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69858232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20eruption%20of%20Mount%20Lamington	1951 eruption of Mount Lamington	Awala Plantation near Isivita Mission was spared the worst of the eruption but suffered from extensive ash fall. Much of the rubber, coffee and cocoa crops were devastated. The loss of crops had implications for the local economy. The eruption seriously affected the fish population in rivers. The local population experienced a decline in the aftermath of the eruption. Rainforests were also covered in thick layers of ash, and trees began to topple or break apart due to the weight of ash. Overnight, 18 people perished at Isivita. Higaturu, another town slightly further away was totally destroyed. By the afternoon, many residents with extreme burns from the pyroclastic flow were rescued. Many began to arrive at treatment centers for medical assistance. Survivors described the sounds of agony from burn victims. Some victims experienced total burns to their skins. One burn victim later died. More deaths were anticipated following the eruption, so a large grave was dug. There was a large inflow of seriously burnt victims at the Sangara Plantation. Injured victims were also transported to Popondetta. The destruction was described as "complete" and comparisons were drawn with a bomb explosion. Trees in the dense tropical rainforest toppled or were pulverized. Nearly every building was destroyed by the flow. The region surrounding Mount Lamington was transformed into a moonscape-like environment. Charred bodies of people attempting to flee the surging flow littered the roads.	2.625
69858232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%20eruption%20of%20Mount%20Lamington	1951 eruption of Mount Lamington	Taylor interpreted that the landslides initially observed were the result of the earthquake swarm or other geological processes. Intense activity occurred in the subsequent days after, including an interpreted Vulcanian eruption on 17 January. That eruption was caused by magma interacting with groundwater. The young hill structure observed via a telescope and initially interpreted by Taylor as a pile of debris, was instead a small lava dome. The large volume of volcanic ash and debris ejected vertically into the atmosphere on 21 January was a Plinian-style eruption. This triggered a debris avalanche with an estimated volume of which traveled . The eruption column formed a large mushroom cloud towering over the summit. Pyroclastic flows surged down the flank of the volcano as the eruption column collapsed. The thick and dense cloud of black ash was described as "like toothpaste from a tube". An approximately area of dense tropical rainforest around Mount Lamington was devastated. The pyroclastic flows moved with such velocity, about per hour, that no humans in the areas of devastation survived. Extreme damage occurred within a radius around the volcano. It traveled northwards for due to the influence of the breached, horseshoe-shaped crater in the north. A second eruption occurred at 19:30, generating an ash cloud almost identical in height as the daytime eruption. This eruption produced a loud sound and heavy ashfall, although no pyroclastic flows were reported.	2.59375
69858388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta%20Minuta	Punta Minuta	Punta Minuta is a mountain in the department of Haute-Corse on the island of Corsica, France. It is in the Monte Cinto massif. Location The peak is in the commune of Albertacce, just south of the communes of Asco to the northeast and Manso to the northwest. The nearest road is the D147 to the north, which runs northwest from the village of Asco. Physical Punta Minuta is high and has a prominence of . It is isolated by from the slopes of its nearest higher neighbor, Monte Cinto. It is in the central chain of the Monte Cinto massif at a point where a ridge leads east to the Monte Cinto. It is in the Grande Barriere, the crestline that runs from Monte Cinto westward to Paglia Orba. It is northeast of the Paglia Orba. Punta Minuta is drained to the west by tributaries of the Fango river, to the north by tributaries of the Asco river and to the south by tributaries of the Golo river. The southern side of the mountain is free of snow from May/June until September. The northern side retains snow and ice throughout the year. Gallery	2.015625
69858853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenomphalia%20cinereispinula	Lichenomphalia cinereispinula	Lichenomphalia cinereispinula is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. Found in Europe, it was described as a new species in 2009 by Pierre Neville and Francis Fouchier. The type specimen was collected at a place called "La Rivière", in the commune of Collobrières; here it was found growing on the ground at an altitude of . The lichen makes a slender mushroom-like fruiting body with a stipe length about three to five times the diameter of the cap. The convex to sub-hemispherical gray cap measures and has slight radial "ribs". There are 10 gills and 7 short gills (lamellulae) on the cap underside that are distantly spaced and dull whitish in colour. The thin cylindrical stipe is pruinose with a somewhat bulbous base. There are greenish glomerules at the stipe base, indicating a lichen thallus of the Botrydina type. Basidiospores are smooth, inamyloid, hyaline, and ellipsoid in shape, and have dimensions of 5.3–7.7 by 3.0–4.4 μm. Lichenomphalia cinereispinula fruits in autumn in Mediterranean climate in the south of France.	2.28125
69859281	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padina%20%28alga%29	Padina (alga)	Morphology Padina exhibits a flabellate-type appearance of its thalli, with a brown, off-white coloration. Its thallus consists of cells that is 2-8 layers thick, fan-shaped with hairs covering its margin. It has a stipe attached to its rhizoidal holdfast with blades conspicuously appearing as several layers of cell thick, with apparent zonations in its thalli producing coextensive rows of hair, distributed in rigid segments. Padina and Newhousia are the only genera in the brown algae group that is calcareous. Padina species are differentiated based on the cell layer number, sporangial sori arrangement relative to hair bands and hair band presence or lack of on the lower thallus surface. Distribution Padina inhabits tropical regions, although the genus can also be found in cooler temperate waters from South America to Southeast Asia. The genus is distinguishable because of its characteristic shape resembling a peacock tail structure. It can be found a wide range of habitats, ranging from intertidal to subtidal zones. Padina are found to be more prolific in clear waters at a depth of 15–20 m but can be seen up to 110 m in depth, attached to hard substrates or growing as epiphytes on larger seaweeds (e.g. Sargassum). Padina in the Indian Ocean have a much more narrow distribution, in specific localities compared to those in the Pacific with a distribution that is much more overlapping within regions Ecology Padina can be found growing together with Gracilaria, Polysiphonia, Chaetomorpha, and Colpomenia. Padina boergesenii and Padina jamaicensis may exhibit morphological plasticity which may affect herbivore interactions and grazing pressure.	2.703125
69859447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard%20Hiking%20Trail	Gerard Hiking Trail	The Gerard Hiking Trail is an approximately hiking trail in Oil Creek State Park in northwestern Pennsylvania, forming a long and narrow loop on both sides of Oil Creek. Several cross-connector trails enable shorter loops of various lengths. The trail is known for numerous vistas over Oil Creek and the state park, many small waterfalls on side streams, and historic artifacts associated with early American oil exploration led by Edwin Drake, who struck oil in the area in 1859. History and route The trail was named after state park volunteer Ray Gerard, who developed most of the trail in the 1970s. In more recent years the trail is maintained by a volunteer group of retirees from the Titusville area. From the office at Oil Creek State Park, the Gerard Hiking Trail can be reached via a segment of the main park road and a short spur trail leading to the west. Traveling counter-clockwise, the Gerard Hiking Trail heads south and quickly reaches the top of the western side of the gorge formed by Oil Creek. The trail descends, crosses the creek on a footbridge near the state park's main entrance off of Pennsylvania Route 8, then climbs to the top of the east side of the gorge and heads north. That side of the loop features the organized Cow Run camping area. At the northern end of the loop, the trail again descends to a crossing of Oil Creek near the state park's other entrance to the southeast of Titusville. Once again the trail ascends to the west side of the gorge and then heads to the south, where the hiker can find the organized Wolfkiel Run camping area. The loop is completed at about 36 miles at the junction with the spur trail near the state park office.	2.296875
69859448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isador%20Sobel	Isador Sobel	Sobel was secretary of the Republican county committee from 1889 to 1891 and its chairman from 1893 to 1896. He was vice-president of the League of Republican Clubs of Pennsylvania from 1894 to 1895 and its president from 1896 to 1897. In 1891, he was elected to the Erie common council, representing the First Ward. He was re-elected in 1893, and in 1894 he became president of the common council. In 1896, he served as chairman of the executive committee which was in charge of the campaign in Erie County, was the Republican candidate for mayor, and was the 1896 presidential elector for William McKinley. In 1898, President McKinley appointed him postmaster of Erie. He was reappointed to the office by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902 and 1906 and by President William Howard Taft in 1910. In 1908, he served as president of the Postmasters' Association of Pennsylvania. He was elected president of the National Association of Postmasters of First-Class Offices of the United States in 1912, and a year later became its first honorary president.	1.976563
69860022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra%20Tegleva	Alexandra Tegleva	In 1904, Empress Alexandra gave Tegleva a gold pocket watch made by Swiss manufacturer Paul Buhre as a Christmas present. The watch was engraved with the inscription Given by the Sovereign Empress on 24 December 1904. Tegleva was awarded a Fabergé brooch, bearing the Romanov family crest embellished with a diamond and four rubies, in 1913 on the occasion of the Romanov Tercentenary. Exile with the Imperial family Following the abdication of Nicholas II during the February Revolution, Tegleva went with the imperial family into exile in Western Siberia and lived with them under house arrest at the Governor's Mansion in Tobolsk. Unlike many other members of the imperial household, Tegleva left many of her personal belongings at the Alexander Palace upon going into exile, including fine clothes, photographs with fellow staff, photographs with the imperial family, shoes, socks, and mementos given to her by the children. After the October Revolution in 1917, she stayed with the Grand Duchesses Tatiana, Olga, and Anastasia and the Tsarevich while the family were separated and the emperor and empress, as well as Grand Duchess Maria, were taken to the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg in April 1918. During this time one of the Empress's ladies in waiting, Anna Demidova, wrote to Tegleva to give her instructions on how to conceal family jewels in the Grand Duchesses' undergarments so that they would not be found when the family went through searches. She was assisted in hiding the jewels by the parlor maid Elizaveta Ersberg and lady's maid Maria Gustavna Tutelberg. In May 1918 the rest of the imperial family was taken to Ipatiev House, but Tegleva was not allowed to enter with them. Tegleva was detained with Pierre Gilliard, Charles Sydney Gibbes, and Baroness Sophie Karlovna von Buxhoeveden in a separate residence from the imperial family in Yekaterinburg. She was almost killed by the Bolsheviks in Tyumen but was freed by the White Army.	2.03125
69860033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Barnes%20%28monsignor%29	Arthur Barnes (monsignor)	Arthur Stapylton Barnes (31 May 1861 – 13 November 1936) was an English Roman Catholic prelate, scholar and controversialist. Prior to converting to Rome in 1895, he was an Anglican priest. He was the first priest to be Catholic chaplain at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. Early life Barnes was born, posthumously, in 1861, in Kussowlie, British India, to George Carnac Barnes (1818-1861), the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India, and Margaret Diana Chetwynd Barnes (née Stapylton) (1829-1927). An older brother was Sir George Stapylton Barnes, who was Permanent Secretary of the Board of Trade, 1915-1916, (the father of Lucy, second wife of Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton), and an older sister was Margaret Louisa Stapylton Barnes, who married an Anglican clergyman, the Rev Neville Usher. He was educated at Eton. He then held a commission in the Royal Artillery from 1879 to 1880, and was the youngest officer in the British Army at the time. After resigning his commission, he went to University College, Oxford (BA 1883, MA 1887).	2.125
69860033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Barnes%20%28monsignor%29	Arthur Barnes (monsignor)	In 1904 Pius X made Barnes a Privy Chamberlain, and in 1919 Benedict XV made him a Domestic Prelate. He was the leading Catholic archaeologist, and spent much time investigating the burial sites of Sts Peter and Paul. He was Roman Catholic Chaplain at Oxford University 1918-1926. Barnes was known as "Mugger" at Oxford, and was the model for Monsignor Bell in Evelyn Waugh’s 1945 novel Brideshead Revisited. He was responsible for the conversion of the Old Palace in 1920 into the Catholic Chaplaincy. He retired from Oxford at the age of 65, and was succeeded by the eminent theologian, Monsignor Ronald Knox. In 1931, Miss Alice Howard (daughter of Sir Henry Howard, appointed British envoy to the Vatican City in 1914, the first such appointment since 1558) purchased a property in Painswick, for conversion into a Catholic church. It was not until 1934 that the church was ready for mass to be said, and in August of that year it was dedicated to Our Lady and St Therese of Lisieux. In October 1934 Barnes was appointed resident priest, and moved into a flat in the village. Works Barnes was the author of numerous books, mostly of a theological nature, and those were of a controversialist, exhibiting conspicuous anti-Anglican bias. A notable work was his 1922 book on Bishop Barlow and Anglican Orders, whereby he attempted to demonstrate that Bishop Barlow had not been validly consecrated as a bishop, and thereby rendering the Anglican succession invalid. This was firmly rebuffed by Canon Claude Jenkins, the librarian at Lambeth Palace, who had the relevant documents within his control, in a lengthy review article in The Journal of Theological Studies. Barnes attended the exposition of the Shroud of Turin in 1931, the first time it had been exhibited since 1898. He also attended the exposition in 1933, on the 1900th anniversary of the Crucifixion, and this resulted in the publication of his work The Holy Shroud of Turin in 1934.	2.03125
69860907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%27%20Rebellion	Gibbs' Rebellion	Gibbs' Rebellion was an early rebellion in the Carolina Colony. It occurred in 1690. During the Carolina Proprietary era the colony of Carolina was the only colony to create titles of nobility. The tiles were palatines, landgraves, and caciques. According to the Fundamental Constitutions of 1669 a noble could take control of the colony as governor if the post was vacant due to lack of an appointed governor or Lord Proprietor in residence in the colony. Capt John Gibbs, cacique claimed the governorship during a vacancy after the governorship of Seth Sothe. The Lord Proprietors appointed Col. Philip Ludwell as governor. Ludwell arrived in 1690 and Gibbs objected to this. Gibbs raised armed men and this armed gathering appeared at a precinct court. During this action they arrested two magistrates and shut down the court. Ludwell called upon the Governor of Virginia for aid to quell the uprising, who advised all parties to seek advise from the Lords Proprietor in England. The Proprietors gave their support to Ludwell which effectively ended Gibbs' Rebellion.	2.453125
69861588	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Armenian%20presidential%20election	2022 Armenian presidential election	Early presidential elections were held in Armenia on 3 March 2022, following President Armen Sarkissian's resignation on 23 January 2022. Background In accordance with Article 124 of the amended Constitution, a non-partisan president will be elected for a seven-year, non-renewable term, to which the presidential election should have been originally held in spring 2025. In accordance with Article 125, the candidate that receives at least three fourths of votes of the total number of deputies of the National Assembly will be elected President of Armenia. If the president is not elected, a second round is held wherein all candidates who took part in the first round may participate. In the second round, the candidate that receives at least three fifths of votes of the total number of deputies will be elected as President of the Republic. If a president is still not elected, a third round of elections will be held wherein the two candidates who received a greater number of votes in the second round may participate. In the third round, the candidate who receives the majority of votes of the total number of deputies will be elected. According to Article 125 of the constitution, at least one fourth of the total number of deputies of the National Assembly shall have the right to nominate a candidate for president. This means that at least 27 members of parliament must back the respective candidate in order for that candidate to be officially nominated. Thus, in the case of a wide consensus, a candidate may very well run unopposed since minority parties with less than 27 members in the National Assembly will not be able to nominate a candidate. Eligibility According to the amended constitution, everyone who has reached the age of forty, held citizenship of only Armenia for the preceding six years and permanently resided in Armenia for the preceding six years, has the right of suffrage, and speaks the Armenian language may be elected as President of the Republic.	2.46875
69862036	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20V.%20Randall	Francis V. Randall	After leaving the army, Randall practiced law in Montpelier until 1876, when he moved to Brookfield, where he farmed and practiced law. Randall was also involved in several business ventures, including serving as an original incorporator of the Montpelier and Wells River Railroad. In addition, he was the owner of a store in East Montpelier. Randall became a Republican after the Civil War; in 1870, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the party's nomination to represent Montpelier in the Vermont House of Representatives. In addition, he served in local offices including town auditor. Randall was a sought after orator, and frequently spoke at Memorial Day ceremonies and other events. In 1883, he was appointed vice president of Norwich University. During that year, he also received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from Norwich University, and was named an honorary member of the Theta Chi fraternity. In 1884, Randall purchased a hotel in Northfield, which he renamed the Randall House, where he lived until his death. Randall was active in the Freemasons, Reunion Society of Vermont Officers, and Grand Army of the Republic. Randall died in Northfield on March 1, 1885. He was buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Northfield. In mid-March, organizers created a new Grand Army of the Republic post in Danville, which was named in Randall's honor. In 1899, the 13th Vermont Regimental Association erected a monument on the Gettysburg battlefield. The bronze plaque on the rear of the memorial commemorates Randall's leadership: Family In July 1846, Randall married Caroline Elizabeth Andrews. They were the parents of three children: Charles Woodbridge (1847–1868); Francis Voltaire (1851–1924); and Zelda Valeria (1854–1855). In 1859, Randall discovered that his wife was having an affair with another man, and they divorced in 1860.	1.90625
69862042	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalvis%20melagis	Kalvis melagis	Kalvis melagis (original spelling Kalwis-Miałagis; ) was a Lithuanian-language periodical published by Petras Vileišis and other Lithuanian students in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, in 1875–1876. Lithuanian publications were banned after the Uprising of 1863. As a result, Kalvis melagis was published in secret and was short-lived (less than 10 issues appeared). It was a primitive hand-written and then mimeographed 4-page newsletter. Nevertheless, it is the first known Lithuanian periodical in the Russian Empire and one of the first Lithuanian periodicals overall. History A handful of Lithuanians who studied at various universities in Saint Petersburg gathered into an informal group. According to Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, the group would gather in the apartment of count Vladimir Zubov. Its most active member was Petras Vileišis who initiated the publication of Kalvis megalis. The nameplate was drawn by Stanislovas Lukša. Other contributors included Juozas Brazaitis, Juozas Grigiškis, Česlovas Pancežinskis, Jonas Kymantas. It was handwritten by Vileišis on standard paper, mimeographed, and distributed among Lithuanian students and sent via mail to others. It was published three times a month between December 1875 and March 1876 but no more than 10 issues appeared. Though circulation must have been very small, Kalvis melagis was known to Lithuanian activists. Jonas Šliūpas wrote about it in Aušra in 1883. He picked the title based on blacksmith Krasnickis near his native village. As a child, Vileišis liked to visit the smithy and listen to blacksmith's stories. Since the smithy was visited by many people from different places, the blacksmith heard and told news and rumors but would always say that he was a liar and made up stories to avoid any trouble with the police. The circumstances around the establishment of Kalvis melagis were described in the novel Tėviškė (Homeland) by .	1.914063
69862479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Sekatau	Ella Sekatau	Historian Jean O'Brien writes that "the problematic slippage of categories from "Indian" to "Negro," "Black," or "Person of color," vital and other sorts of records that could substantiate Indian demography, increasingly failed to take note of Indian peoples as they steadily lost land and other property in the ongoing workings of colonialism." This method of intended extinction of an entire race was not a new one, and had been used by both the Portuguese and the Spanish for a century prior. Slave traders in Africa would quickly disassociate enslaved peoples from their homelands, using the blanket-term Negro, or "black," to further remove the native African peoples and their ancestors from their kingdoms, tribes or clans. In 17th and 18th century Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island officials simply extended this designation to Native Americans in the region to systematically strip them of their rights to their land. No longer firing their guns or engulfing forts in flames, English colonists developed a new weapon to wield into the coming centuries. As a result of this concerted effort by officials to strike Native Americans from the record, though they persisted all along, apt historians turn to disciplines like anthropology to help further inform these periods of time where indigenous peoples seem to be absent. As Sekatau wrote: "The war did not end in the Great Swamp." Later life Well into her late sixties in the 1990s, Sekatau trained young Narragansett how to maintain their unwritten history through oral tradition. In her capacity as ethnohistorian, she collaborated through oral history with numerous scholars and historians who have published many books and papers on the subject of the Narragansett people. Bibliography Literary works Ella W. Brown (Firefly-Song of Wind), Love Poems and Songs of a Narragansett Indian (1971)	2.71875
69862513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCCX	RCCX	RCCX is a complex, multiallelic, and tandem copy number variation (CNV) human DNA locus on chromosome 6p21.3, a cluster located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region. CNVs are segments of DNA that vary in copy number compared to a reference genome and play a significant role in human phenotypic variation and disease development. The RCCX cluster consists of one or more modules each having a series of genes close to each other: serine/threonine kinase 19 (STK19), complement 4 (C4), steroid 21-hydroxylase (CYP21), and tenascin-X (TNX). Name The RCCX abbreviation is composed of the names of the genes RP (a former name for STK19 serine/threonine kinase 19), C4, CYP21 and TNX). The RCCX abbreviation was first mentioned in a 1994 article published in Immunogenetics, an academic journal, for a study by Dangel et al. Structure The number of RCCX segments varies between one and four in a chromosome, with the prevalence of approximately 15% for monomodular, 75% for bimodular (STK19-C4A-CYP21A1P-TNXA-STK19B-C4B-CYP21A2-TNXB), and 10% for trimodular in Europeans. The quadrimodular structure of the RCCX unit is very rare. In a monomodular structure, all of the genes are functional i.e. protein-coding, but if a module count is two or more, there is only one copy of each functional gene rest being non-coding pseudogenes with the exception of the C4 gene which always has active copies. Each copy of the C4 gene, due to five adjacent nucleotide substitutions cause four amino acid changes and immunological subfunctionalization (different functions related to the immune system), can be of one of two types: C4A and C4B. Each C4 gene contains 41 exons and has a dichotomous size variation (existence of two distinct sizes) between approximately 22 kb and 16 kb, with the longer variant being the result of the integration of the endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(C4) into intron 9.	2.234375
69862513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCCX	RCCX	The TNXB gene, also known as tenascin-X, is associated with such disorders of connective tissue, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility, and tissue fragility. Another disorder, when recombination events occur between a pseudogene TNXA and the functional gene TNXB within the RCCX module, resulting in CYP21A2 deletion along with impaired TNXB function, is called CAH-X Syndrome and leads to both congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) symptoms and features consistent with EDS. This impaired function of the TNXB gene refers to the decreased production or abnormal structure of the tenascin-X protein due to genetic changes within the TNXB gene. The exact molecular mechanisms through which alterations or deficiencies in the TNXB gene or its impaired function lead to these conditions (the EDS and the CAH-X syndrome) are not fully understood yet but are believed to be related to defects in extracellular matrix organization and cell adhesion processes mediated by tenascin-X protein.	1.929688
69862513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCCX	RCCX	Society and culture An "RCCX theory", a hypothesis developed by Sharon Meglathery, a US psychiatrist, an author of a few publications on psychiatry, and oncology, highlights the links between certain autoimmune and psychiatric disorders due to variations in the RCCX cluster. According to the hypothesis, these variations contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety and depression. The hypothesis provides insights into the genetic basis of these disorders. It highlights the importance of considering both immunological and psychological factors in their diagnosis and treatment, suggesting shared genetic underpinnings of these disorders and aiming to bridge the gap between immunology and psychiatry, ultimately paving the way for more comprehensive approaches to diagnosis and treatment strategies for patients suffering from these conditions. Meglathery encountered obstacles in initiating bench research for her hypothesis such as skepticism from the scientific community.	1.914063
69862634	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjusri%20Misra	Manjusri Misra	Manjusri Misra is an Indo-Canadian Professor. She is a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Sustainable Biocomposites at the University of Guelph's School of Engineering and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Plant Agriculture. Misra is also the lead scientist at U of G's Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (RSC); the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE); the Royal Society of Chemistry; the Society of Plastic Engineers (SPE), US; and the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE). Early life and education Misra was born in Odisha, India, into a family of academics, to her father, Late Pandit Govinda Chandra Mishra, and her mother, Late Mrs. Suhasini Mishra. She received her High School from Ravenshaw Collegiate School, Cuttack and Bachelors degree from Shailabala Women's College (currently Shailabala Women's Autonomous College). She completed her Master and PhD degrees from Ravenshaw College (currently Ravenshaw University), Cuttack under Utkal University before completing her post-doctoral work in Fritz Huber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin and Technische Universität Berlin, Germany. Career Following her PhD, Misra was a Senior Lecturer in Chemistry at various academic institutes (Shailabala Women's College, B. J. B. College and Ravenshaw College) under Utkal University. She was also a visiting adjunct professor at Michigan State University. While at Michigan State, Misra worked in Composite Materials and Structures Center in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science where she began her various research projects on "Sustainable Biobased and Biodegradable Composites and Green Nanocomposites for Automotives and Packaging Applications." She was also an editor of the CRC Press volume, "Natural Fibers, Biopolymers and Biocomposites," in 2005.	1.960938
69863612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Saleh	Thomas Saleh	Saleh died from his disease and the exhaustion from the torture that he endured on 28 February 1917 in Kahramanmaraş. His condition had deteriorated due to other factors such as the fact that he was relocated in different prisons and was forced to endure several death marches with the other prisoners. His time in prison saw his captors attempt to have Saleh renounce his faith and convert to Islam which he refused. His brutal death saw his captors kill him with scimitar blows and an axe with his remains thrown in wells and caves. He repeated during his imprisonment and in the moments that led to his death: "I have full confidence in God; I am not afraid of death". He exhorted in his final moments for his companions to trust in God and asked Jesus through the Eucharist to be able to bear the sufferings of the persecuted. Beatification The diocesan process opened on 17 February 2007 and was closed on 28 October 2009. The Congrgation for the Causes of Saints validated the process as having complied with their procedures on 1 October 2012 and received the official "Positio" dossier from the postulation (officials that lead the cause) in 2017 to investigate. Pope Francis signed a decree on 27 October 2020 that determined that Saleh died ex aerumnis carceris ("from the hardships of incarceration") and could be beatified. The beatification took place on 4 June 2022 at the Couvent de la Croix in Bqennaya with Cardinal Marcello Semeraro presiding over the rite on the pope's behalf. The postulator for the cause is the Capuchin friar Carlo Calloni.	2.125
69863707	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Salazar%20Ruiz	Carlos Salazar Ruiz	Around the twelfth of October, when they were preparing to take the ranch, they received reports that the enemy was approaching. With great speed, the republican forces broke camp and moved towards Santa Ana Amatlán, where they arrived on the 13th. General Arteaga ordered his officers Julián Solano and Pedro Tapia to gather thirty men each; the first, to monitor the movements of Méndez's imperial army and the second to guard, from an elevation, the entrance to the town. Based on Solano's reports, which indicated that Méndez had not moved from his position, it was enough for Arteaga and Salazar to order their men to rest. However confidence would cement his fate as around 11 in the morning, the stillness of the town was broken by the violent incursion of the imperial troops. Arteaga was immediately arrested. Salazar realized what was happening and immediately took up arms to offer meager resistance from the house he was occupying. Running out of ammunition, he surrendered to the Imperial forces. Unfortunately, Solano and Tapia, the two officers on whom Arteaga put the security of the republican army, had betrayed him and switched sides over to the Imperial Mexican Army after being bribed with money. By the time Méndez learned of the capture of Arteaga and Salazar, he had already recently received news on the recent law by Maximilian I of Mexico on October 3, 1865, which without any trial, sentenced any defender of the Republic to death. The prisoners were taken to Uruapan and received the news that they would be shot on October 21. Along with the two generals, Lieutenant Colonel Trinidad Villagómez, Colonel Jesús Díaz Ruiz and Captain Juan González would taste the bitter cup of the gallows.	2.15625
69863816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanophora	Titanophora	Titanophora is a genus of seaweeds belonging to family Schizymeniaceae of the order Nemastomatales. Taxonomy and nomenclature It composes of eight taxonomically accepted species based from available data and literature. Species Titanophora calcarea (Okamura) Børgesen, 1949 Titanophora incrustans (J.Agardh) Børgesen, 1949 Titanophora marianensis Itono & Tsuda, 1980 Titanophora mauritiana Børgesen, 1949 Titanophora palmata Itono, 1972 Titanophora pikeana (Dickie) Feldmann, 1942 Titanophora submarina K.E.Bucher & J.N.Norris, 1992 Titanophora weberae Børgesen, 1943 Description The thalli are slimy and formed by calcium carbonate specifically at the medulla. They exhibit colorations ranging from pinkish to red and commonly seen attached to solid substrate (rocky surface) by small disc-like holdfast. The blade can be palmate and flabellate, with the main axis provided with simple mottling or branched outgrowths on the surface. Branching is irregular, and ultimate branchlets exhibits flat, fine, papillose to spinose morphologies. Under a microscope, the cross-section of the blade shows four to five layers of pigmented cells located at the cortex: the outermost cells are elongate, while the innermost are roundish in shape. The cortex also possess gland cells. The medulla is composed of cylindrical unpigmented filaments. Reproduction Presence of cystocarps which displays a carpogonial branch system, were mainly found at the uncalcified region of the cortex. Distribution and ecology The genus Titanophora are distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical regions. They are usually found inhabiting rocky intertidal areas that are exposed to strong water movements near the reef margin or channels to subtidal areas as deep as .	2.34375
72963699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Panitch	Esther Panitch	Esther Feuer Panitch (born October 14, 1971) is an American politician serving as a member of the Georgia House of Representatives in the state of Georgia. Elected in November 2022 election, Panitch took office in January 2023. She is the only Jewish member of the Georgia House of Representatives for the 157th Georgia General Assembly. Political career In February 2022, Panitch announced her campaign for the Georgia House of Representatives District 51 seat after Mike Wilensky, the only Jewish member of the Georgia General Assembly, announced that he would not seek re-election. The District 51 seat was open after being vacated by Josh McLaurin, who was running for the Georgia State Senate. After winning the Democratic primary, Panitch defeated Republican nominee Peter Korman in the November general election. Both Panitch and Korman are Jewish, ensuring that the 157th Georgia General Assembly would have at least one Jewish member. In January 2023, Panitch invited Miriam Udel, a Yiddish professor at Emory University, to become the first female Orthodox rabbi to give the opening prayer at the Georgia House of Representatives, which she did on February 1, also making her the first female Orthodox rabbi to give an opening prayer at any state legislature. After the Goyim Defense League distributed antisemitic fliers in February 2023 in suburban Atlanta, including at Panitch's home, she sponsored a bill that would adopt the IHRA definition of Antisemitism as Georgia law. In January 2024, Georgia governor Brian Kemp signed the bill into law, making Georgia the 11th state in the United States to adopt that definition of antisemitism. Before the signing ceremony, Panitch was sent an antisemitic postcard containing antisemitic slurs and a reference to "gassing the Jews." Personal life Panitch was born in Miami, Florida and grew up in North Miami Beach. She earned her bachelor's degree from the University of Miami in 1992 and her Juris Doctor in 1995.	1.96875
72963744	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowland%20Forest%20Gliding%20Club	Bowland Forest Gliding Club	The club used the money raised from the sale of the Pawnee to buy an LPG-powered Skylaunch 2 winch with twin drums. It arrived in January 1995, enabling a faster launch rate and greater launch heights. In 1993 the club changed its name to Bowland Forest Gliding Club, but didn't need to change its initialism. This was done partly to help re-establish good relations with the club's neighbours. Current operations the club is very active. Flying takes place on Wednesdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. During non-flying times, cattle often graze the land. The club has seven gliders, including five two-seaters, but many more gliders are based here, owned by individuals or syndicates, mainly stored in trailers. All flights are winch launched. In 2017 there were around 120 flying members and 40 social members. The red-and-white check control van, officially the Despatch Point or DP Van, is built on the chassis of the old Wild winch that was bought at Blackpool in the 1950s. Gliding tuition is free. The club earns fees for launches, a flying rate per minute, and simulated cable breaks (the club handbook notes that "real cable breaks are free"). There are joining and membership fees, and fees for glider trailer parking. Income is also earned from trial lessons for individuals and groups, usually by appointment on Tuesday or Thursday evenings. The farmhouse is rented to residents. Several awards are presented, including the Aked Height Trophy for the highest altitude achieved on a flight from Chipping, the Barbara Aked Trophy for Progress in Early Solo, and the Cross-Country Trophy. There are also several competitions held throughout the year.	2.34375
72963994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstemon%20virens	Penstemon virens	The flowering stem is a thyrse, it grows without a genetically determined limit, but instead stops due to environmental conditions. It will typically have 3-6 clusters of flowers on the stem just above each leaf pair. Close examination will show that the flower clusters are actually paired groups on opposite sides of the stem (a verticillaster), but they will face in every direction. The flowers of Penstemon virens have five green, glandular-pubescent sepals at the base of the flower that are ovate to lanceolate, 2–4.5 mm long and 1.5-2.5 mm wide at the base. The edge of each sepal is edged with red. The flower is a tapered funnel 10–16 mm long and pale sky blue to light purple or violet. The flower divides into five rounded petals at its front and has purple-blue to reddish-purple nectar guides from the center of each petal leading down into the flower. The outside of the flower is glandular-pubescent and on the inside has moderate amount of fine white fuzz on the inside of the flower. The throat of the flower tube has an inside diameter of 3–5 mm, about 4–5 mm on the outside. The lower lip and just inside the tube will have a few white longer hairs. The infertile fifth stamen, the staminode for which the genus is named, is a hairy golden-brown, and 8–10 mm long. It will almost reach the end of the flower tube. The four fertile stamens are paired above, curve inwards and upwards, and are purple to pink-white. The style is 8–11 mm long. The seed capsules are small tear drop shapes about 5–7 mm long and 2–3 mm wide and are ripe towards the end of July or the beginning of August at lower elevations. Taxonomy	2.8125
72964089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso%20de%20Ulloa	Alfonso de Ulloa	Alfonso de Ulloa (1529 – 1570) was a Spaniard living in Venice, who published and translated works from Spanish to Italian. He is best known for printing an Italian translation of the now lost biography of Christopher Columbus, written originally in Spanish by his son Ferdinand Columbus. Biography Alfonso was born in Cáceres, region of Extremadura, Spain. His family derived from Galicia. Alfonso was educated in Toledo. His father had putatively fought for Emperor Charles V in the 1541 expedition to Algiers, and died circa 1540 in a voyage of exploration of the American Pacific. In 1546, Alfonso moved to Venice, where he found employment under Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, the imperial ambassador to Venice. In that service, it is almost certain that Alfonso would have had contact with Mendoza's librarian, Arnoldus Arlenius, who also worked at translating Ancient Greco-Roman classics. However, he was accused by an imperial captain and aides in the service of Mendoza of serving in Venice as a spy for the French. He fled Venice and served circa 1551 as a mercenary to Ferrante I Gonzaga. However, by 1552 he was likely back in Venice mainly working on translations from Spanish to Italian. In 1552, the Gioliti firm published a translation by Ulloa into Spanish of Girolamo Muzio's Il Duello (The Duel). For the same firm, he published translations into Italian of the texts of La Celestina, La cárcel de Amor by Diego de San Pedro, poetry by Garcilaso de la Vega, and La Diana by Jorge de Montemayor. Most of his works were eulogies of contemporary Imperial paladins and campaigns. In 1558, just months after the death of Charles V, he published a biography of the emperor. He initially worked mainly for the printing house of Gabriele Giolito, but after 1556, he also worked with other firms.	1.921875
72964342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora%20Mbanya	Dora Mbanya	Dora Ngum Shu Mbanya (born 13 December 1956) is a Cameroonian Professor of Haematology at the University of Yaoundé I (UYI) and the head of the Cameroon branch of Africa Society for Women and Aids in Africa. Biography Dora Mbanya was born on 13 December 1956 in the North West region of Cameroon. She is a physician and specialises in haematology. She obtained a medical degree in General Medicine from cameroon and bagged her PhD in Medicine/Haematology from Newcastle upon Tyne, England. She holds a Dîplome Universitaire in Transfusion Medicine from the Université d’Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. She is also the General Manager of the National Blood Transfusion Service in Cameroon and the president of Africa Society for Blood Transfusion. She is married to another professor of Medicine and Endocrinology, Jean Claude Mbanya. Research interests Dora Mbaya focused on blood transfusion medicine, clinical use of blood; transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) like hepatitis B, C, Syphilis, and HIV. Scientific contributions Dora and her team was able identify a new subgenotype of hepatitis b virus (a3), hepatitis delta and c strains. they also identified the horizontal transmission of the group n, hiv-1 and an hiv-2 intergroup recombinant strain. In their work, they proved that primary drug resistance in drug-naïve HIV-infected people, and illustrated widely the HIV-1 genetic diversity in Cameroon. These contributions have led to the production of diagnostics assays for detecting diverse HIV strains in clinical specimens.	1.960938
72964536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladenia%20exilis	Caladenia exilis	Caladenia exilis is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a ground orchid with a single erect, linear leaf and up to three white to greenish-cream or dark pinkish-maroon flowers. Description Caladenia exilis is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herb with a single, erect, linear leaf long and wide. The plant is high with up to three white to greenish-cream or dark pinkish maroon flowers, with two rows of red to cream-coloured calli along the mid-line of the labellum. The flowers are long and wide. Taxonomy and naming Caladenia exilis was first formally described in 2001 by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Phillip Brown in the journal Nuytsia from specimens collected near Nyabing by Robert Bates in 1990. The specific epithet (exilis) means "slender", "alluding to the slender labellum, petals and sepals". In the same journal Hopper and Andrew Brown described two subspecies of C. exilis, and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census: Caladenia exilis Hopper & A.P.Br. subsp. exilis - salt lake spider orchid, has white to greenish-cream flowers with pale maroon markings. Caladenia exilis subsp. vanleeuwenii M.A.Clem. & Hopper - Moora spider orchid, has dark pinkish-maroon to cream-coloured or variegated flowers with prominent maroon markings. Distribution and habitat Subspecies exilis grows near salt lakes between Mullewa and Woodanilling in the Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest and Mallee bioregions. Subspecies vanleeuwenii grows in winter-wet depressions in salmon gum and york gum woodland, or on granite outcrops, north and south of Moora in the Avon Wheatbelt and Jarrah Forest bioregions of south-western Western Australia.	2.6875
72964638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aops	Aops	Aops is a monotypic genus of scorpions in the Urodacidae family. Its sole species is the troglobitic Aops oncodactylus, which is endemic to Australia. It was first described in 2008 by Erich Volschenk and Lorenzo Prendini. Etymology The generic name Aops comes from the Greek prefix a- (‘without’) and ops (‘eye’) because the scorpion is eyeless. The specific epithet oncodactylus derives from the Greek onkos (‘hook’) and daktylos (‘finger’) for the hooked ends of the pincer chelae. Description The single specimen found, the holotype, is a juvenile female. It is the first troglobitic urodacid and the first troglobitic scorpion to be recorded from continental Australia. The specimen exhibits troglomorphic (adapted to cave-dwelling) features, including lack of eyes and pigmentation; it was blind, and its colouring was white to yellowish-cream. Distribution and habitat The species was discovered in the course of a biotic survey of the caves of Barrow Island, a continental island lying 50 km off the coast of north-western Western Australia. The location was a chamber in Ledge Cave, which is only accessible by diving through a submerged passage.	2.15625
72965273	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnetta%20McKamey%20Wallace	Arnetta McKamey Wallace	Arnetta McKamey Gravely Wallace (October 19, 1904 – January 13, 1995) was an American music educator and community leader, as the 14th international president of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority from 1953 to 1958. Early life and education McKamey was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, the daughter of Lincoln McKamey and Charity Melinda Worthington McKamey. She graduated from Knoxville College in 1926. Career Wallace was a music educator in Knoxville public schools, and a contralto singer, In 1933 she sang with the Knoxville College octet on a tour, including an appearance at the Diamond Jubilee of the United Presbyterian Church in Pittsburgh. She was vice-president of the Knoxville Education Association, and the first Black member of the Knoxville Girl Scout Council. Wallace was the 14th international president (supreme basileus) of Alpha Kappa Alpha, serving from 1953 to 1958. She focused the organization's work on sickle cell research and international expansion during her tenure. She was chair of the National Pan-Hellenic Council, and was named Knoxville's "Negro Woman of the Year" in 1950. She was also the first vice-president of the National Council of Negro Women, and active in the YWCA. She was a lecturer with the National Council of Churches. She traveled in Africa and was an honored guest at independence day festivities in Liberia. Personal life and legacy McKamey married twice. Her first husband was Benjamin J. Gravely; they married in 1926. They separated by 1930. She married again to Robert C. Wallace, a Baptist clergyman and the dean of the Chicago Baptist Institute. Her second husband died in 1984, and she died in 1994, at the age of 90.	2.046875
72965565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawin%20Corbin%20%28burgess%29	Gawin Corbin (burgess)	His parents had married before January 1656 and had sons named Henry (b.1667 but who never reached adulthood) and Thomas (1658-1736, who never married) before this boy's birth. The family also included at least five daughters who married Virginia gentry: Letitia (1657-1706), Alice (1660-1713), Winifred (1661-1711), Ann (1664-1694) and Frances (d. 1713). Letitia married Richard Lee II, whose Westmoreland County estate bordered the Peckatone plantation. Alice married Philip Lightfoot of Charles City County, and their son of the same name would serve on the Virginia Governor's Council. Winifred married Col. LeRoy Griffin of Rappahanock County, and their son Thomas Griffin would serve as a burgess for Richmond County. Ann married Col. William Tayloe of Tayloe's Quarter, what would become Mount Airy in Richmond County, and Frances married the colony's attorney general and York County planter Edmund Jenings. His father had first settled on the south side of the Rappahannock River which was then in Lancaster County but later became part of Middlesex County. His father's wealth gave rise to a local saying "rich as Corbin", but he died when Gawin was seven and his brother Thomas was eight years old. Henry Corbyn's will named the boys' guardians as the colony's lieutenant governor, Sir Henry Chicheley and two fellow members of the King's Council, Ralph Wormely and Colonel Ludwell. They sent the boys to England to be raised by their paternal grandmother. Also, they had an uncle of the same name as this boy, who was a London merchant and lived at a home called "Hall End" in Polesworth in Warwickshire. That merchant with the London Company built an 80 ton ship named "Virginia Berkeley" for trade with the colony. Although his father signed his surname "Corbin" and his uncle spelled his name "Gawayne", this man and his progeny generally used "Corbin" and "Gawin".	2.40625
72967088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Common%20Prayer%20%28Unitarian%29	Book of Common Prayer (Unitarian)	Clarke's alterations would eventually inspire several revised prayers books for Presbyterian-influenced congregations and become the basis for what historian G. J. Cuming deemed the most influential unofficial revision to the 1662 prayer book. Theophilus Lindsey, then a Presbyterian-minded Church of England vicar at the Church of St Anne, Catterick, acquired a copy of Clarke's altered prayer book made by his brother-in-law and fellow clergyman John Disney. Therein, Lindsey found Clarke's many revisions, including references to the Trinity "slashed out with violent strokes". Lindsey was so impressed with Clarke's work that he intended to introduce the changes to his congregation at Catterick, but ultimately decided against such action as he believed they would in violation of his vows to the Church of England. However, following his resignation from the church and with influence by John Jones's 1749 Free and Candid Disquisitions, Lindsey added further Unitarian alterations to Clarke's work and published them in 1774 as The Book of Common Prayer reformed according to the plan of the late Dr Samuel Clarke. An enlarged edition was published in 1775. While Lindsey used Clarke's name, liturgist Ronald Jasper later argued that little was borrowed from the 1724 alterations in producing the 1774 prayer book and that Lindsey's liturgy was more radical, with influence by William Whiston.	2.5
72967088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Common%20Prayer%20%28Unitarian%29	Book of Common Prayer (Unitarian)	Lindsey's 1774 prayer book, which incorporated both his own and Clarke's alterations to the 1662 prayer book, was tonally Unitarian with some Puritan influence. In order to prevent the interpretation that a priest could forgive sins, the absolution at both Mattins and Evensong are both replaced with the Collect for Purity and the Communion office is rewritten as a prayer for God's forgiveness. The Te Deum, Benedicite, Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis were all removed. Additionally, the prefaces, Athanasian Creed, catechism, ordinal, and some collects were removed. The virgin birth of Jesus was rejected as "unhistorical" and Satan no longer mentioned within the Litany. Like Clarke, Lindsey presumed that ante-Nicene Christians subscribed to Unitarian views, thus preserving the Apostles' Creed in this revision. However, Lindsey eventually removed the Apostles' Creed from his church services in 1789. Lindsey's prayer book emphasized the Daily Office, drawing upon medieval Catholic practices and establishing non-Eucharistic offices as the norm for Unitarian worship. The Communion office—sans the Prayer of Humble Access, Lord's Prayer, and Prayer of Thanksgiving—was always led by Mattins. Lindsey similarly removed references to sacrifice and the Second Coming. Offices for private baptism, the "Baptism of those of Riper Years", and confirmation were removed and the matrimonial office altered to included a longer exhortation. Some psalms were excised, with Isaac Watts writing most of the 131 hymns and metrical psalms which were added.	2.09375
72967088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20Common%20Prayer%20%28Unitarian%29	Book of Common Prayer (Unitarian)	Episcopal Church After approving the 1785 liturgy, members of King's Chapel held a measure of expectation that other American Anglican congregations would follow their lead in issuing their own revised prayer books. Rector at Trinity Church Samuel Parker had pressed for liturgical changes beyond those related to politics at the Middletown Convocation in August 1785, with Seabury agreeing that some of the liturgical changes adopted at Trinity Church would be part of the new prayer book. The Unitarians of King's Chapel hoped that this new prayer book would match their theology, though it is unclear if the Middletown Convocation had access to the chapel's prayer book. The Episcopal Church authorized a committee with broad powers to revise a prayer book. This committee included William White, a Pennsylvanian clergy who favoured Locke's thought. The adoption of Freeman's liturgy at King Chapel spurred White to privately acknowledged the King's Chapel congregation's actions as irregular, with White defending Trinitarian orthodoxy but also admitting his own desires that the Episcopal Church's revised prayer book remove non-scriptural doctrines and creeds.	1.992188
72967278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Veprintsev	Boris Veprintsev	Boris Nikolaevich Veprintsev (; 4 April 1928 – 11 April 1990) was a Russian biophysicist and ornithologist who specialized in the study of bird calls. He established and built up a large library of bird calls, many of which were published as LPs including several in the series known as the "Birds of the USSR". His professional area of research was however in biophysics particularly on cell membrane structure and transport. In his later years, he worked on the cryopreservation of animal genetic material. Life and work Veprintsev was born in Moscow to Nikolai Alexandrovich and Zinaida Mikhailovna. His father was a revolutionary and was arrested in 1932 and exiled to Barnaul but was allowed to return in 1940 in Livny due to illness and died a year later in Morshansk. His mother had been ordered to leave Moscow but stayed on thanks to the intervention of a family friend. As a young boy, Veprintsev joined a circle of young biology students at Moscow Zoo (KYuBZ). Here, at the age of twelve, he heard the recordings of birds made by Ludwig Koch and others played at the end of a talk by A.N. Promptov. He spent time with his paternal uncle Pyotr, an X ray technician in Ferghana in 1941 and here he influenced his cousin Igor who became a sound engineer. He however went on to study biology at Moscow State University in 1947. His teachers included A. N. Formozov and L. V. Krushinsky (1911-1984).	2
72967278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Veprintsev	Boris Veprintsev	The Great Purge Veprintsev was arrested by the MGB in 1951, while still a student, under articles 17-58-8, 58–10, and sent for 10 years to labor camp. It is believed that the authorities suspected him of hiding his father (whose death they did not know of). His father had been a revolutionary alongside Joseph Stalin in Baku and had known of Stalin's chequered past, which likely made him a target as part the Great purge. He was sent to Butyrskaya prison, Kamyshlag, and later in camps near Omsk. Leonid Krushinsky, his professor of biology managed to send packages of food and books to Veprintsev, including Haeckel and De Beer's Experimental Embryology and Lotka's Mathematical Biophysics. Rehabilitation and academic career Veprintsev was released after Stalin's death and rehabilitated in 1954. He then returned to studies in biophysics and graduated in 1956 and defended a thesis on electrical impulses in the nerve endings at varying temperatures in 1961. He then joined an institute of biophysics at Puschino which he headed from 1964 working on biophysics instruments and techniques. In 1971 he received his doctorate for studies on the role of the cell membrane in RNA synthesis. He became a professor in 1975. He also took an interest in cryopreservation of species, spending the last two decades on the freezing of eggs, embryos and sperms of animals with the aim of saving and reviving them. Bird sound	2.078125
72967278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Veprintsev	Boris Veprintsev	Veprintsev made his own first bird call recording as a student of biophysics at the Zvenigorod Biological Station. The recording instruments most of which he built on his own around 1955 weighed 30 kg and needed large batteries to be carried into the field. He was encouraged to continue his studies on bird sounds by G. P. Dementiev. He subsequently used a Reporter-2 tape recorder on loan from Moscow State University. His recordings were played at a meeting of ornithologists in 1959 and Veprintsev was interviewed by Jeffrey Boswall for the BBC. The same year, the Ministry of Culture asked him to prepare bird recordings for producing records. This project had been proposed by Pavel Barto (1904-1986). In 1960 an LP of 20 species of birds from the Moscow Region was produced by the studio with editing by A.N. Kachalina and director B. D. Vladimirsky. He then began to make trips across the Soviet Union, sometimes accompanied by the ornithologist Vladimir Vladimirovich Leonovich (1924-1998). He made his first stereo recordings in 1963 in the Taiga. He began to use a parabolic reflector from 1968, his first one received from Jean-Claude Roche. He continued recording for the rest of his life. From 1982 he was involved in the producing of 7 LP records published by Melodiya and meant to parallel the Birds of the USSR series of books. The series covered 175 bird species although 25 LP records were originally planned. He helped established the "phonoteka" or library of wildlife sounds in Puschino-on-Oka near Moscow. He collaborated with others ornithologists including Jeffrey Boswall and Jean-Claude Roche. The database of recordings that he established was named as the Veprintsev library of animal sounds in 1997.	2.421875
72967369	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devapriya%20Valisinha	Devapriya Valisinha	After Valisinha returned from England, he returned to helping Dharmapala manage this project. The opening ceremonies were to be held on the full moon of November 1931, so Valisinha was frequently going back and forth between Calcutta and Sarnath to look after both wings of the Society's activities. He was able to get a British Buddhist, Mr. B. L. Broughton, who had come to India with him, to donate 10,000 rupees to pay for the painting the murals of the life of the Buddha by the Japanese painter Nōsu Kōsetsu. The opening ceremonies were attended by an estimated 15,000 people (including Indian National Congress president Jawaharlal Nehru and the prominent publisher Ramananda Chatterjee) making this "the largest Buddhist function held in India ... in living memory." With the blessings of Dharmapala (whose health had begun to decline), Valisinha founded a Buddhist school (the Maha Bodhi Vidyalaya), a library, and a free dispensary in Sarnath. General Secretary of the Maha Bodhi Society Dharmapala had moved to Sarnath, living at the Vihara, and his health continued to decline. In July 1931, he took the lower ordination (Pabbajja) and on 16 January 1933 he took the higher ordination (Upasampada) in preparation for his death. At this time, Dharmapala appointed Valisinha as the second General Secretary of the Maha Bodhi Society. In April, as the illness grew worse, Valisinha came from Calcutta to attend to his master on his deathbed. Dharmapala refused medicine, saying he wanted to be reborn so he could continue spreading the Buddhadharma in a new incarnation. Dharmapala's final word was, "Devapriya." Following Dharmapala's death, Valisinha and Dharmapala's nephew, Rajah Hewavitarne, brought Dharmapala's ashes to Maligakanda Temple in Colombo, where 50,000 people gathered. Valisinha led the audience in a pledge that they would not rest "until Buddhagaya was restored to the Buddhists as a tribute to the memory of Ven. Dharmapala for his selfless services to the cause of Buddhism." International activities	2.28125
72967782	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridiraptoridae	Viridiraptoridae	Viridiraptoridae, previously known as clade X, is a clade of heterotrophic protists in the phylum Cercozoa. They're a family of glissomonads, a group containing a vast, mostly undescribed diversity of soil and freshwater organisms. Morphology and behavior Members of Viridiraptoridae are unicellular biflagellates with naked cells, mostly rigid and variously shaped, without any rostrum or bulge. During the life cycle they can present two different states: a large flagellate state for moving, capable of changing into a surface-attached amoeboid state for feeding. The flagellate state exceeds 10 μm, unlike most known glissomonad families. The amoeboid state retains flagella and shows a bridge-like morphology, with several different adhesion sites. Each cell contains a single vesicular nucleus close to flagellar apparatus, and has an apical position in the flagellate state. The nucleolus is spherical, roughly central, occasionally showing lacunae. The Golgi dictyosomes are close to the nuclear envelope. The cytoplasm is colourless, or opaque due to the presence of globules, granules and crystals inside of it. The feeding stages are seen containing several globules of certain refractivity. The crystal-like structures are restricted to starving cells and are observed in various shapes: Small, spherical or slightly elongate, glistening particles, between 0.5 and 1 μm. Slender, fusiform or needle-like rods, often 2 to 3 μm in length, rarely up to around 6 μm. There are several mitochondria scattered throughout cell, slightly elongate. There are spherical extrusomes, around 0.5 μm in diameter, directly beneath plasma membrane, but not seen in the pseudopodia. Several contractile vacuoles appear in the periphery, measuring usually less than 2 μm in diameter.	3.046875
72967782	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridiraptoridae	Viridiraptoridae	The flagella are naked, heterodynamic (= with different movement each), and arise very close to each other in a slightly acute angle or a right angle. The cells glide only on their posterior flagellum, which is mostly longer than the anterior flagellum. While gliding, the cell body does not attach to the substrate. The flapping motion of the anterior flagellum often causes motions of the cell body while gliding (such as rotating, jiggling or vibrating). The cells can perform a fluttering swimming locomotion to some extent; this involves both flagella. Ecology Viridiraptoridae are heterotrophic protists that feed by phagocytosis on live and dead eukaryotic cells. They are capable of degrading the cell wall of their prey to feed exclusively on the protoplast material (as seen in certain green algae; see image). They are not bacterivorous. They propagate by binary fission. No plasmodia have been observed. They inhabit freshwater-fed ecosystems. Classification Two genera, both monotypic (with one species each), comprise the family: Orciraptor Orciraptor agilis Viridiraptor Viridiraptor invadens	2.90625
72968065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orciraptor	Orciraptor	Orciraptor is a genus of heterotrophic protists, containing the single species Orciraptor agilis. It belongs to the family Viridiraptoridae, in the phylum Cercozoa. Morphology Orciraptor are unicellular organisms with two flagella: a short anterior and a long posterior. The cell nucleus is spherical, surrounded by several Golgi dictyosomes. They have cortical extrusomes homogenously distributed in the cell's periphery. In particular, Orciraptor agilis are colourless gliding cells that in ventral view are compact in shape, measuring 8–14 μm in length, and in lateral view are oviform or tear-shaped, measuring 12–20 μm in length. The posterior flagellum measures an average of 44 μm, while the anterior measures an average of 15 μm and is usually 33–35 % the length of the posterior flagellum. Their spherical nucleus averages 5 μm in diameter, while the nucleolus averages 3 μm, the mitochondria measure 1.5 × 0.7 μm, and the Golgi bodies appear 1.5–3 in length and 0.5 μm in width. In gliding cells, about six Golgi bodies can be seen surrounding the nucleus in one plane. The cortical extrusomes appear at a density of 25 to 30 granules per 10 μm² of cell surface. Up to about five contractile vacuoles are simultaneously recognisable. The crystals present in the cytoplasm, as is common in the family, are spherical or slightly elongated, measuring 0.7–1 μm, and accumulate in large numbers during starvation, which makes the cells glisten when seen under a differential interference contrast microscope. Ecology and behavior	3.078125
72968066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolotosuchus	Scolotosuchus	Finally, Sennikov draws parallels between the rugose expansion of the neural spine seen in Scolotosuchus and those seen in poposauroids, which are likely to have lost their osteoderms and instead evolved a support system more similar to that of dinosaurs. Modern crocodiles and many extinct pseudosuchians, rauisuchids included, use their osteoderms in combination with musculature and ligaments to create a "beam bridge" that allows them to lift their bodies off the ground for an erect or partially erect gait. Mammals, dinosaurs and possibly poposauroids meanwhile use a "suspension bridge"-like system formed by ligaments and musculature that hold up the spine from the elongated spinal processes around the shoulder region. While Sennikov does not exclude the possibility that Scolotosuchus did have osteoderms in addition to the rugose neural spine expansions, he notes that no such fossils have been found anywhere at Donskaya Luka. In summary, Scolotosuchus was likely the apex predator of its environment, likely having had a large head seated atop a neck built to endure great stress both while resting and while capturing prey while also being very flexible. It likely had an erect gait similar to other rauisuchids, possibly supported by musculature and ligament more similar to those of dinosaurs than those of other pseudosuchians.	2.296875
72968254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridiraptor	Viridiraptor	Viridiraptor is a genus of heterotrophic protists, containing the single species Viridiraptor invadens. It belongs to the family Viridiraptoridae, in the phylum Cercozoa. Morphology Viridiraptor are unicellular biflagellated organisms that have two blunt-ended, slightly unequal flagella and a peripheral conical nucleus closer to the cell's apical end, closely surrounded by several Golgi dictyosomes in its most anterior (anatomy) half. There are cortical extrusomes distributed homogenously across the cell periphery. Ecology and behavior Starving Viridiraptor cells can glide agitatedly while whipping their anterior flagellum, but they also commonly swim across the water column along a helical path. They invade dead or live cells of large-celled freshwater green algae to feed on their protoplast material, and also propagate within the lumen of the devoured cell. They can also extract plastids from small-celled algae. Etymology The name Viridiraptor (), meaning 'robber of the green', refers to its ability to feed on the chloroplasts of the green algae that it preys. The epithet invadens () is due to its ability to invade live algal cells.	2.84375
72968269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolissochilus%20pnar	Neolissochilus pnar	Neolissochilus pnar is a species of subterranean cyprinid in the genus Neolissochilus. It is the largest known subterranean fish, a title formerly held by the blind cave eel. Discovery and naming N. pnar was first observed in the 1990s, and only collected and photographed for study in 2019. However stories of 'white cavefish' within the Siju Caves in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya have been documented for a century and suggested to be slightly decolorized specimens of Neolissochilus hexastichus which appeared white when seen in water under torch light. It was tentatively identified as a troglobitic form of golden mahseer, but more detailed analyses have found it to belong in the genus Neolissochilus. The specific name pnar honors the sub-tribal group of the Khasi people in the state of Meghalaya of the same name. Description The holotype specimen of N. pnar is 329.2 mm long, & the largest individual sighted in its natural cave habitat exceeded 400 mm in standard length, making this species the largest known subterranean fish. The head of this fish is large, accounting for a bit over a quarter of its length, and has two pairs of barbels. All fins of N. pnar are hyaline and translucent. This species is white or pinkish in color, with no melanophore pigmentation. The eye size in this species reduces as overall body size increases: in the largest individuals they are not discernable without very close inspection, whilst the eyes of smaller juveniles are clearly visible large dark spots under the skin surface. N. pnar has continuous lateral lines with 28–31 perforated scales, as well as an additional 1–2 on the caudal fin base.	2.25
72968269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolissochilus%20pnar	Neolissochilus pnar	Ecology and habitat N. pnar has been collected from the Krem Um Ladaw and the adjacent Krem Chympe caves in Meghalaya, Northeast India, which drain into the Meghna River System. The entrance to the Krem Um Ladaw cave lies in a seasonally dry stream bed within a forest, and the cave floor is rocky with several pools of standing water. Forest vegetation make up part of the debris along the floor, indicating the cave is seasonally flooded, & this seasonal flood debris may provide the main food source for the fish. No major bat roosts or bat guano deposits are present in Krem Um Ladaw, but there are various invertebrates including brown crickets (Eutachycines sp.), cellar spiders (Pholcidae), fungus gnat larvae (Keroplatidae), isopods such as Cubaris sp. and Philoscia sp., shrimp (Macrobrachium cf. cavernicola), snails (Paludomus sp.), pond skaters (Gerridae), and a few tadpoles. In the Krem Chympe cave, N. pnar occurs in pools in a side passage alongside fish (Garra sp.), shrimps (Macrobrachium sp.), and tadpoles.	2.515625
72968490	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansomonad	Pansomonad	The pansomonads, suborder Pansomonadina (known before as order Pansomonadida), are a group of heterotrophic protists that belong to the phylum Cercozoa. Some of them are helioflagellates, with characteristics of heliozoans and amoebo-flagellates. Morphology and ecology They are gliding phagotrophs that inhabit the soil and, unlike Allapsina, typically form rounded lamellar pseudopodia (= lamellipodia) that spread over surfaces. They have two dense rhizoplasts linked with each mature centriole. Their centrioles are orthogona or parallel to each other. The transition zone of their cilia has a dense distal plate. They are either bacterivorous or algivorous—bacterivorous forms may have haptopodia. Classification Before they became a suborder of Glissomonadida, pansomonads formed a separate order called Pansomonadida. Phylogenetic analyses consistently showed that the two orders were sister groups, and it was proposed that pansomonads had evolved from glissomonads. At the same time, Viridiraptoridae was recovered as more closely related to the known pansomonads at the time than to any other glissomonad, which prompted the inclusion of viridiraptorids within pansomonads. The current taxonomy of the pansomonads is: Family Acinetactidae Acinetactis Family Agitatidae Agitata Family Aurigamonadidae Aurigamonas Family Viridiraptoridae Viridiraptor Orciraptor	2.796875
72968675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis%20mellifera%20meda	Apis mellifera meda	Apis mellifera meda is known by the common names of the Median honey bee or the Iranian honey bee. Its range covers the non desert areas of most of Iran and Iraq, but also into southeastern Turkey, across northern Syria as far as the coast of the Mediterranean. Colonies have been observed in the Azarbaijan Iranian highlands at elevations up to . Initially based on morphometric evaluation, but then later confirmed with DNA analysis, they belong to the O Lineage (meaning Oriental, from the Near East region) of Apis mellifera. The appearance of the A. m. meda greatly resembles the Apis mellifera ligustica, to such an extent that identification using standard morphometric analysis requires additional measurements to be taken; however, its scutellum (an area of the upper rear thorax) is bright yellow, unlike the A. m. ligustica in which it is predominantly dark. The A. m. meda has a reputation for a strong swarming tendency, but only with a moderate swarm cell production of 10 to 20 cells. Its adaption to long winters is presumed due to the fact that, for example, the Zagros Mountains (covering much of its range) can have days with frost for six months of the year. They appear to be heavy users of propolis, and are quick to be alarmed and show aggression towards intruders near the hive, but with a greater tendency to pursue (up to 200m) in the south Iraq region, than the north Azerbaijan Iran region.	2.6875
72969185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closerie%20des%20Lilas	Closerie des Lilas	The Closerie des Lilas () is a famous Parisian restaurant (or brasserie) located on the Boulevard du Montparnasse in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. It was opened in 1847 by François Bullier and was a simple brasserie at the beginning. Initially, it was named after a theatre piece called La Closerie des Genets by Frédéric Soulié. It progressively evolved into the Closerie des Lilas because its owner, Bullier, used to plant lilac flowers. Many artists and intellectuals adopted the habit to spend time there, including Émile Zola, Paul Cézanne, Oscar Wilde, Charles Baudelaire, James Joyce, Paul Verlaine, André Gide, Pablo Picasso, Amedeo Modigliani, Jean-Paul Sartre, Samuel Beckett, Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sylvia Beach, Gertrude Stein, Alice B. Toklas and Ernest Hemingway. The Closerie des Lilas owes much of its artistic popularity to Hemingway, who would write short stories and articles for the Toronto Star there, but Picasso was introduced to the Closerie des Lilas much earlier by Guillaume Apollinaire in 1905. Between the two world wars, the restaurant modernised, adopted an Art Deco style, and became more expensive. The literary tradition of the café is upheld by the Prix de la Closerie des Lilas, an annual prize (since 2007) awarded to contemporary women writers who write in the French language.	2.15625
72969730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olisthodiscus	Olisthodiscus	Olisthodiscus is a genus of heterokont algae, present in marine or brackish waters. It is the only genus in the family Olisthodiscaceae, the order Olisthodiscales, and the class Olisthodiscophyceae. After a long history of controversial classifications, in 2021 it was recognized as a phylogenetically distinct lineage from the rest of ochrophyte classes. Description Olisthodiscus is a unicellular organism. Cells are rounded or pear-shaped, flattened and curved somewhat inwards. The cell membrane is covered in scales, fibrils, and bead-shaped protrusions; just underneat the plasma membrane are numerous vesicles. Cells have two flagella: one leads in front of the cell and is somewhat longer than the cell body, while the other trails behind and is equal in length to slightly shorter than the cell body. When swimming, Olisthodiscus glides along a substrate and does not rotate. Multiple plastids are present, and are parietally located; they contain pyrenoids. Olisthodiscus lacks eyespots or contractile vacuoles. However, it has a colored globule which is similar to lipid-storing vacuoles of other species. Olisthodiscus can produce cysts. Reproduction Olisthodiscus reproduces asexually by longitudinal fission. It also produces zoospores. Sexual reproduction has not been observed in Olisthodiscus. Systematics History of taxonomy	2.859375
72970020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative%20pre-trained%20transformer	Generative pre-trained transformer	Thus far, the most notable GPT foundation models have been from OpenAI's GPT-n series. The most recent from that is GPT-4, for which OpenAI declined to publish the size or training details (citing "the competitive landscape and the safety implications of large-scale models"). Other such models include Google's PaLM, a broad foundation model that has been compared to GPT-3 and have been made available to developers via an API, and Together's GPT-JT, which has been reported as the closest-performing open-source alternative to GPT-3 (and is derived from earlier open-source GPTs). Meta AI (formerly Facebook) also has a generative transformer-based foundational large language model, known as LLaMA. Foundational GPTs can also employ modalities other than text, for input and/or output. GPT-4 is a multi-modal LLM that is capable of processing text and image input (though its output is limited to text). Regarding multimodal output, some generative transformer-based models are used for text-to-image technologies such as diffusion and parallel decoding. Such kinds of models can serve as visual foundation models (VFMs) for developing downstream systems that can work with images. Task-specific models A foundational GPT model can be further adapted to produce more targeted systems directed to specific tasks and/or subject-matter domains. Methods for such adaptation can include additional fine-tuning (beyond that done for the foundation model) as well as certain forms of prompt engineering.	1.976563
72970094	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenchman%20Bay%2C%20Western%20Australia	Frenchman Bay, Western Australia	Frenchman Bay is a locality of the City of Albany in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. It is located just west of the historic Cheyne Beach Whaling Station. It is approximately from Albany on the opposite side of the bay. History The site is in the traditional settlement area of the Menang Aboriginal tribe. Frenchman Bay, first named in 1887, has been a significant site in the recent history of the entire region. George Vancouver, the first European explorer of King George Sound, landed here in 1791. A water source at Whalers Beach was subsequently visited again and again by seafarers. The water supply later enabled the establishment of whaling stations and was a destination for day trippers and tourists. Just north of what is now Goode Beach, a settler settled for the first time on the peninsula. Later a hostel and a campsite were built. Originally, the name Frenchman Bay referred to a larger area that also included Goode Beach and the Vancouver Peninsula to the north. In 2000, Vancouver Peninsula was split from Frenchman Bay.	2.59375
72970258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-beam%20lighting	Counter-beam lighting	Counter-beam lighting (German: Gegenstrahlbeleuchtung) is a type of road lighting used mainly in road tunnels, providing best visibility of obstacles on the lane, and thus traffic safety, while reducing light-energy cost. It is mostly installed at road tunnel entrances (transition zone) to counteract the few seconds of lower visibility while the eye adapts to new lighting conditions, which is especially impactful during sunshine and at high entry speeds. With conventional lighting technology, very high luminances with correspondingly high energy costs would have to be provided in these areas to make obstacles on the roadway sufficiently visible. Principle of counter-beam lighting The light from the lamps does not shine perpendicularly down onto the roadway, but is angled towards oncoming vehicles. With a carefully chosen angle of inclination and suitable lighting fixtures, visibility is improved without dazzling the driver. The roadway acts as a mirror that scatters the light toward the vehicle. Since the road surface is a poor mirror (gray surface), the driver is not blinded, but perceives the road as a bright surface. Furthermore, any obstacle on the roadway casts a larger shadow on the road surface with this oblique incidence of light. This shadow, and the surface of the obstacle which is backlit, have a high contrast to the bright roadway. The black surface seen is larger than the obstacle itself, making it easier to perceive the hazard. With perpendicular light incidence, brighter, more expensive lamps with much higher energy requirements and greater maintenance overhead would have to be used to achieve equivalent visibility of obstacles. Therefore, counter-beam lighting can be considered an environmentally friendly contribution to road safety.	2.484375
72970379	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durusdinium	Durusdinium	Coral bleaching is directly linked to global warming, particularly rising sea surface temperatures (SST), which pose a significant threat to coral survival. Since 1880, tropical and subtropical SSTs have increased by 0.25 to 0.75 °C, with three large-scale coral bleaching events occurring in the past three decades (Huang et al., 2020). Facing these deteriorating environmental conditions, corals need to adjust the species and proportion of their algae symbionts to adapt to changing environmental pressures. The Role of Durusdinium in Coral Adaptation to Environmental Stress Research has shown that corals adjust their symbiotic algae to enhance survival under environmental stress. While Durusdinium aids coral survival in high-temperature and rapidly changing environments, its prolonged dominance may negatively impact coral health. The high energy demand of Durusdinium may affect coral growth, calcification, carbon transfer, and reproduction. Therefore, when temperatures drop or environmental stability returns, corals may decrease their Durusdinium proportion and increase Cladocopium (Clade C) to restore balance. The presence of Durusdinium ensures coral survival in adverse conditions, but under non-stressful conditions, corals may gradually reduce Durusdinium to regain optimal health. This phenomenon, known as the "adaptive bleaching hypothesis," suggests that corals adjust algae species and proportions to respond to environmental changes.	3
72970842	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasu%20Sriramulu	Dasu Sriramulu	Personal life Sriramulu married Janakamma at the age of his 13. They had six sons and a daughter. They are - Kesava Rao, Narayana Rao, Madhava Rao, Govinda Rao, Vishnu Rao, Madhusudhana Rao and daughter Saradamba, whom he taught Sanskrit and music. His second son Narayana Rao wrote 'Sri Sangitarasatarangini Anu Buddha Natakamu' left it in the middle of 3rd chapter and expired in 1905, which was later completed by Sriramulu. His fifth son Vishnu Rao wrote 'Dasuvari vamsa charitra (Family History) and Dasuvari vamsa vruksham (Family tree)'. Sriramulu educated his daughter Vemuri (Dasu) Saradamba. She learnt Telugu, Sanskrit, playing Veena (a musical instrument) at the very early age and began writing poems and also giving concerts in a far places like Mysore. She had written Nagnajiti parinayam (a kavyam) and Madhava satakamu of 100 verses at the age of 11 years. She survived only for 19 years. Legacy Sriramulu died on May 16, 1908. Most of his works were lost. In this centenary year, an effort was made to restore his legacy. Mahakavi Dasu Sriramulu smaraka samithi had been undertaking the mission to resurrect this forgotten genius, who was hailed by scholars as ‘second Srinadha’ and restore on the pedestal that he richly deserves. Dasu Sriramulu's descendants formed Dasu Sriramulu Smaraka Samithi in 1973 in Hyderabad, India. The samiti retrieved and also published his works. A doctoral work on his musical compositions was done by his great-granddaughter V. Vaidehi and the thesis was also published as book 'Mahakavi Dasu Sriramulu Gari Kruthulu Oka Sameeksha' in 2013. Many public libraries and academies included his portrait in their gallery of greats for his service to music and theatre. Book release functions were organized by Samithi. To commemorate his 150th birthday, All India Radio broadcast a talk on Mahakavi “A multifaceted glory of Dasu Sriramulu”.	2.25
72970891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrethe%20Agger	Margrethe Agger	Margrethe Winkel Agger (born 13 August 1943) is a Danish textile artist, tapestry weaver and graphic designer. After a study trip to Mexico, she gained success in 1977 after exhibiting 26 works at the Danish Design Museum. From 1977 to 1994, she was an instructor at the Danish Handicraft Guild until 1994 and has also taught at the Albertslund Art School. Her recent tapestries express nature and animals in her own colourful narrative style. She is particularly active in Odsherred where she has lived since 1985. A member of many art organizations, in 1998 she was a co-founder of , a tapestry weaving association which has brought international recognition to Danish weavers. Early life and family Born on 13 August 1943 in Copenhagen, Margrethe Winkel Agger is the daughter of Henry Winkel Agger (1904–89), a lecturer in pharmacology, and his wife Johanne Steenstrup née Rønne (1907–74), a schoolteacher. When she was 19, she studied textile art at Copenhagen's Arts and Crafts School, graduating in 1966. In 1965, she married the ethnographer Christian Heilskov Rasmussen with whom she had a daughter Annika (1965). The marriage was dissolved in 1977. In 1996, she married the ethnologist Karsten Lægdsmand. Career While still a student, Agger gained useful practical experience when working as an intern with Astrid and Norbert Kahn who created tapestries and woven hangings for churches. After her daughter was born, to help with the family's income, she worked as a cleaner and later as a teacher. In 1968, an exhibition of Polish weaving in Lyngby inspired her to develop an interest in figurative weaving which was not yet common in Denmark.	2.1875
72971205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falk%20%28short%20story%29	Falk (short story)	"Falk: A Reminiscence" is a work of short fiction by Joseph Conrad. The story was completed in May 1901 and was collected in Typhoon and Other Stories in 1903, published by William Heinemann and Company. Plot The story is told as a narrative, describing the observations of a youthful commander of a merchant vessel serving in the Malay Archipelago The story opens with an apparent rivalry between two men over a young woman. The narrator-captain is a thirty-year-old newly commissioned officer employed by the Dutch East India Company. He struggles to bring some order to the fiscal affairs of the ship, whose previous commander had neglected his duties, indulging in writing obscene poetry and keeping a harlot on shore. Delayed in port, the narrator-captain often visits the vessel Diana, commanded by the patriarch Hermann who is accompanied by his wife and four children, as well as a pretty niece. The domesticity of the ship is initially reassuring to the young man. Falk is the owner of the only tugboat in the harbor. He is in love with the niece, and suspects the narrator-captain of being a rival. He refuses to service the captain’s vessel. Falk briefly hijacks the Diana so as to keep the girl away from his presumed competitor. Falk’s suspicions are unfounded, and the narrator, after demonstrating he has no designs on the niece, agrees to support Falk’s proposal to wed the girl. A contretemps arises when Falk insists that a lurid episode from his past be first exposed: he had once murdered a man while on board a stranded ship, and resorted to cannibalism to survive. Captain Hermann, the girl’s uncle, at first finds this fact so repellent he refuses to give his consent, but ultimately relents. The couple is happily joined in marriage. Background	2.015625
72971270	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa%20Bodenheimer	Rosa Bodenheimer	Rosa Bodenheimer (born December 6, 1876, in Büren; died March 24, 1938, in Jerusalem) was a German women's rights activist. Biography Like most Jewish women's rights activists, Rosa Dalberg came from a family of the Jewish assimilated bourgeoisie. Striving for recognition, Jewish girls were often obliged to adhere to bourgeois norms even more than non-Jewish girls and were generally not allowed to take up a profession, which is why many became involved in the bourgeois women's movement. In 1896, Rosa Dalberg married the lawyer Max Bodenheimer from Cologne, a convinced Zionist. Bodenheimer later recalled their meeting: "I talked about Zionism, and Fräulein Dalberg turned out to be a women's rights activist. Both ideals sprang from the same feeling for justice and the same urge for freedom. The lively spirit, the interest in art, and her feeling for the oppressed attracted me powerfully." The couple had three children in quick succession, daughters Henriette and Ruth and son Friedrich Simon Bodenheimer. In 1931, the family lived at Belfortstraße 9; father Max and daughter Ruth had a joint law office in the house at Hohenzollernring 74. After the births of her children, Rosa Bodenheimer began to become involved in the Cologne women's movement and became one of its most prominent representatives. Admittedly, she mainly felt more German than "Jewish": "She wanted to implement her ideas of social reform and political and social equality for women for all women." On the other hand, she was confronted with growing anti-Semitism in Germany, so that after the 1907 Zionist Congress in The Hague, at a time when many Jewish women still rejected Zionism, she initiated the founding of the Association of Jewish Women for Cultural Work in Palestine, forerunner of the Women's International Zionist Organization (WIZO).	2.640625
72971293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20segregation%20and%20the%20Church%20of%20Jesus%20Christ%20of%20Latter-day%20Saints	Black segregation and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints	Segregation at Brigham Young University Church leaders supported segregation at Brigham Young University (BYU). Apostle Harold B. Lee protested an African student who was given a scholarship, believing it was dangerous to allow Black students on BYU's campus. In 1960 the NAACP reported that the predominantly LDS landlords of Provo, Utah would not rent to a BYU Black student, and that no motel or hotel there would lodge hired Black performers. Later that year BYU administrators hired a Black man as a professor without the knowledge of its president Ernest Wilkinson. When Wilkinson found out he wrote that it was a "serious mistake of judgement", and "the danger in doing so is that students ... assume that there is nothing improper about mingling with other races", and the man was promptly reassigned to a departmental advisory position to minimize the risk of mingling. A few months later, BYU leaders were "very much concerned" when a male Black student received a large number of votes for student vice president. Subsequently, Lee told Wilkinson he would hold him responsible if one of his granddaughters ever went to "BYU and bec[a]me engaged to a colored boy". Later the BYU Board of Trustees decided in February 1961 to officially encourage Black students to attend other universities for the first time.	2.484375
72971934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Avery	Elizabeth Avery	Elizabeth Avery or Elizabeth Parker () was an English prophet. She came from a religious family and disputed theological matters with her brother Thomas Parker. Life Avery's family lived at Stanton St Bernard in Wiltshire. She was one of the three children of the Revd. Robert Parker and Dorothy Stevens. Her father was Stanton St. Bernard's vicar and prebendary. He was removed by his bishop in 1607 after publishing his views that certain religious ideas were anti-Christian; for example, he stated the sign of the cross should be avoided. By 1612 the whole family were in the Netherlands. Elizabeth reported that she thought her father godly and she that she was given a good education. Avery published Scripture-prophecies opened, which are to be accomplished in these last times, which do attend the second coming of Christ, concerning theology and prophesy, in 1647. This was in the year following a publication by her brother, Thomas Parker about theology. He published his objections to her ideas in The copy of a letter written by Thomas Parker, pastor of the church of Newbury in New England, to his sister, Mrs Elizabeth Avery in 1650. He was annoyed not so much by the content of her writings but more by the idea that his sister could publish her ideas at all. He admitted that he had not read her 1647 publication when he wrote "your printing of a book beyond the custom of your sex, doth rankly smell".	2.234375
72972096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20H.%20Betts	Edward H. Betts	Edward Howard Betts ( August 4, 1920 – May 17, 2008 ) was an American painter, collagist, author, and teacher. He was known for his abstract paintings which he developed using an improvisational method. He was also an accomplished painter of realistic watercolors. Betts published three instructional books on painting and taught at the University of Illinois. Biography Edward Howard Betts was born August 4, 1920, in Yonkers, New York to Harrison and Mildred ( née Waterbury ) Betts. In 1935, when he was fifteen years old, Betts began taking summer classes at the Art Students League where he studied with George Bridgman, among others. He obtained a degree in art history from Yale University in 1942 and enlisted in the United States Army that same year. After World War II, he was a full time student at the Art Students League from 1946 to 1948. Betts then entered the University of Illinois where he received an M. F. A. degree in 1952. In 1949 Betts married fellow artist Jane Burke who he had met at the Art Students League. Jane Betts died in 1984. Betts taught drawing, composition, and painting at the University of Illinois for 35 years until his retirement in 1984. Beginning in 1973 he taught the "Master Class for Advanced Watercolorists" at Rangemark, the studio founded by Barse Miller near Birch Harbor, Maine. After his retirement from the University of Illinois, Betts moved to Maine where he married Edis Hatch in 1986. He died in Maine in 2008. Art Betts was represented for nearly forty years at the Midtown Galleries in New York City. He also exhibited his paintings at several other galleries around the country.	2.53125
72972440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costera%20%28plant%29	Costera (plant)	Costera is a genus in the Ericaceae found in the Malesian floristic region. It is a small genus of often epiphytic shrubs that grows in tropical rainforests. Description Costera is a small genus of shrubs with glabrous, leathery, unlobed leaves arranged in alternate phyllotaxy. The inflorescences are axile and sessile; flowers emerge in bundles directly from the stem. The flowers are small and tetramerous or pentamerous. They are directly attached to the stem via a pedicel with 2 basal bracts. The calyx is mostly fused and forms 4 or 5 apical teeth, which are the unfused tips of the sepals. The 4 or 5 petals are also fused into a short tube, and the inner surface of the corolla contains minute laciniate projections toward the base. The alternating stamens are lightly appressed to the corolla and have a short linear filament. The anthers are elongated, tubular, and erect. They face inward and release pollen through an apical pore. The ovary is inferior and is divided into 4 or 5 locules with many ovules; the original description notes that the number of locules may vary by species. The style is straight, with a stigma that is minutely thickened. The nectary disc is ring-shaped and inconspicuous. The fruit is subspherical and is crowned by the calyx. Members of Costera may be confused with Vaccinium, from which they can be distinguished by their glabrous leaves and lack of a line of articulation in the pedicel that is found in Bornean Vaccinium species. Their bundled, sessile inflorescences resemble those of Diplycosia. Taxonomy and naming Costera was described in the fourth volume of the Icones Bogoriensis in 1914 by Johannes Jacobus Smith. It is placed in the Vaccinieae, where it may be one of the most genetically divergent members. Smith named the genus after his mentor, Jan Constantijn Costerus. Smith records tjapien djanten as an indigenous name for the plant originating from the Karimata Islands.	2.984375
72972565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank%20F.C.%20%28Rutherglen%29	Clydebank F.C. (Rutherglen)	Clydebank Football Club was a 19th-century football club based in Rutherglen, Scotland. History The club was formed in 1874, as a winter activity for the Clydebank Cricket Club. It was the first football club to use the Clydebank name and the only one not to come from the town of Clydebank located to the north-west of Glasgow; instead their home was south-east of the city centre, on the left bank of the River Clyde. The earliest matches recorded for the club are from the 1875–76 season. Although the club was active in its early years, including fixtures against well-regarded clubs such as Cambuslang and Caledonian, it did not join the Scottish Football Association until the 1879–80 season. This enabled it to enter the Scottish Cup for the first time, although the club lost 2–1 at Airdrie Excelsior in the first round. In the same season, it was one of the founder members of the Lanarkshire Football Association. It played in the first Lanarkshire Cup, losing 4–2 to Shotts F.C. in the second round. Despite this increased activity and membership, the club never entered either competition again, instead playing junior football until 1886. Colours The club originally played in blue shirts and white shorts. By 1879 it had changed to red and blue two-inch "stripes" (in the context of the time referring to hoops). Ground The club's earliest recorded matches were played on Glasgow Green before the first home matches recorded at Phoenix Park in Rutherglen in 1876. The ground was by the Dalmarnock Bridge.	2.109375
72972773	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahat-tattva	Mahat-tattva	Mahat-tattva () or mahat is a concept in the Samkhya philosophy of Hinduism. It is the first evolute of Prakriti, the causeless cause of the world, that is generated after Prakriti begins to evolve when its equilibrium is disturbed, which causes expansion of material energy and matter. In the process of evolution, after mahat emanates, egoity (ahamkara), mind (manas), the five sense capacities, the five action capacities, the five subtle elements, and the five gross elements evolve. These are the 22 other elements that constitute the basic metaphysics of Samkhya. Etymology The Sanskrit terms mahat means "great", and tattva may be translated as "element". Description In Samkhya philosophy, the creation process of the Universe starts when Purusha engages with Prakriti. Prakriti is the first principal of creation and consists of three guṇas (qualities) – sattva, rajas, and tamas – which are dormant until stirred into activity by Purusha. This results in the first evolute, mahat. Ahamkara is the "I-ness" and is created from mahat. Ahamkara further gives rise to manas (mind), five jnanendriyas (five sense capacities), five karmendriyas, five tanmatras (subtle elements), and five bhutas (gross elements). These are the 22 other elements that constitute the basic metaphysics of Samkhya. These elements are divided into two groups: psychic and physical. The psychic elements not only play psychological roles, but also have cosmic functions. Mahat is an example of such an element. In its cosmic form, it is the cause of the 22 elements that evolve from it; in its cognitive form, it is termed buddhi, or intellect. Each self is in contact with an intellect, buddhi, that stores the mental imprints that the self has gained on account of its experiences in the world. Buddhi has eight forms: virtue (dharma) and vice (adharma), knowledge (jñāna) and ignorance (ajñana), non-attachment (vairāgya) and attachment (rāga), and power (aiśvarya) and absence of power (anaiśvarya). Literature	2.265625
72973286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank%20F.C.%20%281888%29	Clydebank F.C. (1888)	The club's third entry in 1890–91, was its most successful, beating Kirkintilloch Athletic F.C. in the first round and Slamannan F.C. in the second, in a re-played tie. The Bankies protested that the Slamannan goals in the original match were of the wrong height; the tie had ended 5–3 for Slamannan, with all of the scores being registered in the same goal. The run ended against Dumbarton in the third, who, despite playing well within themselves, won 6–0. Clydebank also had its best run in the county competition, reaching the semi-final, but lost to Dumbarton again, this time 4–1; Clydebank had taken the lead, but when 2–1 down was reduced to 10 men because of an injury to Melvin. From 1891 to 1892, the Scottish Cup introduced qualifying rounds, and Clydebank did not make the main stage again. That season, the club became a founder member of the Scottish Football Federation, a de facto third national division. The club finished 9th out of 12 in its first season, the players being considered "on the slight and small side", but only registered one point in 1892–93; the first match of the season - a 12–4 defeat at the previous season's wooden spoonists Motherwell - set the tone for the season. The 'return' match - played away because of a lack of ground - was lost 16–1. The club was 3–0 up at Wishaw Thistle early in the season but the match was abandoned because of bad light with ten minutes remaining, the late start caused by the Clydebank players missing their train; Thistle won the re-played fixture 8–2. Without a ground, the club was not one of the teams that transferred into the Scottish Football Alliance on the Federation's dissolution. Its last competitive match was a defeat in the second round of the county cup in 1893–94; the club had entered the Scottish Cup in 1894–95, but scratched before the first round. The club was formally struck off the Scottish FA register before the 1895–96 season. Colours	1.960938
72973380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladenia%20leptochila	Caladenia leptochila	Caladenia leptochila, commonly known s narrow-lipped spider-orchid or narrow-lipped caladenia, is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to South Australia. It is a ground orchid with a single slender, hairy leaf and one or two yellowish-green and reddish-brown flowers. Description Caladenia leptochila is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous herb with a single, densely hairy, narrowly lance-shaped leaf long. The plant is high with one or two yellowish-green and reddish-brown flowers with a dark red labellum. The dordal sepal is long and curved under, tapering to a fine, club-shaped point. The lateral sepals and petals are long with a central reddish-brown stripe. Taxonomy and naming Caladenia leptochila was first formally described in 1882 by Robert D. FitzGerald in The Gardeners' Chronicle from specimens collected on Mount Lofty. In 2008, Robyn Mary Barker and Robert John Bates transferred Arachnorchis leptochila subsp. dentata D.L.Jones to the genus Caladenia as Caladenia leptochila subsp. dentata in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, and the name, and that of the autonym are accepted by the Australian Plant Census: Caladenia leptochila subsp. dentata (D.L.Jones) R.J.Bates Caladenia leptochila Fitzg. subsp. leptochila Distribution and habitat Subspecies dentata is found in the Flinders Ranges where it grows below shrubs on forest slopes at altitudes of , and subsp. leptochila grows in clay or gravelly soils in shrubby forest in the Mount Lofty Ranges. The latter subspecies is thought to have been common in Victoria in the past but is now probably extinct in that state.	2.078125
72973575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Dunajtschik	Mark Dunajtschik	Asteron Centre The Asteron Centre, designed by Warren and Mahoney Architects, opened in 2010 and won a Wellington Architecture Award for commercial architecture in 2011. It suffered minor cracking in the 2013 Seddon earthquake, which reappeared in the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. The main tenant, Inland Revenue, then evacuated its 2000 staff from the building after an engineering report raised concerns about earthquake resistance. Dunajtschik said at the time that the building was safe and would be remediated. In July 2021 Inland Revenue again evacuated its staff from the building after a new engineering report indicated possible problems. The building was strengthened during 2022, and Dunajtschik said that receiving the new code of compliance from Wellington City Council was the highlight of his year. Philanthropy Dunajtschik has supported many charities including the Wellington Free Ambulance, Hohepa, an organisation providing disability support, the Graeme Dingle Foundation and the Heart Trust. Dunajtschik enabled the setting up of Wellington's rescue helicopter service Life Flight Trust in 1975, when he paid for a helicopter for pilot Peter Button. Dunajtschik funded the service for ten years until commercial sponsorship was secured. Victoria University of Wellington In 2016 Dunajtschik donated $2 million to Victoria University to fund a Chair in sustainable energy systems, to be known as the Mark Dunajtschik Chair of Sustainable Energy. This will enable the university to set up a programme in sustainable energy systems. In 2023 Dunajtschik donated $10 million to Victoria University to set up a mechanical engineering department. A laboratory and a research centre named after Dunajtschik will be established. Dunajtschik said that engineering had given him his beginning in life and that he wanted to enable other people to use their engineering skills to work in different places in the world. Wellington Children's Hospital Te Wao Nui	1.953125
72974152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremo%20di%20Sant%27Ambrogio	Eremo di Sant'Ambrogio	The Monastero or Eremo di Sant'Ambrogio (Monastery or Hermitage of St Ambrose) is a 14th-century Roman Catholic church and monastery located on Via Guido Bonarelli #5 nestled on high slopes of Monte Foce (Monte Calvo), north of Gubbio, region of Umbria, in Italy. It was initially founded as a rustic Franciscan hermitage following Augustinian rules, outside the city walls of Gubbio. History Tradition holds that niches in the stony mountainside attracted hermits in early medieval times, but by 1331, a number of followers resided here in a priory, outside of the town to pursue contemplative life of prayer. By 1342 Bishop Pietro Gabrielli of Gubbio elevated the site to a monastery, under the Augustinian rule. In 1419, by orders of Pope Martin V, the monastery was joined to that of San Salvatore in Bologna, and assigned to the order of Canons Regular. In 1430, this order was expanded with the canons from Santa Maria al Reno; and in 1445, under Pope Callixtus III, the cannons of San Secondo were transferred here. The monastery once housed the Blessed Arcangelo Canetoli (c. 1460–1513), and his body is putatively preserved above the main altar/sarcophagus, made of polychrome marble and with glass windows inside the small church. While alive, and after his death, the association of Canetoli with this monastery made the site a place of pilgrimage. In addition, this church also holds the remains of two other famous ecclesiasts from Gubbio, the monk Blessed Francesco Nanni and the Bishop of Gubbio, and humanist scholar, Agostino Steuco (1497 – 1548)	2.15625
72974321	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20W.%20Duffin	Ross W. Duffin	Highlights among his published editions include Forty-five Dufay Chansons from Canonici 213 which won the Noah Greenberg Award, A Josquin Anthology: 12 Motets, Richard Davy: St. Matthew Passion, and Gude & Godlie Ballatis. He designed historic music fonts for this purpose, which have been used by Early Music (journal) and other publications. In 2024, he published a series of 12 books of Renaissance Choral Favorites for SATB Singers. Featuring both sacred and secular music from England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, the editions were prepared for school choirs and amateur musicians. His scholarly articles have been published in North America and Europe. Several have been covered in the press, including "Calixa Lavallée and the Construction of a National Anthem," proposing that "O Canada" was assembled from a handful of pre-existing works; it was featured on the front page of Toronto's Globe and Mail. Another article, "Leonardo's Lira," identifying a portrait of Leonardo da Vinci in an early sixteenth-century engraving at the Cleveland Museum of Art, was covered in Live Science, NBC News, and Huffington Post. Duffin also earned notice for his parody compositions. In 1995, when the Cleveland Indians (now the Cleveland Guardians) reached the World Series, he wrote "Come All Ye Baseball Fans" to the tune of Henry Purcell's "Come Ye Sons of Art," which was noted in The Chronicle of Higher Education and Sports Illustrated, and nominated for a Northern Ohio Live Award of Achievement. When his daughter, Selena Simmons-Duffin, joined the staff of All Things Considered at National Public Radio, he wrote and produced historically based theme music ("trixies") for the program.	2.265625
72974971	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20von%20Schele	Friedrich von Schele	In March 1894, Schele's troops suppressed an uprising led by slave trader Bwana Heri, who had previously rebelled against the Germans during the Abushiri revolt three years earlier. In October of that year, von Schele initiated a new military campaign against the Hehe tribe and their leader, Chief Mkwawa. The Schutztruppe attacked and took Mkwawa's stone fortress at Kalenga on 28 October, though were unable to capture the chief, who had escaped during the attack. Nonetheless, von Schele was awarded the Pour le Mérite, the highest order of merit in the Imperial German army, on 20 November 1894 for his successful suppression of the Hehe. Later life and death Despite his successes, Schele's brutal methods in quelling revolts were met with harsh criticism from the German government. Furthermore, Schele's policies and campaigns were often at odds with the Imperial Colonial Office, and as a result he often clashed with civilian administrators. Eventually, in April 1895, von Schele resigned from his post in protest. Following his resignation, Schele returned to Berlin, where he became an aide-de-camp to Wilhelm II. He then served as the military governor of Mainz before being discharged from the army for medical reasons in May 1904. Schele was married to Emma Clothilde Wilhelmine von Hammerstein (1855-1918). They had one daughter, Marie Agnes. Schele died in Berlin on 20 July 1904, aged 56.	2.640625
72975526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution%20of%20Venezuela%20%281811%29	Constitution of Venezuela (1811)	The Constitution of Venezuela of 1811 (Official name: Federal Constitution of the States of Venezuela; Spanish: Constitución Federal de los Estados de Venezuela) was the first Constitution of Venezuela and Ibero-America, promulgated and written by Cristóbal Mendoza and Juan Germán Roscio, being sanctioned by the Constituent Congress of 1811 in the city of Caracas on December 21, 1811. It was overthrown on July 21, 1812 by the capitulation of Francisco de Miranda in San Mateo. The constitution was in force for exactly seven months. This Federalist Constitution was approved by the representatives of the Provinces of Margarita, Mérida, Cumaná, Barinas, Barcelona, Trujillo, and Caracas, who declared their independence from the Spanish Empire during the constituent Congress and agreed to implement the name "States of Venezuela" as the official name. It recognized the faith of the Catholic Church as the official religion of the Venezuelan State. The election was indirect or second-degree: Only men who owned property could elect one representative for every 20,000 inhabitants who in turn would elect the representatives of the Chamber of Deputies and Senators in addition to the three persons in charge of the Executive Power (triumvirate). Once signed, 228 of its articles were approved, being noteworthy the reservations generated by article 180 for the then Vice President Francisco de Miranda and the rest of the executive train. The article stated: Provincial Constitutions According to the Federalist system established in the Constitution, each region had the power to administer and govern itself autonomously as long as it did not contradict the principles of the nation. Once the election of provincial deputies to the Congress of the Provinces of Venezuela had taken place, the Provincial Legislatures were urged to dictate their own Constitutions. However, not all provinces had the opportunity to draft one before the fall of the First Republic. Constitution of the Province of Caracas Source:	2.625
72975610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimerus	Antimerus	Antimerus is a genus of rove beetles found in eastern Australia. Description Antimerus are relatively large for rove beetles, with adults reaching 13-20 mm in length. They are robust and more or less parallel-sided, with the head approximately the same width as the rest of the body. The mandibles are relatively long, falcate and usually lack distinct internal teeth. The deflexed hypomera of the pronotum are usually visible in lateral view (concealed in A. monteithi). The first four tarsomeres on all legs are broad and bear tenent setae ventrally, and all tarsi bear one pair of empodial setae. Some species have a metallic appearance. Putative larvae of three species (A. metallicus, A. punctipennis and A. smaragdinus) are known. They are 8-16 mm long with head widths of 1.5-3.0 mm. The head is large, subquadrate and well-sclerotised. The thorax is much narrower than the head. The abdomen is fusiform and, in well-fed larvae, may be wider in the middle than the head is. The surfaces of the body are generally microspinose or microtuberculate, and covered in fine simple setae. Most macrosetae and many medium-sized setae are club-shaped and have multispinose tips. Ecology Antimerus occur in moist forests in the coastal hills and mountain ranges of eastern Australia. At least some species in this genus have diurnal and arboreal adults. They have been collected from trees such as Argyrodendron actinophyllum and Eucalyptus spp. Larvae have been collected from forest litter. Species Below are the species groups and species of Antimerus. Members of the same species groups are similar morphologically and do not overlap in distribution (allopatric).	2.828125
72975660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane%20Naylor	Shane Naylor	Shane Anthony Naylor (born 3 November 1967) is an Australian former athlete who competed in sprinting events during the 1980s and 1990s. Post athletics, he has been involved in powerlifting and is a masters world record holder. Biography Naylor grew up in the Victorian town of Tatura near Shepparton and has a younger sister Lee who was also a notable sprinter. He was an under-18 national champion in the 100 metres. A four-time national 100 metres champion, Naylor won his first title in 1987 as a 19-year old. In 1992 he finished sixth in the final of the IAAF World Cup and only narrowly missed the qualifying standard that year for the Olympics in Barcelona. He represented Australia at two Commonwealth Games, including in 1994 when he claimed a silver medal as part of the 4x100 metres relay team. In 1995 he set his personal best of 10.21 seconds at the national championships in Canberra, which qualified him for the World Championships in Gothenburg later that year. In February 1997, Naylor joined former AFL player Leon Higgins to play for a Melbourne team in the 1997 Rugby League World Sevens tournament. The Melbourne team failed to win a match. Naylor's nephew Max Holmes plays in the AFL for Geelong.	1.914063
72975830	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Pinckney%20Russell	Green Pinckney Russell	Green Pinckney Russell (1861/1863–1939), was an American teacher, principal, school district supervisor, and college president. He was the first licensed African-American teacher in Lexington, Kentucky. Russell was the first "Supervisor of Negro Schools" in Lexington, and he served two-terms as president of Kentucky State Industrial College for Colored Persons (now Kentucky State University). Biography Green Pinckney Russell was born on December 25 in either 1861 or 1863 in Logan County, Kentucky. He attended public schools in Russellville, Kentucky, and went on to graduate from Berea College (1885), and Wilberforce University (1913). He was the principal of "Colored School No. 1." (later known as Russell School) in Lexington, Kentucky. In 1895, Colored School No. 1, was renamed the Russell School by the mayor H. C. Duncan of Lexington. Russell was the first "Supervisor of Negro Schools" in Lexington from 1896 to 1912. He was twice president of Kentucky State Industrial College for Colored Persons (now Kentucky State University) from 1912 to 1923, and from 1924 to 1929. Russell lived in Frankfort, Kentucky, for many years. He died on October 18, 1936, in Waukegan, Illinois, and is buried at Cove Haven Cemetery (formerly Greenwood Cemetery) in Lexington.	2.0625
74415845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr%20Rovers%20F.C.	Ayr Rovers F.C.	Ayr Rovers Football Club was an association football club from Ayr, Ayrshire, Scotland. History The club was founded in 1885, originally with 30 members, but within a year had grown to 70, which made it nearly as big as Ayr F.C. The club was not related to an earlier Ayr Rovers which played at Robbsland Park and which disbanded in 1881. Soon after the club's foundation, it joined the Scottish Football Association, and entered the 1885–86 Scottish Cup. Indeed the club's first recorded match was its first round tie with Dalry, which the club scheduled to take place after the Ayr v Maybole tie on the same day had finished, hoping to attract spectators; however the weather militated against people wanting to watch two matches, and Dalry dismantled Rovers to the tune of 8 goals to 0. A mix-up with the wires had the score originally reported as a Rovers win. The Rovers recovered enough to beat the Stevenson Dynamite in its first Ayrshire Cup tie, albeit in a second replay at Monnkcastle, by 1–0, plus having two goals disallowed. In the second round, the Rovers hosted Ayr, whose players were distracted by a Scottish Cup tie with 3rd Lanarkshire R.V. the following week, and who put in a "wretched" performance, but nevertheless were still good enough to beat the Rovers 2-0. The club was given a boost at the start of 1886, when it received an invitation to enter the Ayr Charity Cup, after Kilmarnock and Lugar Boswell turned down theirs. The club successfully protested its first round defeat by Annbank on the basis that Barbour had not been registered as an Annbank player for the required 6 weeks. The protest availed the Rovers little as Annbank won the replay at Springvale 5–0.	1.921875
74416981	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20form%20%28Taoism%29	True form (Taoism)	The exact origins of the True Form Chart of the Man-Bird Mountain are unknown and its creation has been dated to a period ranging from the Northern and Southern dynasties to the Tang dynasty. The origins of the True Form Chart of the Man-Bird Mountain and other "true form charts" are likely inspired by Buddhist works of the 9th and 10th centuries. Xin Deyong (辛德勇), the Picture of the Mystic Vision is “surrounded by explanatory words, obviously with traces of imitating the Buddhist Tantric () mantras", which is affirmed by Susan Huang who claims that "The text-image juxtaposition resembles the single-sheet design of Buddhist charms known as the Dhāranī Chart of the True Word (), which were popular in the 9th and 10th centuries". The fact that the Taoists borrowed so heavily from the Buddhists during this period indicates that the Taoist "true form charts" had similar functions as the Buddhist works and likely date from the same period. Despite the esoteric Buddhist inspirations present in the True Form Chart of the Man-Bird Mountain, its origins are still derivative of indigenous ancient cultural traditions, as Huang traced the history of the painting of the Man-Bird (人鳥) and argued that the Man-Bird (人鳥) on the T-shaped silk painting from the Han tomb of Mawangdui and the Man-Bird (人鳥) of Laojun (老君) from the 2nd century AD reflects the tradition of painting the Man-Bird (人鳥圖) in early Chinese art. Taoism drew upon this ancient tradition of drawing the Man-Bird (人鳥) and transformed it into something immortal.	2.53125
74416986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoplana%20mogi	Geoplana mogi	Geoplana mogi is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is found in areas within the Atlantic Forest in the municipalities of São Paulo and Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil. Description Geoplana mogi is a flatworm around in length and in width. The body has parallel margins; the front tip is rounded and the back tip is pointed. The dorsal side has a medium orange-ochre band running down the middle, flanked on each side by a thin whitish stripe; the whitish stripe is bordered on the outside by a black line, which is flanked by a grey band mottled with white. A marginal black line borders the grey band. The marginal band is often hidden from plain dorsal view due to the shape of the body. The ventral side is a whitish color with blackish margins. Aside from its coloration, it is distinguished from other members of Geoplana by having parenchymal muscle fibres that form a loose tube around the intestine, and the diameter of the muscular cylinder surrounding the ejaculatory duct being 1.3 times that of the duct. Etymology The specific epithet, mogi, is derived from the type locality of Mogi das Cruzes, specifically the Tupi language name of the municipality.	2.4375
74417046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoplana%20piratininga	Geoplana piratininga	Geoplana piratininga is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is found in areas within the Atlantic Forest in the municipalities of São Paulo and Mongaguá, Brazil. Description Geoplana piratininga is a flatworm around 25 mm in length and 4 mm in width. The body is relatively short and has parallel margins; the front tip is rounded and the back tip is pointed. The dorsal side has a traffic-red band running down the middle, bounded on each side by a black stripe; the stripe is bordered by a white stripe, which is in turn bordered by a black band, which is then bordered by a thin marginal white line. The ventral side is a whitish color. Aside from its coloration, it is distinguished from other members of Geoplana by having the dorsal and ventral insertions of the penis papilla at the same transverse plane, non-folded walls of the female atrium, and a female-to-male atrium length ratio of 2. Etymology The specific epithet, piratininga, is derived from the historical Tupi language name of the type locality of São Paulo, Piratininga plains.	2.34375
74417152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassira%20el-Salwi%20bint%20Mohammed%20el-Heyba	Nassira el-Salwi bint Mohammed el-Heyba	Nassira el-Salwi bint Mohammed el-Heyba ould Normach (Arabic: نصيرة السلوي بنت محمد الهيبة ولد نغماش) was a Hassanid princess of the Emirate of Brakna. She was one of the wives of the Alaouite Sultan Moulay Ismail. Biography Nassira was the daughter of the emir of Brakna, Mohammed el-Heyba ould Normach, the elder branch of Brakna emirs of the Mghafra tribe. Nassira is often confused with her distant cousin Khanatha bint Bakkar from the Mghrafra tribe established in Oued Noun. From this confusion lies uncertainty as to the date of Nassira's marriage, with some sources citing that she married Moulay Ismail between 1678 and 1679, like Khanatha. On the other hand, it is also possible that Nassira was the Hassan Princess who married Moulay Ismail in 1690 following a duel he won; preceded by her request for annexation for all the peoples of the Sahara, where this princess gave her hand upon her defeat, as a guarantee of the status of tributary of her people. During the duel, she fought him hard at first, but then allowed herself to be overpowered.	2.046875
74417219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawn-throated%20foliage-gleaner	Fawn-throated foliage-gleaner	The fawn-throated foliage-gleaner (Automolus cervinigularis) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. It is found in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Taxonomy and systematics The fawn-throated foliage-gleaner's taxonomy is unsettled. Until July 2023, the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) treated what are now the two subspecies of the fawn-throated foliage gleaner, with four other subspecies, as the buff-throated foliage gleaner. At that time the IOC split A. o. cervinigularis and A. o. hypophaeus from the buff-throated to form the new fawn-throated foliage-gleaner, which by the principle of priority took the binomial A. cervinigularis. The IOC renamed the remaining four subspecies the ochre-throated foliage-gleaner to avoid confusion with the former, larger, buff-throated species. It retains the former binomial A. ochrolaemus. The Clements taxonomy had included a seventh subspecies, A. o. amusos (Peters, 1929), in the buff-throated foliage-gleaner. In October 2023 Clements accepted the same split as the IOC and deleted A. o. amusos entirely. The American Ornithological Society has not recognized the split. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World does not recognize the split of fawn-throated foliage-gleaner, nor does it recognize A. o. amusos. It includes A. o. exsertus as the seventh subspecies of its buff-throated foliage-gleaner. The IOC, Clements, and the American Ornithological Society previously recognized exsertus as a separate species, the Chiriqui foliage-gleaner. The two subspecies of the fawn-throated foliage-gleaner are the nominate A. c. cervinigularis (Sclater, 1857) and A. c. hypophaeus (Ridgway, 1909). Description	2.15625
74417767	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20in%20Belgium	Portuguese in Belgium	As of today, the Portuguese are part of a wider Portuguese-speaking community in Belgium, comprising around 11,000 people from PALOP countries (the overwhelming majority being from Angola or from Cape Verde), Timor-Leste or Macau and 65,000 Brazilians. People from CPLP countries thus number around 156,000 people, thus accounting for 1.33% of the population of Belgium. The community of people from coming from CPLP countries in Belgium is in line with other Benelux countries: In Luxembourg there are around 174,000 people (26.4% of the population) while in The Netherlands there are around 147,500 people (0.84% of the population). In particular, Belgium hosts the second largest Portuguese diaspora of the region after Luxembourg. Demographics According to Portuguese registers, in 2021 almost 80,000 Portuguese citizens are registered as living in Belgium. Similarly, as of 2022, almost 68,000 Belgians are of Portuguese descent, meaning people born in Portugal or children of at least one Portuguese-born parent. The number of people of Portuguese background is lower than that of Portuguese nationals because many Portuguese may have been born in third countries such as France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands or Germany, countries neighbourhing Belgium and all having large Portuguese populations.The Portuguese did not acquire in significant amount Belgian citizenship due to their status as EU citizens. In fact, even though according to Belgian legislation multiple citizenship is allowed, as Portuguese are EU citizens many find it unnecessary to acquire an additional citizenship that wouldn't give them any additional rights dealing with work or residence permits. Interestingly, since the year 2000, only 4,951 Portuguese nationals have been naturalized as Belgian citizens, which accounts for a mere 0.6% of the total number of naturalizations. However, it is worth noting that the Portuguese represent 2.4% of the foreign population, meaning they are under-represented in the naturalization process.	2.59375
74418229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allene%20Crater	Allene Crater	Allene Crater (December 1876 – August 1957) was an American actress born in Denver, Colorado. She became interested in theater while in high school, performing in local productions and was able to attend college due to her father's respectable income. She made her stage debut at the age of 13 and went on to play various roles in stage productions, earning praise from critics for her performances. Notably, she was part of the cast of the 1902 musical The Wizard of Oz, where she portrayed a lunatic girl searching for her lover. During this production, she met Fred Stone, her future husband, and they performed together for around a year before marrying in July 1904. They had three daughters together, Dorothy, Paula and Carol. She died in 1957 after suffering a heart attack, with news of her death being initially withheld from her husband due to concerns about his own ill health. Early life Crater was born in Denver, Colorado in December 1876. Her father, George E Crater, was a life insurance agent, while her mother Alice was a housewife, according to the 1880 United States census. She was the youngest of four children, the closest in age to her being her sister Edith, approximately 2 years older. The family lived in a quiet neighborhood and her father's respectable income afforded for Crater and her siblings to attend college. Alongside her sister, she was the envy of local children, as they each owned their own Shetland pony which they drove through the city on a cart. Unbeknownst to her at the time, her future husband Fred Stone would occasionally watch Crater and her sister casually from the sidewalk. Crater and her sister became interested in theater while in high school and performed in several local productions. Career	1.921875
74418726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull%20Gamma%203	Bull Gamma 3	The machine has a clock speed of 281 kHz, higher than the 50 kHz of the IBM 604, and more importantly, several orders of magnitude faster than electromechanical devices. The execution time for adding two numbers was 680 μs, while multiplications took 5.7ms. The duration of instructions execution varied from 0.6 ms to 10 ms, with a mean time 2 ms. The Gamma 3 was connected to the tabulator through a cable plugged in place of its connection panel (where the program instructions were coded); thus, the program would now reside and run on the Gamma 3 computer rather than the tabulator. Nevertheless, while the Gamma 3 was programmable through a removable connection panel similar to those of tabulators, it remained a peripheral device of the tabulator rather than the other way around. Furthermore, despite being electronic, binary, and having a Turing-complete instructions set, the Gamma 3 still lacked the ability to store programs in memory. A first step towards a stored program configuration occurred with the Card Program (Programme Par Carte, PPC), introducing the capability to execute a program loaded from punched cards rather than hard wired onto a connection panel. IBM also experimented with a similar concept with the CPC (Card Programmed Calculator) extension added to the 604. However, while this would lift the limititation of 64 programming steps and allow arbitrary-sized programs to run, the programs were still not executed in main memory, so their execution speed depended on the reading speed of the punched cards containing the program. The computer underwent a new upgrade in 1955 with the inclusion of a magnetic drum, adding 8192 words of memory, equivalent to 49 kB (64 tracks of 8 blocks of 16 words of 48 bits), a fairly generous amount for that time. Up to three instructions could be stored per word on the drum, allowing up to 25,000 instructions to fit. This new version was called Gamma 3 A.E.T (Armoire Extension Tambour, or Drum Extension Cabinet).	2.328125
74418726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull%20Gamma%203	Bull Gamma 3	A second type of memory is known as Circulating Memories, which act as buffers, as their content is meant to be swapped from and to the drum memory. The circulating memories, denoted from M8 to M15, are implemented using magnetorestrictive delay lines in a separate, dedicated cabinet (ET). These eight memories are grouped in pairs to form four "groups". Groups 0, 1, and 2 are executable and referred to as "series", with each series serving as an instruction cache holding 48 instructions. The plugboard, when used, constitutes series 3. This would later be used for specific extensions shipped as wired subroutines. Group 3 acts as an I/O buffer. An "Ordonnateur" (ORD) memory cabinet can also be added, providing an extra four groups (4 to 7), each one holding data, none of them executable. Finally, the drum memory serves as a large swapping device hosting both code and data, and fed from punch cards. On the Gamma 3, code isn't executed from the drum but from the first three groups of the circulating memories. While this increases the execution speed, it also makes far jumps more costly, as a page must first be swapped from the drum to the MC memories with a dedicated instruction ("TB"). The drum consists of a Duralumin cylinder, 15 or 30 cm long, rotating at about 2,750 rpm. It hosts 64 or 128 tracks of 8 blocks, with each block containing a group, therefore the drum can store up to 1024 series, or 49,152 instructions. The recording density approached 300 bits per inch, using phase modulation, which was a record at that time. Instruction set	2.390625
74419284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachicoma%20devia	Brachicoma devia	Brachicoma devia is a species of flesh fly belonging to genus of Brachicoma. This species sometimes associated with various bumblebees (Bombus sp), as its larvae are parasitic on the developing bumblebee larvae. Life cycle and behavior Brachicoma devia has a unique life cycle that involves invading bumblebee nests and laying their living larvae on the skins of the unsuspecting bumblebee larvae. These larvae do not want a small bumblebee larva to feed upon, they want a larger one to sustain them for their own development. The adult flies are diurnal and can be seen flying around various habitats, although they are associated with bumblebees. They are very difficult to identify to species level without microscopic examination, so they will need to be checked in detail unless confirmed by a recognised expert. Impact on bumblebees Brachicoma devia is one of the many natural enemies and pests that bumblebees face during their lives. They can reduce the reproductive success of the bumblebee colonies by killing or weakening their larvae. They may also transmit diseases or pathogens to the bumblebees.	2.5
74420239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimball%20Creek%20%28Summit%20County%2C%20Utah%29	Kimball Creek (Summit County, Utah)	Kimball Creek is a west-flowing stream that begins north of Park City, Utah, on the east side of the summit of the Wasatch Range. It is one of the upper reaches of the East Canyon Creek watershed in Summit County, Utah, which in turn is a tributary to the Weber River, and ultimately to the Great Salt Lake. History Kimball Creek is named for a rancher named George Kimball. It passes through Kimball Stage Stop, a ranch stage stop owned by William H. Kimball, and where he built a rock stage structure that still stands. From there Kimball Creek flows west through Kimball Junction. Watershed and course Kimball Creek begins just west of Silver Creek Road (the northerly extension of north Highway 40, and just north of Interstate 80. Shortly after its source, it is joined on the left by a larger stream named McLeod Creek, and this confluence forms the source of East Canyon Creek, a tributary of the Weber River, and ultimately, the Great Salt Lake. Note the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) likely needs to be corrected to be consistent with the U.S. Geological Survey report and map. Ecology and conservation Bonneville cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii utah) is a Utah Sensitive subspecies of cutthroat trout and was the native trout species in the East Canyon Creek watershed, however it is thought to be extirpated due to decreased flows, increased nutrient input, degradation to water and habitat quality, and depredation by non-native introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta) and possibly by hybridization with non-native introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).	2.609375
74420558	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20media%20in%20the%20Russo-Ukrainian%20War	Social media in the Russo-Ukrainian War	Social media has played a prominent role during the Russo-Ukrainian War, and especially the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. It has made the war one of the most "meticulously documented" in recent history. Outreach by Ukraine Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has personally used a "unique, media-friendly dynamic style" in how he communicates with the public on social media during the full-scale invasion. On 25 February 2022, shortly after the beginning of the full-scale Russian invasion, as the battle of Kyiv began with Russian forces approaching the city and false rumors spread of Zelensky fleeing the city, Zelensky posted a "defiant" video of himself with other top government leaders on the streets of Kyiv, saying "We are all here. We're in here. We are in Kyiv. We defend Ukraine." Throughout the war, Zelensky has continually posted low-production-value "selfie videos" on social media giving updates and speeches as an everyman, furthering his perceived authenticity and boosting Ukrainian morale. In July 2022, Ukraine launched United24 Media (separate from the United24 fundraising platform), a cross-platform, mostly English-language outlet "to promote Ukrainian culture and debunk Russian propaganda". Valentyn Paniuta, head of the organization, described Ukraine's public outreach as a "question of [Ukrainian] survival, noting that since support for Ukraine came from Western democracies, Ukraine needed to "appeal to ordinary people" from those countries and "make them feel some kind of empathy for the Ukrainian people". Paniuta noted that "Ukraine faced a situation where there was powerful Russian propaganda in different countries, but we didn't have any international media. We had to create it immediately, and our only weapon was viral content on social media." Marketing expert Srulik Einhorn, writing in the Jerusalem Post, called the social media campaign conducted by Ukraine during the full-scale invasion "one of the most brilliant campaigns orchestrated by countries in recent decades".	2.078125
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	"King Iguana" (Galela: Ma Kolano o Kariànga; ) is an Indonesian folktale in the Galela language, collected by H. van Dijken and M. J. van Baarda, and sourced from the island of Halmahera. It deals with the marriage between a human girl and a suitor in animal form that she disenchants to become human. Later, her envious sisters try to murder her and replace her as the animal suitor's wife. According to Dutch philologist Jan de Vries, the tale belongs to the cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom, in a form that appears in the Indonesian archipelago. Variants also exist in Southeast Asia. Translations The tale was also translated into Hungarian language with the title Gyíkkirály ("The Lizard King"). Summary A couple has an iguana for a son. One day, the lizard passes by a lake where four women are bathing and falls in love with one of them. He tries to woo the maiden by knocking down some flowers from a tjampaka tree, but her sisters shoo him away. The iguana returns home and asks his mother to woo the maiden on his behalf. The woman goes and tries to talk about her son's proposal, but they rebuff her by throwing ashes. Defeated, the woman returns home with no positive answer, so her son decides to try it himself. He goes to his intended's house as an iguana, then enters her room. He takes off the reptile disguise and becomes a youth. At night, his bride pretends to be asleep, takes the iguana skin and burns it. The next morning, the now human iguana warns his bride against having done so, since sorrow and trouble will follow her decision.	2.234375
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	In a tale from the Loda language titled Ngo Pitiri-Gulungi-luri (Dutch: Prinses Gulungi-luri, English: "Princess Gulungi-luri"), a wellkeeper goes to fetch water by the sea and finds an iguana she brings home in a box. Back home, she prepares dishes for herself; the iguana crawls out of the box, removes its reptile skin and becomes a handsome youth. Nearby in a flying palace, lives the king of the Rising of the Sun (or "of the East") with his seven daughters. The iguana asks the wellkeeper to court one of the princesses for him. She goes to the palace and asks each of the princess which will be the iguana's bride: the six elders refuse, save for the youngest. The wellkeeper reports back to the iguana, who goes to take an evening bath as a human being: his toenails are of a golden colour, his fingernails of silver; and his finger and toes are like gemstones. When he is not bathing, he visits the seventh princess at night. Seven days later, he says he is going on a journey on a ship named IJzer for seven nights. After he leaves, the six elder princesses put a plan in motion: they invite their cadette to cut some bamboos with them, and shove her into a pit. The king learns of this and rescues his youngest daughter. Next, the princesses take her to a swing and push her so hard she flies off into the ocean. Fortunately, the princess has on her sarong an areca nut and an egg the Iguana, her husband, gave her: the areca nut becomes an areca tree and a rooster hatches out of the egg. The princess climbs on top of the tree and stays under the rooster's wings. The rooster crows seven times about how princess Gulungi-luri has drowned, which is seen by the Iguana in the distance. The rooster crows seven times again and flies to Iguana's boat to alert him. The Iguana approaches the tree and rescues his wife, then hides her in a golden basket. He then docks his boat on the seashore and finds his six sisters-in-law waiting for him, thinking their brother-in-law is free to choose one of them	2.375
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	In an Indonesian tale from Riau Province titled Molek (in the original, Si Molek dan Tanara), a couple have seven daughters of marriageable age, the youngest and seventh, Molek, the most beautiful. Many have come to court and marry them, but the girls reject them. One day, however, a fish named Jerawan appears to propose marriage to one of the girls. Their parents ask them which will choose the fish: the six elders refuse him, but Molek agrees to go with the fish, thus they marry. Although she is mocked for marrying a fish, she loves her husband, but, some time later, decides to discover where her husband does all day, so she follows the fish one day to the forest. The fish goes behind a bush, and out emerges a handsome youth; he goes to the beach, joins a crew on a sailboat and goes to fish in the ocean. Molek discovers her husband's true form and true profession, and decides to keep it a secret, until one day she goes behind the bush and takes the fish skin to hide it. She stays in the bush waiting for Jerawan, and he returns at night, finding his human wife with his fish skin. Molek asks him not to hide himself behind a fish skin anymore, and, although theirs is a happy marriage, she is endlessly mocked by her sisters, so she would like to show them his true form. The man agrees to live as human for now on, and says his name is Tanara. Some time later, after Tanara remains human, Molek's elder sisters nurture jealousy towards their cadette, since they wished to marry him. One day, Tanara goes on a long journey, and Molek's elder sisters plot the perfect moment to get rid of her. Years later, when Tanara is ready to come back, Molek's sisters pay her a visit and suggest they sail on small boats to wait for Tanara out in the open sea. After playing and splashing in the water, the girls abandon Molek on a small boat and make their way to the shore. Molek, adrift at sea, tries to paddle her small boat somewhere, but she faints, exhausted from her efforts	1.914063
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	. Ringkitan pleads for her sisters to help her, but they abandon her to her fate. The girl then notices a line of ships (a wooden boat, a more ornate wooden boat, a copper boat, a silver boat, and finally a golden boat) sailing nearby and sings some verses to draw their attention. Each of them replies that Kusoi is coming, and the man himself appears on the golden boat. He stops by the tree and rescues her down from it, and asks her how she ended up there. Ringkitan is glad to see her husband again and explains her elder sisters tried to kill her. Kusoi then plans to teach his sisters-in-law a lesson: he hides Ringkitan in a trunk and arrives home, where he asks where his wife is. The sisters pretend they saw her at the seashore. Kusoi then invites people to tell about his adventures on the open sea, and tells them he rescued a woman atop a tree near the seashore. The sisters start to fidget, fearing for their brother-in-law's story, until he bids some servants bring Ringkitan in, dresses in fine garments. He introduces the newcomer as his wife Ringkitan, and says he will not punish her pursuers. At the end of the tale, Ringkitan forgives her elder sisters for their misdeeds. The tale was originally published by missionary N. P. Wilken with the Dutch title De negen zusters ("The jealous sisters"), in 1886.	2.265625
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	Author J. A. T. Schwarz collected from a Tomtenboan source named Thomas Dien a tale titled Kakua an doro' i Wolai, translated into Dutch as Verhaal van den Aap (English: "The tale of the Monkey"). Folklorist Paul Hambruch translated it into German as Die Geschichte vom Affen ("The Tale about the Monkey"). In this tale, an old woman has a monkey for a son. One day, the monkey asks his mother to give him a sleeping mat so he can sunbathe. Despite warning him about standing so close to people, she attends his request. He spends his days on the mat on his porch, when he sights the eldest princess passing by to bathe, then an idea forms in his head: he will marry the princess. The monkey asks his mother to woo the eldest princess for him, but she questions how a girl can marry an animal. After some insistence, the woman goes to the palace and tells the king about her son's proposal. The king calls his eldest daughter to ask her about a possible marriage to a monkey. The girl refuses, and so do the other princesses, save the youngest, who accepts the proposal. The woman reports back to her son, and the monkey asks to be taken to the princess's palace so they can bathe together. It happens so: as soon as the monkey meets his fiancée, he takes off the monkey skin, becomes a handsome prince, then utters an incantation to summon fine garments for themselves, so they can present themselves before the king. The royal couple is impressed by their appearance, and the king asks his future son-in-law where the wedding will take place. The monkey replies it will happen soon, after he provides a house for themselves. He summons a large house with a spell and marries the princess. Some time later, the monkey, now in human form, is set to go on a journey, and warns his wife not to go swinging with her elder sisters, then gives her a betel nut and a rooster's egg, for her to place one on the other, so that a rooster will hatch and alert the prince with its crowing	2.5625
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	Three Daughters of a Monarch In a Rotinese tale translated into Dutch with the title Er wordt verhaald van drie dochters van den vorst ("It is said about three daughters of a monarch"), a crow (kraai, in the Dutch translation) sends his servants to propose to three princesses: the elder two refuse. The story then explains that the elder princesses take a bath downstream in a river, after the crow flaps its wings to clean the dirty on it, which they complain about. The crow returns the other day, this time as a man clad in gold, and places a stick on the ground and hangs his bag on it. The man then asks for each of the princesses to fetch the bag: the elder two fail, but the youngest accomplishes the task, and marries the now human crow. Later, the elder princesses invite their cadette to join them in some activities: first, to gather firewood in the forest; next, to come fetch water. On each occasion, the princesses kill their youngest sister, then return home and find her safe and sound. After these two events, the human crow tells his wife he is going to Koepang, but gives her a hen egg to be held in her clothes, and to have it with her the next time her sisters invite her to go fish in the sea. After he departs, the princess's elder sisters take her to fish in the sea, then shove her in the water. In the sea, the girl grabs a rock and notices the egg she had with her hatched a rooster that begins to crow to alert its master. The human crow hears the crowing and goes to fetch his wife in the sea. He places needles in her hands and hides her inside a box, then sails back home. When he docks, he finds his sisters-in-law there and they lie that their sister is dead. In response, the human crow tells them he brought a box with purchases from Koepang, and the greedy sisters-in-law go to open it. As soon as they lift the lid, the girl springs out of the box then sticks the needles in her sisters' eyes to blind them. The elder sisters then die. The now human crow goes to live with his wife.	2.8125
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	In an untitled tale collected in the Ternate language, an old woman lives with a goat. One day, the goat asks his human mother to go and court one of the local king's daughters on his behalf. The king agrees to a prospective marriage, but asks the goat on some tasks: first, he is to build a golden house, then, to build a golden bridge. After fulfilling the king's tasks, the king summons his ministers and councilman to ask his daughter which will accept the goat's proposal: the elders decline it, save for the youngest, who assures the goat is no animal. The king then asks for a dowry of thirty thousand coins. The goat opens its mouth and produces the requested dowry. The youngest princess marries the goat and ties him to their house. Some time later, his sisters-in-law invite him for a feast with some ball playing activity. The goat simply bleats as his answer. However, a prince on a golden horse appears at the feast and expertly plays a ball game with the guests. Back home, the princess gives her husband a plate with jackfruit. The next day, the same mysterious prince appears at the festivities again, makes merry with the guests, then vanishes. One day, however, the princess goes to bring food for her husband, and finds only a goatskin hanging on the wall. She takes it and throws it in the fire. When her husband returns home, for the prince is the goat, he says his belongings have been destroyed, and he is now poor and will not leave the house for anything. After seven days, the princess hears a gong and goes to divine how her husband was a person in goat form. Later, the now human goat says he wants to travel for a while, and gives his wife a pinang and an egg, telling her to have them in her sarong at all times. After he departs, the elder princesses commission a swing to be made near the water and invite their cadette to come swinging with them. As she is swinging, her sisters cut off the rope and the princess falls into the ocean	2.453125
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	Southeast Asia Jarai language French linguist collected a Jarai language tale titled akhan jaˀ pum (French: Conte de Mère Brousse; English: "Tale of Mother Bush"): Mother Bush scavenges the forest for yams; a python on a tree branch utters a spell for rain so Mother Bush can take a shelter with him. It happens thus. Mother Bush returns home and asks her granddaughters which will go with the python: the elder, H'Bia, refuses, but the younger, H'Luiˀ, agrees, and marries the python. The couple go for a bath in the river, and the python takes off the snakeskin to become a youth. After a swimming accident with H'Luiˀ, the python, in human form, resurrects her and brings her back home. H'Luiˀ's eldest sisters, H'Kruah and H'Bia, see their brother-in-law's beauty and H'Bia asks him for a similar python to be brought as her spouse. Her wish is granted, but the second python is a real animal that swallows her, then escapes. The human python goes after the animal and finds it. He fools the animal by saying he will look for lice, cuts off its belly and releases his sister-in-law. Later, the human python tells his wife he will travel along the country of the Yuan people, and warns her not to leave the house for any reason. After he leaves, H'Bia invites her cadette to go swinging near the river. The girl agrees to go, despite her husband's warnings, and is shoved into the water, where a crocodile swallows her. Inside the crocodile's belly, she gives birth to a son. The crocodile reaches a beach, H'Luiˀ's son cuts open the crocodile and he and his mother make landfall. The son then summons a house for them and a rooster, whose crowing summons an orange tree and alerts the boy's father. The human python sails to the beach and recognizes his wife.	2.53125
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	Jacques Dournes collected another Jarai language tale titled akhan jaˀ dɔn-duŋ haŋ hluiˀ tom rit (French: Conte de Mère-grand et H’Luiˀ avec Rit; English: "Tale of Grandmother and H’Luiˀ with Rit") which he translated into French and published with the title L’Aînée ("The Elder Sister"). In this tale, an old woman lives with her younger granddaughter Louite. One day, she leaves home to find food for them, since the land is ravaged by a great drought. She utters an invocation to summon rain and it pours down from the skies. She ventures into the deep forest until she reaches a lush garden full of sugarcane and banana trees, and says she would give Louite in marriage to the person that owns the garden. A python-lové interrupts her thoughts and says he owns the garden. The woman relents and repeats her words to the python, which agrees to a marriage with the girl. The python worries about being a reptile, but says he will accompany the woman to her village and wait by the forest. The woman goes back home with sugarcanes and bananas, and tells her granddaughter about the marriage promise to the serpent. Louite agrees to marry the python, and goes to meet him at the edge of the village. Louite and python-lové move out to a distant house with the previous garden and herds of chickens, swine, horses and buffalos. They spend time together, until Python-lové says he will visit his mother. He leaves his wife in their garden for 10 days, then takes off the snakeskin and returns as a human on a horse. Meanwhile, Louite has not eaten nor drunk anything while her husband is absent, and sees the newcomer. The youth introduces himself as python-lové, but Louite does not believe it at first, until he enumerates their herds of cattle, and shows her the discarded snakeskin. Three months later, Python-lové says he will go on a voyage to the country of the Cham, and asks his wife to stay home until his return. After he departs, L'Aînée ("Elder Sister") decides to visit Louite to kill her, so she could be Python-lové's wife	2.203125
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	. The Naga Prince decides to find work with a merchant, and sails away, leaving his family alone to deal with the elder sisters' envy, who plot to get rid of Ma Htwe. They approach her and try to draw her out of her house, but she stays home. One day, they convince her to accompany them for a picnic near a mango tree, for old times' sake, so they could play at a swing. Ma Htwe climbs onto the swing and is shoved by her sisters into the sea, but she and her child are rescued by a large stork. Meanwhile, the Naga Prince is coming back from his journey, and listens to his wife's voice, finding her in the stork's nest. He makes a deal with the large bird and rescues his wife. The Naga Prince wants to punish his sisters-in-law with death, but Ma Htwe decides they must be publicly shamed, so he places his wife in an empty chest. When he disembarks, he asks his sisters-in-law to carry the heavy chest to the village. They open the chest, and out comes Ma Htwe and her son. The tale was originally published by Burmese scholar Maung Htin Aung, and this sequence represents the "happy ending" of the story. Likewise, Maung Htin Aung stated that the stork helper is the "large Burmese stork", that is, the adjutant bird, and suggested that the tale's "happy ending" was a separate tale at first. In addition, according to researchers Gerry Abbott and Khin Thant Han, the tale is "widely known" in Burma, with either ending (the tragic one or the happy one).	2.234375
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	Moken people Austrian anthropologist Hugo Bernatzik collected a tale from the Moken people with the title The frog and the maiden, which he considered to have "Malay influence". In this tale, three sisters live together and the youngest has a frog as a lover. After the frog leaves on a boat, the sisters quarrel and the eldest tosses the youngest into the ocean. The girl swims for her life, but her strength gives out. Fortunately for her, a tree emerges from the water and she climbs it. Atop the tree, the girl, who is pregnant, prays for her lover to come, and two days later the frog appears on a boat to rescue her from the tree. The frog hides her in a basket, then sails home to his sisters-in-law, asking them about his lover. The elder sisters try to deceive him, and go on the boat. They bump into the basket, and the girl inside "made water". Seeing the liquid, the frog tells the sisters-in-law it is oil, and the girls smear the liquid on their skin. Suddenly, their youngest sister springs out of the basket, to the elders' horror, who die on the spot. The frog becomes a human male and lives with his wife.	2.4375
74421076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Iguana	King Iguana	East Timor In an East Timorese tale titled Samodo, a woman named Cassa-Láqui gives birth to a samodo, which is a venomous green serpent. Cassa-Láqui thinks about killing the animal, but she spares him and raises the cobra as her son. Years later, the samodo son asks his mother to court the seven sisters of a distant maternal uncle, by giving a rich dowry to the prospective bride: the sisters each reject the proposal for his snake form, save for the youngest, Soce-Bere, who agrees to the marriage. The samodo son then sends his wife and his mother on celebration, while he takes off the serpent skin to become a handsome youth and attend the festival for a while week. Soce-Bere notice the stranger, while her sisters go to their samodo brother-in-law's house and discover a discarded snakeskin, which they hide. Samodo reappears in human shape to them and demands the snakeskin back, which is to hang on a fountain. Soce-Bere's marriage with Samodo is a happy and fortunate one, to her sisters' intense jealousy. While Samodo is away, Soce-Bere is invited by the sisters to go play on a swing by the sea. After she sits on the swing, the girls shove the swing with such strength Soce-Bere is flung away into the sea to drown. Soce-Bere survives and clings to the back of a crocodile, where she gives birth to Samodo's son. Samodo himself comes back on a ship and rescues his wife, then lands and punishes his sisters-in-law.	2.3125
74421322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th%20Cortes%20Generales	15th Cortes Generales	Election of secretaries After the election of the vice-presidents, the four secretariats are elected using the same system as in the Vice-Presidency. By secret ballot and ballot box, the four candidates with the most votes will be elected, with the first secretary being the one who gets the most votes and the fourth secretary, the one who gets the least. In the event of a tie, a second vote is taken between the tied candidates to settle the order. Senate Election of president For the election of the President of the Senate and of the Board, a first vote is carried out, secret and in a ballot box, with the candidates who run for said position. In this, the absolute majority of the deputies (134/266) is necessary for a candidate to be elected as such. In case this absolute majority is not reached, a second vote is carried out, also secret and in a ballot box, with the two candidates with the most votes and the one who obtains a simple majority of the votes, will be elected President of the Senate. Each senator casts a single vote, that is, they write a single name on the ballot. Pedro Rollán was elected President of the Senate. Election of vice presidents After the election of the Presidency, the election of the two vice-presidencies is carried out, through the same system as for the previous election. By secret ballot and ballot box, the two candidates with the most votes will be elected, with the first vice president being the one who gets the most votes and the second vice president the one who gets the fewest. In the event of a tie, a second vote is taken between the tied candidates to settle the order. As in the election for the Presidency, each senator casts a single vote, that is, they write a single name on the ballot.	2.546875
74421336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunigunde%20Bachl	Kunigunde Bachl	Kunigunde Bachl (; 29 July 1919 – 16 October 1994) was a German physician and politician who served in the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein non-consecutively from 1971 until 1987. A member of the Christian Democratic Union, she advocated for car safety while in the state parliament, and was a member of the Federal Assembly in 1974. In 1973, Bachl became the president of the Schleswig-Holstein branch of the . Biography Kunigunde Bachl was born in the city of Kiel on 29 July 1919. After receiving her Abitur in 1938, she began studying physical education at the German Sport University Cologne, graduating the following year. On 1 September 1940, Bachl joined the Nazi Party; historian classifies her as "NS-socialized", which refers to party members who grew up after the Nazi seizure of power. She worked as a physical education teacher from 1940 until 1941, when she began studying medicine. She attended the University of Munich in 1942 and 1943. In 1947, Bachl graduated from the University of Marburg with a Doctor of Medicine degree. She later began working as an assistant physician, and became a general practitioner in 1964.	2.109375

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