	1.96875
77349399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat%20El%20Ma%27ad	Fat El Ma'ad	The piece begins with a calm musical introduction, skillfully blending various rhythms and prominently featuring the saxophone, played by Samir Srour. This song marked Srour's debut performance behind Umm Kulthum. The first verse, "Once I wish I could meet you with a smile," introduces a wonderful musical arrangement, blending the harmonious sounds of the saxophone, guitar, violin, qanun, and accordion. The second section, "The night and the clocks awakens the night," showcases the violins playing a piece that leans towards an Egyptian folk atmosphere, a style for which Baligh Hamdi is particularly renowned. This section contains some of the song's most famous lines: This song is notable as the only emotional song that Umm Kulthum sang in the year of 1967, a year marked by the defeat of the Arab armies in the Six-Day War, which halted the release of new music. Despite the challenges of the time, "Fat El Ma'ad" became one of the poignant songs that Umm Kulthum performed during her tour of Arab countries in the aftermath of the war. Lyrics The lyrics of "Fat El Ma'ad" delve into themes of love, longing, and the passage of time. They reflect the pain of missed opportunities and the melancholy of lost love. The song's narrative portrays a poignant story of a love that could not be fulfilled. Musical structure The song is characterized by its rich orchestration, featuring traditional Arabic instruments such as the oud, qanun, and ney, blended with Western orchestral elements. The music complements the emotional weight of the lyrics, creating an immersive listening experience. Legacy	2.171875
77349664	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Kern%20%28sinologist%29	Martin Kern (sinologist)	Martin Kern is a German-American sinologist. After receiving his Ph.D. from the University of Cologne, Kern taught briefly at the University of Washington and Columbia University before accepting an assistant professorship at Princeton in 2000, before receiving a full professorship five years later. He specializes in Chinese literature, poetry, literary thought, philology, and historiography. He has served as the co-editor of the sinology journal T'oung Pao since 2009. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2018 for a monograph project on early Chinese poetry. He served as the president of the American Oriental Society in 2023–2024. Biography Martin Kern was born in Germany in 1962, where he attended school. He began study at the University of Cologne in 1985, before taking several years to study as an exchange student at Peking University. He returned to Cologne, where received his M.A. in 1992 and his Ph.D. (in sinology, German literature, and art history) four years later. After receiving his doctorate, Kern briefly taught as a visiting lecturer at the University of Washington and as an assistant professor at Columbia University. In 2000, he became an assistant professor of Chinese Literature at Princeton University. He advanced to an associate professorship in 2003, and a full professorship in 2005. In 2017, he became the founding director of the International Center for the Study of Ancient Text Cultures at the Renmin University of China in Beijing. Kern's research focuses on Chinese literature, poetry, literary thought, historiography, and philology, as well as the history of Sinology as a field. Kern is a member of the American Philosophical Society. He was vice president of the American Oriental Society in 2022–2023 and president in 2023–2024. He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2018 for a monograph project on the early history of Chinese poetry. He has served as the co-editor of the sinology journal T'oung Pao since 2009. Bibliography As author	2.09375
77349693	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Hilda%27s%20Church%2C%20Danby	St Hilda's Church, Danby	St Hilda's Church is the parish church of Danby, North Yorkshire, a village in England. The church was probably first built in the 12th century, but it was entirely rebuilt in the early 13th century. A tower was added in the 15th century, and this is the oldest section to survive. The nave was rebuilt in 1789, and the chancel was rebuilt in 1848 by George Fowler Jones. The church was restored from 1903 to 1904 by Temple Moore, with the arcade being reconstructed, and the north gallery removed. The church was grade II* listed in 1969. The church is built of sandstone and has a Lakeland slate roof. It consists of a four-bay nave, north and south aisles, a chancel with a north vestry, and a south tower. At the northwest corner is an external stair to a gallery. The tower contains a porch with a segmental-headed doorway and a chamfered surround, and has one stage, diagonal buttresses, a small west stair turret, paired bell openings, an eaves string course, and an embattled parapet with corner pinnacles. Inside the church, there is a panelled west gallery. The roofs are 19th century: king post in the nave, and arch-braced in the chancel. There are Minton tiles in the chancel, and the raised sanctuary. There is a Mediaeval grave cover in the porch.	2.265625
77349980	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore%20Museum%20and%20Gallery%20of%20Fine%20Arts	Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts	Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts In 1834, Rubens's nephew, Edmund Peale, acquired the museum from his uncle and renamed it the Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts (BMGFA). The venue continued to operate as a dime museum under Edmund's management. By the late 1830s, advertisements for BMGFA were using the word vaudeville to promote its variety theatre performances. These are among the earliest uses of the term vaudeville. One act featured a professor of chemistry and the "Pyrotechnic Arts" where a living rabbit was allowed to die inside a heated oven, followed by the placement of a live dog in the same oven, only for it to be miraculously saved by the professor's miracle formula. The same formula allegedly saved a man who drank poison in front of the audience. In 1845, Edmund Peale sold the BMGFA to P. T. Barnum, and the building underwent a major reconstruction to turn it into a proper professional theatre venue in 1847. After this, it was often referred to as the Baltimore Museum Theatre. The actor John E. Owens was a member of the company of players at the BMGFA in 1844 and returned in 1847; performing often at the BMGFA in the late 1840s. In 1850, he purchased the BMGFA from Barnum, only to sell it a year later to Henry C. Jarrett. Other actors who were active at the BMGFA in the 1840s and 1850s included Junius Brutus Booth, Charlotte Cushman, Edward Loomis Davenport, Edwin Forrest, Joseph Jefferson, Charles Kean, Ellen Kean, Kate Ludlow, Charles Macready, James Murdock, Fanny Wallack, and James William Wallack.	2.671875
77350043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla%20Parunova	Alla Parunova	Alla Parunova (; born 1989 or 1990) is a Georgian feminist and queer activist. Parunova received the Kato Mikeladze Award in 2023. Activism Parunova became interested in feminism while working at a library. She was particularly inspired by one book she read, Elfriede Jelinek's novel Women as Lovers, which kickstarted her feminist analysis of her life experiences. She then began a gender studies master's degree, during which she also realized how she was oppressed due to her queer and ethnic Armenian identities. Her master's thesis explored "dominant discourses on sexuality" during the Brezhnev Era of the Soviet Union. Parunova became a member of the Georgian Young Greens in 2015, and remained a member for 6–7 years, during which she became involved with feminist and environmental activism. Early and personal life Parunova was born in Varketili, Tbilisi, where she was raised by an Armenian-speaking family. She then studied Georgian and later, Russian, in school. As a child, she felt isolated from Georgian society, and has spoken on her experiences of assimilation. She graduated from Tbilisi State University in 2012 with a bachelor's degree in English Language and Literature. Parunova speaks four languages. She identifies as queer, and described her sexuality as "inclusive, diverse, and...in the process of constant analysis".	2.3125
77350517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20health%20funding%20by%20the%20United%20States	Global health funding by the United States	The United States is the largest donor of multilateral global health funds. According to the Office of Management and Budget, the U.S. government contributes <1% of the federal budget for foreign aid including global health activities. In 2023, the U.S. contributed 12.9 billion USD towards global health activities across several health verticals including HIV, Tuberculosis, Malaria and COVID-19. In 2024, total U.S. global health funding through regular appropriations reached approximately $12.3 billion in FY 2024, up from $5.4 billion in FY 2006. HIV The allocations by the United States of over $110 billion, represents the largest investment ever made by any nation in a single disease. The U.S. began funding global HIV initiatives in 1986, with efforts increasing substantially in 2003 with the launch of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) by U.S. President George W. Bush, the largest program dedicated to a single disease globally. PEPFAR accounts for the majority (89%) of U.S. global HIV funding, which includes support for UNAIDS and international HIV research. Managed by the Department of State's Bureau for Global Health Security and Diplomacy, PEPFAR funding is detailed in annual congressional appropriations and also supports agencies like USAID, CDC, and DoD. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) also contributes to international HIV research. From FY 2015 to FY 2024, global HIV funding represented 42%-50% of the U.S. global health budget, with FY 2024 allocations totaling $5.4 billion, including $4.9 billion for PEPFAR and $575 million for NIH research. The Biden administration recently announced a six percent cut to the PEPFAR budget for FY 2025 with a proposed budget $4.4 billion.	2.34375
77350985	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikeman%27s%20dog	Pikeman's dog	During the Battle of the Eureka Stockade, there was a dog that remained at the side of one of the pikemen and even followed his dead body to the cemetery. Christopher Crook, who was a correspondent for the Geelong Advertiser, is quoted in Wiliam Wither's A History of Ballarat as saying: The pikeman may have been William Emmerman or Edward Thonen. Eurekapedia references an unpublished diary that refers to Emmermann as the owner of the Pikeman's dog, although Peter Lalor said it may have belonged to Thonen. James Graham Smith's account suggests the dog belonged to Thonen, stating: Awards and memorials The Pikeman's dog was the fourth animal to be awarded the Purple Cross Award, named after the Purple Cross Society, founded by veterinarians during the First World War to care for horses. Administered by the RSPCA the award is to recognise animals that have overcome their natural fear and instincts for self-preservation to assist humans. There was a ceremony that took place at the Art Gallery of Ballarat on 30 November 1997 where Detective Sergeant Peter Lalor, great-great-grandson of Peter Lalor, accepted the award on behalf of the Eureka trust with the "King" fragments of the Eureka Flag as the background. There is also a life-size bronze sculpture of the Pikeman's dog that was unveiled in the courtyard of the interpretative centre at Eureka Stockade Memorial Park on 5 December 1999 in a ceremony that was attended by the Victorian premier Steve Bracks, former prime minister Gough Whitlam, and the Irish ambassador Richard O'Brien.	2.4375
77350994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20de%20Gen%C3%A8ve	Journal de Genève	The Journal de Genève (JdG) was a French-language Swiss newspaper founded in 1826. In 1991, the Gazette de Lausanne was merged into it, after which it was titled the Journal de Genève et Gazette de Lausanne. Following financial difficulties that faced both papers, it was merged in March 1998 with the Le Nouveau Quotidien to form Le Temps. History A different paper, a scientific weekly also called the Journal de Genève, was founded in 1787, published by Jacques Paul, an engineer, until 1792. It ceased publication two years later. In 1826, James Fazy, Salomon Cougnard, Jean-François Chaponnière, John Petit-Senn and Antoine Gaudy-Lefort, five prominent Swiss liberals, founded the Journal. The paper was initially operated as a weekly paper, designed to criticize a government they perceived as reactionary. In 1832, it was switched to twice weekly publications. The earliest numbers (dated to 1840) gave a count of 1200 in circulation, and in 1850 it became a daily paper. During the Franco-Prussian War the paper became increasingly popular, as it did during WWI. It eventually became one of the most influential papers in Francophone Switzerland. A supplement to the paper was created in the 1960s, the Samedi littéraire. Merger Due to the financial issues of the Gazette de Lausanne paper, they began to collaborate in the early 1970s. The Gazette was eventually merged into the Journal completely in 1991 (with the Journal's full title being changed to the Journal de Genève et Gazette de Lausanne). This was also spurred on by the announcement of another daily paper (which later became the Le Nouveau Quotidien), as the proposed paper was deemed to target a similar audience and they wished to gain more readers.	1.90625
77351022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustnitsa	Kapustnitsa	On the contrary, the Soviet artist Moses Spiridonov wrote in his memoirs that Nicolai Fechin allowed his students to visit the workshop hall where the canvas was being worked on. He wrote: “We went to him with excitement and awe. What we saw was unusual, delighted, and amazed us". Spiridonov recalled that a huge canvas stood on an easel. At first glance, he could not even discern what was depicted on the unfinished painting. Decorative spots caught his eye, and the human figures appeared as dark silhouettes. Only after some time did separate “details” (such as the boy at the trough with cabbage and the gray sky) begin to emerge, eventually forming a cohesive scene. Gradually, the artist's intention became clearer. Spiridonov noted that he particularly liked the foreground, with cabbage sprouts and leaves scattered on the ground. The painting seemed filled with air and light. The memoirist commented on the “tangibility of the texture of the objects,” the unprecedented freshness, and the “novelty in the ways of conveying real reality.” Despite having visited numerous museums, including those in the capital, and having seen masterpieces by the greatest masters of the past, Spiridonov had never encountered paintings executed in such a peculiar, original, and unique manner. He observed that something about the painting drew the viewer in, compelling a careful examination. Candidate of Art History Elena Petinova and Doctor of Art History , based on the testimonies of contemporaries, wrote that Nicolai Fechin, while working on the canvas, brought an entire carriage of cabbage and painted it from life directly onto the final version of the painting — “into the canvas". According to Petinova, Fechin sought typages in the villages surrounding Kazan (which contrasts with other researchers' data pointing to Pushkarka in the Nizhny Novgorod province), where he went for sketches. The painting in the museum's collection	2.203125
77351022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustnitsa	Kapustnitsa	Alexander Solovyov wrote in his memoirs that decades later it was much easier for him to make sense of this painting by Fechin and understand what had so delighted him in his youth. In his opinion, “the power of the impact of this painting lies in the decorativeness that gives special significance to this late autumn festival”. When viewed from a distance, the viewer “only sees a series of decorative spots, spectacular in their coloring and composition”. When the viewer approaches the canvas, however, he distinguishes “a sea of pale green cabbage leaves, an autumn gray sky, and cheerful, mischievous village youth at the cabbage chopping". Solovyov drew attention to the technique of execution of the canvas: the matte application of colors, the skillful depiction of the texture of fabrics, cabbage, earth, and other objects, the skillful transfer of movement, and the expressiveness of the figures and their faces. In his opinion, the great power of impact on the viewer comes from the connection of “direct impression of nature with free masterful execution”. Art historian Sofia Kaplanova wrote in her biographical sketch of the artist that Kapustnitsa demonstrated Fechin's maturity as an artist. The composition of the canvas is vivid and relaxed, and the images of the characters are lifelike, drawing the viewer into the atmosphere of a cheerful holiday. She noted the difference between the sketches and the final canvas: the sketches are characterized by contrasting compositional solutions, intense color, and grotesque images of characters, while in the final version, the color is muted and the grotesque elements are softened. Kaplanova placed Kapustnitsa on par with the best genre paintings by Abram Arkhipov and Philip Malyavin. Doctor of Art History Svetlana Chervonnaya, in her monograph The Art of Tatarstan, noted that in Kapustnitsa Nicolai Fechin managed to reveal both the beauty and strength of the people of labor and “‘wilderness’ life in the wilderness”.	2.28125
77351022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustnitsa	Kapustnitsa	Elena Petinova about the painting In the book From Academism to Art Nouveau: Russian painting of the late 19th - early 20th century, candidate of art history Elena Petinova wrote that the plot of the canvas is characterized by unpretentiousness and truthfulness. She believed that the painting has a semantic center—the figure of a full peasant woman in a high-lifted light skirt, who holds a cabbage sprout and a knife for shredding. Its cheerfulness combined with monotonous physical labor evoked in the researcher's mind the female images of Fechin's contemporaries — Philip Malyavin, Abram Arkhipov, and Sergey Ivanov. She wrote that although the artist clearly admires his heroine, her figure on the canvas is grotesque. The artist also endowed other characters of Kapustnitsa with grotesque elements. At the same time, Petinova agreed with Kaplanova that the grotesque final version is softened compared to the preparatory work for the canvas. Elena Petinova pointed out that Kapustnitsa, as well as other works of Nicolai Fechin from this period, is made in a special technique. The artist himself impregnated the canvas with casein glue. Thanks to this, the ground was not affected by moisture and the oil was removed from the colors. Although the canvas is painted with oil colors, they resemble the matte nature of tempera. The mattness was complemented by an extremely restrained palette with a predominance of pearl grays and ochres. However, this technique caused the paint layer to darken over time, and in the darkest places tonal nuances — gradations of the same chromatic tone — began to disappear, and these fragments now appear to the viewer painted in a uniform black color. Fechin worked on the canvas not only with a brush, but also with a knife, some fragments of the canvas —the faces and hands of the figures— he simply formed with his hands, using dry gloss.	2.40625
77351148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADVANCE%20Act	ADVANCE Act	Licensing The ADVANCE Act is intended to cut licensing costs for advanced nuclear reactor technologies, accelerate licensing at certain sites, and create a prize for deployment of next-generation nuclear reactors. The act aims to simplify permitting overall, reducing fees and delays. The act requires the NRC to report ways to streamline and quicken environmental reviews for reactors. The act is intended to accelerate licensing at certain sites, including for additional reactors at existing nuclear power plants and for SMR licensing at former fossil fuel power sites and other brownfield sites, which would include TerraPower's Natrium demonstration plant at PacifiCorp's Naughton coal-fired power station. For next-generation nuclear reactors, the act directs the NRC to lower licensing fees for advanced reactors and improve its capacity to license advanced and accident-tolerant nuclear fuels, with funding granted to hire necessary staff. The act establishes a prize, equal to NRC licensing fees, to be given upon the first advanced reactor permit issued to the Tennessee Valley Authority or a non-federal entity. Foreign exports The act allows the NRC to issue licenses to OECD and Indian entities, where the Atomic Energy Act had prohibited the NRC from issuing licenses to foreign entities. The act also directs the DOE streamline its nuclear export approval process and creates incentives for nuclear technology export. The act authorizes the Department of Commerce and Department of Energy to facilitate public–private financing partnerships for the export of nuclear power technology.	2.015625
77351351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengku%20Syarifah%20Fadlun	Tengku Syarifah Fadlun	Not only did she manage the madrasa, but Syarifah Fadlun also managed Sultanah Latifah School in the aftermath of Tengku Agung Syarifah Latifah's death. She took the initiative to build dormitories for Annisa Madrasa and Sultanah Latifah School students and proposed the establishment of a kindergarten. Siak Woven Fabric Syarifah was also involved in the development of Siak woven fabric. She taught local women weaving skills with the aim of elevating their status. Indonesian National Revolution After the news of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence reached Siak, Syarifah Fadlun, together with her husband, supported the struggle for Indonesia's independence. Syarifah contributed to Indonesia by sewing together and mending the torn Dutch flag into the Indonesian flag. The flag she sewed was raised during a public meeting held in Siak. Together with her husband, Syarifah was also reported to have donated 13 million guilders and the gold she possessed for the struggle for Indonesian independence. Apart from that, Syarifah also attached the red and white emblem to the uniforms of the People's Security Army (TKR). Post-divorce In 1980, Syarifah sued Wan Galib for defamation against her. It is unknown what year she died. Legacies In 2023, a cultural figure from Riau named Datuk O.K. Nizami Jamil wrote an autobiography titled "Tengku Maharatu." Her name was also used for a building in front of the Siak Palace, Tengku Maharatu Building. Bibliography	2.609375
77351383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccatism	Peccatism	In contrast, the earliest Christian thinkers, known as the Apostolic Fathers, did not view sin as an inherent and overwhelming aspect of human nature. They believed that sin was acquired through personal choices and actions, emphasizing the role of reason and moral effort in achieving salvation. Gnosticism presents a distinct view, considering peccatism a deliberate rebellion against the demiurge, the malevolent creator of the material world. Gnostics believe that sinning undermines the demiurge's authority, with salvation achieved through gnosis rather than moral conduct. Definition and nature of sin In Christian theology, sin is considered a fundamental problem affecting humanity. It encompasses actions, thoughts, and intentions that deviate from moral and divine standards. Sin manifests in various forms and is often described using terms such as iniquity, corruption, rebellion, and evil. Sin is defined as any attitude or act in which one rebels against or fails to respond adequately to the love commandment of Jesus. It is further described as self-love and self-centeredness, the opposite of Jesus' love commandment, with the assertion that to be a sinner in God's eyes requires enough maturity, knowledge, and freedom to make moral choices. Forms and examples of sin Christianity identifies various forms and examples of sin, including transgression, which involves violating a rule or law; witchcraft, which is viewed as practicing magic; and abomination, which involves engaging in detestable actions. Additionally, sin includes wickedness, exhibited as evil behavior; unrighteousness, which involves acting unfairly or unjustly; and immorality, defined as conducting oneself in unethical or wrong ways. Sin also encompasses omission, the failure to do what is morally right; harboring inappropriate thoughts, often referred to as dirty thoughts; and unbelief, which is the lack of faith in God.	2.890625
77351383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccatism	Peccatism	The human condition Peccatism suggests that all humans are inherently sinful. This idea aligns with the Christian doctrine of original sin, which posits that humanity inherited a sinful nature from the first humans, Adam and Eve. However, peccatism is broader than the concept of original sin. While original sin refers specifically to the inherited sinfulness from Adam and Eve, peccatism encompasses both this inherited nature and the active participation in sinful acts throughout a person's life. Divine requirements It is believed that God demands three main things from humanity to address the problem of sin. First, sinless perfection, which means living a life completely free from sin. Second, a blood sacrifice, which involves offering a sacrifice to atone for sins. Third, faith, which is believing and trusting in God's plan for salvation. These requirements underscore the belief in the necessity of Jesus Christ's sacrificial death and resurrection for the forgiveness of sins. Redemption through Jesus Christ In Christianity, the cross is a central symbol, representing Jesus's death as a substitutionary atonement for the sins of humanity. Christians believe that Jesus, who was sinless, took on the punishment for human sins, offering redemption and the promise of eternal life to those who have faith in him.	2.8125
69847531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne%20Passet	Joanne Passet	Passet has written a number of books relating to women's history and LGBT history in the United States of America. In 2008, she published a biography of American writer Jeannette Howard Foster titled Sex Variant Woman: The Life of Jeannette Howard Foster, which was a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Memoir or Biography in 2008, and was described as "...well-researched, thorough, and engaging." It also won a Stonewall Book Award Honor in Non-Fiction in 2009. Her book, Indomitable: The Life of Barbara Grier was a biographical account of American publisher Barbara Grier, who ran the Naiad Press. It was a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Memoir or Biography in 2017, with the book being described as "...narratively compelling and extensive". Publications (1994) Cultural Crusaders: Women Librarians and the American West (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press) (1994) (with Mary Niles Maack) Aspirations and Mentoring in an Academic Environment (Greenwood Press) (2003) Sex Radicals and the Quest for Women’s Equality (Champaign: University of Illinois Press) (2008) Sex Variant Woman: The Life of Jeanette Howard Foster (Da Capo Press) (2016) Indomitable: The Life of Barbara Grier, (Bella Books)	2
69849467	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company%20%28United%20States%20Army%29	Company (United States Army)	In May 1861, Congress authorized the addition of a new mounted regiment, the 3rd Cavalry, for the Regular Army; this was followed in July with authorization for the raising of Volunteer cavalry regiments. Each company in these formations was similar to the "old" company with the addition of a first sergeant, a quartermaster sergeant, four additional corporals, a saddler, a wagoner, and between 56 and 72 privates, for a total of between 79 and 95 personnel. Saddlers were responsible for keeping the horse-equipment of the company under repair; while not responsible for ordinary military duty they were to be instructed in it all the same in case of necessity. A year later, the organization of all cavalry forces were streamlined and companies were officially renamed troops. Each troop consisted of a captain, a first lieutenant, two second lieutenants (one of them a supernumerary), a first sergeant, a commissary sergeant, five sergeants, eight corporals, two teamsters, two farriers/blacksmiths, a saddler, a wagoner, and seventy-eight privates. A final organizational change was issued in April 1863, removing the supernumerary second lieutenant and the teamsters and adding two trumpeters to each troop.	2.75
69849520	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Johnson%20%28dancer/choreographer%29	Louis Johnson (dancer/choreographer)	Johnson choreographed the ballet Lament for the New York City Ballet Club in 1953. Two of his choreographic works were filmed in 1959 and can be seen here: "Two" by Louis Johnson. He created many more works for companies including the Dance Theatre of Harlem, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Cincinnati Ballet, Joffrey Ballet, and Philadanco. One of Johnson's most famous works is Forces of Rhythm (1972). When he was choreographing this work for the Dance Theatre of Harlem, cast member Virginia Johnson recalled, "he didn’t want you to parrot what he was doing. He wanted you to be painting inside the lines in the most beautiful colors that you could imagine.” He created the choreography for the Broadway shows: Purlie (1970) -- for which he was nominated for a Tony Award, Lost in the Stars (1972), and Treemonisha (1975). He was the choreographer for the films: Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970), The Wiz (1978), Tales of Erotica (1996), and Baby of the Family (2002). Continuing his genre-crossing career, Johnson was a choreographer for the Metropolitan Opera for productions including La Giaconda and Aida—starring Leontyne Price. As an educator, he directed the dance department of Henry Street Settlement in New York City from 1980 to 2003. He started Howard University’s Dance Department in Washington, D.C., and taught the first Black theatre course at Yale University. Personal life and awards Johnson’s honors include the Pioneer Award from the Kennedy Center, recognition from The International Association of Blacks in Dance and the California chapter of the NAACP for his work with the original Negro Ensemble Company. Johnson died from pneumonia and kidney failure on March 31, 2020, at the age of 90 in Manhattan, New York.	2.3125
69850098	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Zhao%20%28linguist%29	Wang Zhao (linguist)	Wang Zhao (18591933) was a Chinese linguist and advocate of modern phonetic writing. Wang was from Ninghe, Tianjin in the province of Zhili. He created a syllabary for Chinese writing based on Mandarin called the Mandarin Alphabet (). While this system is no longer used, Wang was the first to formally suggest the adoption of a national language for China based on Mandarin. Life Wang Zhao lost his father when he was young and was raised by his uncle. In 1894, he was awarded the Jinshi Enke during the First Sino-Japanese War. In April of the twenty-first year of Guangxu, the museum was dismantled, and he was appointed as the chief of the Ministry of Rites. In 1898, he and Xu Shichang co-organized the No. 1 Primary School in Fengzhi of Eight Banners. During the 1880 Reform, he wanted to submit a letter to advise the Guangxu Emperor to honour Empress Dowager Cixi "to travel to China and foreign countries". After the Emperor Guangxu read the book, he ordered the six officials of the Ministry of Rites to be dismissed, who had obstructed the letter. After the failure of the Hundred Days' Reform, Wang fled to Japan.	2.8125
69852155	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltigera%20papuana	Peltigera papuana	The thallus underside is whitish, with interwoven medullary hyphae and a bluish hue from the , especially visible under a dissecting microscope. It has a well-defined network of slightly raised measuring 0.2–0.3 mm across, coloured pale orange to brown near the margins and darker brown to black elsewhere, separated by whitish, elliptical gaps primarily around the edges. Rhizines are plentiful, long, dark brown to black, and vary from thread-like to brush-like, with occasional branching and rare confluences. Apothecia are frequently observed, numerous, and typically develop horizontally from an early stage on swollen and sometimes tomentose lobes. The are dark reddish brown, initially concave and partially obscured by vegetative remnants, giving them a crenate appearance, but they flatten or become irregularly rounded and ellipsoid as they mature, usually measuring smaller than 6 by 4 mm. The margins of these discs are typically incised-crenulate, and the lobes bearing them are notably tomentose. Ascospores are , relatively narrow with vaguely pointed ends, and 3 to 5 internal partitions (septa), typically measuring 38–51 by 4–5 μm. Pycnidia (asexual reproductive structures) are extremely rare, manifesting as small, swollen, brownish spots on the margins of lateral lobes; conidia are absent. Chemistry Thin layer chromatography did not reveal any secondary metabolites in Peltigera papuana that could serve as characters to distinguish between species. However, the absence of such compounds could serve as an accessory identifier of the species.	2.265625
69852452	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryeh%20Leib%20of%20Shpola	Aryeh Leib of Shpola	After his parents, Baruch and Rochel, hosted the Baal Shem Tov (before he was known), he revealed himself to them and blessed them with a child that would be righteous and told him to name him Yehuda Leib and said he would be by the bris of their son. Soon they gave birth to him. At the bris the parents didn't see him in the crowd so asked for all the guest to form a line and each person to give their own blessing to the child. After a while, they saw the Baal Shem Tov who put his hand on the baby's heart and blessed the child saying "I am an ignorant man, and I do not know how to say fancy blessings in Hebrew. But I remember how my father used to explain a verse in the Torah: 'And Abraham was old (zaken).' The Hebrew word for father is av, and the Hebrew word for grandfather is zaken. This verse tells us that Avraham was the grandfather of us all. I bless the child that he be a grandfather to the people of Israel, just like Avraham.” The crowd roared in good-natured laughter at the crude homily of the strange peasant, who so readily admitted his ignorance, but the parents took it with pride, knowing the Baal Shem Tov was a holy man. The nickname stuck and from then on, he was known as the Shpoler zeide, Shpoler being the city he lived, and zeide being Yiddish for “grandfather.” The Shpola Zeide once recounted about the day of his bris to his good friend Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, also known as the Alter Rebbe, saying "He (the Baal Shem Tov) placed his holy hand on my heart and ever since, I have felt warm."	1.945313
69852726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion%20%28United%20States%20Army%29	Battalion (United States Army)	However, when Congress authorized the raising of nine new infantry regiments of the Regular Army (11th through 19th) shortly after the war began, they were formally organized with two or three battalions of eight companies each. Each battalion was led by a major with a staff consisting of an adjutant, quartermaster/commissary, sergeant major, quartermaster sergeant, commissary sergeant and Hospital Steward. Depending on the size of the companies, a battalion was authorized between 663 to 807 personnel total. The battalion's adjutant and quartermaster/commissary were chosen from among the lieutenants of its subordinate companies. This structure was based on the system being used by the French Army at the time, whereby two battalions would operate in the field while the third remained at the regimental depot to train and recruit. Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant-General of the US Army, recommended that the three-battalion system also be adopted by the pre-existing infantry regiments of the Regular Army and the regiments of United States Volunteers being raised by the states. However, it was decided not to do so in part as it might confuse an American populace more familiar with the older system.	2.75
69852735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrwurz	Irrwurz	The Irrwurz (), Irrwurzel (both "astray root"; pl. Irrwurzen or Irrwurzeln) or Irrkraut ("astray herb"; pl. Irrkräuter) is a legendary plant from German-speaking countries. In France it is known as herbe d'égarement ("herb of befuddlement"; pl. herbes d'égarement) among other names. The German Irrwurz Botanical identity The exact botanical identity of the Irrwurz varies. Sometimes it is identified with fern, though not in Tyrol where fern and Irrwurzel are said to be completely different plants. It is also said to be a special kind of tree root, namely one growing crosswise, one growing like St. Andrew's cross, or one belonging to a tree hit by lightning. Furthermore, it also gets identified or confused with another kind of plant with legendary features, the springwort (German Springwurzel). Traits The typical trait of the Irrwurz is that whoever steps on it goes astray and cannot find the way back. This plant, according to legend, is often found growing in forests, this being the reason people get lost in the woods. In Thuringia it is specified that a person only goes astray when stepping over Irrkraut (here: fern) without seeing it. In Tyrol, stepping on an Irrwurz immediately transfers you to a knacker's yard or into a swamp. Other, less common variants of the legend include getting lost after the seed of the Irrkraut, called Irrsame ("astray seed"), fell inside one's shoes, or not finding home after eating some Irrwurzel. In Switzerland, where this plant is known as Vexierchrut ("vexing herb") and identified with fern, one goes astray when carrying some of it in one's pocket. In Thuringia, where the Irrkraut fern is also known as Otterkraut or Atterkreutich (both "adder or viper herb"), it does not only lead people astray but also makes adders and vipers chase the person carrying the plant lest they throw it away. In Carinthia, getting lost after stepping on a Irrwurzen is attributed to a spirit or goblin standing in front of the right path and 'veneering' (i.e. hiding) it.	2.453125
69852735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrwurz	Irrwurz	Traits and remedies The herbe d'égarement is a plant of unknown appearance which makes those who step on it lose their sense of direction or retrace their own steps. In Franche-Comté, it is also said that the plantain makes people go astray. In Burgundy, whoever stepps on the so-called tourmentine growing in the forest will walk the same path a hundred times over without being able to recognize it lest he finds the herb Paris whose seeds show where the path continues when they fall. The Breton ar Iotan is inhabited by a spirit which makes people lose their way. At night it spreads a phosphorescent light like that of certain glowworms. Its spell can be broken by turning one's clothing inside out, though. In Léon in Brittany, where it is known as herbe qui trouble la vue ("herb which troubles the sight"), one switches one's clogs as a remedy. Around Moncontour in Brittany, the herbe d'oubli further has the power to make people understand the language of animals but only as long as the one who has touched or taken it isn't aware that the plant in question is in fact the herbe d'oubli.	2.59375
69852793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyuki%20Tsuchitori	Toshiyuki Tsuchitori	is a Japanese multi-instrumentalist, music historian, and ethnomusicologist. He is also sometimes known as Toshi Tsuchitori. Biography Tsuchitori was born in 1950 in Tadotsu, Kagawa. He was introduced to music through percussion, and began playing festival taiko at a young age. As a teen, he played modern jazz in Osaka. In the early 1970s, he started his career as an avant-garde jazz percussionist and came to collaborate with Kondō Toshinori, Takagi Mototeru, Oki Kano, and others. He has also performed with dancers such as Ōno Kazuo and musicians from outside the country including Derek Bailey and Milford Graves. Beginning in 1976, Tsuchitori composed theatrical scores for the works of Peter Brook. In 1981, while studying native folk music from Asia and Africa, he met the shamisen player Momoyama Harue, the last disciple of . In 1987, he and Momoyama established the record label in Gujō-Hachiman, Gifu Prefecture as a base for their activities. From 1988 to 1998, Tsuchitori produced and performed in the "Ryūkō Gakusha Festival" every summer, an event featuring performances based on local folk tales and legends of Mino Province. Musicians and dancers were invited from across the country. Around this time, Tsuchitori was also involved in a series of projects aiming to recreate prehistoric Japanese music. In the early 2000s, he recorded reconstructed paleolithic music in the Cougnac Caves near Payrignac, France. He is currently researching the songs left by musicians of the Meiji and Taishō eras, particularly Soeda Azenbō but also including Hisada Kiseki, Iboshi Hokuto, and Nagai Yoshi. Tsuchitori has done live performances of Azenbō's songs as well as uploaded numerous recordings of the songs to his YouTube page.	2.921875
69853074	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20of%20Sorrows%20%28Botticelli%29	The Man of Sorrows (Botticelli)	The Man of Sorrows is a tempera and oil on panel painting of Jesus Christ by the Florentine artist Sandro Botticelli (1445–1510), thought to have been painted sometime between 1500 and 1510. The work depicts Jesus in a crown of thorns with his hands and wrists bound by rope. Behind him is a cross symbolizing his crucifixion, as well as was typical in a "Man of Sorrows" painting, a group of angels holding some of the other implements of the Arma Christi or "Instruments of the Passion" which were employed by Jesus to defeat Satan, i.e. the ladder used to take him down from the cross, the Spear of Longinus, which was used to pierce his side during his execution, the pillar to which he was bound while being whipped, the nails used to fasten him to the cross, the pincers utilized to extract the nails from the savior, and the sponge the Roman soldiers dipped in vinegar and offered him prior to his perishing. The painting has been in private collections since the 19th century, when it was owned by the renowned opera singer Adelaide Kemble. Her descendant Pamela Margaret Stanley (later Lady Cunynghame of Milncraig) sold it at auction as by the workshop of Botticelli for £10,000 in 1963. The painting is from the artist's post-1492 period when he was greatly influenced by the Dominican friar and theocratic dictator of Florence, Girolamo Savonarola. In 2009 it was reattributed to the master and in 2010 it was shown as part of the exhibition Botticelli: Likeness, Myth, Devotion at the Stadel Museum, in Frankfurt, Germany. During analysis by Sotheby's, a drawing in preparation for a "Madonna and Child" painting was discovered underneath the finished painting on panel and as Botticelli went on to rotate the canvas to create the new work the abandoned work was left upside down.	2.484375
69853104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waccamaw%20Indian%20People	Waccamaw Indian People	The Waccamaw Indian People, formerly the Chicora-Waccamaw Indian People, is a state-recognized tribe and 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization headquartered in Conway, South Carolina. The organization was awarded the status of a state-recognized tribe by the South Carolina Commission of Minority Affairs on February 17, 2005 and holds the distinction of being the first state-recognized tribe within South Carolina. The Waccamaw Indian People are not federally recognized as a Native American tribe and are one of two organizations that allege to be descended from the historic Waccamaw, the other being the Waccamaw Siouan Indians, who have been a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina since 1971. The Tribal Council of the Waccamaw Siouan Indians has issued a public proclamation stating that the two tribes share no relationship or association, and that the North Carolina Waccamaw do not recognize the Waccamaw Indian People as an Indian tribe or tribal entity. Members of the Waccamaw Indian People trace their origins to the Dimery Settlement, a tri-racial isolate population once located near Dog Bluff in Horry County, first established during the early 19th century. Members of the organization allege that the Dimery Settlement originated as an 18th-century Waccamaw village. However, existent historical records can presently only demonstrate the settlement as being identified as an indigenous community beginning in the early twentieth century. Government On October 28, 1992, the Chicora-Waccamaw Indian People first formed as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, being originally called the Chicora Indian Nation. The organization was established following Harold D. "Buster" Hatcher's departure from the Chicora Indian Tribe of South Carolina due to a disagreement with then chief, Gene Martin, in October of 1992. Hatcher is the organization's founder, president, agent, and inaugural chief. In 2002, the organization voted to remove the term "Chicora" from its name to avoid confusion with the Chicora Indian Tribe.	2.46875
69853104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waccamaw%20Indian%20People	Waccamaw Indian People	Lumbee ancestry and kinship ties Following the work of Forest Hazel, researchers into the 21st Century have continued to emphasize the fluidity of movement among racially mixed populations across Horry, Marlboro, Dillon, and neighboring Robeson County, North Carolina. S. Pony Hill has noted that comprehensive genealogical research has proven that members of the Waccamaw Indian People are often closely related, within one or two generations, to families such as the Ammons, Coopers, Dimerys, Hatchers, and Turners in the McColl, Clio, Maxton, and Pembroke areas. Hill highlights that John Dimery Sr. lived near Drowning Creek, in present-day Robeson County, from at least 1780 to 1795, where he was taxed and listed on census schedules as a Free Person of Color. Around 1795, Dimery sold his property in North Carolina and relocated to Marlboro County, where he lived among other families of similar origins before eventually moving east to Dog Bluff. His brother, William Dimery, remained in Marlboro County and became an ancestor to many modern members of the state-recognized Pee Dee Indian Tribe. The U.S. Federal Census in 1850 shows that John Dimery Jr., who had earlier married Elizabeth Hardwick in Marlboro, was living in the household of his father, John Dimery Sr. The birthplace and early residence of John Dimery Sr. in North Carolina further support his ties to the Robeson area. Hill's research also found that during the Civil War, other Lumbee families, including the Ammons, Coopers, Hatchers, and Turners, joined the settlement. The Hatcher family descends from David Hatcher, the progenitor of the Hatcher surname among members of both the modern Pee Dee Indian Tribe and the Waccamaw Indian People. David Hatcher, a 'half Indian' planter, moved into the area around 1810 after having earlier enlisted in the North Carolina militia in Granville County, North Carolina.	2.53125
69853881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors%2040%20mm%20Automatic%20Gun%20L/70	Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/70	In 1979 the Royal Netherlands Air Force acquired 25 KL/MSS-6720 Flycatcher radar system and upgraded 75 of their 40L70s to create 25 firing units for static air base defence. The improved guns had an increased rate of fire (300 rounds/min), and the loading mechanism was provided with extended guides so that it could hold 22 cartridges. A 220 volt diesel generator was mounted onto the undercarriage, powered by a Volkswagen diesel engine. In 1989 the Royal Netherlands Army acquired 30 Flycatcher systems, each fielded with two modified Bofors 40L70G guns (the appended 'G' is for 'gemodificeerd', 'modified'). In the 40L70G version the loading mechanism was further improved and could be recognized by open rear guides. The 40L70G guns were also provided with muzzle velocity radars. Early in the 1990s the Royal Netherlands Air Force 40L70s were upgraded to the 'G' version. In the gun-armed versions of the Swedish Army Combat Vehicle 90 a cartridge-fed automatic version of the L/70 autocannon is fitted. In order to fit inside the vehicle, the gun is mounted upside down. New armor piercing and programmable ammunition have also been developed. Germany has used L/70 guns on its Type 352, Type 333 and Type 332 minesweeper vessels, although these will be replaced by Rheinmetall MLG 27 remote-controlled gun systems until 2008. Until the early 1980s L/70 guns guided by D7B radars were in widespread use in the anti-aircraft role in the German Navy and German Air Force, until replaced by Roland SAMs.	2.21875
69853961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylecodon%20reticulatus	Tylecodon reticulatus	Tylecodon reticulatus is a species of succulent plant in the genus Tylecodon belonging to the family Crassulaceae. Description Tylecodon reticulatus is a small to medium-sized, tree-like shrublet with a squat, basally normally solitary stem, up to 6 cm thick and 3–38 cm tall with a round sparsely branched crown to 30 cm in diameter with light brown bark peeling in strips. Young stems of Tylecodon reticulatus subsp. phyllopodium have residual leaf bases (phyllopodia) which remain visible for several years. Leaves are crowded at branch tips, erect to ascending, 5–40 mm long and 3–10 mm tick, ovate, linear-lanceolate to liner-oblanceolate, glabrous to glandular-hairy, coloured from bluish-green to heavily pink-tinged. Inflorescences are finely branched thyrses to 7 cm tall and in diameter, with many dichasia each bearing 2–6 spreading to erect greenish yellow, tubular or swollen at base flowers, 6–8 mm long, 2.5 mm in diameter, laxly hairy, spreading and becoming recurved. The flowers persist after blossoming, so they form a dense reticulate crown above branches and leaves, hence the species name. Distribution Succulent Karoo, quartz gravel flats of South Namibia and RSA (Northern and Western Cape). Subspecies Tylecodon reticulatus subsp. phyllopodium (Harv.) Toelken — southern Namibia through to northern Namaqualand near Komaggas. Tylecodon reticulatus subsp. reticulatus — southern Namibia southwards to the western parts of RCA's Great Karoo towards Beaufort West and Graaf-Reinet.	2.25
69854011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitilde	Domitilde	Domitilde Marie Kapeouapnokoue (c. 1692–1782, aka Ouikabe, LaFourche, Nepveu Villeneuve, Mouet) was an Odawa woman of the Nassauakueton doodem. Her father was chief Returning Cloud Kewinaquot and her mother was Nesxesouexite Neskes Mi-Jak-Wa-Ta-Wa. Her brother was Nissowaquet, also known as La Fourche. She lived near Michilimackinac, where the Jesuits had very few converts to Catholicism, Domitilde being one of the few. In 1712, she married Daniel Villeneuve, a French courer des bois with whom she had seven Métis children. Villeneuve died in 1724, and soon after Domitilde married Augustin Langlade, giving birth to Charles Michel de Langlade in 1729. Domitilde went on to become the godmother of dozens of French, Métis, and Anishinaabe children and adults, a number of whom were enslaved, at least one to her. Domitilde's position within the Anishinaabe, Catholic, and fur trading communities created powerful alliances for her brother Nissowaquet and her son Charles. Her marriages were especially important because there were relatively few Anishinaabe–French marriages at the time.	2
69854101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemlja%20%28feudal%20Bosnia%29	Zemlja (feudal Bosnia)	Humska zemlja or Hum is a well-known land from the early Middle Ages as Zahumlje, however, by the time most of Hum's territory belonged to Bosnia, the political organization of Zahumlje as a whole had already been destroyed. From early 14th century, the entire territory of Hum is part of the Bosnian state, the name appears in the ruling title (Ban Stjepan II is even the formal Knez of Hum), in the state council sit nobles "from Hum". Duke Stjepan Vukčić wore the title "lord of the land of Hum", but that is something completely different in content. In the 14th century, the entire area between the Neretva and the Cetina was annexed to the Bosnian state, which represents the entire land part of the former "land" of the Naretnines. The political organization of this area was already liquidated at the time when the Bosnian state expanded there, but it can be noticed that even in the 15th century the memory of the former political entity did not completely disappear. It is significant that the noble Radivojević family tried to unite this area into a single feudal area in the second decade of the 15th century. In the second half of the 14th century, the entire area of the former "land" of Travunija (Trebinje) became part of Bosnia. However, the political organization of this zemlja was already so fragmented at the time that it did not appear in the title of rulers or in any other form during the entire period of the Bosnian state nor later. There is only one geographical content left, and that is only in the understanding of the (surrounding) population of the nearest areas. Usora Usora was another important zemlja and feudalna oblast ) of the medieval Bosnian state. The administrative seat of this zemlja was Srebrenik, which also served as residence for its rulers for entire period of existence of the medieval Bosnian state. It took its name from the river Usora. In the 14th century zemlja Usora will absorb neighboring zemlja Soli.	2.34375
69854610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim%20Shahal	Haim Shahal	Haim Liebel (21 December 1922 – 21 January 2022) was an Israeli naval engineer. Life and career Shahal was born in Tel Aviv, the son of Shlomo Liebel. In his education, he was trained as an electrical engineer. In 1946, Shahal served in the Palmach elite fighting force, in which he commanded and planned on the Haganah venture Night of the Bridges. He served in the Israeli Defense Forces, discharged in 1970 in the rank of lieutenant colonel. Shahal was initially drafted to work with the naval squadrons in Jaffa. He later served as an engineering officer in the Israeli Navy. In his final capacity, from 1968, Shahal headed the development unit of the Israeli Navy. In 1970, Shahal became chief engineer for the Israel Shipyards. He was awarded the Israel Defense Prize, by the President of Israel in 1973. Shahal was also honored for an award, alongside Royal Danish Air Force commissioned officer major Viggo Dan Nielsen. With his contributions, he created missile ships. Shahal died on 21 January 2022, at the age of 99.	2.046875
69854948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaphodes%20prymnaea	Asaphodes prymnaea	Asaphodes prymnaea is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Zealand and can be found on the Mount Arthur tableland. It is common in limestone valleys. The female of the species is paler and has less distinctive markings than the male. Adults are on the wing in January and February. Taxonomy This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1911, using specimens collected by George Hudson in February at the Mount Arthur tableland at altitudes of between 3,600 - 4,200 ft, and named Xanthorhoe prymnaea. George Hudson discussed and illustrated this species under that name in his 1928 publication The butterflies and moths of New Zealand. In 1971 J. S. Dugdale placed this species in the genus Asaphodes. This placement was confirmed by Dugdale in 1988. The male lectotype, collected at Mount Arthur, is held by the Natural History Museum, London. Description Meyrick described this species as follows: The female has paler and less distinctive markings. Distribution This species is endemic to New Zealand and can be found in the Mount Arthur tableland. Habitat This species is said to be common in limestone valleys. Behaviour Adults of this species are on the wing in January and February.	2.375
69854965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20J.%20McIvor-Tyndall	Alexander J. McIvor-Tyndall	In the late 1890s, McIvor-Tyndall worked as a palmist, giving lectures and private palm reading sessions. In 1902, he performed successful billet reading tests that impressed Eugene Schmitz the mayor of San Francisco and several city officials. In 1908, McIvor-Tyndall became known as a psychic sleuth in Los Angeles. Whilst blindfolded he aimed to direct a posse assembled by Col. E. J. Bell to a murderer. He stated that he had received a vision of the murderer whilst in a trance in Denver. McIvor-Tyndall was involved with other criminal cases, for example years earlier in 1893 he was given permission to hypnotise convicted murderer Jacob Menze. After the hypnotic test, McIvor-Tyndall declared Menze to be innocent. In 1909, McIvor-Tyndall gave many public demonstrations and lectures on his alleged clairvoyant powers including automatic writing, precognition, psychometry and telepathy. In 1912, he gave lectures on cosmic consciousness, immortality and psychic phenomena. Selected publications Revelations of the Hand (1900) Ghosts: A Message from the Illuminati (1906) How to Read Thought (1909) Cosmic Consciousness: The Man-God Whom We Await (1913) Sex: The Unknown Quantity: The Spiritual Function of Sex (1916)	2.171875
69854968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite%20Augusta%20Marie%20L%C3%B6wenhielm%2C%20duchesse%20de%20Fitz-James	Marguerite Augusta Marie Löwenhielm, duchesse de Fitz-James	Marguerite Augusta Marie Löwenhielm (27 July 1830 – 19 March 1915) was a French mycologist and author during the 19th and early 20th centuries who studied the effectiveness of new "Americanist" varieties of grapevine in surviving the harmful insect pest Phylloxera. Biography Early life Marguerite Marie was born on 27 July 1830 in Paris to Count Gustaf Löwenhielm and Cléonice de Baguet. Her father, nearly sixty at the time of her birth, raised her like the son he'd always wanted. She was taught Latin, biology, mathematics, and drawing. From an early age, she became interested in horsemanship and practiced riding under a Scottish equerry. Winemaking and grape cultivation quickly became another passion of Marguerite's. Introduced to the family trade by her maternal grandmother, Marguerite assisted in producing small batches of wine on a plot of land south of Paris. Marriage In 1847, Marguerite was presented to King Louis Philippe I and Queen Marie Amélie in a private audience. Four years later, she married Duke Edouard de Fitz-James and had four children with him. Over the following years, the duke pursued an idle but lavish lifestyle at the racetracks and social clubs of Paris. It was during this period that he commissioned a portrait of Marguerite by esteemed painter Henri Fantin-Latour. However, growing debts and expenditures caused the Fitz-James to steadily fall into financial difficulty. At the same time, the duke and duchess's relationship deteriorated and they grew apart.	2.484375
69855247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Melchior%20Cornette	Claude-Melchior Cornette	Claude-Melchior Cornette (1 March 1744 – 11 May 1794) was a French chemist, physician and apothecary who worked under royal patronage just before the French Revolution drove him into exile. He conducted experimental studies on chemical reactions. Life Cornette was born in Besançon to Pierre-Claude Cornette and Claude-Antoine Sauvin. He was educated at a local Jesuit college before going to apprentice under apothecary Janson. In 1763 he went to Paris to study chemistry under Pierre Macquer and Antoine Baumé. He also studied pharmacy with Guillaume-François Rouelle. Around 1772 he began to work in the marly-le-Roi laboratory of the royal physician Joseph-Marie-François de Lassone. He also studied and became a physician in 1778 and also became a member of the Academy of Sciences. In 1788, on the death of Lassone, he became royal physician. Sophie (1734–82), the daughter of Louis XV, was interested in scientific objects and had Cornette organize a scientific cabinet for her. The French Revolution forced him into exile and he died in 1794 in Rome. Contributions to chemistry Cornette conducted studies on reactions between acids, salts and oils. He examined reversible reactions, following the work of Baumé, and noted that potassium sulphate could be broken by hydrochloric acid. He also noted that the concentrations of materials could alter reaction directions and rates in 1788. He published Mémoire sur la formation du salpêtre (1799).	2.578125
69855280	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Land%20of%20Invented%20Languages	In the Land of Invented Languages	The book's final section returns to Klingon. Okrent overviews the language's creation by Marc Okrand, a linguist of Native American languages, and its features. She remarks on how its unusual features such as its extensive use of the agglutinative coexist with its similarity to natural languages, calling it "completely believable as a language, but somehow very, very odd". After discussing the Klingon convention she attended with Mark, where she met many of what she estimates to be the 2030 people who can speak Klingon, Okrent focuses on the general concept of artistic languages or "artlangs". She discusses other fictional languages, such as the languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien, as well as languages she deems designed for artistic purposes, such as Toki Pona. According to later reviews, Okrent's discussion of artlangs was briefer than her discussion of other conlangs. Publication and reception In the Land of Invented Languages was published 19 May 2009 by Spiegel & Grau, at the time an imprint of Random House. It is 342 pages long. In the Land of Invented Languages was Okrent's first book; her second book Highly Irregular, about the history of English spelling, was published through Oxford University Press in July 2021.	2.375
69855412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387%20Ashes	1986–87 Ashes	The 1986–87 Ashes series was a series of five Test cricket matches that were contested between England and Australia for The Ashes. The series was played at five venues across Australia, starting on 14 November 1986 in Brisbane and concluding on 15 January 1987 in Sydney. England were the defending holders of the Ashes going into the series, having reclaimed the urn in 1985. England, under the leadership of Mike Gatting, successfully retained the Ashes after winning the Boxing Day Test match in Melbourne. Venues The ordering of the venues was slightly different to the previous Australian Ashes series, with a swap between Perth and Brisbane. Test series 1st Test England's achievement in winning this match, especially against the backdrop of their early tour form, surprised many observers, one of the visiting journalists famously observing that Mike Gatting's side had only three major problems: "They can't bat, they can't bowl, and they can't field". For Australia, with such high hopes against the "old enemy", the loss was depressing and indicated yet again that Australia's young side still had a long way to go before they could be competitive. England's first innings was dominated by Ian Botham's 138 off 174 balls - his last test century. He was especially severe on Australian Bowler Merv Hughes, playing in only his second Test. Important also was the return to form of Gower (51) and Captain Gatting (61). A rain-shortened first day meant that Australia was 1–33 by the start of day 3. Australia's first innings was effectively ended by Kent seamer Graham Dilley, although all the bowlers were effective in either taking wickets or restricting runs. Geoff Marsh continued his good form from the previous tour match, scoring 56 in 205 minutes.	2.21875
69855685	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hud%20ibn%20Muhakkam%20al-Hawwari	Hud ibn Muhakkam al-Hawwari	Hud ibn Muhakkam al-Hawwari, (d. second half of the ninth-century), was an Ibadi Quran exegete from North Africa. Biography Little is known about his life. It is believed that he was a Berber from the Hawwara tribe and that he lived in the region of the Aurès Mountains in modern day Algeria. His father held the office of Qadi under the rule of Aflaḥ ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (823–871), a ruler of the Rustamid Empire (778–909). His commentary on the Quran was first published in four volumes in 1990, based on five Ibadi manuscripts. The editor of this edition, Belhagg Sa'id Sharifi, an Ibadi from Algeria, wrote in the introduction to the work that al-Hawwari did not write his own original commentary, but based his work on a known tafsir in North African, especially in Kairouan, by Yaḥya ibn Sallam al-Basri (d. 815). Al-Hawwari created an abridged version without citing the original author. In one manuscript, a marginal note states that the work is only attributed to al-Hawwari (muḍaf ila). The Ibadi historian Ibn Sallam (d. 887) in his Badʾ al-islam wa-shari'aʿ ad-din /بدء الإسلام وشرائع الدين (The Beginning of Islam and the Laws of Religion) dedicated a chapter to fellow Ibadis, including members of the Hawwara tribe, who settled in Kairouan and took part in the city's scholarly life. These contacts may have enabled Ibadis to access the Quran commentary by Yaḥya ibn Sallam al-Baṣri, which was well known in the city. Al-Hawwari quotes the exegesis of the Quran by Yahya ibn Sallam al-Basri throughout, thus providing access to this work, which is only available in fragments and partial editions.	2.140625
69855853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon%20Combined%20Singles%20Chart	Oricon Combined Singles Chart	The is a record chart released weekly by Oricon, a major provider of information on the Japanese music industry. First published on December 24, 2018, it ranks the top fifty singles in Japan based on an album-equivalent unit system factoring physical CD sales, digital downloads, and streaming. It competes with the Billboard Japan Hot 100. Until 2015, Oricon only released charts based on physical CD sales. In the 2010s, this chart was largely dominated by idol groups such as AKB48, who had many customers purchasing their singles for bundled goods instead of the songs. The lack of accuracy in what songs received the most listens resulted in Oricon losing popularity to Billboard Japan multi-factored charts. Oricon established the Digital Singles Chart in 2016, which only counted digital downloads. Alongside a streaming-only and the Combined Albums Charts, the Combined Singles Chart was subsequently launched in 2018. History 2000s–2017: Background Before 2015, Oricon only published singles and albums charts based on physical CD sales. Comparatively to other countries, Japan's physical music industry has dominated over digital sales even in the 2000s. In 2009, the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) reported that the production of CDs accounted to a total worth of 249 billion yen, in comparison to 91 billion from digital distribution; however, the digital figures were gradually growing. Though CD singles were still more popular, the rise of digital music downloads and chaku-uta (ringtones) spurred discussion at Oricon to create a chart combining the different sales methods, which proved unfruitful. Oricon CEO Sōkō Koike told Asahi: "For distributions charts, we have no choice but to rely on announcements from the labels. Since we can't set up measures for independent verification like we do at records stores, its difficult to create a combined chart".	2.140625
69856496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%20Samuel%204	2 Samuel 4	David's narrative of his ascension to the throne in Hebron is framed by an opening verse that looks backward to the final chapters of 1 Samuel (Saul's death and David's refuge in Ziklag) and closing verses that look forward to David's rule in Jerusalem (2 Samuel 5). The action begins when David received Saul's crown and concludes when he was finally able to wear that crown. David executes the Amalekite who claims to have assisted Saul with his suicide and those who murdered Ishbaal. Two laments were recorded: one for Saul and Jonathan and another shorter one for Abner. At the center are the two key episodes: the existence of two kings in the land (David and Ishbaal), because Joab's forces could not conquer Saul's territory on the battlefield. However, this was resolved when Ishbaal foolishly challenged Abner's loyalty, causing Abner to switch sides that eventually brought Saul's kingdom under Davidic rule. Death of Ish-bosheth (4:1–7) Abner was very powerful that he virtually ruled Israel (cf. 2:8-9; 3:6), so his death caused confusion and uncertainty to the whole kingdom including its king, leading a plot to assassinate Ish-bosheth by two army officers of Israel, Baanah and Rechab, whose lineage is detailed in verses 2–3 and came from Beeroth, which 'was considered to belong to Benjamin' (verse 2, cf. Joshua 18:25). The two assassins got into Ishbaal's house at noon, when he was taking a siesta, on the pretext of "taking wheat" to be allowed to enter, quickly committed their gruesome task and ran away with Ish-bosheth's severed head (verse 7). A short information was given in verse 4 about Jonathan's son, Mephibosheth (or Meribaal, cf. 1 Chronicles 8:34; 9:40), which links to 2 Samuel 9:1–13, apparently to show that, beside Ish-bosheth, there was no more serious contender for the throne from the house of Saul; Mephibosheth himself was only a minor ('five years old') at that time and a cripple.	2.234375
69856522	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominguez%20Slough	Dominguez Slough	Dominguez Slough (American English pronunciation: slew or slu) was an endorheic lake and wetland in present-day Gardena, Los Angeles County, California, United States. Known for much of the late 19th century and early 20th century as Nigger Slough, it was renamed Lagunas de los Dominguez in 1938 in reference to the rancho-era Dominguez family. The slough was a "winding body of fresh water that wandered though Gardena and Carson on its way to the mud flats of San Pedro." Gardena is reportedly so named because "of the Laguna Dominguez slough and channel which in summer cuts a green swath across the barren brown landscapean oasis in the drab, parched landscape between Los Angeles and the harbor area." History Dominguez Slough was used as a hunting and fishing ground by the indigenous Tongva-Kizh people; at one point skeletons and relics were found nearby. According to one mid-20th-century account, the lake was "shown as on early maps and believed to have earned that title because of early negro squatters nearby and the fact that a negro kept an inn on the old Los Angeles to Wilmington and San Pedro road which crossed the slough." Research into the historical ecology of the watershed has found that between the 1890s and the 1920s, "large Dominguez Slough converted in a mere 30 years to being mostly open water to mostly wetland or sump or wet meadow." The wildlife value of the wetland was recognized by a newspaper editorial writer of 1894, who stated:	2.203125
69856522	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominguez%20Slough	Dominguez Slough	A 1916 account stated that the waterline of Nigger Slough was roughly above sea level. The report also described three 19th-century dikes that had been constructed by the rancheros to exclude Los Angeles River floodwaters from the slough. The ecology of the slough apparently began changing around this time, as a bird journal reported in 1918: "The passing of famed Nigger Slough as a result of drainage work begun in 1916, removes the last considerable area of breeding-ground for fresh-water birds in southern California. The reduction of formerly extensive deep-water areas to wide stretches of oozy mud, partly covered by a thin sheet of water, appears to have coincided with an unusual visitation of red phalarope to this locality." A man who lived near the slough when he was a kid in the 1920s described to the New York Times in 1964 how "the boys got through it on foot or on rafts made of boards or in pole boats. It abounded in foxes, swamp rats, skunks, owls, herons, egrets and thousands of red‐wing blackbirds. Ken Stager, now chief curator of the ornithological division in the Los Angeles County Museum, did his first bird‐watching in that swamp. To add to its fascination, Mr. Litton recalls that sheriffs were forever tracking down criminals who were reputed to be in hiding there." The slough was indeed considered more or less impassable to law enforcement in the 1920s as it remained a "dense entanglement of tules, high grass, and willow brush...for years has been a refuge for men hunted by officers".	2.453125
69856567	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Pelham%20%28English%20parliamentarian%29	John Pelham (English parliamentarian)	Parliament Pelham was knighted at Henry's coronation on 13 October 1399, and is therefore reckoned among the original Knights of the Bath. On 24 October he received the honour of bearing the royal sword before the King. He conducted the deposed Richard II from Leeds Castle in Kent to the Tower. Henry IV granted to Pelham and his heirs male on 12 February 1400 the Constableship of Pevensey and the Honour of Laigle, of which Pevensey was the chief place. This involved a paramount position over the whole Rape of Pevensey. Pelham served as Knight of the Shire for Sussex in the first, second, fourth, fifth, and sixth parliaments of Henry IV, as Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex in 1401. In 1402 he served on a commission to repair the banks of Pevensey marsh, and to draw up a survey and statutes. As Constable of Pevensey he was busied in defending the coast from threatened French invasions. In the Unlearned Parliament of October 1404 he was appointed, with Thomas, Lord Furnival, Treasurer of War to collect the special subsidies granted by the commons, and to apply the results strictly to the purpose for which it was granted. The date of their appointment was 11 November, and their earliest recorded payment was on 18 November. But the task was a thankless one. In the long session of the parliament of 1406 Pelham, who joined with Furnival in begging to be relieved of their duties, was discharged on 19 June by the King, at the request of the estates. But Pelham petitioned for and obtained the appointment of auditors to the war accounts. From these he ultimately obtained his discharge. He was moreover one of the committee appointed to inspect the engrossing of the Roll of Parliament.	2.53125
69857203	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evie%20Ferris	Evie Ferris	Evie Ferris (born 18 February 1997) is an Australian ballerina and member of children's band The Wiggles. Early life Ferris was born in Cairns, Australia, and attended St Andrews Catholic College until year 7. She began dance and performing arts classes at the age of four. By 2007 she had a supporting role in The Australian Ballet's production of Don Quixote. Early career Ferris was one of eight dancers to earn a role after auditioning with 150 other young dancers, and she was a puppet in the story in the Man of La Mancha. In 2010, at the age of twelve, she moved to Melbourne to join the Australian Ballet School. She toured with the school's Dancer's Company in 2014 and 2015 and undertook a student exchange to Canada in 2015. In 2015 she was selected to join The Australian Ballet, where she was the second indigenous ballerina after Ella Havelka. The Wiggles In 2021, Ferris was selected to join The Wiggles as part of its expanded line-up. She appeared as the second Blue Wiggle originally but has changed to be a Yellow Wiggle. As a Taribelang and Djabugay woman, she is the first Indigenous Australian to be a member of the group.	2.28125
69857604	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Blacks	Battle of the Blacks	The defeat of the Fatimid troops was a watershed in the history of Egypt and the Muslim world, as it removed the main military support of the Fatimid regime and consolidated Saladin's position as the de facto ruler of Egypt. This culminated in the restoration of Sunni dominance over Egypt and the deposition of the Fatimid dynasty in September 1171. In its place, Saladin established his own Ayyubid dynasty. Some black African troops remained in Saladin's service for a few years but most who survived the massacre of 1169 fled to Upper Egypt, where they joined unsuccessful pro-Fatimid uprisings in subsequent years. Saladin's rise to power in Egypt In the 1160s, the declining Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt was faced with invasions by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, domestic turmoil, and the intervention by the powerful Sunni Muslim ruler of Syria, Nur al-Din, who sent his general Shirkuh into Egypt. The complex political and military manoeuvring that followed ended in January 1169 with the appointment of Shirkuh as vizier by the Fatimid caliph, al-Adid. When Shirkuh died shortly after, on 23 March 1169, his nephew Saladin was chosen as a compromise candidate from the various factions of the Syrian army to take his place.	2.859375
69857604	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Blacks	Battle of the Blacks	Only a fraction of the black African troops escaped the events, fleeing south to Upper Egypt. Saladin tasked his uncle, Shihab al-Din al-Harimi, with pursuing them and killing them. Over the following months, Saladin continued his phasing-out of the Fatimid army units, which provoked further resistance. Fatimid troops rose in revolt in Qus under their commander, Abbas ibn Shadhi, and although they were quickly defeated, other areas of Upper Egypt remained in turmoil due to the restiveness of the Bedouin and the presence of fugitive black African soldiery. At least some of the black African and Armenian troops may have been retained in service, however, or have been left unmolested in or near Cairo, as they are mentioned during the abortive pro-Fatimid conspiracy of 1174, when the conspirators hoped to use them to seize Cairo during Saladin's absence on campaign against the Crusaders. Following the discovery of the affair and the execution of its leaders, these troops were banished to Upper Egypt. There they soon joined the uprising of the governor of Aswan, Kanz al-Dawla, who marched on Cairo with the intention of restoring the Fatimids. The rebels were defeated in September 1174 by Saladin's brother, al-Adil. As with Mu'tamin's conspiracy, Yaacov Lev has expressed doubts on the veracity of the details reported, as the traditional account of the conspiracy rests chiefly on a letter by Qadi al-Fadl. The letter repeats the motif of a collusion with the Crusaders, which is not found in the only other major contemporary account, that of Imad al-Din al-Isfahani. Furthermore, according to Lev, the exile of rebellious pro-Fatimid troops to an already restive region such as Upper Egypt does not make sense. Lev suggests that the affair represented a purge of "harmless persons who were in no position to endanger Saladin's rule", but who were "victims of old rivalries within the civilian elite", and that Saladin was effectively manipulated into ordering their deaths. Assessment in historiography	2.375
69857604	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Blacks	Battle of the Blacks	The Battle of the Blacks has been interpreted differently by various modern scholars. Thus Andrew S. Ehrenkreutz, in his 1972 biography of Saladin, used the events to highlight his portrait of the Ayyubid sultan as a "ruthless careerist" (in the words of Michael Brett). Jere L. Bacharach emphasized that the opposition of the black Africans to Saladin was not driven so much by loyalty to the Fatimid dynasty, but by the fact that Saladin's army represented a different military system, reliant exclusively on cavalry, in which they had no role to play. As Bacharach comments, after the disbandment of the black African regiments, "a standing, salaried infantry would return to Egypt only with the Ottomans in 923/1517". The historian Bernard Lewis noted that while the clash did not have primarily racial but rather political motives, its subsequent treatment by pro-Saladin chroniclers carries racial undertones, emphasizing the arrogance and indiscipline of the black African troops, who had frequently been involved in political intrigues in past decades and now received their just punishment. Imad al-Din, for example, writes that "whenever [the black Africans] rose against a vizier they killed him", and that "they thought that all white men were pieces of fat and that all black African men were coals". Lewis also points out that while white troops of the Fatimid army were incorporated into Saladin's forces, the black African ones were not. Even in the succeeding Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo, black Africans were employed in the army only as menial slaves, and a strict policy of segregation with the free white soldiers was in place.	2.4375
69857660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20in%20South%20Africa	Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa	April 2020 On 1 April, researchers from the NICD and South African National Bioinformatics Institute at the University of Western Cape released the genetic sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 from a South African COVID-19 patient. Pick-up trucks dispensed free hand sanitizer in Alexandra in early April. Following a funeral in Zwide on 4 April, at least nine mourners contracted COVID-19. On 9 April, it was announced that South Africa's cabinet members, which include the President, Deputy President, Ministers and Deputy Ministers would donate one-third of their salaries for three months to a solidarity fund. On 9 April, the St Augustine's Hospital in Durban was shut down following a localised outbreak of over 60 confirmed cases and four COVID-19 related deaths; by then 1,845 had tested positive for the virus nationally with total 18 deaths. On 10 April, Mkhize recommended that the general public use cloth facemasks when going out in public. On 13 April, chair of the Ministerial Advisory Committee on COVID-19 Salim Abdool Karim indicated that the lockdown had been effective in delaying transmissions. He also described the country's 8-stage plan to combat the coronavirus. This included criteria for extending or easing the lockdown.	2.140625
69857789	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annadanaiah%20Puranik	Annadanaiah Puranik	Annadanaiah (Annadanayya) Puranik (8 March 1928 – 20 October 2015), Indian writer, cultural activist, freedom fighter, modern vachanakara and an advocate. After Indian independence, he has served as an Advocate in state high court of Karnataka for five decades. He was also conferred the title Sahityaratna, for his contribution to Kannada literature and enormous contribution during a secretarial term with Kannada Sahitya Parishat. Annadanayya Puranik is known for his participation in Quit India Movement alongside Mahatma Gandhi. He has also been instrumental in the Hyderabad Karnataka movement in 1947–1948. He is the Founder general secretary of All India Basava Samithi and has contributed towards promotion of Basava Philosophy in various languages. He was also a Hon. General secretary of Kannada Sahitya Parishad. Being a member of Gazetteer advisory committee at Gazetteer of Karnataka Government, he has contributed towards publishing Gazetteers of districts of the state. He was also member of the first language commission for Karnataka. Early life and education Annadanaiah Puranik was born in Dyampura, a village in Yelburga Taluk of Koppal District. His father Sri Kallinatha Shastri Puranik is known for writings Puranas in Kannada, such as Sharana Basaveshwara Purana, Itagi Bhimambika Purana and others. His brother Siddaiah Puranik is a famous Kannada laureate. His daughter Chandrika Puranik is also Kannada author and has served as Kannada lecturer various institutions in Bangalore. Works Sri Basaveshwara Vachana Mandara Channabasava Sahitya Vachana Saurabha Nyaaya Darushana	2.109375
69857866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIP%2067522%20b	HIP 67522 b	HIP 67522 b is a hot Jupiter exoplanet orbiting the G-type star HIP 67522, located approximately 415 light-years from Earth in the constellation Centaurus, discovered using the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). It is currently the youngest hot Jupiter discovered, at an age of only 17 million years; it is also one of the youngest transiting planets of any type, and one of only four others less than 100 million years old (along with AU Mic b, V1298 Tau c, DS Tuc Ab and TOI-942 b) to have the angle between its orbit and its host star's rotation measured, at degrees. This planet, in turn, may help in knowing how other hot Jupiters form. Due to its young age, it has not reached its final size. Also due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism, which occurs as a result of the planet itself cooling, its internal pressure drops, which will in turn cause the planet to shrink. Its final size will depend on the composition of its core. There is also evidence that another planet might also be present in the planetary system. It was shown in 2024 that HIP 67522 b is one of the least dense known planets, with a density less than 0.10 g/cm3. It might have formed beyond the water-snowline, where the contamination by rocky and icy materials usually takes place.	2.65625
69857957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Junius%20Nipsus	Marcus Junius Nipsus	Fluminis Varatio Nipsus explains how to measure the width of a river when the other bank is not accessible (e.g., because a hostile force has occupied it). He seeks out a clear landmark on the other bank, like a tall tree. This forms one corner of a right-angled triangle which he constructs. One cathetus (short side) goes in a straight line from the landmark to the surveyor's position. The second cathetus is drawn from the surveyor's position along a path approximately parallel to the riverbank. Halfway along this path, a measuring instrument (ferramentum, groma) is placed, and the hypotenuse (long side) of the triangle runs from this instrument to the landmark on the other side of the river. Then the surveyor constructs a second right-angled triangle, which is the same size as the first one. The hypotenuse of the second triangle continues the hypotenuse of the first triangle and is recorded with a mark on the land. One cathetus is the continuation of the path along the riverbank, the second cathetus goes inland, joining up with the hypotenuse of the second triangle. The length of this second cathetus will be equal to the width of the river. Because of the requirement to form the long path along the river bank and the marking lines, this method is quite time consuming. No attempt is made to apply the mathematically "sophisticated" intercept theorem, which had been known since the first century AD. The task of measuring the width of a river is also referred to by the surveyor Balbus (Ca 204.24), without providing a solution, and by Frontinus (Ca 14.12).	2.984375
69858163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism%20and%20archaeology	Nationalism and archaeology	The continuous China narrative applies two different types of pressure to excavations. First, digs are undertaken and reported with the goal of finding evidence—presumed to exist—that could validate the belief in an unbroken, singular civilization. For example, the Neolithic sites in Shuanghuaishu are prioritized over other Stone Age remains because of Shuanghuaishu's physical proximity to later Chinese cultural centers. The Ruins of Yinxu, a former Shang Dynasty capital, have long been a focus of excavations, under the idea that material culture discovered supporting the historicity of the Shang Dynasty there, validates classical Chinese writing in general. Archaeologist Kwang-chih Chang describes Nationalism as "a great magnet attracting data" that focuses on discoveries in key locations in Zhongyuan at the expense of peripheral areas of the nation. One example of how this presupposition can distort findings is the Wushan Man. The jawbone of an ape and ancient stone tools—discovered in the same cave—have been presented as evidence for a fringe "out of Asia" alternative to the widely accepted African origin of modern humans, positing the "Wushan Man" and Peking Man as a pre-human extension of China's continuous existence in China. The other type of nationalistic pressure in Chinese archaeology is the suppression of studies that could disrupt the official narratives of the state. Notably, China restricts access to Tarim mummies like the Beauty of Loulan and the Princess of Xiaohe. To control the debate between the official narrative of Chinese dominance in the Tarim Basin and Uyghur nationalist identification with the mummies, China allows genetic testing only by Chinese scientists in China. American sinologist Victor H. Mair says that he and Italian geneticist Paolo Francalacci were prevented from testing the majority of genetic samples taken from the mummies.	2.4375
69858232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20eruption%20of%20Mount%20Lamington	1951 eruption of Mount Lamington	In early January 1951, a series of minor explosions and earthquakes rocked Mount Lamington, a volcano in the Australian-administered Territory of Papua and New Guinea (now in Oro Province, Papua New Guinea). Prior to the eruption, Mount Lamington was not recognized as a volcano due to the absence of historically-recorded eruptions and dense vegetation cover. From January 15, volcanic activity intensified, and tall eruption plumes were generated. The largest eruption occurred on the morning of January 21 when a thick black plume of ash rose into the atmosphere. The eruption collapsed a lava dome and produced a lethal pyroclastic flow that killed 2,942 people. In the years after the eruption, new lava domes formed and collapsed in succession. Activity persisted until July 1956. The eruption is the deadliest natural disaster in Australian history, as the region was under the rule of the Government of Australia. Tectonic setting Volcanism in Papua New Guinea is due to the ongoing subduction of oceanic crust beneath the island due to plate tectonics. Mount Lamington is situated within the Hydrographers Range; a small, forested coastal mountain range. The mountain range is the remnant of a heavily eroded Quaternary stratovolcano. The dominant rock types are andesite and basaltic andesite. While a majority of the range's eruptive history occurred during the Pleistocene, the presence of cinder cones and craters on the southern flank of the range suggest volcanism also took place during the Holocene. The mountain lies adjacent to the Owen Stanley Range. Nearby volcanoes include Mount Suckling and Mount Victory. Volcanology	3.125
69858232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20eruption%20of%20Mount%20Lamington	1951 eruption of Mount Lamington	On January 16, a vapour cloud was observed from Higaturu. Large landslides were reported, many destroying the existing vegetation. The entire rainforest around the crater was destroyed by the late afternoon. An earthquake swarm occurred at 16:00. Up to 30 earthquakes were felt till 08:00 on January 17. Stronger earthquakes were felt in Isivita Mission, located northwest of the crater. On January 17, an ash column rising between some hills and Mount Lamington was observed. The column grew larger as the hours passed. Earthquakes continued to be felt, and there was a red glow observed at night. By January 18, large plumes of dark grey ash ejected from the volcano, and a newly-constructed volcanic hill appeared where debris was ejected. According to District Commissioner Cecil Cowley on January 19, these eruptions did not cause fatalities. It generated large columns of ash rising . On 20 January, the eruption generated a column. From Kokoda, it was described as a large black column with shaped similar to a cauliflower. Heavy ashfall occurred on the southern side of the volcano because of the monsoon winds, damaging some Orokaiva settlements. January 21 eruption	2.515625
69858232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20eruption%20of%20Mount%20Lamington	1951 eruption of Mount Lamington	The most violent eruption occurred four days later at 10:40 local time. Occupants on two Qantas Empire Airways flights which flew in close proximity to the erupting volcano reported a large eruption column and base surge of pyroclastic debris. The captain of a Douglas DC-3 flight witnessed a massive continuous column of black smoke erupting from the crater. The column rose over , punching through a layer of clouds. In two minutes, the column had risen from the crater, and expanded into a mushroom column. The eruption column reached at its highest. The captain of the DC-3 radioed authorities at Port Moresby about the sequence of events. Another Qantas flight; a de Havilland Dragon bound for Popondetta from Lae, was about to land when its occupants witnessed the side of volcano blow itself apart. A large surge of debris approached the aircraft, forcing its return to Lae. Changing winds directed the pyroclastic surge northeast, where it was seen at Kokoda. Lightning was observed in the eruption column. Ash, pumice and small rocks fell to the ground. The eruption column was also observed at Eroro, where many residents mistook it for a petrol explosion at Higaturu. A large pyroclastic surge raced towards Isivita Mission; northwest of the crater. Many panicked residents rushed to the main mission house. The flow however, ceased in the mission compound. A definitive boundary between the grassy field and thick layer of volcanic material marked the trail of the flow. By 11:30, the eruption column had blocked sunlight. Thunder was heard, and intense lightning was observed.	2.5

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