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77408246
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zulfi%20City
|
Al-Zulfi City
|
The inception of formal education in Al-Zulfi Governorate occurred in 1368 AH, with the establishment of the inaugural educational institution, Al-Quds Primary School, by Sheikh Ahmed bin Mubarak Abu Rasin at the behest of King Abdul Aziz. The second educational institution in Al-Zulfi, Ibn Khaldun Primary School, commenced operations in 1372 AH. This was followed by the inauguration of Alaqa and Al-Rawdah Primary School in 1374 AH. Subsequently, an education department was established in 1402 AH, and the establishment of primary schools continued until it reached its current total of over fifty schools in all neighborhoods and villages. The city has seven middle schools for boys and five high schools. Additionally, it has various institutes and colleges for higher education that are affiliated with other educational bodies and institutions, including the Scientific Institute of Imam Mohammad bin Saud Islamic University. The Vocational Training Institute and the Technical College, which are both affiliated with the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation, offer a variety of specializations. Additionally, the institution encompasses the College of Dentistry, the College of Science, and the College of Education. In terms of the history of girls' education, the first school was established in 1384 AH, followed by the inauguration of primary, intermediate, and secondary schools, which comprised 27 primary schools, 13 intermediate schools, and 7 secondary schools. In addition to the College of Education for Girls, the institution offers a tailoring and sewing center, kindergartens, and nurseries. The Department of Girls' Education was established in 1405 AH.
| 2.375
| 0
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77408443
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Ze
|
Liu Ze
|
Liu Ze (, 1891–1978), courtesy name Bo Ping (), was a native of Guangji County, Hubei Province. He was a Chinese linguist.
Biography
When he was young, he attended Yongxi Elementary School and Meichuan Middle School because of his family's poverty. Later, he was admitted to the Wuchang West Road School. When admitted to Peking University, because of inability to pay tuition, Huang Kan, a professor of the Chinese Department of the university, came forward to subsidize him and took him in as a disciple. He graduated from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Peking University in 1917, where he studied paleography and exegesis.
He was a professor at Jinan University in Shanghai, and in 1929 he was recommended by Mr. Huang Kan to teach at the Chinese Department of Wuhan University, where he worked for fifty years until his death in 1978. He taught courses on writing, phonetics, exegesis, and Zhouyi studies. He was the head of the Chinese Department for many years, and was one of the "Five Old" of the "Five Old and Eight Middle-aged" at Wuhan University at that time.
He was the author of "Jian Yuan Diaries", "Explanation of Sound and Rhyme Tables", "Saying Wen Ancient Rhyme Spectrum", "The First Writings on Friendship" and "Notes on Primary Schools".
| 2.296875
| 0
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77408577
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Sacav%C3%A9m
|
Battle of Sacavém
|
The legend
The first to refer to this legend was the cistercian friar from Alcobaça, António Brandão, claiming that it was based on an old tradition gathered among the people of Sacavém; Miguel de Moura, in his unpublished Memories of the Establishment of Monastery of Sacavém, also refers to this legend among the people of Sacavém, which he had investigated when he wanted to build a Monastery in the town, on the site of the old hermitage of Our Lady of Martyrs, in 1577.
However, there is no historical evidence that confirms the actual existence of this skirmish; the sources regarding the conquest of Lisbon, such as the well-known De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, which provides a detailed account of the siege, make no reference to this clash on the banks of the Trancão River.
In the 19th century, the Portuguese historian and politician Alexandre Herculano was the first to question this fact in his well-known History of Portugal. Nowadays, it is commonly considered to be a legend, at least in the form in which it was described.
| 2.109375
| 0
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77408709
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Harvey%20%28Bible%20Christian%29
|
William Harvey (Bible Christian)
|
William Harvey (1787 – 25 December 1870) was an English industrialist, cotton mill owner, deacon, and activist. He was an advocate for parliamentary reform, temperance, vegetarianism and against tobacco. Harvey helped found the Bible Christian Church and served as deacon from 1809 till his death. He helped establish the Vegetarian Society, the Manchester and Salford Temperance Union, and the United Kingdom Alliance, serving as President of each organisation. Additionally, he served as Vice President of the Anti-Tobacco Society. Harvey also assisted in founding Salford City Council and served as one of Salford's first aldermen from 1844 to 1870. He was elected Mayor of Salford in 1857 and 1858.
Biography
Early life
William Harvey was born in Whittington, Derbyshire, in 1787, the son of a yeoman. Harvey had six siblings including Martha, who later married their cousin Joseph Brotherton and authored the first vegetarian cookbook. His niece was Helen Brotherton. Harvey moved to Salford in 1804 to apprentice under Mr. Railton for cotton spinning, weaving, and printing, and resided with Brotherton.
Bible Christian Church
The Bible Christian Church in King Street, Salford, was central to Harvey's life. He helped found it and served as deacon from 1809 until his death in 1870. Harvey was a committed advocate of the church's principles, including abstaining from meat, alcohol, and tobacco.
Career in cotton industry
In 1810, Harvey partnered with his cousins, Joseph and William Brotherton, as cotton spinners. After Joseph's retirement and William's death in 1819, the company passed to Harvey, who then partnered with Charles Tysoe, a fellow Bible Christian Church member, forming Harvey, Tysoe and Co. Their mill, Brotherton Mill, was located on Canal Street, Oldfield Road. The Christian principles they followed—welfare, no child labour under 13, and a 10-hour maximum workday—were praised in Angus Bethune Reach's Manchester and the Textile Districts in 1849. Harvey's sons and grandsons later joined the business.
| 2.046875
| 0
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77408709
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Harvey%20%28Bible%20Christian%29
|
William Harvey (Bible Christian)
|
Activism and politics
Harvey co-founded and presided over the Vegetarian Society, the Manchester and Salford Temperance Union, the United Kingdom Alliance. He also served as Vice President of the Anti-Tobacco Society. Harvey was the second president of the Vegetarian Society after the death of his son-in-law James Simpson. In 1857, Harvey arranged the first recorded teetotal and vegetarian banquet.
Harvey was a member of the Little Circle, a group of eleven influential early 19th-century Manchester political reformers, including Brotherton, recognised for their grasp of public opinion, involvement in key political issues from 1812 to 1846, and cohesive identity and ideas. Harvey supported parliamentary reform and attended the Peterloo Massacre in 1819. He was Brotherton's election agent when Salford gained a parliamentary seat in 1832, helping him become Salford's first Member of Parliament.
An early member of the Anti-Corn Law League, Harvey advocated for a repeal of the Corn Laws. Locally, he was part of the Liberal group that helped establish Salford City Council in 1844. Harvey became a Borough Constable in 1834, a Police Commissioner in 1843, and was one of Salford's first aldermen, from 1844 to 1870. He was also a justice of the peace. Harvey was elected Mayor of Salford in 1857 and 1858.
Personal life and death
On 19 June 1812, Harvey married Mary Titley at Manchester Cathedral. She was born in 1790 in Staffordshire to William and Mary Titley. They had five sons and one daughter. His wife died on 12 October 1857, aged 67.
Harvey was a friend of William Cobbett.
Harvey continued his prominent role in the Council till his death on 25 December 1870 at his home at 8 Acton Square, Crescent, Salford, at the age of 83. He was buried in the family vault at Weaste Cemetery on 30 December, with Rev. James Clark of the Bible Christian Church officiating.
| 2.328125
| 0
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77408875
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue%20de%20femmes%20Suisses%20contre%20l%27alcoolisme
|
Ligue de femmes Suisses contre l'alcoolisme
|
In the summer of 1911, the Ligue facilitated a children's flower contest. Cuttings of pea geraniums and fuchsias were given to girls. The object was for the children to grow these cuttings into beautiful house plants to demonstrate how beauty in the home induces men to prefer staying at home instead of visiting a saloon.
The Ligue sent out surveys during the year 1912 to the most important Swiss manufacturing firms to ascertain the extent to which these were discouraging the use of alcoholic drinks and supplying substitutes instead. They found that a considerable number already furnished non-alcoholic drinks (besides good drinking water), either for nothing or at a low cost. Hot tea in winter, and cold in summer, were favourite substitutes. The Winterthur firm of Sulzer Brothers provided in one year 712,685 bottles of tea, and in addition 16,479 liter of milk. A shoe manufacturing firm, Bally, of Schönenwerd, began to sell milk to its employees in 1900. The demand was only 12 liters a day. But nine years later, the daily sales had risen to 500 liters (among 1,482 workers). The Schaffhausen steel works sold 300 liters of milk daily, 600 of tea and 500 bottles of lemonade. Many industrial plants forbid the use of intoxicants during working hours and at midday meal. Some further gave anti-alcohol instruction by means of lectures, printed matter, and the personal example of the heads of departments and of the firm.
The Ligue maintained an active temperance propaganda in and around Geneva by means of antialcoholic conferences, public meetings to which prominent speakers were brought from abroad, temperance exhibitions, and scientific lectures on alcoholism and its various phases at the University of Geneva. In addition, group meetings for mothers and special temperance catechism classes for small children were held.
| 2.640625
| 0
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77409207
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid%20Schween
|
Astrid Schween
|
Astrid Schween is a cellist with the Juilliard String Quartet, which she joined in 2016.
Early life and education
Schween first heard a cello while listening to a concert at Tanglewood, she was three years old at the time. Schween began performing professionally in 1970 with the New York Philharmonic at the age of 16.
She studied cello at the Juilliard School, studied closely with mentor Jacqueline du Pré as well as Leonard Rose, Harvey Shapiro and Bernard Greenhouse. While there she earned a bachelor's degree (1980) and a master's degree (1985).
Career
While at Juillard, Schween was a member of the all-women Lark Quartet. She has also been a member of the Boston Trio.
In 2016 Schween joined the Juilliard String Quartet. She is the group's first female member, and she replaced Joel Krosnick who had been with the group since 1974.
In 2004 Schween joined the faculty at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Honors and awards
As a group, the Lark Quartet won multiple awards in 1990 including the Karl Klingler International String Quartet Competition and the Namberg Chamber Music Award in 1990.
| 2.046875
| 0
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77409352
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-UVC
|
Far-UVC
|
In contrast, far-UVC has shown remarkably different results. Studies on both lab mice and humans have found no significant impact on skin health, even at doses far exceeding current guidelines. This enhanced safety is attributed to far-UVC's difficulty in penetrating the outermost layer of the epidermis called the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum is effective at blocking far-UVC as it's composed primarily of dead cells filled with keratin protein, which absorb far-UVC light.
Regarding ocular safety, while comprehensive human studies are still pending, limited research has been conducted on human eye exposure to overhead far-UVC lamps. These studies have found no evidence of damage or increased discomfort. Additionally, research on rats has revealed significantly reduced penetration and damage from far-UVC compared to other UV wavelengths. These findings suggest a promising safety profile for far-UVC, though further research, particularly on human eyes, is needed to fully establish its long-term effects.
When far-UVC interacts with airborne oxygen it produces ozone and other byproducts, an effect that has been demonstrated in laboratory and real world environments. While the extent to which this produced ozone leads to negative health effects is the subject of active research, the mechanism for ozone causing cardiovascular disease and premature mortality is established in outdoor settings.
A key concern for far-UVC implementations is balancing radiation dosage and microbial inactivation rates. Although far-UVC has been shown to be effective at inactivating a wide array at viruses at doses that fall beneath exposure limits, the optimal dosage for achieving sufficient deactivation and indoor air quality standards requires further study.
| 2.28125
| 0
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77409734
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart%20railway%20station
|
Hobart railway station
|
Since the closure of the Tasmanian Government Railways, Hobart's public transport infrastructure has seen limited development, and a proposed light rail project (Riverline) has faced uncertainties due to political and financial challenges. Today, the redeveloped Hobart railway station site houses the studios of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, WIN Television and the Baháʼí Faith Centre of Learning, with the only remaining part of the rail terminal the original sandstone TML station building from 1871.
History
The Tasmanian Main Line Railway Company (TMLR) opened the line from Hobart to Evandale Road (later Western Junction) in 1876. This railway significantly reduced travel times between Hobart and Launceston, making transportation more efficient and accessible for Tasmanians.
During its peak in the 1930s and 1940s, the Tasmanian railway system was extensive, radiating from Launceston and Hobart to various regional destinations like Herrick, St Marys, and Marrawah. The railways were a major employer, offering a wide range of jobs and enabling widespread access to goods and passenger services.
| 2.140625
| 0
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77410188
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmini%20Sathianadhan%20Sengupta
|
Padmini Sathianadhan Sengupta
|
Padmini Sathianadhan Sengupta (1905–1988) was an Indian author, Journalist and historian known for her contributions to Indian literature and historical writings. She authored a biography titled “Makers of Indian Literature”, focusing on the life and achievements of the poet and freedom fighter Sarojini Naidu.
Early life
Padmini Sengupta was born in 1910 in India. She pursued higher education in India, which provided her with a strong foundation in literary and historical studies. The educational environment of the time, coupled with the nationalistic fervor and the Indian independence movement, likely played a role in shaping her perspectives and interests.
Selected works
She authored several books, primarily focusing on Indian history and culture. Some of her works include:
Makers of Indian Literature - focusing on the life and achievements of the poet and freedom fighter Sarojini Naidu.
The Story of Karuvaki - A historical novel about Karuvaki, the second wife of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.
Indian Women - Profiles the lives of notable women in Indian history, highlighting their achievements and contributions to society.
Rebel With a Cause: The Life and Work of Dr. Satyajit Ray - Details the life of the famous Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray, providing insights into his work and legacy.
| 2.875
| 0
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77410431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Pantale%C3%A3o
|
Church of Pantaleão
|
Pantaleão Rodrigues de Castro and Pedro da Cunha dedicated the church under the name Church to Saint Joseph of the city (Igreja do São José da Cidade). It was popularly known as the "Church of São Pantaleão" (Igreja de São Pantaleão) from the beginning of its construction. It was not dedicated to Saint Pantaleon; the name is a reference to Pantaleão Rodrigues de Castro, the co-founder of the church. Pantaleão Rodrigues and Pedro da Cunha renamed the "Church of Saint Joseph of Mercy" (Igreja de São José da Misericórdia) at the time of its donation to the Holy House of Mercy in 1793.
The church, however, retained its popular name, "Church of São Pantaleão", throughout its history. The church today is known as the Church of São Pantaleão and Saint Joseph (Igreja de São José e São Pantaleão), and is the parish church of the Saint Joseph and Saint Pantaleon Parish (Paróquia São José e São Pantaleão).
Location
The Church of Pantaleão is located in a densely urbanized area of the Historic Center of São Luís. It was placed on a corner lot at Rua Pantaleão and Rua da Cotavia, long narrow streets of the late Portuguese colonial period. The building is oriented towards Rua Pantaleão, with a long lateral façade on Rua da Cotavia. While monumental, the façade of the church sits flush with other buildings on both streets, and lacks a church yard. There are numerous historic buildings near the Church of Pantaleão; it directly faces the Grupo Escolar.
Timeline
| 2.5
| 0
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77410431
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Pantale%C3%A3o
|
Church of Pantaleão
|
The church was reported in ruins by a report dated November 5, 1804. Father José João Beckman e Caldas received the order to transfer the remains of those who had been buried there to another church or cemetery. A cemetery, the São Pantaleão Cemetery, was placed behind the church the following year because of overcrowding at the Municipal Cemetery and the Misericórdia Cemetery in Largo do Palácio. The church was rebuilt and completed over the following years. The image of the patron saint of the church, Saint Joseph, was placed on the high altar on March 17, 1817; the church was consecrated on March 19, 1817, to a great gathering of followers, a festival, and solemn mass. The first church ornaments were donated by Brigadier José Gonçalves da Silva. Pantaleão Rodrigues died before the opening, and despite his wishes, was buried at the Carmelite Convent. His remains were ultimately transferred to the church in 1830.
A foundling's wheel (roda de expostos, or roda dos enjeitados) was installed in the church in 1829. The foundling's wheel emerged in Portugal and spread to municipalities across the country; it spread to Brazil and foundling's wheels, where it existed until the 1950s. The first foundling's wheel in Brazil was placed at the Church and Santa Casa da Misericórdia in Salvador in 1734. Children placed in the foundling's wheel were fed, raised, and sent for adoption, institutionalization, or work.
| 2.359375
| 0
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77410709
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kop%C5%99ivn%C3%A1%20%28mountain%29
|
Kopřivná (mountain)
|
Secondary summit
Kopřivná is a mountain with a double summit. About northwest of the main summit, there is a secondary summit referred to as Kopřivná–SZ at an elevation of above sea level and geographical coordinates . It is located on the mountain ridge, near the main path, and is separated from the main summit by a minor pass at an elevation of above sea level. This secondary summit is also within dense spruce forest and, like the main summit, is not a viewpoint and does not have a triangulation station.
Geology
Geologically, the massif of Kopřivná belongs to the unit known as the and is composed of metamorphic rocks: mainly phyllites (muscovites, biotites, chlorites, calcites), schists (graphites), green schists, and porphyroids, sedimentary rocks: mainly quartzites, meta-conglomerates, and meta-tuffs, as well as igneous rocks: mainly meta-diabases. The shape of the mountain and the presence of diabases suggest its volcanic origin.
Waters
The summit and its slopes are located southeast of the boundary of the European watershed, thus belonging to the Baltic Sea basin. Waters from this part of the Hrubý Jeseník, including the rivers (Moravice) and mountain streams (such as Krátký potok and Bělokamenný potok) near the mountain, flow into the Baltic Sea via the Oder river basin. Several short, unnamed streams that are tributaries of Krátký potok originate on the northeast slope. This slope also features several swampy areas. Additionally, small rectangular pools have been built on the eastern slope near mountain hotels: one () at Horský hotel Kopřivná and another () at Horský hotel Brans. Due to the relatively gentle slope inclines, there are no waterfalls or cascades on the mountain.
Nature protection
A small section of the northeastern slope, approximately long, at elevations of between above sea level, is within the boundaries of the Javorový vrch National Nature Monument. This monument is part of the , established to protect rock formations, soil, vegetation, and rare animal species.
| 2.109375
| 0
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77410814
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia%20Schr%C3%B6der-Auerbach
|
Cornelia Schröder-Auerbach
|
Cornelia Schröder-Auerbach (24 August 1900 – 11 October 1997) was a German musician, musicologist and writer. In 1928, she was the first woman in Germany to receive a doctorate in musicology. In 1930 she and her husband, composer Hanning Schröder, along with lute player Peter Harlan founded the Harlan Trio for historically informed performances, path-breaking for this new genre.
Baptized as a Protestant, she was considered Jewish in Nazi Germany because of her Jewish grandparents. With the Nazi takeover of the German government and its anti-Semitic discriminations, the non-observant Protestant Schröder-Auerbach was banned in 1934 from publicly performing, because her four grandparents had been Jewish. After World War II, she joined the East German Academy of Arts in East Berlin in 1952, where she rebuilt the music archive until her dismissal in 1959.
Biography
Cornelia (Cora) Schröder-Auerbach was the daughter of the Breslau pianist Max Auerbach (born 1872) and the sister of Klaus, Günter and Johannes Ilmari Auerbach, as well as the niece of the Jena physicist Felix Auerbach. After her parents separated in 1906, her mother, the teacher Käthe Auerbach (1871–1940), moved to Jena with her two youngest sons, while Johannes and Cornelia initially stayed with their father. Her childless uncle, Felix Auerbach, a professor at the University of Jena, soon became the stepfather of all the children. Cora Auerbach grew up in her uncle's house in Jena, which was frequented by artists and patrons such as Clara Harnack, Reinhard Sorge, Eberhard Grisebach and Botho Graef. She played keyboard instruments, recorder and was a student of composer Max Reger.
| 2.578125
| 0
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77410868
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca%20Donda
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Franca Donda
|
Franca Donda (3 September 1933-3 September 2017) was an Italian photographer and filmmaker. Residing in Venezuela, and working as a photographer, laboratorian and videographer, Donda made an important part of the photographic and audiovisual record of the history of 20th century feminism in the country along with the Uruguayan photographer Gladys Parentelli.
Donda was co-founder of the feminist group Miércoles, which lasted from 1978 to 1989. She has been described as one of the best black and white laboratorians in Venezuela in the 1970s. She was awarded the Josefa Camejo Order by the Center for Women's Studies of the Central University of Venezuela, although Franca declined the honor.
Biography
She studied languages in London and Paris, and in 1957 she moved to Latin America, first to Venezuela, then to Cuba and then back to Venezuela.
Along with Uruguayan photographer Gladys Parentelli, Donda made an important part of the photographic and audiovisual record of the history of 20th century feminism in Venezuela. Through photography and film, she sought to make women aware of themselves, developing the rolls with a silver gelatin-bromide base. She was part of the Caracas Urgente project, coordinated by Jacobo Borges, where she made Sí podemos. With Josefina Jordán, she made the film María de la Cruz, una mujer venezolana (1975).
Her photographs were included in the book Cinco encuentros internacionales de creadores, as a close collaborator of the dancer and choreographer Hercilia López and her group Contradanza, for which she was its photographer since 1983. She participated in the First International Creators Meeting in the Gran Sabana (1991) for which she made the video Al Paují. In 1986 she also made, along with the choreographer, the video La dama de negro.
| 2.171875
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77410954
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Gaemi
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Typhoon Gaemi
|
On July 21, the government of Iloilo City began a preemptive evacuation. Documentation began to prepare funding of ₱10,000 (US$171) to occupants of destroyed dwellings and ₱7,000 (US$120) to those of partially destroyed dwellings. In the Cordillera Administrative Region, ₱73.6 million (US$1.2 million) worth of family food packages, totaling 25,357, were propositioned at multiple warehouses. In addition, approximately ₱52.7 million (US$899,000) worth of non-food supplies were gathered at these warehouses. The PDRRMO office in Pangasinan issued a red emergency alert, allocating 64,564 packages of supplies, as well as a standby fund of ₱86.75 million (US$1.48 million). The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) prepared their stock fund of ₱2.5 billion (US$42.8 million) for assistance during the typhoon. A total of 129,735 family food packages were positioned at warehouses and resource centers in Pasay, 93,516 packages were positioned in Mandaue, and 442,125 packages were made available at DSWD Offices No. 3, 5, and 6. The Philippine Air Force readied three Tactical Operations Group for response to the typhoon, including water rescue crews and helicopters for search and rescue and to serve as air ambulances. Rapid response teams trained for recovery efforts and damage assessments were also readied in Clark, Davao City, Laoag, Mactan, and the Zamboanga Peninsula.
Taiwan
| 2.109375
| 0
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77410954
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Gaemi
|
Typhoon Gaemi
|
Combined with moisture from the southwest monsoon, the influence of Gaemi produced heavy rainfall across parts of the Philippines. Heavy rainfall occurred in Albay, Aklan, Antique, Bataan, Batangas, Cavite, Capiz, Oriental Mindoro, Rizal, and Zambales. Residents of Romblon also received flood warnings and a yellow warning for heavy rainfall. Two thoroughfares in the Zamboanga Peninsula and Cordillera Administrative Region, respectively, were blocked due to rockfalls, with access only possible to small vehicles. The Angat Dam saw water level increases of up to amidst rainfall from Gaemi. Downstream, the reservoir of La Mesa Dam in Quezon City also rose up causing water to overflow. On July 24, the third and highest alarm was raised on the Marikina River after it rose to before peaking at , prompting evacuations. Strong water currents along the river also caused several barges to collide into the F. Manalo Bridge in Pasig. In Taguig, floodwaters reached waist-level. Houses in coastal villages of Orani, Bataan were inundated by floodwaters. Homes were also inundated by floodwaters in Samal, where rice and other crops received partial losses due to the flooding. Soil erosion occurred in Baguio, damaging a riprap. Strong winds impacted Olongapo, toppling electrical poles. A downed tree also blocked traffic in Quezon City. Several sections of the North Luzon Expressway were rendered impassable due to the torrential rain brought by the two weather conditions. Highways connecting Nueva Vizcaya with Benguet and Pangasinan were blocked by landslides, with 34 houses in Kayapa also damaged. Severe weather conditions forced vessels to remain in ports, stranding 70 people in Southern Tagalog and Bicol Region, combined. An additional 48 passengers were stranded in Pasacao, Camarines Sur. A total of 224 families were affected by the storm across Bataan, Camarines Sur, Iloilo City, Masbate, and Pampanga
| 1.976563
| 0
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77411666
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M9%20road%20%28Malawi%29
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M9 road (Malawi)
|
Route
The M9 road diverges from the M1 highway south of Mzimba, at an elevation of approximately 1,500 meters above sea level. From there, it heads north as a paved road, passing through the town of Mzimba, the largest settlement along the route. Shortly after Mzimba, the road transitions to a dirt path, winding through a remote region at an altitude of 1,200 meters, dotted with small villages. Beyond Katumbi, the M9 ascends to a plateau at 2,000 meters, marking the highest point of any main road in Malawi, and closely follows the border with Zambia. The road reaches its highest point at approximately 2,200 meters before descending to 1,500 meters. Continuing northward as a dirt road, the M9 traverses the highlands of northwest Malawi like the Mafinga Hills, passing through larger villages with brief stretches of pavement. The road ultimately reaches the northwestern tip of Malawi after Chitipa, flanked by the borders with Zambia and Tanzania. While the primary border crossing lies earlier at Isongole, Tanzania, where the Tanzanian T27 connects, the M9 extends another 25 kilometers before terminating at the Tanzanian border.
| 2.265625
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77411754
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20cetaceans
|
Mediterranean cetaceans
|
Twenty cetacean species have been officially recorded in the Mediterranean (and as many as twenty-four counting old or doubtful records), but only eighteen are part of the stable population, of which only eight are considered common: Blue and White Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), pilot whale (Globicephala melas), Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Their distribution is highly heterogeneous from region to region, depending in particular on nutrient load and depth, with, for example, cetaceans that are rare in the Adriatic and abundant in the Ligurian and Alboran Seas.
Today's Mediterranean cetacean population is the result of a constantly evolving history. Some species, such as the harbour porpoise, disappeared in historical times due to human influence, while others, such as the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea), could colonize the area thanks to the Suez Canal. On larger time scales, many other species that are now extinct or exiled have inhabited this basin, with significant changes in response to geological changes such as the Messinian salinity crisis.
Mysticetes (baleen whales)
Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)
The fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) is the only baleen whale species with a significant resident population in the Mediterranean, mainly located in the northern half of the western basin, between Spain, France and Italy. It is the second largest animal on our planet after the Blue whale (B. musculus), reaching 22 m in length and weighing 70 tonnes. In the Mediterranean, it feeds almost exclusively on Meganyctiphanes norvegica, the Mediterranean krill.
| 3.1875
| 0
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77411754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20cetaceans
|
Mediterranean cetaceans
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A few other species have sometimes been the subject of very isolated records, such as the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis, two records dating from the nineteenth century), the northern daylily (Hyperoodon ampullatus, two specimens stranded in Languedoc in 1880 and only one credible visual sighting since, in the Alboran Sea) and Gervais' Mesoplodon (Mesoplodon europaeus, one specimen stranded in Italy in 2001).
In addition, the Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea) has been the subject of several recent reports in Egypt and Israel, as it appears to have successfully crossed the Suez Canal ("Lessepsian migration"). It is unclear whether a stable population will result, but it appears to be expanding. Similarly, a pair of Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas), an Arctic species, were mistakenly released in the Crimea in 1991, but the chances of this resulting in a resident population are very slim.
Other records are now considered erroneous: Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni), True's mesoplodon (Mesoplodon mirus), Narwhal (Monodon monoceros), pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata), white-sided leach (Leucopleurus acutus) and white-billed leach (Lagenorhynchus albirostris). The presence of certain mesoplodons remains debated.
Other large marine vertebrates
The Mediterranean is home to several other large marine species that are sometimes associated with cetaceans in the collective imagination, notably through the myths and legends of sea monsters (both the Greek ketos and latincetus refer to whales, large sharks and all manner of large animals and "sea monsters"). Although they belong to other vertebrate groups unrelated to cetaceans, some of these animals may occupy similar ecological niches, and are often subject to the same threats to their habitats and way of life.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20cetaceans
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Mediterranean cetaceans
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The dominant sense in cetaceans is not sight, but hearing (through echolocation), which enables them to communicate or locate prey or landforms several kilometers away, where sight stops at a few dozen meters underwater at best. Increased noise pollution seriously affects these animals, and can even lead to their death.
The main sources of noise pollution in the Mediterranean are maritime traffic (very intense and particularly dense in certain corridors such as the Alboran, Aegean and Tyrrhenian seas), but also sonar and certain other telemetry devices, seismic prospecting, underwater drilling, certain oceanographic experiments, military activities, and other acoustic nuisances originating from the coast and propagating in the water.
Since 2010, France has officially recognized noise pollution as one of the forms of marine pollution, whether "direct or indirect in the marine environment", in the wake of the Grenelle de la mer and via the Grenelle II law. It has set two environmental objectives in this field through the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: D11-OE01 (impulsive noise) and D11-OE02 (continuous noise of anthropogenic origin).
Tourist oversolicitation
Cetaceans are particularly charismatic and popular with the general public. As a result, "whale watching" is a booming economic sector, and for some operators, cetacean watching is sometimes coupled with "whale jumping", i.e. the launching of tourists close to the animals, often in a brutal, even dangerous manner. In this way, peaceful observation can sometimes turn into a veritable harassment industry, with animals tracked by aerial observation and pursued by dozens of vessels. According to the Groupe de recherche sur les cétacés (GREC), this harassment, which is illegal in French waters, can prevent the targeted animals from feeding or resting.
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77411754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20cetaceans
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Mediterranean cetaceans
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The Pelagos Sanctuary, created in 2002 by France, Italy and Monaco to protect the marine mammals that frequent it, covering almost the entire Corso-Liguro-Provençal basin (87,589 km2);
The Mediterranean Cetacean Migratory Corridor (Corredor de Migración de Cetáceos del Mediterráneo, or "Spanish Corridor"), created in 2018 between the Valencian and Catalan coasts and the Balearic Islands(46,613 km2);
there is also a proposed Oceanid Sanctuary to the west of Cyprus (8,326 km2).
The Pelagos Sanctuary is the result of an agreement signed on November 25, 1999 by France, Italy and Monaco, and came into force on February 21, 2002, after receiving SPAMI status in 2001.) It covers a total surface area of 87,500 km2 and 2,000 km of coastline, making it the largest marine protected area in the Mediterranean. Twelve cetacean species can be found here (representing 15% of known cetacean species and 60% of Mediterranean species, including the eight common species), including some 450 bottlenose dolphins, 750 fin whales and 35,200 striped dolphins.
The Mediterranean Cetacean Migratory Corridor was established by Spain in 2018 under the aegis of the UN Environment's Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP). It is a major route in the seasonal migration of cetaceans, particularly fin whales, between the African coast (wintering site) and the northern Mediterranean (summer feeding and breeding site). The area is also frequented by a dozen other species of marine mammals, such as the Blue and White Dolphin, Risso's dolphin, Cuvier's Whale and Humpback Whale. Covering an area of 87,589 km2, it is the second largest MPA in the Mediterranean.
On both sites, navigation is subject to certain regulations in terms of shipping lanes, speed and equipment (pingers, REPCET program, etc.), and cetacean populations are subject to special monitoring.
Other measures
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77411860
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eka%20Skhiladze
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Eka Skhiladze
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Ekaterine Skhiladze, also known as Eka Skhiladze, is a Georgian women's rights activist.
Life and activism
Skhiladze studied law at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University.
From 2007 until 2012, Skhiladze worked at Women's Information Center, an NGO focused on women's health. Beginning in 2009, Skhiladze became involved in public diplomacy projects regarding Georgian relations with Abkhazian and Ossetian communities.
From 2013–2016, Skhliadze served as Head of the Department of Gender Equality at the Public Defender's Office of Georgia. In July 2016, she was appointed Deputy Public Defender of Georgia, a position which she held until 2023. In the position, she advocated for policies to lessen social inequality between men and women, lower femicide rates, and to otherwise eliminate violence against women and girls. She also spoke on the need to protect children's safety in schools, and the need for closer government oversight of religious boarding schools. Skhiladze also held the position of Head of the Gender Equality Department of the Public Defender's Office.
In 2016, she was given the Kato Mikeladze Award.
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77411961
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalaku
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Atalaku
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While the atalaku is often perceived as calling the dance steps and shouts, their actual control over these elements is limited. The succession of dance steps is influenced by various factors, making the atalaku's role during the sebene appear more prominent than it is. However, during extended dance solos, particularly those showcasing female dancers, the atalaku has greater freedom to choose their shouts. In these moments, they use suggestive language to frame the dancers' performances, mediating between social categories and reinforcing the dancers' roles as objects of male desire.
Language, authority, and tradition
The atalaku's shouts are often delivered in coded language, drawing from obscure expressions in local dialects such as Kikongo or Kiumbu, as well as urban slang. This arcane language introduces an element of intrigue to their performance, with the audience occasionally dancing to phrases they do not entirely comprehend. However, the atalaku's metaphoric and often lewd language is generally transparent to the audience, who are "in on the joke."
The atalaku's relationship with authority is complex, as they rely on sponsors for their livelihood. While they do not overtly oppose or resist authority, they use flattery and performance to gain the favor of the powerful, often luring money from wealthy patrons. Despite their role in modern dance music, the atalaku remains closely tied to traditional musical styles, drawing inspiration from funeral ceremonies (matanga) and other events. This practice, known as "dipping" (puiser), involves adapting traditional phrases, proverbs, or rhythms for use in contemporary performances.
History
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77413419
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Yazoo%20City%20tornado
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2010 Yazoo City tornado
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During the morning hours of April 24, 2010, a massive and long tracked tornado struck the southern side of Yazoo City, Ebenezer, Durant, and Hesterville in Mississippi, causing 10 fatalities and injuring a further 146 people during its 149 miles path. It was the strongest and deadliest tornado of the tornado outbreak of April 22–25, 2010 and the deadliest tornado of the year.
The intense supercell produced the tornado a few miles east of Tallulah and almost immediately intensified to an EF3 and it maintained that intensity before crossing over the Mississippi River where it weakened to an EF2. It strengthened back to an intense EF3 again as it crossed into Yazoo County. The tornado intensified into a violent low-end EF4 as it passed south of Yazoo City. It soon weakened to high-end EF3 and maintained that strength before again strengthening into a low-end EF4 a few miles southwest of Durant. Following this period of restrengthening, it maintained EF4 intensity. It then rapidly weakened into an EF3 near the town Weir, before it started to weaken even more. The tornado completely dissipated north of Sturgis.
This long-track and devastating tornado became the fourth longest in Mississippi history, and it used to be the largest tornado in the state's history; alongside that, the Yazoo City EF4 tornado was the first violent tornado to happen in Mississippi during April since 1978.
Meteorological setup
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77413455
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiano%20Lavacchio%20massacre
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Maiano Lavacchio massacre
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Having learned of the presence of deserters in the countryside of Monte Bottigli, the prefect and Head of the Province, Alceo Ercolani, tasked a public safety officer, the Sicilian Lucio Raciti, with going to the nearby area of Maiano Lavacchio and infiltrating there to gather information. In this isolated area, there were several scattered farms (such as the Ariosti farm of the Biagi brothers, the La Sdriscia farm of the Matteini family, the Lavacchio farm of the Corsetti family, and the Appalto farm of Settimio Andrei and Teresa Biagi), which had become shelters for drifters and evacuees after the Allied bombings. On 19 March 1944, Raciti reached the Ariosti farm, pretending to be a veteran from the Russian campaign seeking shelter. He gained the trust of Angiolo Biagi, who introduced him to Mario Becucci, an evacuee from La Spezia who was wanted and seeking guidance to reach the huts in Monte Bottigli. Raciti spent the night at the Ariosti farm, sharing a room with Becucci, and the next day he left the farm to report the gathered information to Prefect Ercolani, who then initiated the roundup operations.
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77413455
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiano%20Lavacchio%20massacre
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Maiano Lavacchio massacre
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Six of the eleven victims (Ciattini, Minucci, Mignarri, Guidoni, and the Matteini brothers) are buried in the commemorative chapel located in the cemetery of Istia d'Ombrone. Shortly after the liberation, the remains of the other victims initially buried in Istia were returned to their places of origin: Becucci and Sforzi were transferred to the Sterpeto cemetery in Grosseto, Passannanti to Serre in Campania, while Grazi's remains were returned to Cinigiano; the Grazi chapel was frescoed by Günther Frielingsdorff, a painter and the only survivor of the massacre. The "martyrs of Istia" are also remembered on a plaque placed on the Town Hall of Cinigiano. Brancati's remains were returned to his hometown Ispica on 14 October 1967, where he is also commemorated with a plaque placed in August 1945. The letter he wrote to his parents shortly before being killed was published in the book Lettere di condannati a morte della Resistenza italiana ("Letters of Condemned to Death of the Italian Resistance") edited by Piero Malvezzi and Giovanni Pirelli.
At the rural school of Maiano Lavacchio, a small obelisk topped with a lantern was placed on 22 March 1964 for the massacre's twentieth anniversary. At the site of the execution, the Matteini family erected the Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows (cappella dell'Addolorata), where a religious commemoration of the massacre is held every year on 22 March. A square in the historic center of Grosseto is dedicated to the "Martyrs of Istia". Brancati has a square and a sports field named after him in Ispica, while in 2001, a square in Serre was named after Passannanti. In 2014, the Grosseto municipal administration, headed by Mayor Emilio Bonifazi, named four streets in Istia d'Ombrone, after Guidoni, Mignarri, Minucci, and the Matteini brothers.
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77413758
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygospora
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Syzygospora
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Syzygospora is a genus of fungi in the family Filobasidiaceae. Circumscribed by the American mycologist George Willard Martin in 1937, the genus is characterized by its gelatinous fruiting bodies that often form galls on host organisms. Syzygospora species possess distinctive features such as thin-walled hyphae with clamp connections, haustorial branches, and a hymenium containing probasidia that develop into elongated, club-shaped basidia. The genus has undergone taxonomic revisions, including the synonymization of Christiansenia and the transfer of some lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) species to the newly established genus Zyzygomyces. As of 2024, the genus comprises 13 accepted species.
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed in 1937 by the American mycologist George Willard Martin, with Syzygospora alba assigned as the type species. He collected the type specimen of this species in the valley of the upper Chiriquí Viejo River, in Panama. The genus name Syzygospora is derived from a combination of the Greek words ('yoked together') and ('spore'). The family Syzygosporaceae was proposed by Walter Jülichen in 1982 to contain the genus, but this has since been folded into synonymy with Filobasidiaceae.
Initial molecular phylogenetics studies published in 2011 showed that Syzygospora is nested within the Filobasidiales. This work also showed that Christiansenia is synonymous with Syzygospora. Initially, two lichenicolous species were placed in the genus Syzygospora. Later, molecular evidence suggested that these species did not belong in Syzygospora and showed some similarities with the type species of Heterocephalacria, H. solida, and so they were reclassified into that genus. This reclassification, however, was premature. The two lichenicolous species have a unique basidium type that is whole rather than having cross-like septa at the apex, distinguishing them from Heterocephalacria. Additionally, no molecular data for Heterocephalacria in the strict sense was available at the time of reclassification.
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78874466
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20S.D.%20Louey%20Educational%20Foundation
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William S.D. Louey Educational Foundation
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The scholarship is recognized for promoting long-term community engagement and fostering educational opportunities for students from China and Hong Kong. Many past scholarship recipients have since become mentors and contributors to similar initiatives, aiming to support future students in their academic and professional journeys.
Since its founding, the foundation has provided over $60 million in scholarships to more than 60 students, enabling them to study in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries. The foundation has recently expanded its reach to support students from other regions.
Pay-It-Forward Philosophy
The foundation is built on a pay-it-forward philosophy, encouraging scholars to give back to their communities and help future students. The recipients embraced this principle by mentoring others, supporting scholarships, or contributing to similar programs.
In 2015, a group of former scholars launched the Pay It Forward Scholarship, which has supported 12 students at the University of Oxford. The foundation continues to support this approach by offering mentorship and guidance, fostering a culture of giving back and ensuring the long-term impact of its work on education and community development.
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78874500
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomic%20profiling
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Proteomic profiling
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A proteomic profile may be employed to discover or diagnose diseases or conditions, which can monitor responses to therapeutic measures. Sometimes, it is also referred to as a protein expression profile and protein signature. Proteome profiling analysis is the analysis of the entire proteome from complex samples such as complete cells, tissues, and body fluids. It is most used for identifying as many peptides and proteins as possible. Proteome profiling analysis based on mass spectrometry (MS) can provide reference information for high-throughput quantitative proteomics and protein modification analysis. Proteomic profiling is the large-scale analysis of proteins, which is essential for understanding biological processes and disease mechanisms. Recent studies have compared various platforms, such as SomaScan and Olink, and highlighted differences in precision, accuracy, and phenotypic associations across diverse cohorts.
Key techniques and innovations
Advanced emerging technologies in proteomics profiling are revolutionizing sensitivity, speed, and data analysis capabilities. Some key milestones in advances have been:
Single-cell proteomics
Techniques of SCOPE-MS and prioritized Single Cell ProtEomics (pSCoPE) allow for deep analysis of individual cells and thus increase the proteome depth and resolution.
Mass spectrometry innovations
Thermo Fisher's Orbitrap Astral enables the measurement of thousands of proteins from minimal samples in under 20 minutes.
Machine learning integration
AI is being used to predict and validate mass spectrometry results, thereby improving accuracy and efficiency in data interpretation.
Immuno-ligation methods
High-throughput multiplex assays allow for the simultaneous detection of multiple proteins and thus improve profiling capabilities. This is opening up avenues to even more clinical applications with increased precision and biology.
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78874646
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiebke%20Kirleis
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Wiebke Kirleis
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Wiebke Kirleis (born 15 April 1970 in Einbeck, Germany) is Professor of Environmental Archaeology and Archaeobotany at Kiel University, Germany. She is co-director of the Collaborative Research Centre 'Scales of Transformation: Human-Environment Interaction in Prehistoric and Archaic Societies' (CRC1266, funded by the German Research Foundation) and a member of the Cluster of Excellence 'Roots' at Kiel University.
As an archaeobotanist, she is interested in all kinds of plant-related human activities, be they subsistence strategies or food processing, and their socio-cultural implications, as well as the reconstruction of human-environment interactions in the past. Geographically, her research areas range from northern Europe to Indonesia.
Career
From 1990 to 1998 she studied biology at the University of Göttingen (botany, anthropology, environmental history/prehistory and early history). From 1998 to 2002 she was a research assistant at the Lower Saxony Institute for Historical Coastal Research. There she wrote her dissertation 'Vegetationsgeschichtliche und archäobotanische Untersuchungen zur Landwirtschaft und Umwelt im Bereich der prehistorischen Siedlungen bei Rullstorf, Landkreis Lüneburg' (Vegetation-historical and archaeobotanical investigations on agriculture and environment in the area of the prehistoric settlements near Rullstorf, district of Lüneburg), which she submitted to Eberhard Grüger and Karl-Ernst Behre in Göttingen in 2002 and was awarded a doctorate (Dr. rer. nat.). She then worked as a research assistant on various projects in Göttingen and elsewhere.
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78874658
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20G%C3%B3rna%20Grupa%20psychiatric%20hospital%20fire
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1980 Górna Grupa psychiatric hospital fire
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Initially, it was suspected that the fire was caused by an electrical failure. The Milicja Obywatelska briefly considered the possibility that it had been started by the aforementioned pyromaniac, "Ali," but this hypothesis was quickly dismissed.
The prosecutor's office ultimately brought charges against two hospital employees: Jan Górski, deputy director for economic and financial affairs, and Mieczysław Chyla, head of the administrative and economic department. They were accused of failing to fulfill their duties and endangering patients' health and lives by neglecting the recommendations of the 1979 fire inspection. The trial began in the autumn of 1981, but Górski passed away before its conclusion. The case was ultimately dismissed under the 1984 amnesty.
Many in the Polish psychiatric community argued that both employees had been made scapegoats and that the real culprits were high-ranking Communist Party officials who had denied funding for the hospital's modernization. Shortly after the tragedy, the group of Polish psychiatrists sent a letter to the Health and Physical Culture Committee of the Sejm, which included the following statement:
The tragedy in Górna Grupa became the subject of conspiracy theories. One rumor suggested that the fire had been deliberately started by officers of the Security Service and that its victims included democratic opposition activists allegedly imprisoned in the hospital as part of punitive psychiatry. However, findings from the Institute of National Remembrance confirm that these rumors were unfounded.
The psychiatric hospital in Górna Grupa never resumed operations. Following the democratic transition of 1989, the deteriorated building was reclaimed and renovated by the Divine Word Missionaries. Today, it houses Saint Joseph's Mission House, which includes a ward for elderly monks. The building's basement also features a missionary-ethnographic museum.
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78874798
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage%20in%20the%20works%20of%20Jane%20Austen
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Marriage in the works of Jane Austen
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Whether based on first impressions, like Mr. Bennet’s attraction to Miss Gardiner (Pride and Prejudice), a whim, like Frances Ward's impulsive marriage to Lieutenant Price (Mansfield Park), or youthful passion, like Miss Churchill of Enscombe's union with Captain Weston (Emma), Jane Austen illustrates how unwise these matches often were. Such marriages frequently resulted in dissatisfaction for the spouses and difficulties for their offspring.
Mr. and Mrs. Bennet
To highlight the components of a successful marriage, Jane Austen provides a detailed depiction of its opposite: a poorly matched union. Mr. Bennet, an intelligent and cultured man, is married to a foolish wife whose sole obsession is marrying off her daughters at any cost, driven by financial insecurity due to the entailment of the family estate. Mrs. Bennet’s joy knows no bounds when Lydia marries, she is utterly content with Jane’s marriage, and Elizabeth’s union sends her into raptures—all while the character of the husbands remains unimportant to her as long as her daughters are married, preferably well.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage%20in%20the%20works%20of%20Jane%20Austen
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Marriage in the works of Jane Austen
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General cases
For some young women, the status of being honorably married outweighs considerations about the character of the man they marry. In Sense and Sensibility, Mrs. Jennings has provided her daughters with generous dowries and secured socially satisfactory marriages for them: Mary, the eldest, to Sir John Middleton, and Charlotte, the youngest, to Mr. Palmer. However, the couples are visibly mismatched, as Elinor Dashwood reflects on “the strange unsuitableness which often existed between husband and wife.” Sir John Middleton, a rural squire with little refinement who enjoys hunting and fears loneliness, has only one shared interest with his elegant but insipid wife overwhelmed by their children: the pleasure of hosting guests. Meanwhile, the intelligent, serious, albeit snobbish, Mr. Palmer has married a pretty, silly young woman “absolutely resolved to see everything in the best light,” who laughs heartily at his outbursts of ill temper. Fortunately, his parliamentary debates provide solace for dealing with her foolishness.
In Pride and Prejudice, Louisa Bingley’s dowry replenishes the fortune of a gentleman from good society, the indolent Mr. Hurst, who owns a house in London’s elegant Grosvenor Street but “lived only to eat, drink, and play cards.”
These couples, however, have found a kind of equilibrium that makes their marriages bearable: each lives within their sphere, and the women have learned not to challenge their husbands.
In Persuasion, Charles and Mary Musgrove, having settled into a tolerable routine, “could pass for a happy couple.” Charles is a good-natured, practical, unambitious man, while Mary spends much of her time complaining and quarreling. Mary was Charles’s second choice; he had first proposed to Anne Elliot. Jane Austen hints that had Anne accepted his proposal, she would have greatly improved his intellectual and social standing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage%20in%20the%20works%20of%20Jane%20Austen
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Marriage in the works of Jane Austen
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Jane Austen even hints, at the margins of the novel, at an "interesting" future for Charlotte. As the savvy daughter of a merchant (albeit one who has been knighted), Charlotte has begun her social ascent by marrying a clergyman. Given that Mr. Collins is assured of inheriting Longbourn due to the entail, Charlotte will eventually enjoy a social promotion comparable, albeit at a lesser level, to Elizabeth’s.
Marriages of convenience
The Austen family loved charades, and one attributed to Jane Austen touches on this theme:
You may lie on my first by the side of a stream,
And my second compose to the nymph you adore,
But if, when you've none of my whole, her esteem
And affection diminish — think of her no more!
"Such things are so common"
Jane Austen personally disapproved of marrying for money, but as a realist, she recognized that selfishness, financial interests, and mercantile motives "are not unusual" in her world. As a result, her novels often feature in the background wealthy marriages explicitly described as being solely based on financial considerations. Examples include General Tilney (in Northanger Abbey) and Mr. Elliot (in Persuasion), both of whom married wealthy young women for their fortunes. General Tilney married Miss Drummont, whose father gave her a £20,000 dowry and £500 for her wedding gown. Mrs. Allen informs Catherine Morland of this, who later imagines that Mrs. Tilney must not have been very happy in her marriage.
The cynical William Elliot's past is revealed to Anne by Mrs. Smith: "He wanted to make his fortune quickly and was determined to do so through marriage." He wed a well-bred and well-dowered heiress, prudently ensuring the exact amount of her fortune before committing. Mrs. Smith adds that "such things are so common that when someone, man or woman, marries for money, if you live in society, you hardly notice it."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage%20in%20the%20works%20of%20Jane%20Austen
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Marriage in the works of Jane Austen
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Social and financial compatibility
Jane Austen, who lives in a pragmatic, mercantile society, never fails, for the sake of realism, to point out the means of existence on which not the happiness but the material comfort of her heroines depends. While the girls often marry into their social class, with perfect, educated gentlemen as complex (intricate, as Elizabeth Bennet would say) and intelligent as themselves, whether landlords or clergymen, there are very few to whom she offers “fairy-tale” opulence.
Sufficient income to live well
The wealth of young households varies widely but is always considered at least sufficient for personal happiness. Indeed, the range of incomes presented is very broad. Some are relatively modest, particularly those of the clergymen. Elinor Dashwood and Edward Ferrars have an annual income of just £350 between them: the interest on their respective assets and the living (£200) from Delaford's vicarage, which is a little more than James Austen and Anne Mathiew have when they marry in 1792, and they are reasonable enough to admit that this is insufficient to live comfortably; they wisely waited to marry until the wealthy Mrs. Ferrars, her son having made amends, condescended to provide a further £250; Edmund Bertram and Fanny started life on around £750 (Thornton Lacey's living), before returning a year later to occupy the Mansfield vicarage, which provided them with almost £1,000.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardeny%20Castle
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Gardeny Castle
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Gardeny Castle [Castell de Gardeny] is a 12th-century Romanesque fort built by the Knights Templar at Lleida. Located on a neighbouring hill, just over a mile away, from Lleida's main fortress, the Castle of La Suda, Gardeny defended the only accessible side of that castle. Although by the 20th century, the only buildings left standing were the palace and the church of Santa María de Gardeny, at right angles to each other, the castle grounds originally had several other buildings that were destroyed during the wars of the 17th and 18th centuries. Archaelogical studies from 2005 show that the palace and church were originally constructed as two separate buildings, later joined by a corridor or sacristy.
François Collignon's contemporary (after 1647 but before 1687) middle oblique view of the start of the siege of Lleida (1647) shows, among other details, the location of Gardeny in relation to the citadel—containing Lleida's principal castle, the old cathedral and the bishop's palace—within the city walls.
In the 19th century, at the time of Suchet's siege of the Lleida and its two castles, La Suda and Gardeny, the area also had the two strong fortifications of San Fernando and Pilar.
History
Although there is no documentary evidence of Gardeny from Islamic times, it seems likely that there had been some kind of Andalusian fortress at that location at some moment. It is, however, documented that Alfonso the Battler had fortified the hill in 1123, although he later abandoned it. No trace of that fortress remains.
Belonging to Ermengol VI, Count of Urgell, from when he captured it in around 1147, the fort had probably been built by around 1122 under Alfonso the Battler during a previous siege on the town. Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona likely stayed there in 1149 during his successful seven-month siege.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20Optimus%20Maximus%20Heliopolitanus
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Jupiter Optimus Maximus Heliopolitanus
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Historical background
The cult of Jupiter Heliopolitanus evolved from ancient Canaanite religion, specifically from the cult of the Canaanite good Baal-Hadad, an ancient storm and fertility god worshipped in various regions in the Near East, including Canaan and Syria. Baal is a title meaning "lord", "owner" or "master" and was used for various local gods. Hadad, specifically, was known as the god of rain, thunder, and storms, and was associated with agricultural fertility, and was often depicted holding a whip and thunderbolt. In different areas and periods, Baal-Hadad was associated with different natural phenomena and powers. Modern scholarship largely identifies Baal with Hadad, suggesting the name Baal (Lord) was adopted as a reverent alias when the cult of Hadad increased in importance and his true name became too sacred to speak aloud for any but the high priest. This practice parallels other cultures where substitute titles were used for deities whose names were considered too holy as "Bel" was used for Marduk among the Babylonians and "Adonai" for Yahweh. A minority propose that Baal was a native Canaanite deity whose cult was identified with or absorbed aspects of Hadad's. Regardless of their original relationship, by the 1st millennium BCE, Hadad and Baal were regarded as distinct deities, with Hadad worshiped by the Aramaeans and Baal by the Phoenicians and other Canaanites.
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78874984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20Optimus%20Maximus%20Heliopolitanus
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Jupiter Optimus Maximus Heliopolitanus
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. The association of the god of Baalbek with solar attributes endured following the annexation of the region by Rome in 63 BC. The cult of Hadad found its way to Rome, where he was mentioned in three inscriptions on an altar uncovered on the eastern slopes of the Janiculum hill. The inscriptions read: "to the god Adados", "to the god Adados of Libanos", and "to the god Adados of the Mountaintop" are believed by British classical archaeologist and scholar Arthur Bernard Cook to suggest an increasing trend toward associating Hadad more with Jupiter, known as a mountain god, rather than with Helios. The cult of Hadad/Helios eventually syncretized with the Roman chief god Jupiter, evolving into a cosmic and universal deity. In the second century AD, the Romans built a monumental temple complex in Baalbek, dedicated to Iupiter Heliopolitanus (Heliopolitan Jupiter). The Temple of Jupiter Heliopolitanus in Baalbek was renowned in antiquity for its oracular functions and as a divination center. Macrobius records that during oracle sessions, the god's statue was carried in a litter by the bearers who, guided by divine will, moved in certain directions, which priests interpreted to deliver oracles. The cult of Heliopolitan Jupiter spread from this cultic center to far corners of the Roman empire. The ritual practices. and cultic installations of the Temple of Jupiter Heliopolitanus in Baalbek still exhibited, even in Roman times, significant Semitic influences, as detailed by Hajjar.
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78875079
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvyanuka
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Dvyanuka
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Dvyanuka (Sanskrit: द्व्यणुक, Romanised: Dvyaṇuka) is the combination of two Paramāṇus of the same type mentioned in the text Vaisheshika Sutra of the Vaisheshika school of thought in the Indian philosophy. According to Vaisheshika school, Dvyanukas are formed when two Parāmaṇus of the same type come into close proximity and under the influence of specific forces.
Etymology
Dvyanuka is a Sanskrit compound word having two terms dvi (dvy) and aṇuka. The literal meaning of the term dvi or dvy is two and that of the term anuka is atom. Thus the literal meaning of the compound term Dvyanuka is the combination or aggregation of two atoms (paramanus).
Description
The Dvyanuka is a fundamental concept in Vaisheshika philosophy, representing the initial step in the process of creation and the building blocks of all material objects in the universe. Dvyanuka is also called as dyad. The Dvyanukas are non eternal objects.
According to the Vaisheshika philosophy, during the formation of the dvyanuka from two same type of paramanus, all the qualities except the specific measures of pārimāndalya of the paramanus transferred to the product dvyanuka.
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78875522
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza%20Masoud%20Ansari%20Garmrudi
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Mirza Masoud Ansari Garmrudi
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Mirza Masoud Ansari Garmrudi (; died 1848) was an Iranian politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs twice (1835–1838 and 1845–1848).
He was born in 1790. He was the son of Mirza Abdol Rahim Ansari and cousin of Mirza Saeed Khan Ansari. He became the secretary and translator of the crown prince Abbas Mirza since he was the first Iranian official to become fluent in French. In 1829, following the murder of the Russian diplomat Alexander Griboyedov by the people of Tehran, a delegation led by prince Khosrow Mirza was sent to the Russian capital Saint Petersburg to apologize. The delegation included Mirza Mohammad Khan Zangana, Mirza Masoud, Mirza Saleh Shirazi, Hossein Ali Beg (Khosrow Mirza's uncle), Mirza Taqi Khan Farahani (the future Amir Kabir), Hajji Baba Afshar, Fazel Khan Garrusi, Mohammad Hossein Khan, Magniago de Borea (Khosrow Mirza's French tutor) and Barthélémy Semino (a French military advisor). The delegation's journey to Saint Petersburg was recorded by Mirza Masoud's secretary Mirza Mostafa Afshar. He described how the Russian emperor was impressed by the French knowledge of Mirza Masoud. In 1835, Mirza Masoud was appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs by Mohammad Shah Qajar (), which he served as until 1838. Around the same period, Mirza Masoud married Zia ol-Saltaneh, the seventh daughter of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (). Together, they had two daughters and two sons. From 1845 to 1848, Mirza Masoud served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs again. He died in 1848 and was buried in Najaf.
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78875915
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Morgan%20%28engineer%29
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Graham Morgan (engineer)
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Graham Morgan CMG (12 July 1903 – 29 August 1987) was a British civil engineer who served as State Engineer of Johore and as head of Tanganiyka Public Works Department in the 1940s and 1950s.
Early life and education
Morgan was born on 12 July 1903. He was educated at King Henry VIII Grammar School, Abergavenny, and University College, Cardiff where he received his BSc Civil Engineering in 1923.
Career
Morgan began his career as an assistant engineer in Newport, Monmouthshire in 1924, and later that year was employed at Devon County Council.
In 1926, he went to the Federated Malay States where he was appointed Assistant Engineer. He then served in many posts as engineer in the Public Works Department of the Federated Malay States serving in Pekan, Raub, Klang, Kedah, and Kinta, and in Singapore as Assistant Resident Engineer while the Kallang aerodrome was being constructed. In 1939, he was seconded for service as Senior Executive Engineer, Malayan Public Works Department. In 1941, after the Japanese invaded the Malay Peninsula, he was evacuated from Singapore on the S.S. Kuala which was sunk by Japanese bombers off Pom Pong island, Dutch East Indies. In 1948, he was appointed State Engineer of Johore.
From 1950 to 1954, he served as Director of Public Works Department, Tanganyika before retiring.
Personal life
Morgan married Alice Morgan in 1931 and they had three daughters.
Honours
Morgan was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1954 Birthday Honours.
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78876019
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperatives%20in%20the%20First%20Intifada
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Cooperatives in the First Intifada
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During the First Intifada, from 1987 to 1991, Palestinians established a number of cooperatives with the goal of increasing the autonomy of the Palestinian economy.
Background
On 9 December 1987, an Israeli truck driver collided with and killed four Palestinians in the Jabalia refugee camp. The incident sparked the largest wave of Palestinian unrest since the Israeli occupation began in 1967: the First Intifada. During the early stages, the Intifada was largely characterised by a non-violent campaign led by a decentralised, grassroots leadership, with actions including labour strikes, tax strikes, boycotts of Israeli goods, boycotts of Israeli institutions, demonstrations, the establishment of underground classrooms and cooperatives, raisings of the banned Palestinian flag, and civil disobedience. The Israeli government responded to the breakout of the Intifada with a harsh crackdown, however, and the Intifada grew more violent during its last stages, including Palestinian internal political violence against rumoured collaborators. By the end of the Intifada, over a thousand Palestinians had been killed and over a hundred thousand injured by Israeli forces, with around two hundred Israelis having been killed by Palestinians. The First Intifada would come to an end with several high-profile peace negotiations, including the Madrid Conference of 1991 and the 1993 Oslo Accords.
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78877533
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitim-Olyokma%20National%20Okrug
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Vitim-Olyokma National Okrug
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Governance
In 1931, the Orgburo of the East Siberian Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) for the Vitim-Olyokma national okrug was created. In March 1932, the 1st Okrug Party Conference was held. The Okrug Committee exercised leadership over the territorial (Kalarsky, Tungiro-Olyokminsky, Tungokochensky, Nyukzhinsky and Vitim-Karenga) and goldfield (Blyukherovsky and named after 11 October) Raion Committees of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). The structure of the Okrug Committee included organizational, cultural and propaganda, and agitation and mass departments.
In April 1932, the district committee of the Komsomol was created. The committee consisted of 5 departments: organizational, cultural and educational, military and physical education, political education, and pioneers.
Administrative division
As of October 1, 1931, the okrug was divided into 4 raions:
During 1932 and 1933, number of administrative changes took place. On November 15, 1933, the Kyker village council was transferred from the of the East-Siberian krai to the Vitim-Olyokma national okrug. As a result, by 1934 the administrative division of the okrug took the following form:
Population
As of 1 January 1931, the national okrug had a population of 9,240. 2,000 (22%) of the population was urban and 7,240 (78%) was rural and nomadic. In the mid-1930s, there were three workers' settlements in the district: 11 October (status granted in 1930), Kalakan and Blukherovsk (both granted status in 1933). By 1 January 1936, the population reached 10.4 thousand people. The population was dominated by Russians and Evenks. There were also about 250 Yakuts.
Economy and Culture
The majority of the population was engaged in gold mining, reindeer herding, and fur harvesting. The okrug was subsidized.
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78877556
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Stanley%20Low
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Mary Stanley Low
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Mary Stanley Low (14 May 1912 – 9 January 2007) was a British-Cuban political activist, Trotskyist, surrealist poet, artist and Latin teacher. She is most known for the book Red Spanish Notebook: the first six months of revolution and the civil war.
Life
Low was born in 1912 in London, England, to Australian parents. She was educated in France and Switzerland, spoke English, French and Spanish, and travelled with her parents in Europe as a child.
In her early career, Low worked as a Latin teacher, wrote for English magazines and edited Classics Chronicles, a biannual magazine dedicated to the Latin language and the history of Rome.
Low met the Cuban surrealist poet Juan Ramón Breá (1905–1941) in 1933 in Paris. They befriended members of the French surrealist movement, such as the painter Óscar Domínguez, the painter Wifredo Lam and the poet Benjamin Péret. The couple became lovers and travelled extensively in Europe, including trips to Prague, Vienna, Belgrade, Istanbul, Bucharest, Brussels and London, and visited Breá's native Cuba. In 1934, during their visit to Bucharest they campaigned with Victor Brauner for the Romanian Communist Party.
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78877556
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Stanley%20Low
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Mary Stanley Low
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In the book, Low disputed claims that milicianas were mostly concerned with their appearance, recounted the burial of the anarchist leader Buenaventura Durruti after his death in November 1936, and noted her experiences of the bureaucratic culture of politicians of the Catalan government in contrast to the "egalitarian" mood on the street. Low's chapters also praised the efforts of the POUM Women’s Secretariat in establishing courses for women on the subjects of "socialism, child welfare, French, hygiene, women’s rights, the origin of the religious and family sense" and which taught them "to knit and sew and make flags."
Low and Breá married on 24 September 1937 in London, and lived in Prague from 1938 to early 1940. Here, they befriended Czech surrealists including Toyen, Bohuslav Brouk and Jindřich Heisler. During this period they also co-wrote the French language book of surrealist poetry La Saison des flûtes, which was released by Editions Surréalistes of Paris.
Low and Breá witnessed the occupation of the streets of Prague by Nazi German troops in the early period of World War II. In February 1940, Low and Breá emigrated to Cuba from Europe, after obtaining safe-conduct papers through their acquaintance with a German cultural attaché who was a member of the nobility. Not long after the couple settled in Cuba, Breá died in 1941, aged 35.
After her husbands death, Low remained in Cuba for almost 25 years. Low gave talks at the Havana Institute of Marxist Culture and, in 1943, she published a selection of political and cultural essays forwarded by her friend Benjamin Péret. Also that year she edited La Verdad Contemporanea, the first work of surrealist theory published in the Caribbean. Low also taught at the Instituto de El Vedado, the Universidad de la Habana. She taught English at the Community House.
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78877604
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Nicotera
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Battle of Nicotera
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The oncoming Aragonese-Sicilian fleet grouped its ships together into a tight line bound with chains, and crashed into the Pisan contingent of the Angevin fleet, breaking through the center of the Angevin line. Seeing the center break, the Genoese and Provençal contingents of the Angevin fleet turned and fled, while the Neapolitan ships beached themselves at Nicotera. The remaining Angevin ships lost all cohesion and either fled, were captured, or were forced to fight in small groups against the better organized Aragonese. The poor condition and heavily depleted crews of the Angevin ships led to the Aragonese taking ships with relative ease; de Mari's flagship was captured in a boarding action, and was found to have only 18 crewmen left on board.
Aftermath
The battle was a defeat for the Angevins and a victory for the Aragonese-Sicilian kingdom. The victorious Aragonese captured over twenty Angevin ships, towing them to Messina. Many of the ships captured were being used as troop transports, and so were filled with disheartened Angevin soldiers; several hundred prisoners were captured, with some contemporary chronicles listing four to six thousand prisoners taken.
The Angevin fleet scattered after the battle. Some ships staggered back to Reggio, while other individual ships were able to disperse and make it back to their home ports in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The victory gave the Aragonese fleet temporary control of the seas around Sicily, and this control allowed Aragon to go on the offensive against the Angevins in Calabria the following year.
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78877675
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixophilus
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Mixophilus
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Respiration
Like other marine centipedes, Mixophilus can survive for days submerged in water. Laboratory experiments with Mixophilus specimens of various sizes indicate that smaller and younger centipedes can survive longer under water than larger and older centipedes. Experiments also suggest that Mixophilus survives under water by absorbing some oxygen from the water through the cuticle. Measurements of the pH level in the blood of Mixophilus specimens submerged in water reveal an increase in acidity, suggesting that these centipedes survive by relying on anaerobic metabolism, which increases carbonic and lactic acids in the blood, as well as cutaneous respiration. These centipedes cannot survive indefinitely under water, however, and must clear the oxygen debt upon exposure to the air again.
After removal from water, Mixophilus temporarily increases the uptake of oxygen, peaking after three hours in smaller specimens and five hours in larger specimens. This centipede achieves this increase in oxygen uptake by pumping a larger volume of air into the tracheal system. Allowed to recover after three days under water, for example, Mixophilus expands and contracts its main longitudinal tracheal trunks rhythmically at a rate reaching 22 to 25 pulsations per minute. This rate is slower after a shorter period under water. The normal rate of pulsation without any submergence is only three to five pulsations per minute.
The terrestrial centipede Himantarium samuelraji does not exhibit these tracheal pulsations, suggesting that a typical terrestrial centipede does not need this ventilation mechanism, which evidently reflects an adaptation for aquatic life. A comparison with H. samuelraji also reveals structural differences in the longitudinal tracheal trunks: These trunks are narrow tubes of uniform diameter in H. samuelraji but are markedly swollen in the middle in M. indicus. These swollen tubes resemble the air sacs of locusts.
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78877736
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20War%20Artillery%20Memorial
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South African War Artillery Memorial
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Beck sustained a fatal wound during an engagement at Lichtenburg, South Africa, on March 3, 1901. The incident occurred during a Boer attack on the town. Beck had volunteered to cross an open area under fire to bring provisions to his unit stationed near the guns. On his return, he was struck by a bullet that passed through his leg, breaking the bone. Beck was taken to a field hospital where an attempt to save his leg was made. He initially began to make a recovery but died on 23 March from his wounds.
Beck was buried in Lichtenberg Cemetery. For his actions, Beck was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal, with Cape Colony, Rhodesia, Transvaal, and South Africa 1901 campaign clasps.
Gunner Joseph Brown
Joseph Brown, listed as a Private on the nominal roll, was a Telegraph instructor from Hamilton and enlisted with the Fifth Contingent. Brown left New Zealand with the Auckland Company aboard the SS Maori on 31 March 1900.
While stationed in Lichtenburg, passed away from enteric fever after a brief illness lasting three weeks. He died 18 December 1900 and was buried the following morning in Lichtenburg cemetery. His illness was part of a larger outbreak that affected the area, with sixty cases of fever reported in a single week, attributed to the consumption of green peaches.
Brown was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal, with clasps for the Cape Colony, Rhodesia and Transvaal campaigns.
Gunner Frederick Forbes
Frederick William Duncan Forbes was born in Scotland and arrived in Dunedin with his widowed mother via Edinburgh in 1871. Just months after settling in the colony, Forbes mother took ill and died, leaving Forbes an orphan.
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78877803
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis%20church%2C%20La%20Fl%C3%A8che
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Saint-Louis church, La Flèche
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The Saint-Louis church is located in La Flèche, in the French department of Sarthe. Built from 1607 onwards in the grounds of the Jesuit College, founded in 1603 by Henri IV, it was completed in 1621. Since 1808, it has been part of the Prytanée National Militaire, where the ashes of the hearts of Henri IV and Queen Marie de Médicis are kept, and is a parish of the diocese of Les Armées.
Designed by architect Louis Métezeau, Saint-Louis church is a transitional style between traditional Gothic architecture and the Italian influence of the late 16th century. The whiteness and sobriety of the nave contrast with the profusion of Baroque decoration on the high altar and organ loft. The church has been a listed monument since 1919.
History
From the founding of the Jesuit college to the church
On September 3, 1603, Henri IV signed the Edict of Rouen authorizing the return of the Jesuits to France and then decided to cede his “Château-Neuf” at La Flèche to the Jesuits so that they could establish a college. In the Edict of Fontainebleau, issued in 1607, the king laid down the college's teaching program and promised to build its church. He also indicated that he wished his heart to be removed from his body after his death, and placed in the college's church.
Construction of the church, directed by Jacques le Féron de Longuemézière, began in 1607, to plans drawn up by Louis Métezeau, the king's architect. The foundation stone was laid in the crypt by Jean de Beaumanoir, marshal of Lavardin, and blessed by the parish priest of Saint-Thomas church in La Flèche.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Zoroastrianism
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Women in Zoroastrianism
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Equality
The Avesta advocates spiritual gender equality and recognizes women as "men's partners in the common struggle against evil", with religious and moral agency equal to men. An egalitarian message is further apparent through the use of inclusive formulae in various passages. The Yasna Haptanghaiti collocates the words nar- (man) and nāirī- (woman) four times, twice in the expression nā vā nāirī vā ("a man or a woman") and twice in the form narąmcā nāirinąmcā ("of men and women"). The Gathas also combine the two, at points referencing iθā ... narō aθā jə̄naiiō ("thus ... men, so also women"). In FrD.3, a Younger Avestan fragment, both men nad women are cautioned: "He has not won anything who has not won (anything) for his soul. She has not won anything who has not won (anything) for her soul." Avestan texts frequently praise and venerate righteous adherents of the faith, regardless of gender, for instance in Y. 39.2 ("and we worship now the souls of truthful men and women, wherever they may have been born") and Y. 37.3 ("we worship in the choices of the truthful ones—of men and of women").
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78877818
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Zoroastrianism
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Women in Zoroastrianism
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Zoroastrians are initiated through investiture of the sedreh (ritual shirt) and kushti (ritual girdle), a ceremony that is undertaken for both boys and girls. The Vendidad declares that it is sinful for a man or woman older than 15 to not wear the sedreh. It is clear in the Avesta that women, like men, can receive religious education. Y. 26.7 refers to the choices "of teachers, of students—male [and] female". Vr. 3.4 and Gāh 4.9 mention "well educated" women. The Hērbedestān states that those eligible to receive education for aθauruna ("priestly service") include both the lady (nāirikā-) and lord of the house (nmānō.paiti-), the one chosen being the one with the "highest esteem for truth" and who is the one less needed to manage the household. Like men, women are expected to spread Zoroastrian teachings: Y. 35.6 states that "a man or a woman" who "knows what is real" and "what is really good" should "make this known to those who will thus practice it". The Avesta does not exclude women from participating in rituals or sacrificial rites. Y. 41.2 endorses rule by both men and women: "May a good ruler, a man or a woman, rule us, in both existences"; women are thus presented as capable of being good leaders in both a material and spiritual sense.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Zoroastrianism
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Women in Zoroastrianism
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The supreme deity of Zoroastrianism, Ahura Mazda, is an explicitly male figure and is referenced with masculine language. Ahura Mazda's first act is stated to have been to bring into being the Amesha Spentas, six lesser divinities (yazatas) that aid in the struggle against evil. These indicate some sort of equality between the masculine and the feminine in the cosmology, since three are male and three are female. These divinities never act as earthly men and women, since they do not marry and do not produce further offspring. Each Amesha Spenta protects one part of the material world against Angra Mainyu. Worship of all Amesha Spentas is encouraged in the Zoroastrian scriptures.
There is no specific hierarchy among the Amesha Spentas in the original scriptures, though the masculine divinities appear more frequently in Younger Avestan listings. There is evidence that Zoroastrian theology grew more conservative and male-oriented in the medieval Middle Persian/Pahlavi texts. Female divinities appear less frequently in these and in one Middle Persian classification of cosmic elements, those associated with the masculine (sky, metal, wind, and fire) appear before those associated with the feminine (water, earth, and plants). Middle Persian literature likewise appears to assign the protection of men to the masculine divinities and the protection of women to the feminine ones.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Zoroastrianism
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Women in Zoroastrianism
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The feminine Zoroastrian divinities are neither passive nor defined by traditional female social roles. Something akin to such a role only applies to one of the divinities, Spenta Armaiti, who is represented as a pious and obedient daughter of Ahura Mazda, a "mother of all" and a "queen of paradise" who purifies the wombs of women after birth and is therefore critical to the continued existence of humanity. The Amesha Spenta associated with water, Haurvatat, is often described with epithets such as sūrā ("strong") and anāhitā ("undefiled") and is credited with bestowing fertility on both women and men, and increasing fields, crops, herds, and possessions. As Anahita, Haurvatat has historically also been venerated as a warrior who brought victory to Iran and its soldiers. She was likened to a "Persian Artemis" in Parthian (247 BCE–224 CE) times and her cult gained special recognition in the Sasanian period (224–651). Sasanian kings were crowned in Anahita's temple in Istakhr and the heads of defeated enemies were reportedly sent to this temple.
Demons
A majority of demons (daevas) in Zoroastrian texts are male, though female demons also appear. Pollution of dead matter is for instance attributed to the female Nasu and the beginning of menstruation is the fault of the female Jahi. In Middle Persian texts, Jahu came to personify the "pollution of menstruation" and be regarded as the embodiment of "uncontrolled female sexuality" and thus the opponent of all virtuous women. Female demons are generally depicted as unrestrained, deceptive, and disobedient.
Women in Zoroastrian history
Ancient history
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Zoroastrianism
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Women in Zoroastrianism
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Because Ahura Mazda was described as having created both men and women to fight aginst evil, the initial stages of Zoroastrianism appears to have reflected some egalitarian ideals. Such ideals were not completely reflected in everday religious practice or in doctrine, since ancient Iran was a male-dominated society and continued to be so as Zoroastrianism flourished. The Zoroastrian priesthood appears to have been all-male since the earliest times. There is however some evidence that women under certain circumstances were considered fit to officiate minor priestly duties or otherwise serve as religious functionaries. A handful of sources prove that the Zoroastrian cult of Anahita had priestesses.
In the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE), noble women were educated, participated in ceremonies, and exercised some political power. Women independently managed and owned estates throughout the empire. Records establish that owners of the estates, both male and female, gave equal rations to both male and female workers. Female workers who headed work crews or were new mothers were given special rations. Achaemenid kings practiced marriage to relatives and polygamy, but it is unclear if these practices were also common among the general Zoroastrian population. Greek sources from the Hellenistic period attribute such practices to Iranians in general. There are no passages in the sacred Zoroastrian texts that directly address polygamy.
Sasanian Empire
In the Sasanian Empire, Zoroastrianism was for the first time institutionalized as the official state religion. Sasanian Zoroastrianism was predominantly patriarchal. The empire organized a powerful and official priesthood with hereditary offices, though it was composed exclusively of men. Men enjoyed considerable social advantages over women in the Sasanian Empire.
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78877818
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Zoroastrianism
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Women in Zoroastrianism
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Zoroastrianists has historically considered it to be a woman's moral duty to sequester herself during menstruation so that her touch or glance would not "contaminate". It is unclear to what degree this practice has ever been implemented. In mid-20th century India it was common for Zoroastrian women with menses to live alone in one part of the house, wearing old clothes and using metal utensils. Zoroastrian women in Iran at this time typically lived in an outbuilding away form water or fire during menstruation. Many Zoroastrians today see such stringent approaches as outdated or irrational. Zoroastrian women in Iran and India may still voluntarily isolate themselves after childbirth or during menstruation, and take care to keep distance from fires and avoid touching sacred objects and books. Zoroastrian women raised in the diaspora are less likely to observe these kind of restrictions.
Sexuality
The duty to marry and procreate is elevated in Zoroastrianism as a holy pursuit, for both men and women. Sexual love within marriage in the attempt to produce children is thus a virtuous act and seen in the context of a religious duty. Zoroastrians also believe that sexual intercourse compromises the purity of both men and women since semen is considered to be "dead matter". According to the Rivayats, both partners can purify themselves by reciting prayers before and after, and by following the act with a ritual washing.
The "wasting of seed" is considered a grave sin. For this reason, and because it can not lead to the creation of children, male homosexuality has historically been cast as an act introduced into the world by Angra Mainyu. There is no historical explicit condemnation of female homosexuality in Zoroastrian tradition. Due to menstruation being seen as compromising purity, sexual intercourse during menstruation has also been historically regarded as sinful since it not only pollutes the other party but also does not lead to the conception of children.
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78878404
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Anglo%E2%80%93Ashanti%20War
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First Anglo–Ashanti War
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McCarthy barely had time to inspect his positions — Wassaws on the right, Tibo and his Denkyiras on the left, and the regulars and the Fantis in the center — when the Ashanti began their attack. Up to that moment, according to Colonel Ellis, "he seems to have been of opinion that there was but a small force of Ashanti at hand, and that the main body was at the distance of two or three days’ march," refusing to credit reports from his own scouts that the entire Ashanti army, probably ten thousand men, were on top of him. Chisholm, with six hundred regulars and militia and three thousand unorganized natives, was still twenty-five miles away, and Captains Laing and Blenkarne, with four hundred more regulars among them, were too far away as well.
Battle of Nsamankow
At about 2 p.m. on 21 January, the Ashanti army, blowing their horns and beating their drums, advanced to about a half-mile of the river bank. One of the single most ludicrous incidents in colonial warfare now occurred: McCarthy called his brass band, from the Royal African Corps, forward, and told them to strike up "God Save the King." The buglers were told to add to the din (loud and unpleasant noise), the whole idea being that McCarthy was convinced, "from some strange source of information," that the Ashanti only wanted an opportunity to come over to him.
The Ashanti played in return, "and this musical defiance was kept up for some time, after which a dead silence ensued," Colonel Ellis reported. A few moments later, the drums began beating again, and the Ashanti advanced and lined up on their side of the river, which was about sixty feet wide. "This movement," said Colonel Ellis, "was executed with the greatest regularity, the Ashanti advancing in a number of different divisions under their respective leaders, whose horns sounded their calls; and upon hearing them, a native who had been in Kumasi was able to name nearly every Ashanti chief with the army."
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78878485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution%20of%20a%20Dead%20Man
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Execution of a Dead Man
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"E’daa’m Mayet" () is a 1985 Egyptian drama and thriller film directed by Ali Abdel Khaleq and written by Ibrahim Masoud. It stars Mahmoud Abdel Aziz, Farid Shawqi, Yehia El-Fakharany, Poussi, and Laila Elwi. This movie is widely regarded as one of the classics of Egyptian cinema and is remembered for its compelling narrative and undertones.
The story of E’daa’m Mayet draws inspiration from real-life cases during the tense political period between Egypt and Israel in the 1970s. The film’s portrayal of the Dimona nuclear reactor highlights the era's intelligence wars and the risks undertaken by operatives on both sides.
Plot
In 1972, Mansour, an assistant to Tubji and a collaborator with Israeli intelligence, is arrested and sentenced to death. The Egyptian Intelligence Service discovers the striking resemblance between Mansour and Egyptian intelligence officer Ezz El-Din. They devise a plan for Ezz to assume Mansour’s identity and undertake a mission to uncover secrets about the Israeli nuclear reactor, Dimona.
Mansour trains Ezz extensively on his behavior, personality, and lifestyle, except for his personal relationship with a woman named Poussi. Ezz then travels to Israel under the guise of Mansour. Poussi begins to suspect his true identity and attempts to expose him to Abu Juda, a representative of Mossad, claiming he is not the real Mansour. However, her efforts fail, and Abu Juda kills her.
As Ezz successfully completes his mission, Mansour’s father discovers Ezz’s true identity and informs Abu Juda. This revelation leads to a critical turning point. Mansour's father requests that the Israeli intelligence return his son. Subsequently, an agreement is made between the Egyptian and Israeli intelligence agencies: three Israeli pilots and Mansour will be exchanged for Ezz.
At the prisoner exchange site, Sheikh Massa'd Tubji (Mansour’s father) takes justice into his own hands by killing his son to cleanse the shame of betraying the homeland.
Cast
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78878536
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Coles%20Phillips
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Frank Coles Phillips
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Frank Coles Phillips (19 March 1902 – 11 September 1982) was a British crystallographer, mineralogist and petrologist. He wrote textbooks on crystallography and structural geology. Phillips held the George Herdman chair of geology at the University of Liverpool for one year, in 1947, and was later Professor of Mineralogy and Petrology at the University of Bristol.
Early life
Phillips was born in Plymouth, Devon, on 19 March 1902. His mother was Kate Phillips (); his father, Nicholas Phillips, was a government tax officer. Phillips had an older brother and an older sister. He grew up near Plymouth, and went to school at Plymouth College.
Education
Phillips went to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in September 1920. He gained a first class in Part 1 of the Mathematical Tripos in 1921. In 1922, he was appointed as temporary demonstrator in petrology in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, where he worked under Alfred Harker. In 1923, Phillips gained his B.A., and completed part 1 in the Natural Sciences Tripos. He graduated in geology in 1924. Phillips then began working towards a PhD thesis, with a study of the petrology of the igneous rocks of the Shetland islands. He was supervised by Harker for his PhD. Phillips was also student demonstrator in mineralogy for the period 1925 to 1928.
Career
After completing his PhD, Phillips remained in Cambridge, where he began to focus on the microscopic structure of metamorphic rocks. In 1928, he was appointed demonstrator in mineralogy, and in 1932 was appointed University lecturer in mineralogy and petrology in the new department of mineralogy and petrology, headed by Cecil Edgar Tilley.
He remained in Cambridge until 1946.
| 2.28125
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78878654
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Party%20of%20the%20Left%20%28Poland%29
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Democratic Party of the Left (Poland)
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Ideology
The party was described as left-wing, and social democratic. It was to the left of the main social democratic party in Poland in the 1990s and 2000s, the Democratic Left Alliance. It DPL was founded at the time when Democratic Left Alliance was in disarray - in regions like Silesia, nearly all of the party's local structures defected to new left-wing parties, accusing their former party of centralizing and neoliberalizing tendencies. DPL presented itself as an "alternative for common people" and accused Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) of abandoning left-wing ideals; DPL emphasized that unlike SLD, it is "a party without money brought from the West". DPL described Democratic Left Alliance as a "centre-right party", and stated: "Today's SLD has little in common with leftist thought. The only fully left-wing party is Samoobrona, but they are populists after all. This is why we have decided to set up a new party."
DPL sought to create what it called "a real left wing in Poland", and rejected the mainstream left-wing parties in Poland at the time, the Democratic Left Alliance and the Social Democracy of Poland, as parties that bear the name of left wing but "have shown that they have nothing to do with the left". The party's slogan was "enough of economic liberalism, social conservatism and the interests of the richest!" The party attacked Polish ruling parties of taking from the poor and aiding the rich, and disregard for ordinary people. The DPL argued that economic liberalism goes against the Polish Constitution, which claims to guarantee equality and social justice. The main priority of the priority was raising the minimum wage in Poland; accordingly, the party opposed the so-called "chimney law", which was to limit the salaries of managers and executies while also freezing the minimum wage - the DPL argued that the law must raise the minimum wage instead.
| 1.9375
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78878769
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Henneberg
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Hugo Henneberg
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Hugo Henneberg (27 July 186311 July 1918) was an Austrian scientist, graphic artist, and art photographer.
Early life and education
Hugo Henneberg was born on 27 July 1863 in Vienna, Austrian Empire.
Henneberg departed from his family home at the age of eleven to go to grammar school at Schnepfenthal Salzmann School. Upon his return, he completed his high school studies in Vienna. He was attending Vienna's K.K. Franz-Joseph-Gymnasium in the early 1880s. In 1882, Henneberg devoted himself to studies in physics, chemistry, astronomy, and mathematics at the Vienna University and later in Jena.
He partnered with Vienna's Richard O. Lorenz on a patent filed under the 'Electrical apparatus and telegraphy' category for electric arc lamps on 26 May 1883. In December 1884, they entered a patent in Berlin for innovations in regulators for electric arc lamps.
Henneberg received his doctorate in physics at the University of Jena in 1887. Shortly after, Dr. Hugo Henneberg travelled to North America in 1888. In 1889, he published an article on the thermal conductivity of mixtures of ethyl alcohol and water in the scientific journal, Annalen der Physik. In 1890, he visited Egypt and Greece.
Career
As a young man, he was drawn to photography, beginning by constructing a camera from an opera glass lens housed in a cigar box. By 1887, he took up artistic photography.
Vienna Camera Club
In 1891, he had become a member of Vienna's photographic society, the Vienna Camera Club (). That year, the club arranged the premiere International Exhibition of Artistic Photography, where several English pictorialists were featured for the first time in Vienna. Henneberg displayed a landscape of Nasswald, Austria, at the 1891 Photographic Exhibition of Artistic Photographs held in the Museum of Applied Arts.
| 2.453125
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78878769
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Henneberg
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Hugo Henneberg
|
Hugo Henneberg made an appearance at an exhibition of the Salzburg Amateur Club in the Marble Hall of the Mirabell Palace in June 1893. In Salzburg, Henneberg was recognized for presenting finely executed landscapes. His entries in the exhibition catalogue, including "Sailing Ship," "Still Waters," "Autumn Evening," and "Villa Floridiana near Naples," were praised for their atmospheric quality, scenic beauty, and the skillful execution of each photograph. While examining Henneberg's pictures, the dignitaries of Salzburg showed their admiration, commenting, "The man must have excellent glasses."
Henneberg's photographic works were part of the Photo-club de Paris's "Première Exposition d'art photographique" at the Galerie Georges Petit in Paris in January 1894.
The Linked Ring
The Austrian amateur photographer was admitted to the British photographic society, The Linked Ring, in 1894 with Hans Watzek and became closely associated with Heinrich Kühn. That year, the Linked Ring Brotherhood featured Henneberg's artworks in their 1894 Photographic Salon at the Dudley Gallery in the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, London. He exhibited various works including "Evening Calm", "November", and "Landscape". The following London Photographic Salon in 1895 also included an exhibit of Henneberg's works.
In January 1895, at an award ceremony of the Viennese Photographic Society, he was awarded a silver medal for four atmospheric landscape studies by the jury of the society.
| 2.046875
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78878769
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Henneberg
|
Hugo Henneberg
|
The Viennese artist was among the exhibitors showcasing gum prints at the London Photographic Salon in October 1897. Three of Henneberg's photos were exhibited at the Dudley Gallery in Piccadilly, London.
He was named a corresponding member of the Society for the Promotion of Amateur Photography () in Hamburg, Germany on 19 November 1897. On 25 January 1898, M. Pichier of the Association of Friends of Photography Königsberg () proposed Henneberg as an honorary member, recognizing his significance in artistic photography and the association's growth following his 1897 exhibition.
In 1898, Henneberg showcased 10 works at an exhibition of the Camera Club in Vienna. His work titled "Italian Villa in Autumn" was said to resemble the style of a Böcklin chalk drawing rather than a traditional photograph. Henneberg's prints were similar to oil underpaintings, prioritizing color over form, featuring "Baltic Sea Beach," "Old Cypress," and "Motif at Stillfried."
In March 1899, Hugo Henneberg's work was exhibited at the Exhibition of Pictorial Photography in Berlin, Germany. He was credited by Hugo Müller as one of the first who tried to introduce color using the gum-bichromate process.
Henneberg had a villa designed and built by architect Josef Hoffmann of the Vienna Secession between 1900 and 1901 in the Hohe Warte district in Vienna. The Villa Henneberg was situated at Steinfeldgasse no. 4. He resided within an artist colony where the residences of Friedrich Viktor Spitzer, Koloman Moser, and Carl Moll were located. He had a photo studio and darkroom installed in his home. At the 8th Exhibition of the Vienna Secession in late 1900, Henneberg bought a smoker's cabinet by Charles Rennie Mackintosh for his nearly completed Hoffman-designed house.
| 2.1875
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78878783
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peqin%20Clock%20Tower
|
Peqin Clock Tower
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The Clock Tower of Peqin () is a monument of cultural heritage located in Peqin, Albania. It was first recognized as a cultural heritage site by the rectorate of the State University of Tirana through decision no. 6, dated January 15, 1963. This status was later upheld by the Ministry of Education and Culture by decree no. 1886, dated June 10, 1973.
History
In 1670, the Ottoman explorer Evliya Çelebi who visited Peqin, observed a town made up of 400 dwellings, seven quarters, four mosques, two tekkes, seven masjids, three madrassas and seven mekteps. Later, in the 1840s, Albanologist Georg von Hahn documented the center of Peqin, describing its bazaar, which was “distinguished by an elegant mosque and a clock tower.” By the late 19th century, renowned Albanian scholar Sami Frashëri, in his Kâmûs al-A’lâm (Vol. 3), identified the clock tower as a notable landmark in the town's center.
The mosque attached to the clock tower was reconstructed by order of Xhafer Sadik Pasha, son of Sulejman Pasha and successor of Abdurrahman Pasha. According to Franz Babinger, the mosque was rebuilt in 1256 Hijri (1840–1841) after being destroyed by fire. However, it is possible that its construction was completed earlier, as Sadik Pasha died in 1250 H (1834). The date given by Babinger may in fact refer to the completion of both the mosque and the clock tower.
The inscription on the entrance gate of the mosque reveals that it was built by Mir Ismaili, a local beylerbey, in the year 1238 H (1822–1823 CE). It reads:
The chronogram, engraved in delicate taʿlīq script on two marble plaques (0.40 x 0.60 m), is positioned above the mosque’s second gate. The verses, arranged in seven distichs (AA, BA, CA…), cover the two plaques, with Quranic verses inscribed in smaller script at the bottom of the first plaque and the author’s name and construction date on the second. The inscriptions, underlined for emphasis, showcase remarkable artistry of historical importance.
| 2.328125
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78878855
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasdale%20Screes
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Wasdale Screes
|
Wasdale Screes is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) within the Lake District National Park in Cumbria, England. This protected area includes much of the escarpment on the southern margin of the lake called Wast Water, located 3km northeast of the village Santon Bridge. This landscape is protected because of the rare plant species present and the uniqueness of the scree landform.
The scree fields are below the fells of Illgill Head and Whin Rigg, but this protected area does not include these summits.
Geology
Wasdale Screes is a classic example of active disintegration of cliff into unstable scree. It is formed of rocks from the Borrowdale Volcanic Series.
Biology
This protected area has a diversity of montane plants including alpine lady's-mantle, purple saxifrage, mossy saxifrage, mountain everlasting, northern bedstraw and mountain melick. The plant species bearberry, mountain avens and shrubby cinquefoil have also been recorded here. A clubmoss species recorded in this protected area is alpine clubmoss. Over 25 species of fern have been recorded in this protected area including parsely fern, royal fern, moonwort and forked spleenwort.
The bird species buzzard, raven, peregrine and ring ouzel have been recorded in this protected area.
Land ownership
All land within Wasdale Screes SSSI is owned by the National Trust.
| 2.625
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78879620
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet%20Shoemaker
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Comet Shoemaker
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Comet Shoemaker or Shoemaker's Comet may refer to any of the 13 comets discovered by American astronomers, Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker, below:
102P/Shoemaker 1
155P/Shoemaker 3
199P/Shoemaker 4
C/1983 R1 (Shoemaker)
C/1984 K1 (Shoemaker)
C/1984 U1 (Shoemaker)
C/1984 U2 (Shoemaker)
C/1986 E1 (Shoemaker)
C/1987 H1 (Shoemaker)
C/1988 B1 (Shoemaker)
C/1989 A5 (Shoemaker)
C/1989 A6 (Shoemaker)
C/1992 U1 (Shoemaker)
It may also be a partial reference to 19 other comets they have co-discovered with other astronomers:
Comet Jensen–Shoemaker
C/1987 W3 (Jensen–Shoemaker)
Comet Shoemaker–Holt
121P/Shoemaker–Holt 2
128P/Shoemaker–Holt 1
C/1988 J1 (Shoemaker–Holt)
Comet Shoemaker–Holt–Rodriguez
C/1988 L1 (Shoemaker–Holt–Rodriguez)
Comet Shoemaker–Levy
118P/Shoemaker–Levy 4
129P/Shoemaker–Levy 3
135P/Shoemaker–Levy 8
137P/Shoemaker–Levy 2
138P/Shoemaker–Levy 7
145P/Shoemaker–Levy 5
181P/Shoemaker–Levy 6
192P/Shoemaker–Levy 1
C/1991 B1 (Shoemaker–Levy)
C/1991 T2 (Shoemaker–Levy)
D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy) 9
C/1993 K1 (Shoemaker–Levy)
C/1994 E2 (Shoemaker–Levy)
Comet Shoemaker–LINEAR
146P/Shoemaker–LINEAR
| 2.171875
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78879932
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef%20Maroszek%20%28engineer%29
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Józef Maroszek (engineer)
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Designer of firearms
In 1923, Józef Maroszek began his studies at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design at the Warsaw University of Technology. He received a scholarship from the Minister of Military Affairs to prepare his diploma thesis titled Technological Simplification of Domestically Produced Rifles. This work led to the development of the Karabinek KP-32, a thoroughly redesigned version of the kbk wz. 29, constructed at the State Rifle Factory. Although Maroszek's design never entered mass production, it drew the attention of military authorities. Before completing his studies, on 9 August 1931, Maroszek married Helena née Piątkowska, a 30-year-old widow. On 18 April 1932, he earned the degree of mechanical engineer.
After graduation, Maroszek was employed at the Military Institute of Armament Technology in Warsaw. For several months, he refined his Karabinek KP-32 project, revisiting it again between 1935 and 1936. However, its flaws could not be fully resolved, and the prototype was ultimately not selected for production.
Between 1934 and 1935, Maroszek initiated work on a new anti-tank rifle design, later adopted by the Polish Armed Forces as the wz. 35 anti-tank rifle. By late 1935 and early 1936, a trial batch of prototypes was produced. The innovative design of this rifle, featuring a muzzle brake, proved far more effective at piercing armor than traditional designs and was nearly half the weight. In 1937, the rifle entered secret mass production, continuing until the outbreak of World War II.
In parallel, the Military Institute of Armament Technology announced a competition in 1934 for Poland's first domestically designed semi-automatic rifle. Maroszek's "Turniej" rifle, alongside two other designs, progressed to advanced testing, and in 1936, it was selected as the sole design for further development. By 1938, the refined Kbsp wz. 38M entered production, but only 150 units of the trial series were manufactured before the war disrupted further production.
| 2.5625
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78879932
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef%20Maroszek%20%28engineer%29
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Józef Maroszek (engineer)
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One of Maroszek's lesser-known projects was a training variant of the Browning wz. 28, adapted for the cheaper .22 long rifle ammunition. While he created a prototype, it never advanced to mass production.
When war broke out, Maroszek and the Military Institute of Armament Technology staff were evacuated eastward. On 16 September 1939, their evacuation train was attacked by the Luftwaffe near Zdolbuniv in Volhynia. According to Maroszek, he used his personal wz. 38M semi-automatic rifle to fire at attacking aircraft, reportedly forcing one to land with the pilot severely wounded and the gunner fatally shot. This remains the only known account of the wz. 38M being used during the September Campaign.
After Poland's occupation by Soviet and German forces, Maroszek returned to Warsaw. From December 1939, he worked as a foreman at H. Zieleziński's mechanical plant in Praga, assisting in rebuilding Warsaw's power plant after war damage. In 1940, the Polish government-in-exile sought to bring Maroszek to France to refine his anti-tank rifle for use against more heavily armored vehicles. However, after reaching Kraków, the courier tasked with helping him cross the Hungarian border was arrested by the Gestapo. Maroszek avoided capture and returned to Warsaw. In June 1942, he began working for Stanisław Krasuski's company, managing the mechanical processing division. He later worked in a motorcycle repair workshop and for Kukier and Lisowski's firm.
During this time, Maroszek collaborated with the resistance movement. He manufactured springs and spare parts for captured weapons in his apartment and helped transport these materials to storage locations. He was injured during the Warsaw Uprising. After its fall, he was transferred through transition camps in Pruszków and Skierniewice to relatives in Sadurki. By March 1945, he returned to Warsaw to his surviving apartment in Mokotów.
| 2.296875
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78880404
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreocarya%20cana
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Oreocarya cana
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The earliest of these collected and examined type specimens of Oreocarya cana came from Pine Bluffs, Wyoming, collected by Johan Erik Bodin on June 27th, of 1889. Some other early specimens came from Ft. Robinson, Nebraska on June 1, of 1890, collected by Henry Walter Bates, and Pawnee Buttes, Colorado, on June 17th, of 1919, collected by George Everett Osterhout.
The binomial nomenclature, Cryptantha Cana stuck until 2012, when the Cryptantha genus was divided into different genera, with the Oreocarya section being elevated to genus, following Hasenstan-Lehman and Simpson's work on phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cryptantha.
Oreocarya cana is part of the “humilus group” of the genus Oreocarya, which houses eight species including O. cana. The “humilus group” is defined by; muricate nutlets, with an open scar, that is basally triangular, with plants typically having caespitose growth forms.
Names
The species epithet, cana, is Latin and roughly translates to "gray".
It is known by the common names mountain cryptantha and mountain cat’s-eye. “Cat’s-eye”, refers to the distinct yellow fornices, with white corollas exhibited on many species of Oreocarya that resemble eyes.
Range and habitat
Primary range is the western high plains of the United States, from Northeastern Colorado, north through eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska, into southwestern South Dakota. Disjunctions of Oreocarya cana have been recorded occurring further west through Wyoming into Carbon and Bighorn counties in Montana, as well as rarely in North Dakota. Entire species range are estimates based on collected herbarium specimens.
Oreocarya cana is typically found at elevations of , on sites receiving precipitation annually. Occurrences are usually on dry, rocky, exposed sites, often occurring as a chasmophyte or lithophyte on sandstone Rimrock of bluffs and buttes, as well as on rolling plains either in Rocky Mountain Juniper and Rocky Mountain Ponderosa pine forest, or shortgrass prairie ecosystems.
Ecology
| 2.5
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78880404
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreocarya%20cana
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Oreocarya cana
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O. cana appears unable to compete with dominant sod-forming grasses of the shortgrass prairies such as Bouteloua gracilis and Bouteloua dactyloides that make up the climax vegetation. It escapes to shaley ridges or gravelly outcrops which periodically jut up through the prairie sod where it flourishes. In these habitats, O. cana finds itself at home with various species of Atriplex, Artemisia, Astragalus, Eriogonum, Eremogone, Physaria, Mentzelia, Penstemon, Townsendia, Phlox and other similar forms. Blooms typically occur May and June.
Little in depth study has been done on most species in the genus Oreocarya regarding ecological relations with organisms from other kingdoms, but most species are known to be pollinated by insects. Lepidoptera and Coleoptera have been observed visiting several species of Oreocarya and undoubtedly serve as pollinators.
Seed dispersal mechanisms within the genus Oreocarya are almost entirely unknown. Nutlets of several species have been shown to have slightly winged margins(shown in above photo), but the size of the wing in relation to nutlet size, is such that it likely has little to no aid in wind dispersal. Seed dispersal by means of an animal vector is the most plausible answer to long-distance dispersal events.
Conservation
In 2023 NatureServe evaluated the species and ranked it as apparently secure (G4) at the global level. In Montana, Wyoming, and Nebraska it is also ranked as apparently secure (S4). While in Colorado and South Dakota they evaluated it as imperiled (S2). Threats to Oreocarya cana include: overgrazing and trampling from livestock, rangeland management, and competition from invasive species.
| 3.0625
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78880406
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Herbert%20Lewin
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Thomas Herbert Lewin
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Lewin's ship sailed up the Hooghly and docked in October. Lewin reported to the fort adjutant and settled into the Cadet headquarters of Fort William. His uncle by marriage, Arthur Grote was a civilian in the Company's service also offered Lewin to stay with him at their residence in Alipore. Lewin would learn from Grote his cousin Edward was serving in the artillery in Lucknow. Lewin was attached to the 34th Border Regiment under orders for Cawnpore, which he joined at Chinsura in the west. Lewin would encamp on the bare ground for the night before parading and embarking by railroad. The journey would continue via horseback to Allahabad via the Grand Trunk Road under a subaltern named Cochrane. The country was under martial law. Lewin would observe corpses hanging from makeshift gibbets along the way, and Cochrane ordered him and his men to keep their rifles loaded. At Benares, the men joined a detachment of the 82nd Regiment under Captain Marriot and proceeded via a different mode of transport.
Lewin would keep night watch with Cochrane. He described the uneasiness of being among the 'scowling natives' of the Allahabad bazaar to fetch new trousers. He would procure a personal staff consisting of a kitmutgar (table servant) and a syce to look after a grey pony he had recently brought. Lewin's rebellious attitude continued as an incident recounts how he took the reigns of the bullocks of an Indian driver and tried to steer the wagon only to crash in a ditch with him trapped under the Bullock's hooves.
| 2.265625
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78880406
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Herbert%20Lewin
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Thomas Herbert Lewin
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Lewin's regiment the 34th, along with the 82nd, 88th and 20th rifle brigades were sent to reinforce the Cawnpore town's ferry and boats over the Ganges river. The regiments were ordered to keep the road bridge open and to fight off the state army of Gwalior under Nana Sahib and Tatya Tope. Lewin was told by a sergeant that lying heaped at the bottom were the bodies of women and children who Nana Sahib had slaughtered. The courtyard was still strewn with blood and torn clothes. Lewin would explore the huts and discover a bible and a wall scratched with the words "Oh Lord, Our God, save us in this our time of trouble".
After relieving and reinforcing Lucknow, Lewin arrived at Cawnpore General Campbell, escorting 2000 women, children and the vulnerable to a place of safety. The General proceeded to escort them by boat down the Ganges River to Allahabad. After Tantya Tope sealed off the town from the west and east with the capture of Bani Bridge to Lucknow, the British forces, while outnumbered, decided to strike first. This would be Lewin's first direct experience of warfare. Lewin would record his experience:
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78880524
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%20Lisbon%20local%20election
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2025 Lisbon local election
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The 2025 Lisbon local election will be held in September or October 2025 to elect the members of the Lisbon City Council
Carlos Moedas is expected to run for a second term as mayor of Lisbon, while the Socialist Party, led by Alexandra Leitão, the Left Bloc and LIVRE are currently discussing a coalition in order to defeat the center-right coalition.
Background
The 2021 Lisbon local election was the biggest surprise of that year's nationwide local elections as Carlos Moedas, the candidate of the center-right coalition led by the Social Democratic Party, managed to be elected Mayor of Lisbon and put an end to 14 years of Socialist rule. Against all expectations, the center-right coalition managed to retake the capital by winning 34.3 percent of the votes and 7 councilors. The Socialist Party, in coalition with LIVRE, led by incumbent Mayor Fernando Medina, narrowly lost, achieving 33.3% of the votes and 7 councillors. Meanwhile, the Unitary Democratic Coalition, led by the third time by João Ferreira, had a slight increase in the vote share to 10.5% of the votes and keeping their 2 councillors, while the Left Bloc led by Beatriz Gomes Dias won 6.2% of the votes and kept their sole seat.
Despite his victory, Carlos Moedas had to seek understandings and deals with the other parties represented in the City Council in order to govern.
Electoral system
Each party or coalition must present a list of candidates. The lists are closed and the seats in each municipality are apportioned according to the D'Hondt method. Unlike in national legislative elections, independent lists are allowed to run.
Parties and candidates
Opinion polling
| 2
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78880629
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Macchio
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Christopher Macchio
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Christopher Dennis Macchio (born August 1, 1978) is an American tenor who specializes in classical crossover music. He is a member of New York Tenors and has released two studio albums, Dolci Momenti (Sweet Moments) and a Christmas album O Holy Night.
Early life and education
Macchio was born on August 1, 1978, to an Italian-American family in Holbrook, on Long Island, New York. His father, Dennis Macchio, owned and operated an economics forecasting firm, was an adjunct economics professor at Long Island University at C.W. Post, and later became a professional racecar driver, eventually owning and operating a series of respected racing schools across the United States. His mother, Lorraine Macchio (née Lawrence), was a homemaker and later worked at a local bank. As a student, his singing voice was discovered in his Sachem High School chorus, a class in which he had enrolled to meet a state graduation requirement. Encouraged by his chorus teacher, he shifted his focus from academic pursuits to music.
He spent the next two summers at the USDAN Summer Camp for the Arts, through which he was offered private vocal instruction by New York University adjunct voice professor and Holocaust survivor John Kuhn. He then trained in classical vocal performance at the Manhattan School of Music under Metropolitan Opera baritone Theodor Uppman. In 2007, he earned a B.A. in European History from Stony Brook University.
Career
In 2010, Macchio signed with EMI Records. In 2011, he performed in a related PBS concert special entitled “Bell’Aria: Live From Las Vegas”, followed by television appearances on Fox, ABC, NBC, and Rai Italia. In 2024, he made his Hollywood film debut as “Giovanni the singer” in the biopic “Cabrini” by director Alejandro Monteverde, followed by an appearance singing in mafia comedy “Don Q”, starring Armand Assante.
| 2.0625
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78880776
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacorichthys
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Pacorichthys
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Pacorichthys ("Pacor fish") is an extinct genus of palaeoniscoid ray-finned fish from Switzerland. It is currently only known from the Meride Limestone, a part of the Monte San Giorgio palaeontological Lagerstatten, located in Canton Ticino. This deposit dates to the Middle Triassic, specifically the Late Ladinian. It was a small, fusiform fish similar to a large amount of other paleonisciformes though it possessed a expanded, fixed maxillary along with its suboperculum being larger than its operculum. Though not fitting with the paleoenvironments seen in the rest of the group, a Redfieldiiform affinity has been suggested for the genus. There is only a single species in the genus being P. sangiorgii.
History and naming
Pacorichthys is only known from the holotype, MCSNL 5036, being a natural cast and its counterpart found at Val Mara D, a locality northwest of Meride. The studied layers of the site contain a variety of both vertebrate and invertebrate remains with some being only found at the site among the Kalkschieferzone member of the limestone. The name Pacorichthys derives from Ancient Greek and translates to "Pacor fish" in honor of the discoverer of the holotype, Enrico Pacor. The species name "sangiorgii" is a reference to where the holotype was found, being the Monte San Giorgio palaeontological Lagerstätte.
Description
Pacorichthys was a small, fusiform fish with elongate jaws that had total height of 4.5 centimeters with most of the skeleton along with the scales known.
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78881016
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande%20Heslop-Harrison
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Yolande Heslop-Harrison
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Yolande Heslop-Harrison is a British botanist known for her work on carnivorous plants. She shared the 1982 Darwin Medal with her husband Jack Heslop-Harrison.
Early life and education
She attended Central Newcastle High School for Girls. She did her undergraduate studies University of Durham and graduated with high honors in 1941. She earned her Ph.D. at King's College, Cambridge. From 1971 until 1976 she was an honorary research fellow at Kew Gardens.
Research
Heslop-Harrison is known for her work on plant physiology, especially insect-eating plants. She used electron microscopy to examine the structural forms of carnivorous plants and tracked radioactive material to track the movements of proteins through leaf structures. In 1996 Kew Gardens held a symposium to honor the work of both Jack and Yolande Heslop-Harrison and the proceedings were published in 1998.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
In 1982 she shared the Darwin Medal with her husband, Jack Heslop-Harrison, for their work on "plant physiology including fundamental studies on insectivorous plants".
Personal life
She met her future husband while they were undergraduate students, and they were married in 1950.
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78881606
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyes%20Armillary%20Sphere
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Noyes Armillary Sphere
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Planning
Meridian Hill Park is a urban park in Washington, D.C., located between 15th, 16th, Euclid, and W Streets NW. It was built between 1914 and 1936 as part of the City Beautiful movement and at the behest of Mary Foote Henderson, an activist and real estate developer whose mansion overlooked the park. The park was originally planned by landscape architect George Burnap, but after he left the project, architect Horace Peaslee oversaw its completion. Plans for the park included spaces for public art installations. During the 1920s, the Dante Alighieri, Joan of Arc, and Serenity statues were dedicated. A fourth installation, a memorial to President James Buchanan, was dedicated in 1930.
Plans for a fifth art installation in the park was headed by Charles Moore, a city planner who served as chairman of the United States Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) from 1915 to 1937. Inspired by Paul Manship's Cochran Armillary located on the campus of Phillips Academy in Massachusetts, CFA member and landscape architect Ferruccio Vitale suggested an armillary sphere be installed on the southern end of the park, below the Cascading Waterfall and reflecting pool. Chinese astronomers invented armillary spheres around 200 BC. The spheres map celestial objects by using rings to represent principal circles of the heavens.
After Moore was informed of the estimated $30,000 cost of Manship's design, the commission was given to sculptor C. Paul Jennewein, whose design was based on the one by Manship. Examples of Jennewein's works in Washington, D.C., are the Darlington Memorial Fountain in Judiciary Square, 57 sculptural elements at the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, and two statues at the Rayburn House Office Building. Peaslee was selected to design the sphere's pedestal. Artist Bertha Noyes paid $15,000 of the project cost in memory of her sister, Edith Noyes, who was an invalid and had died in 1925.
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78881606
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyes%20Armillary%20Sphere
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Noyes Armillary Sphere
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In 1985, the Historic American Buildings Survey program released a report on Meridian Hill Park, which included details of the missing sphere. This brought attention to its fate, and a few years later, a NPS employee suggested a facsimile be made. The estimated cost of this replica was between $48,000 and $90,000, but due to a lack of funding, the plan did not come to fruition at that time. In the 1990s, NPS official John Parsons offered support for a replica "on its original base to the exact historic scale, design, and specifications". It wasn't until 2004 that a full-scale aluminum mock-up costing $8,840 was made. It too was placed in a Maryland storage facility because the aluminum would have been unsuitable for inclement weather. The NPS announced in 2018 that restorations would be made to Meridian Hill Park beginning the following year. One of these improvements would be a replica of the sphere being installed thanks to a donation by Roger and Susan Gendron. Based on original drawings and photographs of the sphere, Kreilick Conservation LLC used techniques including computer numerical control and 3D modeling to create a replica. The new sphere was installed in November 2024.
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78881606
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyes%20Armillary%20Sphere
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Noyes Armillary Sphere
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Location and design
The sphere is located in the park's exedra, south of the Cascading Waterfall and reflecting pool. It stands on the Washington meridian that passes through the White House. A wrought iron fence and bushes surround the sphere. It rests on an octagonal green granite pedestal which is tall and features heavy molding. The sphere measures tall, wide, and in circumference. It weighs between and . The sculpture's pedestal features a bronze putto called "Child Greeting the Sun". The winged figure, which is around 18 in (0.46 m) tall and faces south, represents the "birth of each new day". The bronze sphere resembles a celestial globe and is composed of rings inscribed with reliefs. The two largest rings represent the Meridian and Equator. The equatorial ring features reliefs of astrological signs on the exterior. On the interior are stars representing nighttime hours and Roman numerals representing hours of the day. A third ring represents the ecliptic plane and intersects with the larger rings. There is a small ring on both the north and south sides of the sphere, representing the North and South Poles. A gnomon arrow that is facing north represents the Earth's axis and casts a shadow on the equatorial ring, allowing visitors to know the local time.
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78881716
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan%20Shore
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Pagan Shore
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Pagan Shore is a supplement published by Chaosium in 1994 for the Arthurian role-playing game Pendragon that describes medieval Ireland in terms of the game.
Description
Pagan Shore begins with an introductory glossary of Gaelic terms that are used frequently in the book.
The first chapter presents an overview of medieval Ireland, including climate, fauna, flora, peat bogs, religious sites and mounds, monasteries, places of particular interest, clans, battle sites, and geographical particularities. Several full-page maps are included such as a map of Dublin and a political map of the island.
The second chapter covers the Irish people, starting with general laws of honor, property and war. The major peoples of Ireland in the Pendragon game are then outlined: Gaelic Irish, Cruithni (Irish Picts) and Lochlannach (somewhat ahistorical Norse raiders), Irish Knights, and English residing in Ireland. Political states, common attitudes and various legends or famous characters of each people are included.
The third chapter deals with Irish magic. Spellcasters such as the Druids are discussed, as well as pre-Christian Irish deities, and monsters of legend. The concept of geas is explained, a magical prohibition that is pronounced over each new child; the day that each person breaks their geas is the day that they die.
The fourth chapter outlines how to create an Irish player character for the game.
The fifth and final chapter presents Irish tales that could be used by the gamemaster as a background to adventures.
Unlike previously published Pendragon supplements, this book contains no adventures or scenarios.
Publication history
The Arthurian role-playing game Pendragon was published by Chaosium in 1985, and a large number of supplements and adventures followed. One of the supplements was Pagan Shore, a 128-page softcover book designed by John Carnahan, with cover art by Stephen King, interior art by Wayne A. Reynolds, and cartography by Darrell Midgette.
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78881787
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhorn%20Wildlife%20Management%20Area
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Buckhorn Wildlife Management Area
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Buckhorn Wildlife Management Area (WMA), an tract of protected area located in Tensas Parish, in the state of Louisiana. The WMA is owned by the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF).
Location
The WMA is approximately northwest of the parish seat of St. Joseph, north of the junction of Louisiana Highway 128 (LA 128) and Louisiana Highway 573 (LA 573), and south of Louisiana Highway 4, in the unincorporated community of Newellton, Louisiana. The unincorporated communities of Ashland, Mayflower, and Maryland are south of the WMA..
Waterways
There are six small lakes and six bayous in the WMA with approximately of waterways. Lake Marydale gives access to the Tensas River through Turkey Lake, Hopaka Lake, and Bieler Bayou. There is access to the oxbow Lake Bruin via Routh Bayou, Clark Bayou, and Routh Ditch. Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge and Big Lake State Wildlife Management Area are to the north.
Flora
The overstory includes willows, Nuttall oak tree (Quercus texana), overcup oak tree (Quercus lyrata), water oak (Quercus nigra), sweet gum, green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), persimmon, sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), sweet pecan (Carya illinoensis), bitter pecan, elm, cypress, and tupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica). The understory includes palmetto, river cane, buttonbush, and swamp dogwood. Herbaceous plants include poison ivy, deciduous holly, Smilax, and Baccharis.
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78881969
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Lubie
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José González Lubie
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Following the Spanish insurrection of May 1808, the French arrested González and imprisoned him at Setúbal, from where he escaped and was able to reach Catalonia. Once there, he again raised the Volunteer Battalion of Taragona, and participated at the Battle of Llinas.
In May 1809, he was appointed governor of Lleida, and commissioned with raising the 1st and 2nd battalions of the Catalonian Legion.
In March 1810, González was promoted to field marshal and just a month later, as governor of the Castle of La Suda, was one of the six Spanish generals taken prisoner at the siege of Lérida (29 April – 13 May 1810), when an Imperial French army under Louis Gabriel Suchet besieged a Spanish garrison led by Major General García Conde. The other five generals were Felipe Perena, José Veguer, Narciso Codina, José Sangenis, and the commander-in-chief of the besieged troops, García Conde. He remained a prisoner in France until the peace treaty was signed.
Post-war career
On his return to Spain, González was appointed chair of the Royal War Council of General Officers in Valencia, post he held until 1819, when he was transferred to the barracks at Barcelona.
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78881972
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pran%20Nath%20Chhuttani
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Pran Nath Chhuttani
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Chhuttani published over 150 research papers on health sciences, focusing on tropical medicine and communicable diseases. He was elected a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bengaluru in 1975 under the Medicine section. Dr. Chhuttani was the recipient of several prestigious awards, including:
The Padma Bhushan from the Government of India in 1972.
The Dr. B. C. Roy Award from the Medical Council of India.
The Shakuntala Amir Chand Prize from the Indian Council of Medical Research.
He also served as the President of The Tribune Trust, helping expand its operations, including setting up a printing press in Gurgaon. He also established the Tirlok Tirath Vidyavati Chhuttani Charitable Trust, which supports medical relief and research.
Death and legacy
Chhuttani died on 16 July 1996. After his death, several honours were established in his name:
PN Chuttani Award (1998) by the Indian Society of Gastroenterology to recognise outstanding contributions in gastroenterology.
Dr. Pran Nath Chhuttani Oration (1999) by the National Academy of Medical Sciences to promote studies in tropical medicine and communicable diseases.
Additionally, the Chhuttani Medical Centre in Chandigarh stands as a tribute to his enduring impact on healthcare in the region.
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78882667
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi-Qoli%20Mirza%20Qajar
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Mehdi-Qoli Mirza Qajar
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Mehdi-Qoli Mirza Qajar (Persian: مهدیقلی میرزا قاجار), titled Saham al-Mulk (سهامالملک) was a prince of the Qajar dynasty, a military leader, and an administrator. He was the son of Mohammad Vali Mirza and a grandson of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.
Biography
Mehdi-Qoli Mirza took part in the Herat campaign, a key military endeavor of the Qajar era, and served as Mir-Akhor (میرآخور; lit. master of the stables) to Morad Mirza, the son of Abbas Mirza. In 1873, he was appointed as the head of Iran’s Chaparkhaneh (چاپارخانه; lit.postal system), a vital component of Qajar administrative infrastructure.
In 1885, he was tasked with suppressing a rebellion in Mashhad, demonstrating his administrative skills. He later served as the governor of Yazd from 1899–1900, during which he worked to prevent sectarian violence, including efforts to protect the Babi community. His governorship was succeeded by Soltan Hossein Mirza Jalal ed-Dowleh, the son of Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan.
Custodianship of Astan-e Quds Razavi
Between 1902–1904, Mehdi-Qoli Mirza held the position of custodian of the Astan-e Quds Razavi, overseeing the administration of the Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad. His tenure ended with his death in July 1904.
Philanthropy
Mehdi-Qoli Mirza donated a substantial portion of his wealth to the Astan-e Quds Razavi, establishing charitable endowments to support the shrine and its associated institutions.
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78882788
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junzo%20Yoshinosato
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Junzo Yoshinosato
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(September 27, 1928 to January 19, 1999) was a Japanese sumo wrestler, professional wrestler, and professional wrestling promoter, better known by the ring name Junzo Yoshinosato (or simply Yoshinosato / Yoshino Sato). He is best known for his involvement with the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance.
Sumo career
Hasegawa was an all-around athlete from a young age. He pursued a career as a sumo wrestler, joining the Nishonoseki stable under Tamanoumi Daitarō with the help of Kamikaze Shoichi. He made his debut in the January 1944 tournament under the shikona "Hasegawa". He later changed his shikona to "Junzo Kamiwaka", and reached the top division in the January 1950 tournament. In the January 1952 tournament he changed his shikona once again, this time to "Yoshinosato". Despite his relatively small stature, he distinguished himself as a skilled wrestler who employed an underhand throw. He, Kotogahama, and Wakanohana Kanji I were known as the "Three Musketeers of Nishonoseki."
Despite reaching the maegashira rank, Hasegawa became disillusioned with his performance in the rankings and with the internal conflicts in his stable. He did not compete in the September 1954 tournament, and subsequently retired with a career record of 39 wins and 51 losses in the makuuchi division.
Professional wrestling career
On September 10, 1954, Yoshinosato visited his senior from the Nishonoseki stable, Rikidōzan, at the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium and asked to join Rikidōzan's Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance. He fought his debut match on the same day against Teizo Watanabe - considered the fastest debut in the history of Japanese professional wrestling.
On October 23, 1956, Yoshinosato competed in a tournament at the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium to establish the inaugural Japanese Light Heavyweight Champion. He defeated Isao Yoshihara (later the president of International Wrestling Enterprise) in the finals. He later vacated the title upon moving into the junior heavyweight division.
Yoshinosato trained Kintarō Ōki, who debuted in 1959.
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78883103
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V488%20Persei
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V488 Persei
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V488 Persei is a variable star in the constellation Perseus. The star was first identified as a variable in 1985 from data of a 0.9 m telescope at Kitt Peak. The survey targeted stars of the Alpha Persei Cluster, for which the researchers found a few stars to be variable. The star AP 70, later called V488 Persei was found to be variable with a period of 123.5 hours. The star is a BY Draconis variable, which shows periodic variations due to starspots. In 2012 researchers found a debris disk with extreme infrared excess. The researchers suggested that this dust is the aftermath of the collision between two planetary embryos.
Candidate wide companions around V488 Persei were identified in 2015. Another work does point out problems with this approach, pointing out that wide companions cannot be distinguished from unrelated cluster members.
The disk
The disk was first found with Spitzer and WISE data. The researchers find dust with a temperature of about 800 Kelvin (K) at 0.06 astronomical units (AU). The researchers suspect that two planetary embroys collided with each other at distances similar to transiting rocky exoplanets, known at the time. At first it was suspected that the disk also contains a cold component at 120 K. Using far-infrared observations it was indeed found that the disk has a cold component with a temperature of around 130 K. There are currently two interpretations of the disk. One work interprets the infrared excess as two rings: an inner ring at 0.30–0.35 AU and an outer ring at 25–45 AU. Another work interprets the excess as two disks: an inner disk at around 0.07 AU and an outer disk at 2.7 AU.
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78883277
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister%20Mary%20Brady
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Sister Mary Brady
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Sister Mary Brady (1922-2014) was an Australian portrait artist and Dominican sister. A three-time winner of the Portia Geach Memorial Award for portraiture, Brady was also a regular finalist in the Archibald, Sulman and Wynne Prizes.
Early life
Born in Tamworth in 1922 to saddler, John Brady and dressmaker, Emily Loder she extensively practiced painting through self-study, although received critiques from well-known artists such as Joshua Smith and Norman Carter throughout her career.
Under the encouragement of the then Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Hal Missingham, she first entered her work in the Archibald Prize in 1947. Following her family's move to Sydney in 1950, she became more active in the art community, showcasing her work with the Contemporary Art Society and Blaxland Galleries.
When in her late teens whilst volunteering for the Red Cross, she met Mother Margaret Mary Lyons who recognised and encouraged her talent. Brady’s mentorship under Mother Margaret Mary Lyons helped shape her career and led to influential connections in the art community. In 1967, she entered the Dominican Order. She continued to paint under her name 'Mary Brady' but became known as Sister Margaret Mary in Dominican circles.
Career
Brady won the Portia Geach Prize three times in the years 1966, 1971, and 1975. She was also a finalist in the Archibald Prize from 1946 to 1966, often with two entries. In 1964 Brady was awarded the Hunters Hill Prize for Landscape, highlighting her skills beyond portraiture.
Over her lifetime, Brady was painted many well known Australians including George Johnston, Manning Clark, Bernard Mills, Barbara Holborow, Miriam Hyde (1985), and Larry Sitsky (1971). Some of her paintings are held in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery, National Library of Australia, Art Gallery of New South Wales, and many other public and private collections.
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78883712
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumism
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Fumism
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Fumism ou fumisme ( from the , smoke), is a conditionally decadent movement in Parisian art that existed from the late 1870s to the first quarter of the 20th century. Fumism can be characterized as ″the art of blowing smoke in your eyes″ — practically, it is the same as Dadaism, but only forty years earlier. This generalized aesthetic-philosophical term became widespread in French culture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries thanks to Émile Goudeau, a poet, writer, finance ministry official, and founder of the so-called ″Hydropath Society″. The founders and ideological inspirers of the movement were the same Émile Goudeau, as well as two permanent troublemakers: (real name — Eugène Bataille) and Alphonse Allais.
On the other hand, “fumists” (fumists or supporters of “fumism”) were called not only artists and actors who were part of a specific aesthetic movement, but also much more broadly: in general, people who were frivolous, pretentious, throwing dust in the eyes and creating works in avant-garde styles (including the Fauvists, by consonance).
″The Society of Hydropaths″, the Beginning of Fumism
In October 1878, the poet and finance ministry official Émile Goudeau organized a “closed” circle (or artistic club) called the “Society of Hydropaths”, where poets, writers, and playwrights gathered to drink heavily and eat a little, and in the meantime, show each other poems, essays, sketches, monologues, and generally anything that could be “showed.” Sharp verbal duels regularly took place between the hydropaths, where they could show off their wit, quick reactions, or wordplay.
Some time later, more precisely in February 1879, on the initiative of the founder of the club (the same Emile Goudot) and under his editorship, a newspaper of the same name, ″Hydropat″, was founded. Later the name was changed to ″Hydropats″, and then the newspaper received its last name ″All Paris″ — and soon ceased to exist. During the first year (1879-1880), thirty-one issues of the newspaper were published.
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78883712
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumism
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Fumism
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The playful term ″fumism″, casually dropped by Émile Goudeau and then briskly picked up by Sapek and Alphonse Allais, grew out of the noun — smoke. It is a collective philosophical term denoting a person's attitude to the world, to himself, and also to art as a type of human activity. The new attitude was expressed in the deliberate ridicule and mockery of everything and everyone without any restrictions or prohibitions, the shaming of everyday stupidity and bourgeois consciousness. The more incomprehensible and absurd, the stronger the bewilderment, the better and higher the result — such was the invisible motto of the fumists. Thus, having begun its formation with moderate ″hydropathy″ (hydrotherapy), a group of French writers, and later artists and even composers, found their ideological justification and support on the basis of total and all-pervading fumée, or — smoke.
Meanwhile, the play on words prevailed here: in French, the word fumée, its derivatives, and similar-sounding ones have more meanings: from smoke and smoking itself, to stove-setters, chimney sweeps, chatterboxes, liars, empty talkers, and even pure manure.
Since the ″Hydropathic Society″ ceased to exist in the stuffy atmosphere of the club, its art of blowing smoke and dust in the eyes, playing practical jokes and mockery spread throughout Paris and then further afield in the form of fumism. For the fumists, the everyday practice of shocking or ″mocking the stupidity of the common man″ was of great importance. In much the same way, in the 1920s, a group of surrealists smashed exhibitions, started fights at performances and constantly disturbed public order. The fumists were not as noisy, but in general they behaved in much the same way.
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78884511
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862%20Brooklyn%20riot
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1862 Brooklyn riot
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Background
In the 1860s, two tobacco factories, operated by the Lorillard Tobacco Company and T. Watson & Company, were situated near each other on Sedgwick Street, in the Cobble Hill neighborhood in Brooklyn. By 1862, these two plants had been in operation for about 8 to 9 years. At the time, this South Brooklyn neighborhood was made up largely of working class Irish Americans. However, both factories employed both African Americans and White Americans, with the two groups of workers operating under separate shop foremen and not usually directly interacting with each other. In total, the two factories employed roughly 100 black workers and 200 white workers, with the black workers earning a weekly wage of about $14 () and the white workers earning $10 ($ in ). Most of the white employees were Irish, while most of the black workers were freedmen who had previously been enslaved. Almost all of the African American workers, consisting primarily of women and children, commuted to the factory from outside of the neighborhood, from places such as New York City or other Brooklyn neighborhoods, like Weeksville.
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78884511
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862%20Brooklyn%20riot
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1862 Brooklyn riot
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Riot
On Saturday, August 2, 1862, a fight broke out between a black man and a white man outside of a liquor store in South Brooklyn, at the same intersection that Lorillard's factory was located on. The scuffle was shortly broken up by a police officer. While sources differ on where the two men worked, the animus of many Irish Americans in the neighborhood was quickly directed at the two tobacco factories and their African American employees. According to The New York Times, later that night, a group of Irish American men yelled and threw stones at a group of black women and children who were working at the factories, though without causing any serious injuries. Around the same time, rumors began to circulate among the white population that some African Americans in the area had made insulting comments towards white women. According to academic Carla Peterson, contemporary newspapers in the area, including the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, the Brooklyn Daily Times, The New York Times, and the New-York Tribune cite other factors as contributing to this increased hostility, including rumors that some African Americans were planning to move into the neighborhood or had offered to work for wages less than what the Irish workers were being paid.
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78884904
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20Gulf%20War%20Boeing%20KC-135%20accident
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1991 Gulf War Boeing KC-135 accident
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Approximately 45 minutes after takeoff, WHALE 05 encountered forward wake turbulence and suddenly banked more than 90 degrees to the left, and within a few seconds it banked more than 90 degrees to the right. The captain activated the speed brakes and restored the aircraft to a near horizontal position. During the sequence of events, the first and second left wing engines detached from the left wing. After recovery, fire alarms on the two left side engines were activated. The captain ordered the boom operator to look at the engines, who reported that there was no fire but that the engines were gone. As the aircraft had only been airborn for a short time, it still held almost 31,000 gallons of fuel. In addition, the hydraulic reception, fuel pumps, and landing gear were damaged when the engines fell, and fuel was spilling from the left wing.
To maintain altitude and the speed of fuel discharge, the captain declared "Mayday" and decided to return to Jeddah. The aircraft returned to level flight at 16,000 feet (4,900 m). The pilot soon arrived at Price Abdullah Air Base one hour and 15 minutes later. Since the hydraulic system had been damaged, the landing gear was deployed manually. The pilots requested to land on runway 34L because it was the longest runway and had an instrument landing system (ILS) approach. Upon landing, the pilot deployed a third engine thrust reverser, but immediately discontinued its use due to difficulty in directional control. Although several tires were damaged, the aircraft landed and came to a stop at about 300 m (1,000 ft) from the end of the runway.
Investigation
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78885053
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald%20Arenz
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Ewald Arenz
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Literary work
Arenz's narrative work follows a classic storytelling tradition; abstract or experimental elements are rare. While novels like Der Teezauberer (The Tea Magician), Die Erfindung des Gustav Lichtenberg (The Invention of Gustav Lichtenberg), and Der Duft von Schokolade (The Scent of Chocolate) are in the tradition of magical realism, Das Diamantenmädchen (The Diamond Girl) and Ein Lied über der Stadt (A Song Over the City) are historical novels. A characteristic that unites all these works is embedding a central human conflict within an exotic or sensory-themed context. For example, in Die Erfindung des Gustav Lichtenberg, the protagonist’s inability to communicate is intertwined with the history of 19th-century technology; in Der Teezauberer, the history of tea is linked to the modern individual's conflicting longings for one great love. The tension between personal freedom and responsibility towards others is explored in Ein Lied über der Stadt within the context of early 20th-century female aviation history.
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78885430
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tania%20D%C3%ADaz%20Castro
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Tania Díaz Castro
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Tania Díaz Castro (April 30, 1939 – February 4, 2024) was a Cuban journalist, poet, and activist.
Biography
Tania Díaz Castro was born in Camajuaní, Villa Clara, in 1939. Her mother was a tobacco worker, and her father was a journalist and activist. She later moved with her family to Havana, where she attended the University of Havana for six months before dropping out, instead choosing to become a self-taught journalist.
Díaz Castro spent almost 60 years as a journalist, working for such newspapers and magazines as Prensa Libre, Hoy, La Tarde, Bohemia, Revista Trabajo, La Gaceta de Cuba, and Los CDR beginning in 1964. She was a founder of the National Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba (UNEAC), in 1961, and the Union of Journalists of Cuba. She was also a scriptwriter for the Cuban Institute of Radio and Television.
Also a poet, she published six books of poetry with various publishers. Her poetry deals with life in Cuba and themes of social justice.
In 1972, Díaz Castro traveled to Japan, where she married a Japanese man, and while there she came to oppose socialism and especially communism. In 1977 she was expelled from UNEAC. In 1987 she joined the Movimiento de los Derechos Humanos, led by , and became a founding member and secretary-general of the organization's party, the Partido Pro Derechos Humanos, which called for Fidel Castro to announce a plebiscite. For this activism, she was imprisoned twice, and was threatened to be shot if she continued her work. For over 20 years, she was a founding editor and contributor at the news site Cubanet, for which she is considered a pioneer of independent journalism in Cuba.
Díaz Castro was married three times—to Guillermo Rivas Porta, Ricardo Villares Fernández, and Masayoshi Kaizuka—and had three children.
She died in 2024, in Havana, at age 84.
Selected works
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78885538
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Cohen%20%28photographer%29
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Ben Cohen (photographer)
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Ben Cohen (; born January 9, 1968) is an Israeli photographer.
Career
In 1996, Cohen began working as a photographer for the local network of Yedioth Ahronoth. During that time, he established a photography studio and specialized in classic studio photography. In parallel with his photography career, he worked in the high-tech and low-tech industries. He then turned to a career as a freelance photojournalist, and his work was widely published in newspapers and magazines in Israel and internationally, including cover photos and magazine articles. Cohen has documented the protests against the judicial reform from their inception.
In July 2021, he participated in the photography exhibition "A Free People in Our Homeland," (Am Hofshi Be'Artzenu - Taken from Israel's national Anthem, "HaTikva") which brought to the general public comprehensive documentation of the Balfour Protests through the lens of a camera. The exhibition, which curated photographs by professionals alongside amateur photographers, provided diverse perspectives on the protest events and gave visual expression to the spirit of the times and the public struggle.
In 2022, he participated in the exhibition "Molecular Art" presented at the Space Gallery in Jaffa. A year later, he participated in the exhibition "Democracy Says", presented at the Museum on the Seam.
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78885661
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20of%20Proven%C3%A7a
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Tunnel of Provença
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On 19 December 2010, the Perpignan-Figueres high-speed line was inaugurated, and the date of entry into operation of the railway tunnel was delayed until 2013 due to the economic crisis that began in 2008, which led to a cut in public investment in Spain of 6,045 million euros. On 26 July 2011, the Barcino tunnel boring machine finished boring the tunnel, reaching the extraction shaft located between Provença and Entença streets, after travelling almost 5.1 km from the starting shaft in 16 months. At the beginning of December 2011, the shafts on Carrer de Provença used for the maintenance of the tunnel boring machine began to be covered, and on 21 December 2011 the sections affected by the construction of the tunnel on the same street were reopened to traffic. Adif announced on 9 November 2012 that the section of track between Sants station and Mollet del Vallès, including the railway tunnel between Sants and La Sagrera, would be electrified on 26 November 2012. The forecast officially maintained by the Ministry of Development is that high-speed trains would start running without interruption from Barcelona to Paris and vice versa in April 2013.
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78885661
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20of%20Proven%C3%A7a
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Tunnel of Provença
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The tunnel was inaugurated on 8 January 2013 at 11:01 a.m., together with the section between Barcelona-Sants and Figueres-Vilafant of the Madrid-Barcelona-France high-speed line. The inauguration ceremony was attended by the Prince of Asturias and the presidents of the Spanish Government, Mariano Rajoy, and of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Artur Mas, among other authorities. On 9 January 2013 it began commercial operation by high-speed trains operated by Renfe Operadora. The first northbound train was Avant 34253 with origin in Barcelona-Sants and destination Figueres-Vilafant, with 142 people on board, and the first southbound train was AVE 03082 with origin in Figueres-Vilafant and destination Barcelona-Sants, with 79 people on board. On 12 February 2013 a train of the French operator SNCF ran through the tunnel for the first time, specifically branch 736 of the series. This operation was part of the homologation tests for French trains to run on the Spanish General Interest Railway Network (RFIG).. On 15 December 2013, the first TGV with passengers of the French operator SNCF ran between Barcelona-Sants and Paris-Lyon.
Construction phases
The construction phases of the Sants-Sagrera tunnel were as follows:
Phase 1: boring of the tunnel by the Barcino tunnel boring machine (A) and placement of the segments by the same tunnel boring machine (B).
Phase 2: filling of the base of the tunnel with concrete (C), construction and installation of the railway ducts (D). and construction of the lateral passageways for the movement and evacuation of people (E).
Phase 3: installation of the catenary (F), installation of the tunnel interior lighting systems (G) and laying of the slab tracks (H).
Route
The Sants-Sagrera high-speed tunnel runs from Barcelona-Sants station to the future Barcelona-Sagrera station along Provença Street, Avinguda Diagonal, and Mallorca Street, covering a length of 5.78 km. It is the only high-speed rail tunnel crossing Barcelona with a track gauge of 1,435 mm (UIC gauge).
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78885756
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap-and-Invest%20%28Washington%20state%29
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Cap-and-Invest (Washington state)
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Cap-and-Invest, is a program run by the Washington state government to fund climate change policy through a carbon emissions trading system, commonly known as cap and trade.
Background
The Cap-and-Invest program was created by the Climate Commitment Act in 2021.
Program design
Auctions
The program uses sealed-bid auctions, whereby the price that each participant bids is unknown to other participants. After bidding is closed, participants are allocated the number of allowances that they bid for, in order of highest price first, until all allowances have been accounted for. However, the price that all the successful participants actually pay (the settlement price) is the lowest successful bid price. Any participant who bid a price lower than the final price, will not receive any allowances at auction, and will instead have to purchase them on the secondary market. The Department of Ecology also establishes price floors and ceilings for allowances, increasing over time and adjusted for inflation. As of 2024, participants must bid in lots of 1,000 allowances.
Allowance Price Containment Reserve (APCR) auctions are intended to keep prices from escalating too quickly. These auctions are automatically called after an auction where prices rose above a certain threshold and they are only open to polluting entities. In an APCR auction, prices are fixes at Tier 1 (lower) and Tier 2 (higher) prices, and there are a set number of allowances up for auction in each tier.
Most allowances have a "vintage year," which is the earliest year that it can be used to cover a business' emissions. A limited number of allowances are sold in advance of their vintage year. Allowances with earlier vintage years can always be used in later years, but allowances cannot be used before their vintage year. For example, a 2027 vintage allowance cannot be used in 2026. Allowances sold in APCR auctions have no vintage and can be used in any year.
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78886033
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameryraptor
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Tameryraptor
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Tameryraptor ("thief from the beloved land") is an extinct genus of large carcharodontosaurid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian age) Bahariya Formation of Egypt. The genus contains a single species, T. markgrafi, known from partial skull bones and vertebrae, and leg bones. The holotype specimen was historically assigned to the genus Carcharodontosaurus, and it was destroyed in a bombing during the Second World War in 1944. Tameryraptor is one of the only African carcharodontosaurids to preserve associated cranial and postcranial remains.
Discovery and naming
In early April 1914, theropod fossils were found in marls near Ain Gedid, Egypt by Austro-Hungarian paleontologist Richard Markgraf. The sediments from this region derive from the Cenomanian-aged Bahariya Formation, one of many Cretaceous-aged sites of North Africa. Markgraf extensively collected dinosaur skeletons in Bahariya for his employer, German paleontologist Ernst Stromer of the Paläontologisches Museum München (Bavarian State Collection of Paleontology). This Egyptian skeleton (SNSB-BSPG 1922 X 46) consisted of a partial skull, including much of the braincase, teeth, three cervical vertebrae and a caudal vertebra, a partial pelvis, a manual ungual, both femora, and the left fibula.
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78886033
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameryraptor
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Tameryraptor
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Skull and dentition
The skull Stromer described was incomplete and severely damaged, with the snout represented only by the nearly-complete left and right nasals and the damaged left maxilla. The middle parts of the nasals bear strong rugosities, similar to those of other carcharodontosaurids. However, they are characterized by a horn-like protrusion, measuring in height, which is not observed in any other taxon. The horn's prominence is accentuated by a depression behind the protrusion. The rear portion of the skull of Tameryraptor is represented by the parietals, frontals, part of the supraoccipital, and partial otoccipitals (bones relating to the ear). The maxillary teeth of Tameryraptor are more symmetrical and triangular than those of Carcharodontosaurus, similar to a tooth fragment from the Kem Kem Group and an isolated tooth that has been assigned to Mapusaurus. Like the teeth of other carcharodontosaurids, those of Tameryraptor bore horizontal enamel wrinkles.
Postcranial skeleton
The Tameryraptor holotype was initially interpreted as one of the most complete postcranial specimens of Carcharodontosaurus. This specimen preserved three cervical vertebrae, which were weathered severely. One is the axis and the other two are articulated anterior cervicals that are larger than the axis. The cervical vertebrae, similar to the related Giganotosaurus, are topped by low neural spines joined with sturdy transverse processes which hung over the pleurocoels (shallow depressions on the sides of centra), which would contain pneumatic air sacs to lighten the vertebrae. The centra of these vertebrae are adorned by keels along their ventral sides. An anterior caudal vertebra was also known, which was platycoelous (flat anterior and posterior ends) and short. This caudal was incomplete, missing much of the neural spine, but had diapophyses that would conjugate with the chevrons. The sides of its centrum were pleurocoelus as well. A haemal arch was preserved in this individual as well.
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