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78886033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameryraptor	Tameryraptor	The pelvis was incomplete, containing both pubes and the left ischium. The ischium is uniquely pointed almost directly horizontally. The pubes were likely nearly when fully preserved, with thin shafts that were transversely expanded at the anterior ends where they connected, creating a V-shape in anterior view. Both femora in addition to the left fibula were recovered, the former element being one of the largest recorded from a theropod at in length. Its femora lacked strong curvature. The greater trochanter is small but has a notable protrusion, which would attach to the m. caudofemoralis longus muscle of the tail. Its fibula was only long, around 1/3rd the length of the femora. The anterior end was triangular in lateral view with bulging condyles whereas the posterior end is rounded. Classification In their phylogenetic analyses, Kellermann, Cuesta & Rauhut (2025) recovered Tameryraptor as a non-carcharodontosaurine member of the Carcharodontosauridae. Their analyses found support for a sister taxon relationship of carcharodontosaurids and metriacanthosaurids, which the authors named as a new clade, Carcharodontosauriformes. The results of their analysis using merged OTUs (operational taxonomic units) is displayed in the cladogram below:	2.3125
78886463	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape%20in%20Taiwan	Rape in Taiwan	Rape in Taiwan is sexual assault involving sexual penetration carried out against a person without their consent in the nation. Victims and perpetrators include Taiwan citizens, residents, and foreign nationals from a wide range of backgrounds and every social class. Victims, some who are lured into sex trafficking in Taiwan, are raped in hotels and other locations throughout the country. There have been women deceived by perpetrators in fake modeling photoshoots. Some are victims of drugging, gang rape, torture, murder, and sexual slavery. Victims suffer from physical and psychological trauma, ostracization, and, at times, suicide. Rapes and attempted rapes have been committed by students, teachers, spa and massage workers, medical staff, Taiwan military personnel, and others. History Rape was committed by Imperial Japanese Armed Forces personnel in Taiwan during the Asia–Pacific War. Comfort women from Taiwan were sex trafficked and sexually assaulted. Rapes in the country in the 20th and 21st centuries include, but are not limited to, the rape and murder of Pai Hsiao-yen, the rape of Lin Yi-han, Justin Lee sex scandal, and crimes of Chang Tso-chi, Chen Jui-chin, and Jung Myung-seok. In 1996, Taiwanese airman Chiang Kuo-ching was tortured into making a false confession rape and murder of a five-year-old girl and was executed in 1997.	2.140625
78886672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaves%20Wood	Eaves Wood	Eaves Wood is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) within the Arnside and Silverdale National Landscape in Lancashire, England. It is located 1 km north of Silverdale. This protected area includes King Williams Hill where there is a monument marking the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria's accession to the throne, known as the 'Pepperpot'. This woodland is protected because of the plant species found there and because the red squirrel is found in this woodland. Biology The dominant trees in this woodland are ash and hazel. Other tree species present include sessile oak, small leaved lime, wild service tree and lancashire whitebeam. More than 250 species of fungi have been recorded in this woodland. Herb species include yellow star of Bethlehem, yellow bird's nest and dark red helleborine. The herb spring cinquefoil has been recorded in woodland clearings. The insect Issus muscaeformis has been recorded in this protected area. Geology The underlying geology at Eaves Wood is Carboniferous limestone and there are some areas of limestone pavement in this protected area. Land ownership Most of the land in Eaves Wood SSSI is owned by the National Trust.	2.421875
78886678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunbergia%20mildbraediana	Thunbergia mildbraediana	Thunbergia mildbraediana is a species of flowering plant within the family Acanthaceae. Description Thunbergia mildbraediana is a herbaceous climbing plant that can reach up to 2 meters in length. It is a perennial species. Its stems are sparsely pilose, with dense hairs forming two distinct bands. Leaves The leaves are non-winged on their petioles, which measure 2–6 cm long, and are similarly covered with sparse pilosity. The leaf blades are triangular-ovate, ranging from 4.5 to 10.5 cm long and 2–5.5 cm wide, with an acuminate apex, a deeply cordate base, and sagittate lobes. The margins are subentire to coarsely dentate, and the underside of the leaves has denser pilosity along the veins. Flowers The flowers of Thunbergia mildbraediana are axillary and solitary, with pedicels that measure 4–9 cm long and are sparsely pilose. The bracteoles are green, ovate to narrowly so, 2.7–3.5 cm long, with prominent veins and reticulation. These bracteoles are acute to acuminate at the apex and distinctly cordate with a 4-angular base. The calyx is puberulous, with stalked capitate glands and occasionally intermixed hairs. The rim of the calyx is 1–2 mm high, with linear segments 3–6 mm long. The corolla is typically white with a reddish-purple throat, although some rare variations may feature a pale yellow throat. The tubular portion of the corolla is 5–12 mm long, while the campanulate throat is 1.3–2.5 cm long and 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The lobes of the corolla are deeply emarginate, measuring 1–2.2 cm long and 1–2.4 cm wide. The filaments are 5–8 mm long, and the anthers are about 3 mm long, rounded or indistinctly apiculate, and densely bearded at the base and along one side. Fruit and seeds The fruit of Thunbergia mildbraediana is a glabrous, depressed globose capsule, measuring 9–12 mm in diameter and 11–14 mm in height, with a beak that extends 13–25 mm long. The seed is dark brown, around 7 mm in diameter, with a lamellate edge and a reticulate pattern near the center.	2.28125
78886709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaumaile	Kaumaile	The Kaumaile is a wooden spear treasured by the people of Nanumea, Tuvalu. According to Nanumean myth, it was brought to the island by Tefolaha, from Samoa or Tonga, and had been used in battle, including to kill giants. The spear is central to Nanumean traditional history as their most important ancestral relic, and is featured on the letterhead of the Nanumean kaupule and the letterhead of Nanufuti, a community of Nanumeans in Funafuti. Description The Kaumaile is approximately in length. It is heavy, and made of a dense, dark brown, fine-grained wood from an Australian pine tree. Its blade is flared and has raised welts where the handle widens to become the blade. The spear was made circa. 1070 A.D. It is considered a mea Taaua by the Nanumeans, which means it is highly valued or precious. History Origin The Kaumaile is believed to have been brought to Nanumea by Tefolaha (circa 1375 AD), from either Samoa or Tonga, where he had used it valiantly in battle. Upon arriving in Nanumea, Tefolaha is said to have found it inhabited by two women, Pai and Vau. Tefolaha made an agreement with Pai and Vau that he could have Nanumea if he could guess their names and they could guess his, because in Polynesian culture to know someone's name was to have power over them. Tefolaha would climb a palm tree and use a wooden hook on a piece of twine to trick the women into shouting their names. He would guess their names correctly but they would not be able to guess his and would be forced to leave. Nanumean traditions describe the islets, Te Motu Foliki, Lafogaki, and Teaafua a Taepoa, as being formed when sand spilled from the baskets of two women, Pai and Vau, when they were forced off Nanumea. Upon Tefolaha's death, his descendants would inherit the spear, and upon their death, their descendants would, which continued for ~23 generations.	2.828125
78886766	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock%20Weekly	Livestock Weekly	In its early days, the newspaper lost money, and its survival seemed bleak. Frank hired editorial help, and by 1950 the newspaper was turning a profit. In 1977, the publication changed its name to Livestock Weekly after its coverage expanded beyond West Texas. Eventually, the publication earned a dedicated readership and reached a circulation of 16,000 in 1984. By 1996, circulation had climbed to 20,000 subscribers located in the contiguous United States, Canada, Mexico, and Australia, with most subscribers located in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado. In 1996, after forty-seven years of publishing, the weekly had not solicited an ad or subscription. A large part of the publication's success rests on Frank's background as a rancher, his embrace of the ethos of ranch life, and his dedication to reporting accurate livestock market information, along with his ability to weave humor into his writing. Stanley popularized the cartoonist Ace Reid, first publishing his work in the May 5, 1949, issue. Elmer Kelton also became a regular writer for the weekly after Stanley hired him in 1971. Other writers and artists that appeared in the weekly include John Erickson, Baxter Black, Doc Blakely, and Curt Brummett.	2.25
78886859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Russell%20Hayes	John Russell Hayes	John Russell Hayes (June 23, 1866 – December 29, 1945) was an American poet, librarian, and educator from Pennsylvania. His poetry generally evoked the region's natural landscapes and Quaker heritage. He served as head librarian at Swarthmore College from 1905 to 1927 and later managed the college's Friends Historical Library. Biography Hayes was born in 1866 near West Chester, Pennsylvania, to William M. and Rachel (Russell) Hayes. His family were Quakers and had lived in the region for generations. He grew up on the Hayes family farm on the Brandywine in Embreeville and earned a bachelor's degree from Swarthmore College in 1888 and a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1892. He practiced law for a year before becoming an assistant professor of English at Swarthmore College. He also studied at Harvard University, the University of Oxford, and the University of Strasbourg. He was head librarian at Swarthmore from 1906 to 1927. He managed the Friends Historical Library from 1927 to 1935, retiring as Librarian Emeritus. Hayes married Emma Gawthrop of Wilmington, Delaware, in 1892 and had three daughters, Esther, Katharine, and Eleanor, all of whom studied at Swarthmore. His wife died in 1939. John Russell Hayes died on December 29, 1945, in a West Chester hospital and was buried at the Romansville Friends Meeting cemetery. The Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College holds his writings and other papers. Poetry Hayes wrote about a dozen books, primarily of verse. His poetry generally evoked southeastern Pennsylvania's landscapes, his bucolic childhood memories, and his Quaker heritage. He read many poems at memorials and other public occasions. His best-known book is Old Quaker Meeting Houses (Biddle Press, 1910). A complete collection of his poetry was published in 1916.	2.140625
78887064	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel%20de%20Ville%2C%20Noyon	Hôtel de Ville, Noyon	The (, City Hall) is a municipal building in Noyon, Oise, northern France, standing on Place Bertrand Lebarre. It was designated a monument historique by the French government in 2004. History The first municipal building in the town dated back at least to the 13th century. It was rebuilt several times but, by 1480, it was very dilapidated and the civil leaders decided to demolish it and to commission a new building on the same site. The new building was designed by Matthieu Réaulme in the Gothic style, built in ashlar stone and was completed in 1520. The design involved an asymmetrical main frontage of seven bays facing onto what is now Place Bertrand Lebarre. The second bay on the left featured an oval-headed opening flanked by pilasters supporting an entablature and a cornice. The bay to the left was fenestrated by a mullioned window, while the bays to the right were fenestrated by small arched windows. The first floor was fenestrated by seven mullioned windows separated by nine niches. The niches probably accommodated statues of Hector, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Joshua, David, Judas Maccabeus, King Arthur, Charlemagne and Godfrey of Bouillon. At roof level, there was an entablature punctuated by five oculi, a frieze, a cornice and a semi-circular pediment containing a clock. There was also an octagonal turret.	2.234375
78887124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Juan%20Creek%20AVA	San Juan Creek AVA	History The San Juan Creek viticultural area boundaries closely approximates the valley floor of San Juan Creek, which flows northward to the Estrella River near the town of Shandon. The San Juan Creek name has been used in connection with the eastern portion of the Paso Robles area since the early days of San Luis Obispo County. "San Juan Creek" was named after Saint John which was a popular place name in old California. One of the early land grants in the San Luis Obispo region was named "San Juan Capistrano del Camote," and the name "San Juan" was subsequently applied to the creek. This amounted to about of land but in 1846 was deemed unallowable by the United States government. It eventually was parceled out and purchased by individuals. Early historical accounts had this creek being known as both San Juan Creek and the Estrella River, but today it is well established that San Juan Creek is a tributary that comes together with the Cholame Creek to form the Estrella River. Early maps of San Luis Obispo County from 1874, 1890, and 1913 identify San Juan Creek as the southern branch of the Estrella River. In addition, the 1890 San Luis Obispo County map shows the name “San Juan” used in connection with school and political districts in the San Juan Creek area. At the confluence of the two creeks is the town of Shandon. Once named Starkey, it changed its name to Cholame in the late 1880s. Shandon’s population was sparse in the late 19th century and remains below 2,000 citizens today. The San Juan Creek area has long been a ranching, vineyard, and field and row crop farming community. At one point attracting a fledgling farmer, Walter Knott, into growing produce for the ranch hands in the area and selling what was not consumed. By 1920, Knott moved to southern California to begin a berry farm which eventually became Knott’s Berry Farm.	2.640625
78887342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20K.%20Perkins	Katherine K. Perkins	Katherine K. "Kathy" Perkins is a physics educator who directs the PhET Interactive Simulations project at the University of Colorado Boulder, where she also holds attendant rank as a professor of physics. Education and career Perkins was a student at Harvard University, from which she has a 1992 bachelor's degree in physics, a master's degree in chemistry, and a 2000 doctorate in atmospheric science, also working as an environmental consultant before completing her graduate studies. Her doctoral dissertation concerned ozone depletion and the measurement of ozone-depleting chemicals in the atmosphere. After postdoctoral research at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, she has been affiliated with the PhET project since 2003, initially working as a postdoctoral researcher for Carl Wieman, the founder of the project. She became its director in 2008. She directed the Science Education Initiative at the university, and is professor attendant rank in physics, associated with the Physics Education Research Group. Recognition Perkins was named as a Fellow of the American Physical Society, in the 2021 class of fellows, "for profound contributions to physics education through the vision and leadership of the PhET project, resulting in the creation of many high-quality interactive simulations for teaching physics to hundreds of millions of students and teachers globally".	2.03125
78887736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvator%20Rosa%20Sketching%20the%20Banditi	Salvator Rosa Sketching the Banditi	Salvator Rosa Sketching the Banditi is an 1860 oil painting on canvas by Thomas Moran hosted at Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia. Background The protagonist of the painting is the baroque artist and poet Salvator Rosa. Born in Naples in 1615, during his artistic career he travelled across the Italian peninsula in search of patronage. From the 1630s Rosa started to sketch and paint studies of bandits and soldiers that were present in post-tridentine Italy, a practice that culminated with the 1656 oil on canvas Bandits on a Rocky Coast. During the age of Grand Tour Salvator Rosa became one of the favourite artists of the travellers from Northern Europe and America, due to his haunting and dark landscapes that inspired many visitors, and Rosa started to be considered as a pre-romantic artist. Of the various legends that started to appear after his shadow, a common one recounts that he was part of a group of bandits (banditi) that ravaged central and southern Italy. Although this story is not historically supported, it inspired many authors like Lady Morgan, who made its as a subject to her 1824 novel The Life and Times of Salvator Rosa, and E.T.A. Hoffmann with his short story Signor Formica, dated 1820.	2.859375
78887823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Francis	Sarah Francis	Sarah Janet Francis (born 11 January 1938) is a British oboist known for her "refined" chamber music work. She specialises in composers of the 20th century, and has given the premiere of British works including Gordon Crosse's Ariadne (1972) and Herbert Howells's Oboe Sonata (1984), as well as the first British performances of several other contemporary works for the oboe. She also plays Baroque composers such as Telemann and rarely heard early-19th-century repertoire. Her teachers include Terence MacDonagh and Pierre Pierlot. She was the principal oboist of the BBC Welsh Orchestra (1961–63) and has directed the London Harpsichord Ensemble since 1981. She is an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Music (2001) where she was professor of oboe (from 1974), and a former chair of the British Double Reed Society. Biography Francis was born in London in 1938 to Millicent Silver and John Francis. Both her parents were musicians, her mother a pianist and harpsichordist and her father a flautist; they founded the London Harpsichord Ensemble together in 1945. Her sister, Hannah Francis, is a soprano and harpist. Sarah Francis attended the Royal College of Music, where her teachers included Terence MacDonagh; she won the college's Somervell Prize for wind instruments (1959). In 1960 she gained a Boise Foundation scholarship, assisting her to go to Paris, where she was taught by Pierre Pierlot. She joined the BBC Welsh Orchestra, where she was the principal oboist (1961–63). She then pursued a career as a chamber musician. She performed with two family chamber groups, the Sylvan Trio for flute, oboe and harpsichord/piano, and Symphonia Emphylios for the unusual combination of flute, oboe, harp and harpsichord, as well as the London Harpsichord Ensemble, which she has directed since her parents' retirement in 1981.	1.984375
78888761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20M.%20Henderson	A. M. Henderson	Apart from his work for the Richmond church, Henderson delivered sermons for the Baptist church and public lectures on the topics of Creation and Evolution, which drew large crowds. In February 1866 he was offered the charge of the Independent Church on Collins Street, a building which had outlived its usefulness, on a promise of a £3,000 contribution toward the erection of a new church should he accept. Henderson advised his congregation at Richmond. A month later he addressed the Collins Street congregation, formally accepting their offer, and outlined his plans for continuing church services during the rebuilding, which would commence without delay. He conducted his first service to the Independent congregation at the Theatre Royal three days later. In the months that followed, Henderson's audience grew progressively. Joseph Reed, who had already completed the State Library of Victoria, the Collins Street Baptist Church and the Wesley Church on Lonsdale Street, was commissioned as architect. The result was a Lombardo-Romanesque church with ornamental brickwork and a tower. The square plan included a spacious church with a raked floor and seating for 1400 persons, and a library which doubled as a meeting room. The foundation stone was laid on 22 November 1866 by one Henry Hopkins of Hobart, chosen for having laid the stone for the original chapel in 1839. The new church building was opened on 25 August 1867, the Rev. John Graham of Sydney giving the morning and afternoon services, while Rev. Henderson took the evening service, each crowded to overflowing. Collections taken to help liquidate the building fund debt, totalled close to £400. The organ, by Hill and Son of London and installed by George Fincham, was opened by David Lee in a well-attended sacred concert on 19 September 1867. All proceeds went to the building fund; by 1868 all debts had been paid.	2.53125
78888809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oresteia%20riots	Oresteia riots	The Oresteia riots (, Orestiaka), which took place in November 1903 and resulted in two deaths, were a series of riots against the translation of the ancient tragedy Oresteia into Demotic Greek. Background The Greek language question -the dispute on whether katharevousa or Demotic Greek should be used as the language of the state and of the people- was a controversial topic at the time, that had already resulted in the Gospel riots in 1901 after a translation of the Gospel of Matthew into a "radical" version of Demotic Greek and a reaction by supporters of katharevousa. The events The triggering of the riots was the translation and premiere in the theater of the ancient Greek trilogy Oresteia by Georgios Sotiriadis which caused a reaction by fanatic supporters of a more ancient-like katharevousa version of the Greek language. Georgios Mistriotis, a professor of linguistics in the University of Athens, was the main inciter of the riots encouraging students and pro-katharevousa newspapers to participate in rallies against the play. The government of Dimitrios Rallis did not accept the demand to ban the play and riots occurred outside of the University of Athens. On November 16, the army interfered shooting against the rioters, resulting in two deaths and 7 injured. This was the last day of the riots which were subsequently ended, with their main orchestrator returning to his duties as a university professor towards the end of the January 1904.	2.09375
78888899	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Noka%20Hood	Mary Noka Hood	Mary Noka Hood is a microbiologist known for her work on trypanosomes, soil sterilization, and bacterial aerosols. Education and career Hood grew up in Scottsville, Kentucky. Hood received a B.S. (1933) and an M.S. (1936) from West Kentucky State Teacher's College. She earned her Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1945. In 1938 she started working at Florida State College for Women, and by 1947 she was promoted to full professor in the department of zoology and bacteriology. From 1947 until 1956 she held the position of head of the department of bacteriology. When she retired in 1972 she was awarded emeritus status. Hood was on the state board of examiners in the basic sciences, a job she would hold for 23 years. Hood was one of nine women who sued Florida State University in 1972. The women noted that Florida State had discrimated against women in hiring, promotion, pay, job assignments, and tenure. In 1978 four of the women received back pay from Florida State University as part of a settlement which determined that women were paid less than men who held comparable positions. Hood died in 1986. Selected publications	2.03125
78889085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20C.%20Shreffler	Anne C. Shreffler	Anne Chatoney Shreffler (born February 17, 1957) is an American musicologist who specializes in 20th-century avant-garde music. A 2007 Guggenheim Fellow, she is author of Webern and the Lyric Impulse (1994) and Elliot Carter: A Centennial Portrait in Letters and Documents (2008), as well as James Edward Ditson Professor of Music at Harvard University. Biography Anne Chatoney Shreffler was born on February 17, 1957, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and she graduated from Kinder High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in 1975. She originally studied music at the New England Conservatory of Music, where she obtained her Bachelor of Music (1979) degree in flute, before switching to an academic path and obtaining her Master of Music (1981) degree in music theory. In 1989, Shreffler obtained her PhD from Harvard University; her doctoral dissertation Webern's Trakl settings was supervised by Reinhold Brinkmann. The same year, she began working at the University of Chicago as an assistant professor of music. In 1994, she left for the of the University of Basel, where she subsequently became associate professor of music and in 1997 was promoted to full professor. In 2003, she returned to Harvard and became the James Edward Ditson Professor of Music there.	2.078125
78889164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placopsis%20antarctica	Placopsis antarctica	Placopsis antarctica is a species of crustose lichen in the family Trapeliaceae. It is found only in Antarctica, where it forms pale-coloured, circular patches on rock surfaces, typically across, with distinctive finger-like projections that break down into powdery structures. The lichen contains both green algae and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) as partners, allowing it to both photosynthesise and convert nitrogen from the air into a form that can be used by other organisms. These circular patches can occasionally grow up to in diameter, with edges that show neat, fan-like folds and can appear either swollen or slightly flattened. First described by scientists in 2005, P. antarctica grows on rocks in ice-free areas of the South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Antarctic Peninsula, from near sea level up to in elevation. It is one of the first organisms to colonise areas newly exposed by retreating glaciers, helping to establish conditions that allow other species to grow. Studies have shown that the species is sensitive to warming temperatures, suggesting it may be vulnerable to climate change. The species shows particular success on rock surfaces, where it commonly grows alongside other lichens such as Lendemeriella exsecuta, Lepraria neglecta, and Pannaria hookeri. Taxonomy Placopsis antarctica was first formally described in 2005 by the lichenologists David J. Galloway, Ronald I. Lewis-Smith, and Wanda Quilhot. The holotype specimen was collected from Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands in January 1989. Prior to its formal description, specimens of P. antarctica had been misidentified as P. parellina in Antarctic lichen surveys. However, detailed examination of Southern Hemisphere Placopsis material revealed that P. parellina (in the strict sense) is actually a , non- species restricted to dry, disturbed habitats in central Chile's coastal ranges, and does not occur in Antarctica or New Zealand.	2.75
78889164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placopsis%20antarctica	Placopsis antarctica	Placopsis antarctica contains a photosynthetic partner (photobiont) from the group of green algae (Chlorophyta). A 2019 study identified this photobiont as Stichococcus antarcticus, which was later reclassified in the genus Deuterostichococcus. This photobiont relationship appears to be specific and stable, as later metabarcoding research found Deuterostichococcus to be consistently present as the main photobiont in P. antarctica thalli. Placopsis species, including P. antarctica, serve as pioneer colonisers in recently deglaciated Antarctic soils, with molecular evidence showing greater photobiont diversity in specimens from areas that have been ice-free for longer periods. Detailed morphometric studies of P. antarctica from King George Island have found that its central cephalodium is elliptical rather than round, measuring approximately 2.4 mm long by 1.7 mm wide. The species' marginal lobes are wider at their apex (mean 1.4 mm) than at their base (mean 0.5 mm). Side cephalodia are smaller than the central one, measuring about 1.0 mm long by 0.6 mm wide. The thallus contains numerous sorediate pits that are typically elliptical, with a mean length of 439 μm and width of 323 μm, giving them a length-to-width ratio of about 1.36. DNA barcoding studies have helped validate species boundaries and identification accuracy for lichens in Antarctica. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has proven useful as a DNA barcode marker for identifying P. antarctica and distinguishing it from other Placopsis species. However, DNA studies have revealed that Antarctic lichen diversity is still incompletely characterised, with new molecular evidence sometimes contradicting earlier phenotypic identifications. Habitat, distribution, and ecology	2.640625
78889236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Ozias-Akins	Peggy Ozias-Akins	Peggy Ozias-Akins is a Distinguished Professor at the University of Georgia known for her work on plant breeding, especially in peanuts. She was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2009. Education and career Ozias-Akins received a B.S. in from Florida State University in 1975. She earned her Ph.D. in botany from the University of Florida in 1981. In 1986 Ozias-Akins moved to the University of Georgia as a faculty member, and in 2017 she was named a distinguished research professor at the University of Georgia. Research Ozias-Akin is known for her work using molecular tools to change how crop plants such as peanuts or millet are grown. Her early research examined how wheat plants and peanuts reproduce using somatic embryogenesis, a process where a plant is formed from a single cell, a somatic embryo. Her early work on peanuts sought to use genetic techniques to reduce a peanut plants susceptibility to diseases. She has used a species of grass, pearl millet, to examine how plant cells produce a seed that is an exact copy, a process known as apomixis. Ozias-Akin began research on genetically modified peanuts in 2009. She sought to eliminate allergens in peanuts, but ultimately determined that was not a viable path to reducing peanut allergies. Selected publications Awards and honors Ozias-Akins was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2009.	2.71875
78889859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Saint-Germain-en-Laye%20railway	Paris–Saint-Germain-en-Laye railway	The Paris–Saint-Lazare–Saint-Germain-en-Laye line is a long double-track suburban railway line in France, connecting Paris-Saint-Lazare station (8th arrondissement of Paris) to Saint-Germain-en-Laye station, in the Yvelines department. It is now designated as line no. 975 000 of the national rail network. Inaugurated in 1837 between Paris and Le Pecq, it was the first railway line built from Paris, but also the first in France designed solely for passenger transport and operated using steam locomotives, five years after the opening between 1830 and 1832 of the Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway, built by the brothers Paul and Marc Seguin. Transport on this last line was intended for goods and passengers, and traction was entrusted to Seguin locomotives with tubular boilers. On the Saint-Étienne–Andrézieux railway, the first line built on the continent and opened in 1827, horse-drawn traction was initially used. The Paris to Le Pecq line was modernised during the 1920s with third rail electrification and the introduction of Z 1300 ("Standard") trains. Its western half has been incorporated into RER line A since 1972 and is operated by the Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP). The rest of the line is operated by the Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF) and forms a branch of Transilien Line L. History In 1825, the Stockton and Darlington Railway was opened in Great Britain. It was the first in the world to provide passenger transport with steam locomotives. In 1827, the Saint-Étienne–Andrézieux railway was opened in France. The first railway in continental Europe, it was designed for goods traffic with horse traction before being used by steam locomotives. This line was extended to Roanne, to the north, in 1833. To cross the foothills of the mountains near Neulise, between Balbigny and l'Hôpital-sur-Rhins, it used four inclined planes inspired by what was done in England for river boats. The same year, the Budweis–Linz–Gmunden Horse-Drawn Railway was opened in Austria,	2.421875
78889859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Saint-Germain-en-Laye%20railway	Paris–Saint-Germain-en-Laye railway	The line intersects the meanders of the Seine and crosses the river three times at Asnières, Chatou and Le Pecq. Its profile is relatively flat, except in the terminal section between Le Pecq and Saint-Germain-en-Laye on a marked ramp over . On this last section, it has an underground passage, which allows it to pass under the terrace of the Château. Structures The four main structures on the line are the Asnières railway bridge, the Chatou railway bridge, the Pecq railway viaduct and the Saint-Germain-en-Laye tunnel. It is also crossed by numerous road bridges such as the Pont des Couronnes. Equipment From Paris to Nanterre-Université, the line is electrified like the entire Saint-Lazare network at 25 kV-50 Hz single-phase, equipped with Block automatique lumineux (BAL), a form of automatic block signaling using coloured light signalling, Contrôle de vitesse par balises (KVB; speed control by beacons) and a ground to train radio link without data transmission with identification. From Nanterre-Université to Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the line is electrified like the entire RER RATP network at 1,500 V DC, also controlled by the RATP automatic light block (BAL) and by KCVB. Speed limits The line speed limits in 2014 in the SNCF zone for railcars and V 140 trains in odd directions are indicated in the table below, but trains of certain categories, such as freight trains, are subject to lower limits.	2
78890137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Sylvester	Paul Sylvester	Paul Joseph Sylvester is a geochemist, academic, editor, and author. He is the Endowed Pevehouse Chair and Professor of Geosciences at Texas Tech University. Sylvester is known for his work in developing analytical methods for mineral micro-analysis using LA-ICP-MS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) and for applying U-Th-Pb geochronology and Hf-Nd-Sr-Pb isotope tracing in research across various subdisciplines of the geosciences. This has included studies of crustal evolution, critical metal ore formation, igneous petrogenesis, and sedimentary provenance. Sylvester is a Fellow of the Mineralogical Society of America, the Geological Society of America, and the Society of Economic Geologists. He was listed in Stanford University's "World's Top 2% Scientists" in 2020, ranked in the top 0.46% in the geochemistry and geophysics discipline according to their standardized citation metrics in 2023, and has an h-index of 61 as of 2025. He served as Editor-in-Chief of Minerals from 2016 to 2023, has been Joint Editor-in-Chief of Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research since 2016, and Founding Editor-in-Chief of Critical Insights in Geochemistry & Geophysics since 2024. Education Sylvester earned his Bachelor's (B.S.) in Geology from Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, in 1978, and his Doctorate (PhD) in Geochemistry from Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, in 1984.	2.015625
78890248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Heim	Arnold Heim	Arnold Heim (20 March 1882 – 27 May 1965) was a Swiss geologist known for his pioneering research in petrogeology and his geological expeditions across Asia. He made significant contributions to the understanding of relationships between sedimentation and tectonics, and conducted extensive geological surveys in the Himalayas and Southeast Asia. Early Life and Education Born in Zurich, Switzerland, Heim came from a notable scientific family. His father was Albert Heim, a prominent geologist who held the chair of geology at the Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich (now ETH Zurich). His mother, Marie Heim-Vögtlin, was Switzerland's first practicing female physician. Following his father's path, Arnold studied geology at ETH Zurich, where he obtained a diploma as a specialist teacher of natural sciences before completing his doctorate at the University of Zurich. Academic Career and Expeditions Heim served as a private lecturer at both the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich during two periods: 1908-1911 and 1924–1928. Despite his father's hopes that he would assume the family's academic position, Heim chose a different path, accepting a professorship at Sun Yat-Sen University in Canton, China (1929–1931). His extensive field research began with participation in Alfred de Quervain's Swiss Greenland expedition in 1909. Between 1910 and 1920, Heim conducted significant petroleum exploration in Java and Sumatra, establishing himself as an authority in petrogeology. In 1926, Heim embarked on an aerial expedition to South Africa alongside Walter Mittelholzer, René Gouzy, and Hans Hartmann. A particularly notable achievement came in 1930 when he joined Eduard Imhof and Paul Nabholz in surveying Minya Konka, accurately measuring its height at 7,600 meters, dispelling previous claims of it being 10,000 meters tall.	2.28125
78890688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicians%27%20Medicine	Musicians' Medicine	Research and Science As early as 1832, Karl Sundelin published his Medical Guidebook for Musicians. Later, around the turn of the century, Adolf Steinhausen (1859–1910) published multiple tracts on music medicine. Then, in the 1920s, Julius Flesch wrote about Berufskrankheiten des Musikers (Occupational Diseases of the Musician) (Celle, 1925). The neurologist Kurt Singer published his book Berufskrankheiten der Musiker (Occupational diseases of musicians). From 1923, Singer taught at the Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin. The Kurt-Singer-Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians’ Health in Berlin (Academy of Arts and Hochschule für Musik Hans Eisler), currently headed by Alexander Schmidt, was named after him. Further institutions for Musicians' Medicine are the Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine at the Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, founded by Christoph Wagner in 1974 and headed by Eckart Altenmüller since 1994, as well as the Freiburg Institute for Musicians’ Medicine, founded in 2005 and headed by Claudia Spahn and Bernhard Richter. In the former GDR, the field was studied at the Occupational Health Clinic of theatres and orchestras in Berlin. Further institutes and departments for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine are located at the Universities of Music in Weimar, Leipzig, Dresden and Frankfurt, as well as the Düsseldorf University Hospital and the Rechts der Isar Hospital in Munich. In 1994, the German Society for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine was founded and holds annual conferences. Similar associations have been established in Switzerland, Austria, France, the UK, the Netherlands, the US and New Zealand since the 1990s.	2.203125
78890877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Army%20atrocities%20in%20Northeast%20India	Indian Army atrocities in Northeast India	The Indian Army has been actively involved in Northeast India—a region comprising Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura—primarily to address insurgencies and maintain order. However, several allegations and documented instances of human rights violations have emerged over the years Background Northeast India has experienced various insurgent movements since India's independence, with groups demanding autonomy or independence based on ethnic and cultural identities. To counter these movements, the Indian government deployed the army and enacted laws like the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in 1958, granting special powers to the military in "disturbed areas." Critics argue that AFSPA has led to human rights abuses due to the immunity it provides to security forces. Human rights organizations and local communities have reported instances of extrajudicial killings, torture, sexual violence, and arbitrary detentions by the Indian Army in Northeast India. The AFSPA has been particularly contentious, with claims that it facilitates impunity for such actions. Reported Cases of Sexual Violence Sexual violence in Northeast India has been a significant concern, with numerous allegations against security forces, including the Indian Army. The enforcement of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) has been criticized for enabling such abuses by providing immunity to military personnel. Notable Cases of Sexual Violence	2.40625
78890877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Army%20atrocities%20in%20Northeast%20India	Indian Army atrocities in Northeast India	The incident led to widespread outrage across Manipur. A large public meeting was held at Ukhrul Tangkhul Long Ground with Luingamla's body, followed by a significant rally in Imphal on March 11, 1986. The rally was supported by various valley-based organizations, and it was resolved that March 11 would be observed as "Unity Day" to symbolize solidarity between the hill and valley communities of Manipur. Luingamla's neighbor, Zamthingla Ruivah, who witnessed the killing, designed a special fanek (traditional wraparound skirt) called "Luingamla Kashan" in her memory. Commission Reports and Findings Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy Committee (2005) In 2004, following widespread protests over the alleged rape and murder of Thangjam Manorama by Assam Rifles personnel in Manipur, the Government of India established a committee led by Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy to review the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA). The committee's report, submitted in 2005, recommended the repeal of AFSPA, describing it as "a symbol of oppression" and suggesting that its provisions could be incorporated into existing laws. However, the report was not made public immediately, and its recommendations were not implemented. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Observations The NHRC has addressed several cases involving the armed forces in Northeast India. For instance, in 1994–1995, the NHRC took cognizance of alleged killings of civilians in Ukhrul Town, Manipur, during crossfiring between the 20 Assam Rifles and the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN). Such interventions by the NHRC underscore the ongoing concerns regarding human rights violations in the region.	1.992188
78891044	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas%20in%20the%20First%20Intifada	Hamas in the First Intifada	According to Jean-Pierre Filiu of Sciences Po, "the relationship within the PLO between the leadership — exiled first in Jordan, then in Lebanon, and finally in Tunis — and the nationalists in the Gaza Strip (and to a lesser extent the West Bank) [has] been a complicated one. By contrast, because the Muslim Brotherhood of Gaza had hunkered down and consolidated its entrenchment in the Strip during the first two decades of the Israeli occupation, this tension between the 'outside' and the 'inside' has not been an issue for them." According to Francesco Saverio Leopardi of the University of Edinburgh, "the emergence of the Islamist camp represented a challenging development for the whole PLO since, for the first time, a genuinely Palestinian movement outside its framework gained increased popularity and legitimacy among the population." Activities During the First Intifada, Hamas routinely published leaflets describing its ideology and calling for Palestinians to take actions against Israel including strikes and demonstrations, often in contradiction to the UNLU's calls for action. In a 2017 study, Alon Burstein of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem found that Hamas leaflets during the First Intifada made more use of references to historical figures than Unified National Leadership of the Uprising leaflets, were more consistent who they identified as enemies and about their long-term vision for Palestine (particularly as the PLO shifted towards peace negotiations), and were "far more silent in the face of repression, with the only aspect accentuated as a result of repressive acts being the group's unique brand of religious-nationalism which Hamas framed as the collective's identity."	1.921875
78891053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20deportation%20of%20Hamas%20members	1992 deportation of Hamas members	Hamas is a Palestinian terrorist organisation with an extremist ideology based on Islamism, Palestinian nationalism, and conservativism. The organisation originated from the Muslim Brotherhood, which grew substantially in the Gaza Strip during the 1970s and early 1980s under the leadership of Ahmed Yassin and his Mujama al-Islamiya charity. The Brotherhood was initially supported in its growth by the Israeli government, who believed that it could become a less nationalist and more amenable alternative to the secular, leftist Palestinian Liberation Organisation in Palestinian politics. While Yassin initially believed that the Brotherhood had to focus on Islamicising Palestinian society first before it could fight against Israel, by the mid-1980s, he increasingly turned towards violence. In 1987, during the First Intifada, Yassin re-organised the Brotherhood into Hamas, declaring that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was a holy war between Muslims and Jews, issuing a founding charter in 1988 that contained genocidally antisemitic language, and carrying out its first attacks on Israeli soldiers in 1989. By 1990, as the First Intifada fell apart under a harsh Israeli crackdown and Palestinian infighting, Hamas had grown significantly, being increasingly seen as a viable, less corrupt, and less compromising alternative to the PLO among Palestinians and increasingly being seen as a serious threat by the Israeli government. Following the 1992 Israeli legislative election, after which the Israeli Labor Party under Yitzhak Rabin was able to form a coalition government and pursue peace negotiations with the PLO, Hamas stepped up its attacks on Israeli targets and on Palestinians that opposed the group. Events	2.234375
78891053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20deportation%20of%20Hamas%20members	1992 deportation of Hamas members	David E. Hoffman of The Washington Post wrote in December 1993 that, "today, Hamas appears unbowed... the scattered cells of its armed guerrillas remain one of the most violent and elusive of the Palestinian rejectionist organizations in the territories, and have lately switched their targets from Israeli soldiers to Jewish settlers," adding that "the deportation appears to have done little to dim Hamas's appeal to the poverty-ridden younger generation of Palestinians born since Israel captured the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967" and that, instead, "the biggest setback to Hamas over the last year was Israel's mutual recognition of the secular, nationalist PLO, immediately boosting the PLO's standing among Palestinians just as it seemed to be falling apart." Ifrah Zilberman of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem warned Hoffman that "this type of organization is organic, and it has very strong powers of regeneration. It is running from the grass roots and the masses up -- not like the PLO, which is running from the top down. In time, people move ahead in Hamas, and the ability of Hamas to organize the streets has regrown. Probably today it is quite close to what it was in the past."	1.96875
78891148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicolocellus	Helicolocellus	Helicolocellus cantori is an extinct sponge from the late Ediacaran, found in the Dengying Formation of South China and possibly related to the Hexactinellida. If confirmed, H.cantori would be the oldest crown group sponge known as of 2025. Discovery and name The holotype fossil of Helicolocellus was found in the Dengying Formation of South China in 2019, and formally described in 2024. The generic name Helicolocellus derives from the Greek words helix, to mean twisted; and locellus, to mean small box. The specific name cantori derives from the surname of Georg Cantor, a Mathematician who is known for the Cantor set which describes regular patterning, reminiscent of what is seen in the fossil material. Description Helicolocellus cantori is a possible hexactinelliid sponge that grew up to around in height, with a conical body made up of small, intricate boxes, which themselves contain smaller boxes. With both the large size of the fossil material, and a “boxy” appearance, it has been proposed that Helicolocellus is a glass sponge. Unlike most sponges of today, it would have had a soft body, and possibly non-mineralised spicules, which are used by modern sponges to provide structural support, and as such most researchers look for these in fossil material of possible sponges. However, the authors of the paper describing Helicolocellus put this method into doubt, as earlier softer sponges would most likely not preserve properly, let alone their spicules.	2.34375
78891683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia%20Madrasa	Alia Madrasa	In 1978, the Senior Madrasa Education System Committee was formed under the leadership of Professor Mustafa Bin Qasim. Under the guidance of this committee, the level of education of Alia Madrasa controlled by the Bangladesh Madrasa Board was adjusted to the level of general education in 1984. A complete modern education system was introduced for Alia Madrasa, consisting of 5 years of Ebtedayi (primary), 5 years of Dakhil level (secondary), 2 years of Alim level (higher secondary), 2 years of Fazil level (degree) and 2 years of Kamil level (postgraduate), totaling 16 years. The curriculum was changed and the Dakhil examination was made equivalent to S.S.C and the Alim examination was made equivalent to H.S.C. University affiliation Until 2006, all examinations of all Aliya Madrasas in Bangladesh were controlled by the Bangladesh Madrasa Education Board. According to the Islamic Universities Amendment Act of 2006, Aliya Madrasas were offered a 3-year Fazil (bachelor's degree) and a 2-year Kamil (postgraduate) course for a total of 5 years, and 1,086 Fazil (bachelor's) and 198 Kamil (postgraduate) madrasas in Bangladesh were affiliated to the Kushtia Islamic University. As a result, both the Fazil and Kamil examinations were equivalent to a full bachelor's degree in general education. In 2010, a graduate-equivalent course was introduced in 31 notable madrasas in Bangladesh, as a result of which only Fazil graduates were awarded a full bachelor's degree, and Kamil graduates were awarded a master's degree. Then, in 2016, the Islamic Arabic University was established to further modernize madrasa education, and the Alia madrasas were then transferred there. In 2016, undergraduate and postgraduate degrees were introduced in 21 more madrasas.	2.203125
75782947	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round%20Lake%20%28RM%20of%20Kelvington%2C%20Saskatchewan%29	Round Lake (RM of Kelvington, Saskatchewan)	Round Lake is a lake in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Kelvington No. 366. The lake is at the western edge of the Porcupine Hills and Porcupine Provincial Forest in the Mid-Boreal Upland ecozone. It is south of Greenwater Lake Provincial Park and north-northeast of Kelvington. There are no communities along the lake's shore and access is from a gravel road off Highway 38. Round Lake is fed by streams that flow in from the surrounding hills. The outflow, which begins at Round Lake Dam, is a river that flows out from the western shore and then south-west into Little Nut Lake. Prairie Butte Creek connects Little Nut Lake to Nut Lake, which is the source of the Red Deer River. At the northern end of Round Lake is Camp Saskadet. Saskadet is a Tri-Service Provincial Cadet Camp used by Air, Army, and Sea Cadets. The eastern half of the lake, and a small section on the western shore, is within the provincially protected Round Lake Recreation Site (). Round Lake Dam Round Lake Dam () was built at Round Lake's outflow in 1941 to regulate the lake's levels. The dam is high and went through upgrades in 1973 and 2000. In 2024, a project was begun to replace the bridge deck and support structure at the dam. Fish species Fish commonly found in Round Lake include walleye, northern pike, and white sucker. The lake was most recently stocked in 2023 with 200,000 walleye fry.	2.265625
75783712	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Millennium%20Gate	The Millennium Gate	The Millennium Gate (), sometimes called Seoul Ring, was envisioned in 2000 as the world's first mega-sized ring-shaped architectural structure. It was planned to be erected along the Han River in Sangam-dong, Seoul, in conjunction with the new millennium (Millennium), and the 2002 Korea-Japan FIFA World Cup (2002 FIFA World Cup). International design competition Lee O-young, the chairman of the New Millennium Preparation Committee, planned, and Shin Hyun-woong, the Deputy Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism and chairman of the Woongjin Foundation, led the international competition for the design of the Millennium Gate. This was a national symbol project during the Kim Dae-jung government era. In October 1999, a total of 181 teams, including various renowned architects and artists like Nam June Paik, registered, and 36 design proposals were ultimately submitted. In February 2000, a panel of nine judges, comprising the highest authorities in South Korea in the fields of design, structure, landscaping, urban planning, and design (Jang Seok-woong (Chairman), Kang Seok-won, Ko Joo-seok, Kim Jin-kyun, Oh Hwi-young, Yu Wan, Lee Woo-jin, Ji Soon, Han Do-ryong), unanimously selected a joint proposal by Lee Eunseok, a professor in the Department of Architecture at Kyung Hee University, and O'pus Architects (Woo Dae-sung, Kim Kwang-woo, Lee Gye-soon, Jo Sung-ki, Kim Hyung-jong). This work was recognized for its potential and excellence as a landmark of Seoul. Furthermore, Jang Seok-woong, the chairman of the jury, stated, '(The selected work) well represents the symbolism, historicity, and identity of the Millennium Gate.	2.421875
75783712	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Millennium%20Gate	The Millennium Gate	On December 4, 2000, MBC News showed computer-simulated images of the 'Millennium Gate,' or 'Seoul's Ring,' planned to be built near the main Olympic Stadium in Sangam-dong along the Han River. The structure, to be made of steel, was said to boast a unique 360-degree circular shape with a diameter of 200 meters, unparalleled in the world. This circular structure symbolizes the desires of our people for creation and emptiness, circulation and completion, and unification. Inside 'Seoul's Ring,' which is expected to be finished with glass, plans included four gondolas and 2000 steps. From the top, one could enjoy views of Seoul, the beautiful sunset over the West Sea, and on clear days, even see as far as Gaeseong. Reporter Lee Seon-jae introduced the Millennium Gate, saying, 'Foreigners entering from Gimpo or Incheon International Airport will encounter Korea for the first time with the mysterious image of Seoul's Ring, along with the elegant arch of Banghwa Bridge visible behind me, and they will remember Seoul with the image of a circle when they leave.' On December 5, 2000, KBS News reported that a model of the Millennium Gate was unveiled, stating that construction of the Millennium Gate, scheduled to begin in March 2000, would be located on a site of 12,000 pyeong (approximately 39,660 square meters). It was described as having a circular structure with a diameter of 200 meters and a thickness of 18 meters. The space was planned to include not only an observation deck but also various facilities such as a contemporary history museum and a cyber history hall.	2.171875
75783747	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracozolt%2C%20Arctozolt%2C%20Dracovish%2C%20and%20Arctovish	Dracozolt, Arctozolt, Dracovish, and Arctovish	The quartet are Fossil Pokémon, a subset of Pokémon revived from fossils. The four are revived from different fossils: the Fossilized Drake, Fossilized Bird, Fossilized Fish, and Fossilized Dino, two of which are merged together to create one of the Pokémon. Arctovish can be made out of the Fish and Dino, Arctozolt can be made out of the Bird and Dino, Dracovish can be made out of the Fish and Drake, and Dracozolt can be made out of the Bird and Drake. The various Fossils appear to be based on different types of dinosaurs, such as the stegosaurus, paravians, and dunkleosteus. Their fused nature appears to be based on inaccurate reconstructions of dinosaurs, such as the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs, while other aspects of the creatures appear to be based on hoaxes and paleontological forgeries such as Charles Dawson's Piltdown Man. The Pokémon, due to their hybrid nature, are not naturally occurring species, but are presented as such by the game's Pokedex. Dracovish are fast runners and brutally efficient at capturing prey, but struggle to breathe on land. Arctozolt are constantly shivering, which allows them to generate electricity, and are capable of preserving food with the ice on their body. Arctovish have incredibly strong, protective skin on their heads, but their heads are upside down, causing them to have difficulties eating prey they capture. Dracozolt are said to have running abilities, similarly to Dracovish, but are too effective in their "natural" environment as a result. The four have two signature moves, only learnable by them. The move Bolt Beak, an Electric-type attack, can be used by Arctozolt and Dracozolt, while the move Fishious Rend, a Water-type attack, can be used by Arctovish and Dracovish. Arctozolt has been voiced by Dawn M. Bennett in Pokémon: Twilight Wings and Kellen Goff in the anime, while Dracovish has been voiced by Kenyu Horiuchi in the anime in Japanese.	2.5
75784438	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%20Jordan%20crisis	1958 Jordan crisis	Tensions continued to simmer in late 1957, as Hussein's opponents kept operating supported by Egypt and the Syrian Deuxieme bureau. For instance, on the 12th of December, 1957, Hussein visited Nablus, one of the hotspots for Anti-Hashemite activity, where his welcome was 'not entirely spontaneous'. Mere days later, a member of the Tuqan family gave a speech supporting the Hashemites in the city, where he was attacked with acid on the streets in the aftermath. Members of the 'Tahrir' (liberation) party were arrested in December, and multiple bomb attacks (one targeting the governor of Amman, Saad Jumaa, and another targeting US oil prospect missions in Jordan) occurred the same month. This led Hussein to attempt to intimidate his opposition by passing harsh laws, such as 15 years imprisonment for the possession or selling/purchasing of automatic weapons and explosives, and the death penalty for using such items with the 'intent to kill or cause damage'. However, the opposition remained undeterred, as further arrests continued in January. In late January, plans for a union between Egypt and Syria were underway, which Hussein viewed as a direct threat. These fears would be the catalyst for the Hashemite Arab Federation's formation between Jordan and Iraq. On the 1st of February, Hashemite fears would be realised, as the UAR was formed, leading to the formation of the Arab Federation (AF). A propaganda battle ensued between the two unions. For example, Nasser criticised the 'collaborators of imperialism' in Amman and Baghdad as trying to 'appease their imperialist masters'. Jordan would respond (via Radio Amman) criticising the UAR for allowing the UNEF to occupy Sinai. Both states actively blocked the other's radio broadcasts in an attempt to censor the other's propaganda. The AF was deeply unpopular, and many Jordanians would have preferred being a part of Nasser's union.	2.109375
75784499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Thurn	House of Thurn	In 1880, Sidonie's fifteen-year-old daughter, Carolyn, had begun to work in the shop by using shop trimmings to make dolls' hats to sell as Christmas gifts. About ten years later, Sidonie hired a Parisian artist named Ernest Hague (or Hagué) to make patterns and design dresses. Soon thereafter, Carolyn married Hague and took Madame Hague as her professional name. About 1912, Thurn hired as designer James B. Blaine, a man who had worked for Parisian houses and who had served as president of the Ladies' Tailors and Dressmakers' Association of America. A year later, the name "Thurn" became a registered trademark. During this period, the business continued to grow as wealthy Americans set new records in their expenditures to purchase Parisian fashions and other imported luxuries. At the turn of the century, Sidonie had agreed with Hague's proposal that Thurn begin to offer Parisian fashions for young women and in 1901 Sidonie signed papers making Hague her partner in the business. In 1902, Thurn began placing want ads for workers skilled in making women's clothing and by 1903 it had established "a special department for young matrons and debutantes". A year later, an article in Good Housekeeping described how the New York dressmakers would adapt Parisian designs for American women. The author said, "American women can very seldom wear the things designed for the Parisian," and explained, "of course, the original design is Parisian and is recognized as such, but certain alterations are necessary and are always made."	2.453125
75784499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Thurn	House of Thurn	After she retired, Hague explained Thurn's business in some detail. Like other made-to-order houses, it employed hundreds of women to stitch garments using sewing machines and by handwork. It used a much smaller number of skilled craftswomen, including the designers who created patterns, the cutters who cut fabric according to pattern, the drapers who adjusted the garments to suit each customer's needs, and the finishers who made sure each garment fitted the customer correctly. Thurn also employed saleswomen and their assistants who accompanied customers throughout their visits to the shop. It priced its dresses between $175 and $450 each. During the busy weeks of the year's two fashion seasons, it would serve 50 to 60 customers a day. There are various measures of Thurn's success. In 1924, the business paid over $32,000 in state taxes while a major competitor, Bergdorf Goodman, paid less than $28.000 In 1925, a writer for Vogue called Thurn "the last and greatest of the old dressmaking houses of New York". In 1926, an article in The Nation by labor organizer Ann Washington Craton described the custom-dress fashion industry in New York. She listed Thurn as one of the sixteen most exclusive houses in the city, saying, "the patrons and customers are the wealthiest women in America, who wear the most exquisite, the most expensive, and the most beautiful clothes in the world, Paris not excepted." In 1931, another writer said that the staircase at Thurn was a favorite location for fashionable brides because "its curve is perfect for trains and because so many brides get their white satin at Thurn's." With its lease expiring, the Great Depression stubbornly persisting, and Hague having passed the benchmark retirement age of sixty-five. Thurn closed its doors for the last time in 1934. Design and fittings	1.9375
75784499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Thurn	House of Thurn	In Hague's world, models were dress designs. She would buy a model in Paris to be recreated in Thurn's sewing rooms or she or one of her in-house designers would create original fashions for Thurn's customers. Customers would generally arrive by appointment. They would be met by a saleswoman, sometimes called a vendeuse, and, after stating what interests they had that day, would probably proceed up a curved stone staircase to view young women, called manikins, wearing a selection of the house's current designs. If a customer's body type was more like hers than like the slender young women's, Hague might take the role of manikin herself. Each dress normally required three hour-long fitting sessions before it was completed. In 1922, Thurn placed an ad in Arts & Decoration magazine stating that its styles were "absolutely exclusive" enabling its customers to differentiate themselves from all other women. A year later, Hague described her role as designer: "I make each gown for some specific type of woman. I see her, in my imagination, long before I begin to choose fabrics or to sketch details. I begin to picture her while I study the style tendencies of the season, and when I review the early collections of the great Paris houses; ... a skilled designer can do much by subduing, emphasizing and supplementing, to develop new aspects of a woman's charm." Regarding the designs themselves, Hague said, "Thurn makes clothes for ladies. That is a hackneyed word I know. But how shall I put it? Our collections are always notably restrained... Our clothes are wearable. "That is why so many American women come to us, I think, instead of going to Paris for gowns."	2.421875
75784507	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garzapelta	Garzapelta	Paramedian osteoderms Towards the middle of the trunk the osteoderms are notably wider than they are long, with the width to length ration being somewhere around 3.0 to 3.5. This is similar to the proportions of Rioarribasuchus, but not as extreme as the values seen in other typothoracines. The dorsal eminence of the paramedian osteoderms, a prominent ridge on their surface, is offset from the midline and located further towards the back, yet does not touch the edge of the element. The anterior margin of the dorsal paramedians before the tail is described as a thin and smooth strip of bone that lacks the ornamentation seen on the rest of the surface. The anterior paramedian osteoderms above the tail have a distinct sinuous back edge that also features a "tongue-like" process just behind the dorsal eminence. It is noted that the paramedian and lateral osteoderms of Garzapelta, unlike those of desmatosuchines, do not articulate in the same rigid groove and ridge articulation and instead overlap the anteromedial corner of the lateral osteoderms. The surface of the osteoderms is ornamented by various grooves and ridges that radiate outward from the dorsal eminence.	2.625
75784507	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garzapelta	Garzapelta	The conflicting positions of Garzapelta had been known to science since long before the taxon was named. The fact that the lateral osteoderms resemble those of desmatosuchins while the paramedian osteoderms resemble those of paratypothoracines poses the question whether or not Garzapelta was a desmatosuchine with paramedian osteoderms that evolved convergently to those of paratypothoracines or the other way around. The results of the overall phylogeny would support the former interpretation, which in turn would suggest that the paratypothoracine paramedian osteoderms are the ancestral condition, which was simply lost by all other aetosaurs and reversed in Garzapelta. However, this might not be the case. The interpretation that it was the lateral osteoderms that are the convergent element finds support in the way the lateral and paramedian osteoderms articulate with one another. Desmatosuchini are in part defined by the fact that the inner frontal corner of the lateral osteoderms overlaps the outer frontal corner of the paramedian osteoderms, forming a rigid point of articulation. Furthermore, the fact that the lateral osteoderms of the mid trunk region flex at an obtuse angle sets them apart from the 90° angle seen in Desmatosuchini and the strongly acute angle of paratypothoracines. Reyes and colleagues thus conclude that it is far more likely that Garzapelta was a typothoracine that exhibits convergent evolution with desmatosuchines, rather than the other way around. They further note that the fact that it was nonetheless recovered as a desmatosuchine in the third phylogenetic analysis including all material suggests that the dataset that aetosaur phylogenetics are built upon do not fully account for convergent evolution in the dorsal armour, meaning future analysis would have to be done with caution.	1.9375
75784617	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostereiland	Oostereiland	The Oostereiland in the Dutch city of Hoorn is an artificial island built between 1662 and 1668. It was constructed from dams which were then raised and broadened. Soon after construction, homes and warehouses were built on the island, including a warehouse for the Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier. History The Oostereiland as well as its companion the Visserseiland were planned and constructed in order to increased the harbor's capacity in the port city of Hoorn (then one of the most important cities of the Dutch East India Company as well as the Dutch West India Company). 1655 is often given as a starting date for the construction, but without much evidence. The island, plans for which existed in the 1640s already, was built using mud dredged from the harbor (actually two, the Oosterhaven and the Westerhaven, which were deepened in the 1640-50s. According to C.P. Schrickx and D.M. Duijn, lead authors of a 2010 report based on an archaeological study done the year before, estimate that the island was built between 1650 and 1654; a document from 1655 indicates that by that time the Oostereiland existed. After further dredging in 1667 in the Oosterhaven and the Grashaven (between Oostereiland and Visserseiland), the land was raised by about 70 cm, and again in 1742.	2.3125
75784617	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostereiland	Oostereiland	The first major development was a set of warehouses for a merchant, Cornelis Jansz Schuijt (ca. 1620-1677). In 1658 or 1659, he had a U-shaped complex built, with warehouses on the north and west side, and two homes on the east side--the larger for him to live in, the shorter to rent out. The city was responsible for building a street around the complex. The aforementioned painting by Rietschoof shows the complex, and until the end of the 18th century the island was known as "Schuijtes Eyland". The buildings are still there, with only minor changes. In 1670, two merchants were given permission to operate a ferry between Hoorn and the French port cities of Rouen and Saint-Valery-en-Caux from next to the warehouses; the city again dredged the harbor and improved the quay for the ferries. More large-scale development came courtesy of the Admiralty, which had shown interest in developing the island as a naval base and the Grashaven as its port. This did not come to fruition, but when in 1692 its warehouse on the Baadland burned down (to the east of the central Hoorn harbor), it bought the two homes and the warehouse on the west side, and in 1699 it also bought the warehouse on the north side. The Magazijn, as the complex was named, was a favorite topic for painters. During the "French period" the Magazijn may have been a military prison. The island's wharf was closed in 1817. Modern development The complex of warehouses was turned into housing for the unhoused, and between 1829 and 2003 it served as a prison; by the 1980s it was a semi-open prison. In 2008, performance artist Chiara Fumai spent 31 days in a cell there as part of an art project. Between 1886 and 1932 it also served as an work center for prisoners and unemployed people; they sorted currants, which led to the complex being called the "Krententuin" ("currant yard").	2.28125
75784971	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberpollinger	Oberpollinger	At the instigation of the Munich Artists' Commission, which advised the city council, the architect Max Littmann had to revise his designs several times in order not to dominate Neuhauser Straße with its small-scale development and the neighboring Bürgersaal. Finally, it was agreed to structure the facade and cover it with natural stone. After around ten months of construction, the new department store on Neuhauser Straße was opened in 1905. As a reference to the Hamburg origins of the department store operators, two of the three gables have weather vanes in the shape of merchant ships. Max Littmann designed the department store according to the most modern possibilities of his time. The iron frame structure consisted of beams that were aligned on a grid. They were covered with concrete for fire protection. The facades are clad with shell limestone, the decorative elements of the facades come from the sculptors Heinrich Düll and Georg Pezold. Including the ground floor, the department store had four floors of sales space, above which there was another floor for administration and a basement with staff cloakrooms, storage and loading areas. Since the exterior had to be adapted to the surroundings, Littmann was unable to install large window fronts. Instead, he designed a central atrium with a glass dome, in which the four passenger elevators were also located. The volume was 35,292 cubic meters. The costs were given as 1,097,000 Mark.	2.21875
75785014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnea%20galapagona	Usnea galapagona	Apothecia, the reproductive structures of lichens, have not been observed in this species. The cortex is thick and vitreous, accounting for 15.5–19.5% of the branch width. The medulla is compact, typically thin, and almost indistinct, but it can thicken near the base. The of the branches is particularly thick, ranging from 54.5 to 62% of the branch width. Chemical spot tests reveal no reaction in the medulla to a solution of potassium hydroxide (K−), calcium hypochlorite (C−), or paraphenylenediamine (P−). The secondary metabolites (lichen products) detected through thin-layer chromatography include usnic acid and an unidentified compound that shows a green fluorescence after charring under ultraviolet light. Habitat and distribution Usnea galapagona is endemic to the Galápagos Islands, specifically identified on Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Pinta, and Floreana Island. In terms of frequency, it has been described as "moderately common". Typically, it thrives in exposed environments such as ridge lines or volcanic crater slopes. Most commonly, it inhabits the transitional vegetation zones of these islands, although it is occasionally found in both arid and humid zones. This lichen predominantly grows on rocky surfaces and cacti, and less frequently on bark, such as on the trunks of Bursera graveolens trees.	2.609375
75785084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Northern%20Boulevard	Old Northern Boulevard	Old Northern Boulevard was historically part of the Flushing and North Hempstead Turnpike (modern-day Northern Boulevard) – a major toll road linking Flushing and points west with North Hempstead (including Roslyn) and points east. New York State Route 25A followed this route through the heart of Roslyn, to serve the community and wind around Hempstead Harbor. By 1940s, the stretch of NY 25A through Roslyn had become notorious for chronic traffic jams – in some cases, so severe that it took an hour to cross through Roslyn. As a result, the New York State Department of Public Works (a predecessor of today's New York State Department of Transportation) constructed a bypass route to its north, between Middle Neck Road and just east of Bryant Avenue. Known as the Roslyn Cut-Off, the new highway completely bypassed this original stretch of Northern Boulevard through Roslyn, by means of a new viaduct spanning Hempstead Harbor; the bridge would come to be known as the Roslyn Viaduct – and later, the William Cullen Bryant Viaduct. Upon the opening of the Bryant Viaduct, NY 25A was shifted onto the new highway, and the original stretch through Roslyn became known as Old Northern Boulevard. Ownership of Old Northern Boulevard was subsequently transferred from the State of New York to Nassau County. Nassau County then designated it as CR 25A. In the 1960s, an infamous hairpin curve at the intersection of Old Northern Boulevard and West Shore Road (CR 15) was eliminated, and the road was widened through a controversial reconstruction project. In the late 1980s, the road was rehabilitated through the downtown area of Roslyn. As part of the project, the concrete sidewalks through the historic downtown were replaced with brick ones, to further preserve the downtown area's character and history. The sidewalk bricking also coincided with a major flood control project along the road, which had been delayed since first being proposed in 1972. Twenty new trees were also planted as part of the project.	2.484375
75786036	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoodKids%20MadCity%20Englewood	GoodKids MadCity Englewood	GoodKids MadCity Englewood (GKMC-E) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in the Englewood neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. It was founded by Chicago youth in 2018 with the aim to be an anti-gun violence group. GKMC-E organizes youth engagement events, community service projects, and conducts workforce development programs. History GKMC-E was founded in 2018 in the wake of the Parkland, Florida shooting. Their mission is to provide support to young people affected by shootings and violent crime, as well as to advocate for policy changes to address social drivers of violence. GKMC-E has advocated for policy changes that include the "Peacebook" initiative, challenged directives, and organized community events such as food and clothing drives. During the 2023 Chicago mayoral election, the group hosted a town hall meeting and five candidates showed up to speak. Leadership GKMC-E meets on a weekly basis to catch up and plan events and activities. GKMC-E is a youth-led democratic organization with an adult mentor, activist Kofi Ademola. Ademola, who is 38 years old, had previously done work with Black Lives Matter Chicago. Partnerships GKMC-E has a sister organization in Baltimore called GoodKidsMadCity-Baltimore (GKMC-Bmore). GKMC-Bmore organized protests against police brutality following the death of Breonna Taylor. In August 2020, GKMC-E gathered with Black Lives Matter Chicago, Chicago Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression, The Let Us Breathe Collective, Black Youth Project 100, Care Not Cops, and Black Abolitionist Network. These groups organized a protest to express injustice for Latrell Allen who was arrested for shooting at police and was held on a $1 million bond. GKMC-E and the other organizations protested that this was an unfair situation because there were no evidence or body cam footage to back up the incident.	2.03125
75786036	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoodKids%20MadCity%20Englewood	GoodKids MadCity Englewood	In 2023 GKMC-E partnered with other neighborhood organizations to participate in a basketball game called Hoops in the Hood. The organizations included GKMC-E, ABC Pilsen, Teamwork Englewod and BUILD. Hoops in the Hood has been held for 17 years and is used to bring the kids of Chicago together with music and entertainment. Recent work GKMC-E has weekly meetings where they discuss events and develop ways they can give free, safe recreation to youth in Englewood. In October 2020 GKMC-E held an event they called a "love march" in Englewood. The march took place in front of the 7th police district headquarters. The members goal was to bring attention to the policing in the community and to spread love. GKMC-E proposed the idea of a Peace Book ordinance. The Peace Book ordinance aims to reallocate two percent of the Police’s $1.7 billion budget to be earmarked for mental health services, job training programs, restorative justice training, and appointing peacekeepers for the community. In 2022, members of this organization, along with Alderman Leslie Hairston and Alderman Roderick Sawyer took their ideas to Lori Lightfoot in a City Council meeting. Mayor Lori Lightfoot declined funding. The Peace Book Ordinance was first proposed in 2022, and then again in 2023. On February 22, 2023 they presented their ideas of the Peace Book Ordinance to the Chicago mayoral candidates. Out of the nine mayoral candidates five showed up; Brandon Johnson, Sophia King, Roderick Sawyer, Kam Buckner and Ja’mal Green. During the meeting GKMC expressed that if the future Mayor of Chicago funded their program they would change their name to "GoodKids GreatCity."	1.992188
75786232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malan%20syndrome	Malan syndrome	Malan syndrome (MALNS) is a rare overgrowth syndrome caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the NFIX gene. The syndrome is characterized by overgrowth, craniofacial dysmorphia, intellectual disability, and behavioral issues. It was formerly diagnosed as Sotos syndrome 2. Signs and symptoms Malan syndrome is defined by initial overgrowth and mild-to-severe intellectual disability. Almost all individuals with Malan syndrome display above-average height, weight, and head circumference in early life, but only one-third of adults with Malan syndrome are >2 standard deviations above the mean. Most individuals display advanced bone age. Hypotonia and seizures may be observed. All individuals display some degree of global developmental delay and intellectual disability which typically ranges from moderate to severe, though mild cases have been observed. Cognitive function, adaptive function, and language skills are impaired. Anxiety and noise hypersensitivity are frequently reported. Autism spectrum features are observed in 31% of individuals. The facial gestalt of Malan syndrome includes dolichocephaly, a long or triangular face, prominent forehead, depressed nasal bridge, deep-set eyes, downslanting palpebral fissures, short nose with anteverted nares, long philtrum, everted lower lip, and prominent chin. Marfanoid features are extremely common, including scoliosis, hyperkyphosis or hyperlordosis, pectus excavatum or carinatum, slender habitus, and long hands. Ophthalmological features are common in Malan syndrome and can be used to distinguish it from Sotos syndrome. Vision impairments may include strabismus, myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, and nystagmus. Blue sclerae are often observed.	2.84375
75786257	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad%20von%20Schubert	Conrad von Schubert	Philipp Christian Theodor Conrad von Schubert (29 October 1847 – 21 January 1924) was a Prussian lieutenant general, politician, winery owner and member of the German Reichstag. Early life Schubert was born on 29 October 1847 in Wielki Bór. He was the son of Theodor Schubert (1816–1890), Lord of Bogislawitz, Rachelsdorf, Koschine, Kalmow and his wife Amalie (née Lebius). His younger brother Richard von Schubert served as a German army commander during the First World War. Schubert attended high school in Ostrowo. Career Schubert joined the Pioneer Battalion No. 7 in Koblenz in 1865 as a one-year volunteer, taking part in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 as a non-commissioned officer. He fought in the Battles of Münchengrätz and Königgrätz. In November 1867, he was transferred to the 3rd Engineering Inspectorate as a Second lieutenant. He attended the United Artillery and Engineering School from October 1868 to July 1870. During the Franco-Prussian War, Schubert was transferred to the Electoral Hessian Pioneer Battalion No. 11, with which he took part in the Battles of Wissembourg, Wörth, Sedan and the Siege of Paris. Schubert was wounded at Sedan and was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd Class in 1870.	2.203125
75787041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20on%20drugs%20in%20Ecuador	War on drugs in Ecuador	The Foundation for Peace and Reconciliation–Pares of Colombia notified that the National Liberation Army (ELN) also operates in Ecuadorian territory, including the following gangs of diverse origin: La Empresa, Gente del Orden, Guerrillas Unidas del Pacífico, Los Negritos, Los Mexicanos, Nuevo Grupo, Peasant Resistance, Steven Gonzáles Front and illegal mining. Response from Ecuadorian authorities The conflict itself broke out during the Lenín Moreno government, the Ecuadorian president defined the 2018 San Lorenzo attack as "The first terrorist attack in Ecuador", declaring a state of exception in the Province of Esmeraldas. Moreno in the context of the prison massacres openly said that these events were related to drug trafficking. In the Government of Guillermo Lasso, the president also declared a state of emergency for the attacks in Guayaquil in August 2022 and offered a reward of $10,000 for anyone who collaborates with the search for the material and intellectual authors of the attack. For the attacks in November of the same year, Lasso suggested that human rights organizations defend the attackers. Armed confrontations Attacks on the northern border of Ecuador in 2018 Ecuador security crisis of 2021–2024 Ecuador's internal armed conflict of 2024 The internal armed conflict in Ecuador broke out on January 9, 2024.	2.109375
75787848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat%20Point%20Tide%20Pools	Flat Point Tide Pools	The Flat Point Tide Pools (or Saba Tide Pools) are located on the coast of Saba, in the Dutch Caribbean. They are located on the Flat Point peninsula Lower Hell's Gate. These tide pools feature large lava rock formations filled with colorful saltwater pools. The site was formed during volcanic activity about 5,000 years ago. A large lava flow went down the northeast side of the island into the ocean, forming the Flat Point peninsula as it cooled. Today the Flat Point Tide Pools are home to diverse marine life, and are a popular hiking location. The site is accessible via the Flat Point Trail below Saba's airport. Hiking The tide pools are a popular hiking location, and can be reached by the Flat Point Trail. The trail access is located on road going from Saba's airport to Cove Bay. The trail passes by the ruins of an indigo boiling house, that was part of a 17th-18th century sugar and indigo plantation (referred to as "Flat Point Plantation" by archeologists). The hike is about 15-25 minutes each way. Wildlife The tide pools are home to including small fish, sea urchins, crabs, and sea flora. Off the coast are protected coral reefs that are part of the Saba National Marine Park. Birdwatchers can see numerous bird species in the Flat Point area, including the Common Ground Dove, the Brown Noddy, the Least Sandpiper, and the White-tailed Tropicbird. Safety Rip currents can occur in the Flat Point tide pools, especially from November to April. The Saba Conservation Foundation advises hikers visiting the tide pools to be cautious and alert, and to stay safely distanced from the surf. Additionally, the volcanic rocks are jagged and can be sharp. Gallery	2.484375
75788412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsendia%20grandiflora	Townsendia grandiflora	Townsendia grandiflora, commonly called largeflower ground-daisy, largeflower townsendia, or showy townsendia is an inconspcious plant of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and nearby shortgrass prairies. They are usually found in somewhat eroded or rocky areas such as the sides of hills, banks, and mesas. They are part of the Townsendia genus, which can be difficult for both amateur and expert botanists to correctly identify. A short-lived plant, they are nonetheless grown by rock garden enthusiasts for their relatively large daisy-like flowers. Description Townsendia grandiflora is a small herbaceous plant that commonly grows 3–15 centimeters tall, but may be as tall as 30 centimeters or hug the ground at just 2 centimeters in exceptional circumstances. The stems grow from a substantial woody taproot. Generally the stems of T. grandiflora branch near the base of the plant, but occasionally they may branch further up a stem. The stems may be erect or lay on the ground and are covered in hairs that all point in the same direction (strigose). The distance between nodes where leaves attach on the stems is normally 2–25 millimeters, but may be up to 50 millimeters. The leaves of Townsendia grandiflora attach to both the base and the stems of the plant. They may be spoon shaped (spatulate), shaped like a reversed lance head with the wider portion past the midpoint (oblanceolate), or narrow like a blade of grass. The leaves are usually 2–4 centimeters long (occasionally as long as 9 centimeters) and 0.1–0.5 centimeters wide, but may occasionally reach one centimeter in width. Their faces are fairly smooth, occasionally having sparse hairs, with rough midribs.	2.328125
75788412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsendia%20grandiflora	Townsendia grandiflora	The flowering heads are located at the end of the stems, with only one on each stem. The bract-covered supporting base of the flowers packed together into the flowering head (the involucre) is a half sphere in shape and usually 10–14 millimeters in diameter, though it may be as little as 8 millimeters. The bracts are longer than they are wide. They are widest in the middle and taper to a long point (acuminate) with bristly hairs. Usually they are 8–10 millimeters long, but occasionally are longer than 12 millimeters. The flowering head will have 20 to 40 ray flowers arranged around the edge with the showy petals 7–15 millimeters long, though occasionally they may be longer than 20 millimeters. The ray flowers are predominately white, but will often have a slight pink or purple tint or even be quite violet. The tip of each ray petal has a very small, single notch. The tightly-packed disk flowers in the center of the flowering head are yellow, but have also been described as greenish-yellow. There are usually 80 to more than 120 disk flowers, but occasionally will be as few as 60. Their petals are 4–6 millimeters long. In their native habitat they bloom any time from June through August, with occasional stragglers still flowering in September. The seeds of Townsendia grandiflora (technically called a cypselae, but often incorrectly called an achene) are 3.5 to more than 4 millimeters long. They have a hairy surface and a persistent pappus that is longer than the seed. The relatives that most closely resemble Townsendia grandiflora are Townsendia eximia and Townsendia formosa. Townsendia eximia grows in Colorado and New Mexico and has slightly more and longer bracts (usually 12–13 mm) on a moderately bigger involucre (12–25 mm). The range of Townsendia grandiflora only overlaps a very small amount with that of Townsendia formosa in New Mexico. The flowers of T. formosa are generally larger, with longer petals (10–15 mm) and a wider disk (12–18 mm). Its bracts have a blunt to pointed end without a tapering tip.	2.859375
75788412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsendia%20grandiflora	Townsendia grandiflora	Conservation NatureServe has not evaluated Townsendia grandiflora since 1988. At that time, they evaluated its global status as "apparently secure", G4. They also evaluated it as S4 in Wyoming and "vulnerable", S3 in South Dakota while not evaluating it in the other states of its distribution. Ecology The effects of cattle grazing on Townsendia grandiflora are unclear, with one study finding plants in ungrazed and intensely grazed rangeland after 55 years, and finding no plants in light or moderately grazed areas. The roots of the partially parasitic plant bastard toadflax (Comandra umbellata) attach to the roots of Townsendia grandiflora along with most other perennial plants examined in its range. It is a host for the rust species Puccinia hordei. Cultivation Largeflower ground-daisy is grown in rock gardens, even outside its native range. It requires well-drained soil and is grown in troughs in wet climates to better control soil conditions and moisture levels. When a suitable soil is not available, they can grow in a mixture of equal parts well-composted leaves and sand. They prefer half-sun conditions where they receive direct sun for only part of the day or a west facing position with shade from the south. Propagation is by seed. Ground-daisies, including the largeflower, are not long lived plants.	2.71875
75788543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trai%20Bhet	Trai Bhet	20th century By the 20th century, the influence of Buddhist reform movements meant that the Trai Bhet was held to be less than authoritative. While manuscripts were located in many monasteries at the beginning of the 20th century by Adhémard Leclère, after the cultural genocide directed by the Khmers Rouges, only two copies of the Trai Bhet were located in Cambodia by French archeologist Olivier de Bernon. This scarcity may also be attributed to the fact that the Trai Bhet had not been copied for many years. Content According to Olivier de Bernon, the Trai Bhet is a Khmer literary classic of which nothing else than the title is known, as it has not been studies for years, if not centuries. Commentators are therefore not unanimous as to the nature of its content. It is best read as a cosmogonic preamble to the legend of Rama followed by a presentation of the genealogy of the main protagonists in relation with the narrative of their legendary birth. The text is therefore divided into four parts: cosmogonic genesis, cosmological elements, genealogy of the main protagonists, legend of Rama. Division While the canonical division of the Vedas is fourfold including the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and the Atharvaveda, the first three were the principal original division, also called "trayī vidyā", known as "Trai Beda" in the Thai collection gathered by King Rama VI at the beginning of the 20th century. This "triple science" of reciting hymns (Rigveda), performing sacrifices (Yajurveda), and chanting songs (Samaveda) however is totally different in content from the Trai Bhet, despite their titles sounding similar. Connection to Ramayana The Trai Bhet is closely related to the Ramayana as its text narratives may be read synoptically with some overlap. The names of the protagonists however are systematically different. What's more, the Trai Bhet starts with a peculiar genesis of deities and personified elements, before becoming a vague tale of the Rama epic.	2.609375
75788666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Mutch	Carol Mutch	Mutch shared an office in the PGC Building in Christchurch through her work for ERO. The building collapsed, killing 18 people and injuring others, in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Mutch was not in the building at the time, but the disaster led her to focus on researching how teachers and schools cope with catastrophes such as earthquakes, tsunamis, fires, pandemics, and shootings, and how they recover afterwards. She has conducted research across the Asia Pacific region, including education responses to the 2015 Nepal earthquake, the 2011 Japan tsunami, bushfires in Victoria, and the COVID-19 pandemic. She has become known in some circles as Dr Disaster. Mutch believes that during disasters teachers act as first responders, counsellors and crisis managers, but that they rarely receive recognition for those roles, or enough resources or training to carry out those roles properly. Mutch's other research focuses on educational policy and practice, curriculum development, and social education such as citizenship education. Honours and awards Mutch has received a number of university awards. In 2016 she was awarded the Excellence in Postgraduate Research Supervision award in the Faculty of Education awards at Auckland, followed by the 2020 University of Auckland Research Excellence Medal, and the 2023 University of Auckland Research Impact Award. In 2005, Mutch received the American Educational Research Association's Critical Issues in Curriculum Special Interest Group's Early Career Award. In 2013 Mutch was made an Honorary Life Member of the Pacific Circle Consortium, an honour which is awarded for those with 25 years of service to the organisation. The Pacific Circle Consortium also awarded Mutch the 2011 Peter Brice Award for Intercultural Understanding, and the 2019 Arthur R King Jnr Award for Curriculum Innovation.	2.1875
75789334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Frayne	Hugh Frayne	In July 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Frayne to the War Industries Board as a representative of labor. He organized the prison labor and national waste reclamation section of the board's labor division. He became chairman of the labor division and served until the board dissolved on January 1, 1919. He also served on the War Labor Policies Board organized by Felix Frankfurter to maintain industrial peace during the war. For his efforts in the board during World War I, he received the Distinguished Service Medal on May 17, 1922. He was active in prison reform work in New York City and received a gold medal from the National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor in 1920. On November 11, 1920, he was appointed as a member of the military hospital commission. After William Green became president of the AFL, he worked as one of his aides. In December 1932, he was one of three receivers who took control of the New York local of the Motion Picture Operators Union. Frayne was director of the National Tuberculosis Association and a trustee of the Near East Relief. Personal life Frayne married Mary E. Cawley on November 8, 1869. They had three sons, Joseph, John and Hugh Jr. He was friends with Samuel Gompers and William Green. He was a dancer. Later in life, he lived primarily in New York City, but also maintained a home at 1645 North Church Avenue in Scranton. Frayne had an operation. Ten days later, on July 12, 1934, he died at Wickersham Hospital in New York City. He was interred at Cathedral Cemetery in Scranton. Labor leaders William Green and Thomas Kennedy attended his funeral.	2.1875
75790093	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammamma	Kammamma	Kammamma (also romanized as Kamama) was a Hattian god worshiped by Hittites and Palaians. He belonged to the category of tutelary deities (DLAMMA) and might have been associated with vegetation. He attained a degree of importance in the Hittite state pantheon in the Old Hittite period, and in some cases he is listed in hierarchically arranged lists directly after Tarḫunna and the sun goddess of Arinna, the main Hittite deities. Name and character The theonym Kammamma has Hattic origin. It is identical with the name of a Bronze Age city located in northern Anatolia, though they were written in cuneiform with different determinatives, respectively dingir and uru. Volkert Haas considered Kammamma a mother goddess. However, refers to him as a male deity. notes that the name is most likely related to that of the goddess Ammamma (Mamma), and translates it as "high Mamma". However, he concluded Kammamma was regarded as a male deity whose character was comparable to Telipinu, as a variant of his name, Pin-Kammamma, "child Kammamma" or "son Kammamma", is likely to designate him as a similar youthful vegetation god. He argues that the possible etymological connection between the names of Kammamma and Ammamma likely reflects a shared connection with wild nature. Carlo Corti, relying on the fact Kammamma's name is identical with that of a city, concludes this deity belonged to "the category of tutelary local numens". In some cases his name could be represented by the logogram DLAMMA, which was also used to write names of various members of this category, such as Innara, Inar and Luwian Runtiya. However, Piotr Taracha stresses that it cannot necessarily be assumed that his symbolic animal was a deer, despite the proposals that it was universally associated with Hittite tutelary deities.	2.328125
75790093	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammamma	Kammamma	The term Ḫaššuwa Innara (DLAMMA.LUGAL, hieroglyphic Luwian CERVUS3-ti REX or DEUS-ti REX), which had Luwian origin and was used to designate the personal protective deity of the Hittite king, could be in some cases translated into Hattic as Kattelikammamma, "the king's Kammamma". This reflected a broader phenomenon of inventing Hattic names for Hurrian and Luwian deities and concepts incorporated into Hittite religion, as also reflected in referring to Hurrian Earth and Heaven pair with the Hattic names Yaḫšul-Ištarazzil ("heaven-earth"). Worship Kammamma was chiefly worshiped in northern Anatolia. His cult center was most likely the homophonous city, where he was presumably regarded as the head of the local pantheon. He was also worshiped in Arinna. In rituals presumed to reflect Hattian tradition, he received offerings as a member of the circle of the sun goddess of Arinna. In the late Old Hittite period, Kammamma attained a degree of importance in the state pantheon. He sometimes appears in enumerations of deities immediately after the heads of the pantheon, Tarhunna and the sun goddess of Arinna, which according to Piotr Taracha likely reflects the importance of his cult center, which might have served as a temporary royal residence during the reign of Hantili II.	2.203125
75790429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westworld%20%28game%29	Westworld (game)	Westworld is a hand-moderated, western role-playing play-by-mail (PBM) game. Designed by George Cameron and Jack Harriman and launched in 1993, it was moderated from prison. A reviewer compared it to the PBM game Stand and Deliver. Gameplay was simple with a variety of orders possible. Players could choose various character types such as Gunslinger, Bandito, and Indian, and interact with non-player characters within the game. Westworld received some generally positive reviews from gaming magazines in the mid-1990s. History and development Westworld was a western, role-playing PBM game that became available for play in 1993. George Cameron and Jack Harriman were the designers. The game was hand-moderated from the William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility. This required payment to the publishing company and correspondence with the gamemaster separately. Reviewer Patrick M. Rodgers compared the game to the PBM game Stand and Deliver, which both game designers played. As of 1994, the publisher stated that there were more than fifty players and one hundred non-player characters in the game. Gameplay Gameplay was uncomplicated, and reviewer John C. Muir noted that it was "a beer-and-pretzels game that doesn't get involved in math or coded input sheets". Players could choose from various character types including Gunslinger, Bandito, and Indian. The approximately 75 general orders available provided great leeway. These allowed players to "join an alliance, catch stray wild horses, catch a train … pan for gold, blow up a building, shoot at targets, start a stampede, see a teacher, or … work in town". 13 "Certain Orders" were available for an extra charge, such as "'Fist Fight,' 'High Noon,' 'Start/Run a Cattle Ranch,'" and adult options such as "Visit Cathouse." Additional order types were Very Special Orders which related to character type and Einstein Orders for player personality. Non-player characters were available to interact with, as well as other players.	2.296875
75791071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20del%20Castillo%20y%20Rada	Manuel del Castillo y Rada	Manuel del Castillo y Rada (Cartagena de Indias, 1781 – Cartagena de Indias, 24 February 1816) was a Neogranadine general, who fought for the independence of New Granada from Spain. He was executed during the Spanish Reconquista after the Siege of Cartagena (1815), by order of Pablo Morillo. Biography His father was Don Nicolás del Castillo, a native of Alicante, and his mother, Doña Manuela Rada, of aristocratic lineage. His elder brother was José María del Castillo y Rada. He was orphaned at the age of five. He married Isabel de Blasco on 6 August 1815. After obtaining the degree of Doctor of Law, he joined the militia with the rank of captain. On 19 November 1810 he joined the National Battalion in Santa Fe de Bogotá. In January 1811, the government of Santa Fe entrusted him with incorporating the province of Mariquita into Cundinamarca. Castillo then returned to Santafé where Antonio Nariño had become president. In January 1812, Manuel del Castillo joined Commander Joaquín París Ricaurte to submit the province of El Socorro to Cundinamarca. Castillo was then appointed by Congress as commander of the Province of Pamplona and head of the army vanguard in order to protect the Union from the Royalist forces in Venezuela. In December 1812, Colonel Castillo joined Bolívar's troops to attack the Royalist army from Tunja and Cartagena. Bolívar's forces were supported by hundreds of Castillo's men in the victorious Battle of Cúcuta on 28 February 1813. However, relations deteriorated due to Bolívar's plan to continue towards Caracas, and Castillo's refusal to follow him.	2.484375
75791543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colponemid	Colponemid	Colponemids are found in freshwater, marine and soil environments. They are obligate eukaryovores or eukaryotrophs, free-living predators that feed on other microscopic eukaryotes by capturing and ingesting entire cells. Evolution Colponemids are not a clade, i.e. do not form an independent evolutionary lineage within eukaryotes. Instead, they are a series of deep-branching lineages spread within the larger Alveolata group. Phylogenetic analyses recover some colponemids at the base of Myzozoa (the clade uniting apicomplexans and dinoflagellates), such as Acavomonas, while others appear at the base of all alveolates. The method of feeding in colponemids perhaps represents the ancestral alveolate state, preceding myzocytosis in their myzozoan relatives. In addition, they possibly constitute the evolutionary link to more basal protists with ventral grooves used in feeding, i.e. 'excavates' (such as metamonads, jakobids and malawimonads). These basal organisms feed on suspended particles driving them into their ventral groove by the beating of their posterior flagellum, an arrangement comparable to that seen among colponemids during feeding. However, there are large differences between their feeding processes. Namely, colponemids are not suspension feeders, and phagocytosis occurs in their anterior end, not the posterior end as in excavates. Classification	2.59375
75791950	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20emulation	Film emulation	Film emulation is a technique used to give digital image the appearance of being captured with an analogue photosensitive media. The desired effect is achieved by manipulating specific characteristics like film grain, halation, light reflection, bloom, film artifacts etc. To emulate film, special functions or plugins available in video or photo editing software are used. The result is an image that closely resembles a photograph or motion picture captured on analogue media, even though it was taken digitally. History In the early years of photography, such media as heliography (1822), daguerreotype (1839), cyanotype (1842), tintype (1853) and ambrotype (1854) were used to capture images. Since its invention in the 1880s, film has long been the most popular way to store images. Popularized by the Lumière brothers, Kodak and Pathé, celluloid film became the basis of modern photography and cinematography. In filmmaking First of all, film is strongly associated with cinema, which, until the widespread use of television, remained a monopoly on moving pictures. The rise of video formats introduced by companies like Sony, Sharp, Hitachi, and Panasonic in the 1980s further solidified the divide between video for home use and film for cinemas. Sony released one of the first digital cinema cameras, the HDW-F900 CineAlta, in 2000. Film gradually lost its mass market appeal and came to be used primarily by film studios and film enthusiasts. In photo production For most of the 20th century, film was practically the only way that photographs and movies were produced. But with the release of mass-produced digital cameras such as from Nikon (Nikon D1) and Canon (PowerShot) in the mid-90s, camera phones in the 2000s, and the dominance of smartphones with integrated digital cameras since the mid-2010s, photographic film and analog cameras have gradually lost their position in the market.	3.0625
75792000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Marco%20Polo%20%28television%20musical%29	The Adventures of Marco Polo (television musical)	The Adventures of Marco Polo is a 90 minute long television musical with music by Clay Warnick, lyrics by Edward Eager, and a book by William Friedberg and Neil Simon. The work was created for the NBC Television's musical anthology series Max Liebman Presents; premiering on that program on April 14, 1956. Produced and directed by Max Liebman, the show was choreographed by James Starbuck. Frederick Fox designed the sets for the production and served as the show's art director, and Paul Du Pont designed the costumes. The cast of The Adventures of Marco Polo was led by Alfred Drake in the title role and Doretta Morrow as the Beggar Girl with the intent of reuniting the two performers who had recently been tremendously successful with the public performing opposite one another in Kismet. Others in the cast included Paul Ukena as Kubla Khan, Arnold Moss as Nicole, George Mitchell as Mario, and Ross Martin as the Baron. Beatrice Kraft was a featured dancer in the show. A cast album of the musical was released on Columbia Records.	2.375
75792123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myobradypterygius	Myobradypterygius	Myobradypterygius is an extinct genus of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Hauterivian) of Argentina and possibly also Chile. One species is known, M. hauthali, which was once believed to have been a species of Platypterygius. Discovery and naming The holotype, MLP 79-I-30-2, a vertebral column and associated forelimbs, was discovered between 1900 and 1925 by Rudolph Hauthal at Nevado de Famatina, Argentina. The specimen was first described by von Huene (1925) and he reconstructed the forelimb, and described it as being related to Myopterygius (now Pervushovisaurus). A second specimen, MLP 79-I-30-1, which included a left humerus and a forefin, was described by von Huene (1927) and in the same paper, both specimens were believed to belong to the same species, which was named Myobradypoterygius hauthali. A second species, M. mollensis, was named by Carlos Rusconi (1938) on the basis of specimen MHN-PV 106, a set of vertebrae found in the Los Molles Formation of Argentina, but it has since been synonymised with Platypterygius and was not mentioned in the 2024 reappraisal of the genus. McGowan (1972) synonymised M. hauthali with Platypterygius and created the new name Platypterygius hauthali. Stinnesbeck et al. (2014) described around forty ichthyosaur specimens from the Zapata Formation of Chile, several of which had previously been assigned to Platypterygius, and assigned several of the specimens to what would later become Myobradyopterygius hauthali. Fernández and Aguirre-Urreta (2005) reviewed the holotype and were the first to determine that it did not belong to Platypterygius. Campos et al. (2024) reinstated the genus Myobradyopterygius as separate from Platypterygius. Classification In 1925, Myobrachyopterygius was classified as being similar to Perushovisaurus. In 1972, it was allied with Platypterygius, and in 2024, Myobrachyopterygius was classified within Ophthalmosauridae.	2.234375
75792183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Robinson%20%28athletic%20director%29	Bobby Robinson (athletic director)	Bobby Robinson is an American retired college athletics administrator. Early life and education Robinson was born in Columbia, South Carolina, and graduated from Furman University in 1968 with a degree in business and political science. Career Bobby worked in the housing office at Clemson University from 1970 until 1973, when he moved to the athletic department. Robinson was men's golf coach from 1974 through 1983, winning one Atlantic Coast Conference title and reaching three NCAA Tournaments. He was named business manager in 1975, assistant athletic director in 1977, and associate athletic director in 1980. Robinson was promoted to athletic director in 1985, after Bill McLellan was forced out amid drug and recruiting scandals. The scandals eventually led to the ouster of popular football coach Danny Ford, prompting threats against Robinson. During his tenure, 16 of Clemson's 19 sports had at least one top-10 national finish. Robinson also began an $82 million fundraising campaign to improve facilities, and he created the nation's first student-athlete enrichment center, and athletes' grade point averages increased from 2.33 to 2.80. Robinson retired from Clemson in 2002, and was replaced by Terry Don Phillips. In 2003, Robinson joined Georgia Tech's athletic department as Senior Associate Director of Athletics.	2.03125
75792474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinka%20%28river%29	Martinka (river)	The Martinka () is a river in southern Bulgaria, a left tributary of the river Maritsa, with a length of 55 km. The river takes its source at an altitude of 403 m in the Chirpan Heights, at 2.7 km northwest of the village of Vinarovo. It flows in southeastern direction through the Upper Thracian Plain in a wide shallow valley. The Martinka flows into the Maritsa at an altitude of 87 m at 2.4 km southeast of the village of Brod. Its drainage basin covers a territory of 395 km2 or 0.75% of the Maritsa's total and borders the drainage basins of the Stara reka and Merichlerska reka to the southwest, the Sazliyka to the northeast, and the Arpadere to the east, all of them left tributaries of the Maritsa. The Martinka has predominantly rain feed with high water in January–May and low water in July–October. The river flows in Stara Zagora Province and Haskovo Province. There are ten villages along its course: Vinarovo, Malko Tranovo, Dimitrievo, Samuilovo, Byal Izvor in Stara Zagora Province, and Stransko, Radievo, Golyamo Asenovo, Brod and Zlatopole in Haskovo Province. Its waters are utilised for irrigation for the intensive agriculture in the Upper Thracian Plain. Citations	2.015625
75792648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberg%20Castle	Halberg Castle	In the 19th century, Halberg developed into a popular destination for the citizens of Saarbrücken and St. Johann. It became known in 1875 that the Royal Prussian Forestry Administration in Trier wanted to sell Halberg to the industrialist Carl Ferdinand Stumm of Neunkirchen, which angered the citizens of Saarbrücken and St. Johann. Halberg had been open to citizens during the time of the Saarbrücken princes, and even after the castle was destroyed, the residents of the surrounding area used the area for excursions and festivals. The citizens set up a A municipal beautification association with the goal of converting Halberg into a public park. The campaign was unsuccessful, however, and, in 1877, Stumm purchased all of Halberg for 700,000 marks and hired architect Edwin Oppler from Hanover was commissioned to design and build a new castle. Stumm had become incredibly wealthy as a partner in Stumm Brothers, and between 1877 and 1880, was in competition with his brothers Ferdinand Eduard von Stumm and Hugo Rudolf von Stumm, who also had magnificent castles built (Rauischholzhausen Castle and Ramholz Castle), a neo-Gothic castle was designed by Oppler. The landscape park surrounding the castle was designed by the Royal Prussian gardener Eduard Neide and carried out by the architect , who also designed the parks for Stumm's brother at Rauischholzhausen. The façade was built from yellow Jaumont limestone from Maizières-lès-Metz. Stumm, and his brothers, were ennobled in 1888, with his title linked to Halberg, as Baron von Stumm-Halberg. The Prussian King and German Emperor Wilhelm II stayed at Halberg Castle in 1892 as a guest of Baron von Stumm-Halberg. Later ownership	2.453125
75792921	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirpan%20Heights	Chirpan Heights	The Chirpan Heights () are a hilly ridge in the southernmost reaches of the Sredna Gora mountain range as it descends to the Upper Thracian Plain in central Bulgaria. Administratively, they lie in Stara Zagora Province. The heights rise north of the town of Chirpan between the valleys of the rivers the Omurovska reka to the west and the Sazliyka to the east, both left tributaries of the Maritsa. In the north, the valleys of the small rivers the Kalfenska of the Omurovska reka basin and the Chatalka of the Sazliyka drainage separate hills from the Sarnena Sredna Gora. In the southwest, south, and southeast, their slopes gradually sink into the Upper Thracian Plain. The Chirpan Heights span 20 km from west to east and 15 km from north to south. Their maximum height is at mount Kitkata (650.4 m), rising 2.5 km northwest of the village of Sredno Gradishte. They are formed mainly by marl and limestone rocks and have a highly dissected relief. The climate is transitional continental with warm summer, mild winter and short span of snow cover. Several left tributaries of the Maritsa river originate from the Chirpan Heights — the Tekirska, the Starata reka, the Merichlerska reka and the Martinka. The soils are mostly cinnamon forest. The heights are generally deforested, with limited areas are covered by oak forests. There are extensive pastures favourable the development of animal husbandry, as well as excellent conditions for viticulture. There are 13 villages: Bratya Daskalovi, Vinarovo, Golyam Dol, Izvorovo, Mogilovo, Naydenovo, Rakitnitsa, Rupkite, Spasovo, Sredno Gradishte, Stoyan-Zaimovo, Saedinenie and Yavorovo. In direction north–south a 15.1 km stretch of the third class III-608 road Kazanlak–Saedinenie–Chirpan passes through the heights between the villages of Saedinenie and Spasovo. Southeast of the Chirpan Heights in the Upper Thracian Plain passes the Trakia motorway that connects the capital Sofia and the port of Burgas on the Black Sea. Citations	2.109375
75793090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahara%20Kiyoshige	Kasahara Kiyoshige	Kasahara Kiyoshige (died 23 September 1547) was a Japanese commander of Shiga Castle in Shinano Province, during the country's Sengoku period. He commanded it until Takeda Singen, the head of the Takeda clan, seized it in September 1547, during his military campaign to control the province. After the castle's garrison was shown to have no relieving army, a fire started inside, which Kiyoshige died in. Military career Kiyoshige commanded the garrison at Shiga Castle (also spelled Shika Castle). A white kikyo (Chinese bellflower) on a green background was used as Kiyoshige's mon on all of his flags. Takeda Shingen, head of the Takeda clan, started a military campaign to take control of Shinano Province in 1542. He had captured multiple castles over the following years, and went to take Shiga Castle in 1547. Shingen began the siege on 8 September. He cut off the castle's water supply and subjected the garrison to a "slow and dreadful death from thirst", but the castle held out. Kiyoshige had optimism that Uesegi Norimasa would arrive from Kozuke province and save him. Soon, Usuegi's forces, led by Kanai Hidekage, crossed Usui Pass from Kozuke with 3,000 men. Shingen had one part of his army continue the siege, while Itagaki Nobutaka and others would meet Usuegi's forces. At the Battle of Odaihara on 19 September, Shingen's forces defeated Usuegi's, but Kiyoshige would not surrender. Shingen's forces collected the heads of members of Usuegi's Odaihara forces (15 senior samurai and 300 ashigaru), displayed them on spear shafts, and paraded them in front of Shiga Castle. This showed there was no relieving army. At noon on September 23, a fire started in the castle, which killed Kiyoshige and 200 of the castle's garrison. The garrison's women and children were rounded up and sent to Kofu as slaves. At some point, Shingen's forces "wiped out" Kiyoshige's family. The capture of Shiga brought Takeda territory closer to the territory of the strongest daimyo in Shinano, Murakami Yoshikiyo.	2.390625
75793629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelle	Torricelle	The Torricelle (Toresele in Veronese dialect) are the hills that surround the city of Verona to the north. The hills have been an integral part of the urban landscape since the founding of the city, whose first settlements in pre-Roman times saw the light of day on these very heights. From an orographic point of view, the Torricelle are the extreme southern offshoot of the Lessini Mountains included between Valpolicella and Valpantena; they therefore belong to the sector of the Venetian Prealps. In addition to various places of worship, villas and private homes, part of the Veronese city walls of the Scaligeri era are developed on the Torricelle, and various military fortifications built during the Austrian domination can still be found, which have become today a characteristic element of the Veronese hill and city landscape. Origins of the name The name by which the Veronese refer to the hills north of the city, Torricelle, is said to derive from the four Maximilian towers erected between 1837 and 1843 by Franz von Scholl, director of the Imperial Royal Office of Fortifications in Verona. The towers, which still exist, were built to enclose the complex hill defense system built by the Austrian Empire to the north: from there, artilleries could strike the Valpantena, Valdonega and the Avesa valley. The four round towers stand on the Santa Giuliana ridge and were at that time visible from the city, the vegetation being less dense, so much so that the Veronese called the entire hillside area by this name. Physical geography Boundaries and landscape	2.453125
75793629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelle	Torricelle	The ridge of Mounts Arzan (257 m) and Croson (334 m) encloses the Galina valley to the east and thus separates the northern part of the Avesa Valley from the Valpantena. During World War II, the mountain's quarries housed a powder magazine blown up by the Germans on the morning of April 26, 1945 before fleeing the city. The victims of the explosion were contained (8 people) due to the intervention of the curate of Avesa, Don Giuseppe Graziani, who obtained permission from the German Command to empty the powder magazine until dawn, an undertaking in which several inhabitants of the hill town participated. The summit of Mount Arzan can be reached from the Monte Arzan road that starts north of Avesa, from Via Bonuzzo Sant'Anna that runs along the ridge between the two valleys for those coming from the city, or from Via Ronchi for those coming from Quinto di Valpantena. In a southerly direction, the hilly belt continues until it enters the historic core of the city with the Santa Giuliana ridge, Mount Calvo, and finally the hills of San Leonardo, San Felice, San Pietro, and Mount Castiglione that lap the left bank of the Adige River. Torricelle (or Santa Giuliana Hill)	2.140625
75793629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelle	Torricelle	The hill and Fort San Leonardo owe their name to the church and monastery of San Leonardo in Monte Donico. The Romanesque-era complex, now deconsecrated, houses the Villa Caperle Arrighini Gerard, while preserving the bell tower and forms of the ancient religious building, visible on the side of Viale dei Colli at the intersection with Via San Leonardo and, downstream, from Lungadige Catena. Monte Donico (or mons Donicus) was the name that identified San Leonardo hill in ancient times: as with the nearby Valdonega (or Valdonica), donicus is a contraction of the classical Latin dominicus, meaning "mountain and valley belonging to the lord." Given its proximity to the city center, on the western and southern slopes of the hill north of Via Mameli a number of small villas in eclectic style were built in the early twentieth century, reminiscent of those in the nearby Borgo Trento neighborhood: they are found mainly on Via Coni Zugna, slope Monte Grappa, Via Giovanni Vincenti, Via Giuseppe Sirtori, Via Gazzera, and at the beginning of Via San Leonardo. The latter, which runs along the western slope of the hill as far as the church of San Leonardo and then San Mattia (in the latter section it takes the name Via San Mattia) is actually an Austrian "lasagna," one of the many military roads carved out of live tuff by the Habsburg army. These characteristic narrow streets, paved with cobblestones or stones and protected by high walls, allowed troops to reach the various hill forts from the city safely and quickly. Valdonega and Santo Stefano	2.078125
75793629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelle	Torricelle	The hill, which encloses Valdonega to the east, is the natural continuation of the cordon that descends from Sommavalle and divides the city from Valpantena. It derives its name from the fortified citadel erected in Visconti times (between 1390 and 1409) at the northernmost point of the Scaligeri magistral wall. To build the fortress, the church of San Felice and the adjoining monastery, attested at this location since 938, were demolished, hence the name of the citadel and the hill. The castle was remodeled by the Austrians in the 19th century and now lies in a state of neglect. The apex of the hill where the remains of the castle are visible can be reached from Via Giovanni Francesco Caroto and Via Castellana for those coming from Borgo Venezia, and from Via Castel San Felice for those coming from Valdonega. Both streets run along the outer side of the city wall. Along Via Castel San Felice, a hairpin bend at an altitude of 170 meters leads to the Colombare Park, which covers about 32,000 square meters on the western slope of the hill outside the walls and offers various views of the city. From the top of the hill near the castle, the hill cordon divides into two distinct ridges that enclose the valley of San Giovanni in Valle: to the west is the San Pietro hill and to the east is Mount Castiglione. San Pietro Hill (or Mount Gallo)	2.234375
75793920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo%20Rudolf%20von%20Stumm	Hugo Rudolf von Stumm	Baron von Stumm-Ramholz died on 31 July 1910, in Coswig, Saxony as a result of a riding accident. As his son predeaceased him, the barony became extinct but his daughter, Margarethe, was created a baroness in her own right, as Baroness Kühlmann-Stumm, by the Emperor. After his death, Margarethe inherited Ramholz Castle. Upon her death, it was inherited by her son, politician and industrialist Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm (1916-1977), whose widow owned it until her death in 1997. Mental illness Hugo suffered from mental illness that manifested itself in outbreaks as early as 1864 and was treated in Bendorf in 1867. An outbreak in 1888 led to his incapacitation by the Schlüchtern district court on 5 November 1888. At that time, he was temporarily placed in the Friedrichsberg Sanatorium near Hamburg. The guardianship was held by Hugo's brother Ferdinand, who was the German ambassador in Madrid at the time (who was represented by their eldest brother Carl). After the illness broke out again in 1896, a psychiatric report indicated he would inclined to squander large sums of money and may resort to violent behavior, he was committed to the Lindenhof Asylum in Coswig near Dresden from May 1896 until the end of his life.	1.960938
75794224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aislaby%20Hall	Aislaby Hall	Aislaby Hall is a historic building in the village of Aislaby, near Pickering, North Yorkshire, in England. The house was built in 1742 on behalf of Thomas Hayes. Its roof was rebuilt in the 19th century, and in 1896, a new service wing was added, incorporating part of an earlier house. In 1906, the wing was extended, and a garden porch was added. The house was Grade II* listed in 1953, along with its front wall and gate piers. Its gazebo and garden walls, contemporary with the house, are separately Grade II* listed. The building is constructed of sandstone, with part of the service wing rendered. The main body of the building is two rooms deep, and it has a central stairhall. It is two storeys high, and the front is five bays wide. It has a central front door, with a Gothick fanlight and a doorcase with Doric order pilasters. The windows are sashes, and in the garden is a large lead water butt, dated 1714. The Georgian interior survives largely intact, including the cantilevered dogleg staircase, and assorted plasterwork and panelling. The gazebo has three sides of brick and one of sandstone. It is one storey high, with a semi-basement, and is of a single bay. Its door, up a stone staircase, is partly panelled and partly glazed, and surrounded by a Doric doorcase. It has a pyramidal roof, with a finial, and a weathervane in the form of a dragon. Inside, there is an original chimneypiece with carved fretwork, shutters and window seats, and a ceiling painting.	1.921875
75794324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramholz%20Castle	Ramholz Castle	Ramholz Castle () is a German castle located in the hamlet of Ramholz in the Vollmerz district of the town of Schlüchtern, around 40 kilometres southwest of Fulda. The castle and park are cultural monuments according to the . History Ramholz was first mentioned in 1167 as the manor (curia) of the baronial line of Hermann von Steckelberg. Upon the fall of the Lords of Steckelberg at the beginning of the 14th century, their properties were divided among six heirs, including the Ulrich von Hutten. In 1501, a new building, called the "Old Castle", was built there as the residence of the von Hutten family, who had owned the complex since 1482. The Hutten castle is preserved as part of Ramholz Castle and has architectural features such as stepped gables and a stair tower. By 1642, Philipp Daniel von Hutten (d. 1687) owned all the Hutten estates but was forced by financial difficulties caused by war to mortgage his properties in Ramholz and Vollmerz to his brother-in-law, Casimir Carl von Landas. When von Landas died without issue, his father, the Electoral Palatinate Church Council President Carl von Landas, inherited the property which passed to his brother, Johann Friedrich von Landas, Electoral Palatinate and Privy Councilor. After his death in 1677, the property passed to his daughter Amalie ( von Landas), wife of Baron Maximilian von Degenfeld. In 1698, the Counts of Degenfeld inherited the property. They held it until 1852 when Counts August Christoph, Gustav Christoph and Adolf von Degenfeld sold the castle and to Prince Ernst Casimir of Ysenburg and Büdingen of the House of Ysenburg-Büdingen.	1.984375
75794451	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Minamiki	George H. Minamiki	George Hisaharu Minamiki (南木久治ジョージ) (みなみきひさはるジョージ ) (1919–2002) was a Japanese American theologian and educator. He was the first Nisei ordained a Jesuit and authored a significant work regarding the Chinese rites controversy. He served as the second headmaster of Hiroshima Gakuin (広島学院) and was a language professor at the University of Notre Dame for over 20 years. Early life and education George Hisaharu Minamiki was born in Downtown Los Angeles in 1917, to Issei parents from Yamaguchi Prefecture. His father was Asanoshin Minamiki, the 14th-generation head of a family of rural landowners, and his mother was Tsuru Minamiki (née Renkon), who had trained as a healthcare worker with the Japanese Red Cross in Yanai. The family operated a boarding house on Wall Street, in the Los Angeles Flower District. Fr. Minamiki's mother Tsuru and sisters Margaret, Genevieve, and Marie worked in the floral and garment industries. Fr. Minamiki attended Maryknoll School on Hewitt Street, near Little Tokyo, graduating from Loyola High School in 1936, and Loyola University (now Loyola Marymount University) in 1941. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. Pursuant to Executive Order 9066, in 1942, Fr. Minamiki, his mother and siblings, were subject to internment at Manzanar War Relocation Center. His father had been in Japan looking after the family estate when war broke out, and became permanently estranged from the family in Los Angeles. Jesuit career Fr. Minamiki joined the Society of Jesus in 1945 and was sent to the East Coast for his novitiate. In 1946, he returned to the California Province and studied at Mount Saint Michael in Spokane, Washington before being assigned to the Japanese Mission in Kobe, Japan in 1949, teaching English and religion at Rokko Gakuin (六甲学院). Fr. Minamiki completed his theological studies at Alma College in California, (now the Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara), and was ordained a priest at the Jesuit Seminary in Los Gatos, California in 1954.	2.296875
75794761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosa%20Kinn%C5%8D-t%C5%8D	Tosa Kinnō-tō	Tosa Kinnō-tō (土佐勤王党, Tosa Imperialism party) was a political shishi (organization) of Bakumatsu era Japan which was loyal to the ideals of the sonnō Jōi movement. It was formed by Takechi Hanpeita, influenced by the effects of the Perry Expedition. The Kinnō-tō killing of Yoshida Tōyō on 6 May 1862, led to sonnō jōi becoming the prevalent philosophy of Tosa Domain, but the party was destroyed when Takechi was imprisoned and forced to commit seppuku by the former daimyō of Tosa Domain Yamauchi Yōdō in 1865. History Background In February 1859, the daimyō of Tosa Domain Yamauchi Yōdō, was forced from office and placed under house arrest by the tairō Ii Naosuke for his efforts to establish Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu as successor to the shogunate. This outraged many of the Tosa samurai, who later applauded Ii's assassination in the Sakuradamon Incident of March 1860. The Sonnō jōi movement also spread quickly in Tosa, after many were alarmed by the arrival of the Perry Expedition in 1858 and what they perceived to be the weak response of the Tokugawa shogunate to this threat. In May 1860, Takechi went on a tour of Kyushu and western Japan with a number of his closest disciples, and returned with some of the works of kokugaku scholar Hirata Atsutane, which further reinforced his belief in the Sonnō jōi movement.	1.992188
75794916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianzhou%207	Tianzhou 7	Tianzhou 7 () was the seventh mission of the Tianzhou-class uncrewed cargo spacecraft, and the sixth resupply mission to the Tiangong Space Station. Like previous Tianzhou missions, the spacecraft was launched from the Wenchang Satellite Launch Center in Hainan, China, on a Long March 7 rocket. Mission history On 20 November 2023, CMSA announced that Tianzhou 7 had completed manufacturing, and was delivered to Wenchang. On 21 December 2023, Long March 7 Y8, the launch vehicle for this mission, arrived at the Wenchang Space Launch Site. It started to conduct stacking and tests with the already arrived Tianzhou 7. On 17 January 2024 at 14:27 UTC, Long March 7 Y8 successfully lifted off from Wenchang SLS's LC-201, propelling Tianzhou 7 towards the Tiangong Station. The spacecraft docked successfully with Tiangong some three hours later at 17:46 UTC. Tianzhou 7 undocked from Tiangong on 10 November 2024 at 08:30 UTC. While in free flight, the ship ejected a 6U CubeSat. It was deorbited over the Pacific Ocean on 17 November, beginning to burn up as it reentered the atmosphere at 13:25 UTC near Vanuatu. Spacecraft	2.0625
75795242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowayella%20weberi	Gallowayella weberi	The medulla, which is the inner tissue beneath the cortex, has a net-like structure made of short cells. Rhizines, which are root-like structures helping the lichen to anchor to its , are mostly present and are white in color, turning yellow when exposed. They can be either attached to the substrate or free. Soralia, the structures for asexual reproduction, are found at the lobe tips and often form small structures resembling bird nests, with the soredia (powdery reproductive propagules) being yellow in color. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are rare in this species and range from 0.7 to 2.0 mm in width. The measure between 12.7 and 14.0 by 7.0 to 7.7 μm, with a septum thickness of 2.9 to 4.6 μm. Pycnidia, an asexual reproductive structure, are common on the surface () and are orange in color, measuring about 0.1 to 0.2 mm in diameter. The conidia (asexual spores) are rod-shaped and measure 3.2 to 3.6 μm in length. Chemically, the cortex and apothecia react to a solution of potassium hydroxide by turning purple, but show no reaction to other chemical spot tests (C−, PD−, and I−). The medulla also shows no reaction to these tests. The major secondary metabolites (lichen products) found in Gallowayella weberi are parietin, fallacinal, and teloschistin, with emodin and parietinic acid as minor components. This distribution of secondary metabolites corresponds to the A proposed by Ulrik Søchting in 1997. Habitat and distribution Gallowayella weberi is found in arid environments and can grow on diverse substrates including both natural surfaces like bark and rock, as well as on artificial ones such as concrete and tombstones. It is native to North America, predominantly in the eastern regions, with its most significant population density in the Southeast. Species interactions Tremella xanthomendozae is a lichenicolous fungus that infects Gallowayella weberi (it was named when its host was classified in genus Xanthomendoza).	2.53125
75795534	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Ring	Big Ring	Discovery The discovery of the Big Ring was announced on 10 January 2024 by PhD student Alexia Lopez from the University of Central Lancashire. It resulted from her ongoing research into large-scale structures of the universe using MgII (singly ionized magnesium) absorbers detected in quasar spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Lopez focused her attention on this region of the cosmos because of her previous work on the Giant Arc. Through examining absorption lines in the spectra of quasars, Lopez and her team were able to identify intervening Magnesium-II (MgII) absorption systems. These absorption lines, back-lit by distant quasars, revealed the presence of a massive, ring-like structure. One theory suggested the structure to be related to Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs), however, due to its large scale and non-spherical shape, it was incompatible with this theory. Other suggested explanations were Conformal Cyclic Cosmology or effects of speculative cosmic strings (which are filamentary ‘topological defects’ of great size) passing through. Despite these hypotheses, the exact cause of these two structures remains unknown. Significance The discoveries of the Big Ring as well as the Giant Arc are significant as they challenge the Cosmological Principle, which asserts that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. Currently, there is no theoretical model to account for the existence of the gigantic galactic formations. Lopez stated “Neither of these two ultra-large structures is easy to explain in our current understanding of the universe."	2.375
75795666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogumayama%20Kofun	Kogumayama Kofun	The is a Kofun period keyhole-shaped burial mound, located in the Karishuku neighborhood of the city of Kitsuki, Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan. The tumulus, together with the nearby Otōyama Kofun were collectively designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2017. Overview The Kogumayama Kofun is located on a hill with an elevation of 84 meters, overlooking Beppu Bay in the southeastern part of the Kunisaki Peninsula in northern Ōita Prefecture. It was discovered in 1989. It is a , which is shaped like a keyhole, having one square end and one circular end, when viewed from above and is orientated facing south. The total length of the tumulus is 116.5 meters, making it one of the largest in Ōita Prefecture after the Kamezuka Kofun. The posterior circular portion was constructed in three stages, and the anterior rectangular portion was constructed in two stages. The interior of the kofun has not been excavated, so details of the burial chamber is unknown; however, an electrical resistance survey indicated the possibility of two burials. Excavated artifacts include pot-shaped and cylindrical haniwa, and the cylindrical haniwa in particular has a tomoe-shaped opening and is the oldest early cylindrical haniwa in discovered in Kyushu. From these artifacts, it is estimated that the tumulus was constructed from the late 3rd century to the beginning of the 4th century, or in the early Kofun period, and thus is earlier than the Otōyama Kofun, approximately 500 meters to the south.	2.359375
75795807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C5%8Dyama%20Kofun	Otōyama Kofun	The is a Kofun period burial mound, located in the Karishuku neighborhood of the city of Kitsuki, Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan. The tumulus, together with the nearby Kogumayama Kofun were collectively designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2017. Overview The Otōyama Kofun is located near the Minosaki fishing port on Beppu Bay in the southeastern part of the Kunisaki Peninsula in northern Ōita Prefecture. It is 500 meters south-southwest of the Kogumayama Kofun. The Otōyama Kofun is an -type circular tumulus, built in three stages, with a diameter of 75.5 meters, and has a rectangular bulge approximately 5 meters in length on the south side. There is a moat and outer embankment surrounding the mound. It has been known since at least the Edo Period, when it was opened and found to contain box-shaped sarcophagus within a stone-lined burial chamber, containing human remains. Any grave goods found have long since disappeared. The tumulus was excavated with modern techniques in 1986 and numerous haniwa were found. In addition to cylindrical haniwa, many figurative haniwa in various shapes, including house-shaped, boat-shaped, enclosure-shaped and armor-shaped haniwa, many with designs unique to this site were found. From these artifacts, it is estimated that the tumulus was constructed in the first half of the middle Kofun period (first half of the 5th century) and thus later the Kogumayama Kofun. The use of figurative haniwa began in the Kinai region and subsequently spread to the northeast coast of Kyushu overlooking the Seto Inland Sea, indicating that the area had trade and a close relation to the Yamato Kingdom during this period.	2.640625
75795899	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against%20Malaria%20Foundation%20Korea	Against Malaria Foundation Korea	The Against Malaria Foundation Korea (AMF Korea, 한국말라리아 예방공동체) is the South Korean arm of the Against Malaria Foundation charity. AMF Korea provides long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) to populations at high risk of malaria, primarily in Africa. AMF Korea was established in August 2023. It is presently the only charity rated as highly cost-effective by leading evaluator GiveWell to which donations can be made tax-efficiently within South Korea. Work Nets are distributed through partnerships with the International Red Cross, the Malaria Consortium, and others, with partners responsible for the costs of distribution. Distributions include malaria education for the local population, and they are documented through reports, photos, and videos. Post-distribution check-ups are carried out 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months to assess net usage and conditions. As of January 2024, the foundation has raised $555 million, and distributed or committed to fund more than 254 million LLINs since its founding in 2004. AMF estimates that its work to date has saved 185,000 lives and prevented 185 million cases of malaria. Because of the second-order economic damage malaria causes to affected communities (e.g. through medical costs, absence from work, and schooling), AMF estimates that its work has so far benefited the economies of the countries in which it operates by over $6.5 billion. AMF Korea has seven trustees, headed by President and AMF CEO Rob Mather. The global organization is guided by an advisory committee drawn from malaria experts around the world. The charity is registered in governed by the laws of South Korea. It is also registered in sixteen other countries. History (for the history of AMF, see Against Malaria Foundation) AMF Korea was established in 2023 as an initiative of the British-Korean community in Korea (the global headquarters of AMF is based in the UK). Its founder is AMF CEO Rob Mather and trustees include British diplomat Graham Nelson.	2.0625
75795904	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Saint%20Lazarus%2C%20Lima	Church of Saint Lazarus, Lima	The Church of Saint Lazarus () is a Catholic church in Rímac District, part of the Historic Centre of Lima, Peru. Built in 1586, it was the first church built in the area. Since then it has been rebuilt several times after the damage left by the various earthquakes in Peru. It is located on block five of Jirón Trujillo, at the intersection with Francisco Pizarro Avenue. Up until the 19th century, the church gave the neighbourhood of San Lázaro its name, until it separated from Lima District as the district of Rímac. History The church is located in an area near the Rímac River that has been occupied since pre-Hispanic times. The suburb that formed around it was occupied by local Indians, blacks, the sick, friars and travelers. The first construction in the place was a leprosarium opened around 1563 by Antón Sánchez on the road to Trujillo. Then, with the authorisation of Viceroy Count of Nieva and Archbishop Jerónimo de Loayza, Sánchez built the hospital and the church of San Lázaro. The complex adopted the name of San Lázaro on behalf of Lazarus of Bethany, the patron saint of the sick and lepers. From 1586 until the 19th century, Rímac district was known as the neighbourhood of San Lázaro after the temple. During the 1586 Lima–Callao earthquake the complex suffered catastrophic damage. In 1606 the brotherhood of San Lázaro rebuilt the hospital and in 1626, the church. The earthquakes of 1687, 1690 and especially that of 1746 once again left the hospital and the church in ruins. On April 23, 1758, a new hospital headquarters was inaugurated, which operated there until 1822. The temple was elevated to the status of a parish in 1736. With the exception of the tower, the temple that existed then is the same as today.	1.976563
75796793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Webb%20%28rugby%29	Dick Webb (rugby)	Richard Webb (born 4 January 1940) is an Australian former rugby union and rugby league player. Webb grew up in Rugby, Warwickshire, attending St. Andrew's Murray Church of England School for Boys. He played his early rugby as a fly-half for Newbold-on-Avon, before debuting for Coventry at age 18. Emigrating to Australia in 1965, Webb joined the Melbourne Rugby Club, where he played as a three-quarter. He was a Victorian representative player and appeared against the touring British Lions in 1966. After impressing in the Wallabies trials, Webb was one of three Victorians named in the squad for the 1966–67 tour of Britain, Ireland and France, where he played in 16 tour matches. In one of those matches, against Midland Counties West, he played opposite his brother Rod, later an England winger. His performances prior to the final Test in Paris had him threatening Alan Cardy's place on the wing, but Webb ultimately finished the tour uncapped. Webb played rugby league for Canterbury-Bankstown between 1967 and 1969, making 19 first-grade appearances.	1.953125
75797754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training%20Institute%20Royal%20Brunei%20Armed%20Forces	Training Institute Royal Brunei Armed Forces	The Training Institute Royal Brunei Armed Forces (TI RBAF), natively known as (IL ABDB) is a military training establishment of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF), primarily for enlisted male and female recruit training, along with technical and junior leadership courses for non-commissioned officers (NCOs). It is currently located within Penanjong Garrison, Tutong TA2741, approximately from Bandar Seri Begawan in the sultanate of Brunei. Approximately one-hundred courses are available per year. The annual anniversary ceremony of TI RBLF's inception was place on 7 April every year. Background Supported by the RBAF Support Services and Training Institute, the three front-line services of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) are the Royal Brunei Land Force (RBLF), Royal Brunei Navy (RBN), and Royal Brunei Air Force (RBAirF). The RBAF's mandate included acting as a deterrence to any foreign force that could try to interfere directly or indirectly in the nation, as well as to any subversive elements that might be operating there or in the future. It also included being ready to launch counteraggression, counterterrorism, and counterinsurgency operations. The troops receive the foundational training for professionalism at the Training Institute.	2.171875
75798006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%20Marsden	May Marsden	May Marsden (6 May 1876 – 12 July 1968) was an Australian artist and educationist who was born in Wales. She lectured at the Sydney Teachers' College and she is credited with changing the way art was taught to secondary students. She encouraged that they should be innovative and more conservative approaches were discouraged. Life Marsden was born in Churchstoke in what was then Monmouthshire which is just in Wales. She began her artistic training in the Derby Central School of Art and then she qualified as a teacher at Kensington's Royal College of Art. She was teaching girls in Liverpool and she exhibited her paintings there. She also showed then in Leicester and Derby. In 1913 she and her parents emigrated to Australia. She was employed at the new Sydney Teachers' College by the Scottish born academic Alexander Mackie as an art lecturer. The Australian Watercolour Institute was formed and their first exhibition was in 1924 and she exhibited with them. Some of her drawings from 1929 are in the New South Wales Art Gallery and the watercolour "Magnolias". She was an inspiring teacher believing that artists need to be left alone. She gained a name for teaching children art by not teaching them. She filled the corridors of Sydney Teachers' College with copies of paintings by the great masters and prints of contemporary work including that of Eleonore Lange. She enjoyed the support of Mackie in her approach although some thought her eccentric. She ran a sketching club and she would persuade her students to gather around a piece of art in the corridor where she would inform and entertain them. One of her earliest students was Portia Mary Bennett and a later student was the surrealist James Gleeson. She persuaded him to switch from poetry to art to explore his hatred of fascism as the war came to Australia.	2.609375
75798297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham%20Friends%20Meeting%20House	Horsham Friends Meeting House	Horsham Friends Meeting House is a Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) place of worship in the town of Horsham, part of the district of the same name in West Sussex, England. It was built in 1786 to replace a meeting house nearly 100 years older on the same site, built for a Quaker community which had been active in the town for several years. "A fine Georgian building with original furnishings", it has Grade II listed status. History The first Quaker presence in the ancient market town of Horsham was in 1655. In that year the founder of the Society of Friends George Fox first visited Sussex, and it is sometimes claimed that he stopped off in Horsham—although there is no evidence to suggest he founded the congregation in the town or even visited at that time. His diary records that "I passed into Sussex and lodged near Horsham where there was a great meeting, and many convinced" (i.e. converted). Whether from Fox's influence or not, in 1655 a group of Quakers preached in the market place and one was jailed for "causing a disturbance in church" (St Mary's, the Church of England parish church). Quakers were seen as "striking directly at the foundations of order and authority" in ecclesiastical and public life, and they faced violence from the public and were regularly jailed. The cause grew quickly, though: by 1668, Horsham was one of 13 locations in Sussex recorded as having permanent Quaker meetings. At that time none of these places had permanent meeting houses, members instead using "safe private houses and farm buildings", but this soon changed: one was built at Ifield, a short distance from Horsham, in 1676 (still in use, and one of the oldest continuously operating purpose-built Friends meeting houses) and another had opened in Lewes the previous year (superseded in 1784 by the present Lewes Friends Meeting House).	1.984375
75798486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch%20Meiklie	Loch Meiklie	Loch Meiklie is a freshwater loch in Inverness-shire, Scotland, west of Drumnadrochit. The loch is situated on the River Enrick, which ~9.5km downstream flows into Loch Ness. The loch's name may derive from the Scots meikle, meaning "large" or "great". However, as most toponyms in the area are derived from Scottish Gaelic, this is unlikely An alternative explanation links the loch's name to Loch Meig in Easter Ross, suggesting a corruption of the Old Gaelic root minc, meaning "pouring forth". The entry for the Parish of Urquhart in the Old Statistical Account, written in 1798, describes the loch as "a beautiful sheet of water", surrounded by "finely cultivated fields" and "neat gentlemens houses", forming "a very picturesque and romantic landscape". Several holiday lodges sit on the loch's south-east shore. An Episcopalian chapel dedicated to St Ninian has sat on the loch's north shore since the 1850s. The church was designed by Alexander Ross, and consecrated in 1853 by Bishop Robert Eden. The church contains many Celtic designs and Scottish Gaelic inscriptions. In 1876, author William McKay claimed to have visited a crannog on the loch, accessible via a winding causeway. However, when Odo Blundell (a Benedictine monk and historian) visited in 1913 he found no such island. Moreover, from conversations with locals who had fished the waters for over fifty years, none could recall "anything unusual in the waters"	2.4375
75798571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclaya%20wellyi	Barclaya wellyi	Barclaya wellyi is a species of perennial aquatic plant native to Sumatra, Indonesia. Description Vegetative characteristics Barclaya wellyi is an aquatic plant with 2–5 cm long, 1 cm wide, stoloniferous, villous rhizomes. The 10-15 petiolate, cordate leaves are 6–10 cm long, and 6–10 cm wide. The petioles are 10–20 cm long. Generative characteristics The nocturnal, 4 cm wide flowers are attached to 5–20 cm long peduncles. The outer tepals are 3 cm long. The four iner tepals are 1.5 cm long. Staminodes and fertile stamina are present. The flowers have 20-30 anthers. The stigmatic cup has 9 carpellary appendages. The ellipsoid fruit bears 2 mm long, spiny, ellipsoid, dark brown seeds. Cytology The diploid chromosome count is 2n= 36. Reproduction Vegetative reproduction It can reproduce vegetatively through the formation of stolons. Taxonomy Publication It was first described by Suwidji Wongso, Isa Ipor, and Niels Jacobsen in 2022. Type specimen The type specimen was collected by Suwidji Wongso in Sumatra, Indonesia on the 27th of May 2021. Material had been collected earlier from the type location, but it was only later recognised to be distinct. Etymology The specific epithet wellyi honours Mr. Welly Yansen. Conservation It is classified as data deficient (DD) under the IUCN criteria. Ecology Habitat It is only known from the type location, where it occurs beneath an old rubber plantation close to an oil palm plantation. The habitat is characterised by acid waters at water temperatures of 29 °C. It occurs sympatrically with Cryptocoryne minima Ridl.	2.265625
75798667	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20%C3%81ngel%20Bustos	Miguel Ángel Bustos	Miguel Angel Ramón Bustos (Buenos Aires, August 31, 1932 – Buenos Aires, June 20, 1976) was an Argentine poet, journalist and plastic artist. He was kidnapped by the Argentine military dictatorship on May 30, 1976. Biography Miguel Angel Bustos was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on August 31, 1932, the eldest of four children. His maternal grandfather, Carlos von Jöcker, influenced his early interest in literature and poetry. After completing his secondary studies in 1951, he entered the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters at the University of Buenos Aires, where he devoted himself to studying several languages, including English, French, Portuguese, and Italian. In 1957 he published his first book of poems, Cuatro murales, un óleo, followed by "Corazón de piel afuera" two years later, with a prologue by the poet Juan Gelman. Between 1960 and 1963 he made an extensive trip to northern Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru, which left a deep mark on his later work. His return to Buenos Aires in 1964 was followed by a brief marriage, a suicide attempt, and a stay of almost a year in the Neuropsychiatric Hospital "José T. Borda", where he met the surrealist poet Jacobo Fijman, who influenced his own poetry.	2.0625
75798824	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclaya%20hirta	Barclaya hirta	Barclaya hirta is a species of aquatic plant native to Sumatra, Indonesia. It is disputed. By some, it is treated as synonym of Barclaya motleyi, but by others it is regarded as a separate species. Description Vegetative characteristics Barclaya hirta is an aquatic plant with villous, stoloniferous, slim, 2–5 cm long, and 0.5–1 cm wide rhizomes. The 10-15 petiolate, rounded to ovate leaves with an obtuse apex are 5–10 cm long, and 4–8 cm wide. The petioles are 5–20 cm long. The leaves exhibit brownish pubescence. Generative characteristics The nocturnal, 4 cm wide flower is attached to a 5–20 cm long peduncle. The outer tepals are 2.5–3 cm long, and the 6-8 inner tepals are 2 cm long. The androecium consists of 30-40 stamens. The stigmatic cup has 7-9 carpellary appendages. Fruits were not observed. Cytology The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 36. Reproduction Vegetative reproduction It can reproduce vegetatively through the formation of stolons. Generative reproduction The flowers are likely nocturnal. Taxonomy Publication It was first described as Nymphaea hirta Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn. by Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz but validly published by Johannes Elias Teijsmann and Simon Binnendijk in 1864. Later, it was transferred to the genus Barclaya Wall. as Barclaya hirta (Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.) Miq. by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel in 1870. Type specimen The type specimen was collected by Johannes Elias Teijsmann in Sumatra, Indonesia. Classification status The status of this species is disputed. It is rejected by some, but accepted by others. Etymology The specific epithet hirta, from the Latin hirtus, means hairy. Conservation It is classified as data deficient (DD) under the IUCN criteria. Ecology Habitat It occurs in small streams.	2.59375
75798875	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27na%20of%20Pars	Ma'na of Pars	Mana's archiepiscopal ministry in Pars is noted for his efforts to evangelize the local Persians and multitude of Christian communities in the distant maritime regions of the Indian Ocean including Beth Qatraye and India by translating Syriac liturgical hymns, discourses and responses into Pahlavi and supplying them to the local churches for fulfilling their liturgical requirements. He is also believed to have translated the Psalms from the Peshitta into Pahlavi. Contemporary Persian Christian presence in the Indian Subcontinent and islands, such as Sri Lanka and Socotra, is confirmed from the account of Cosmas Indicopleustes, an Alexandrian disciple of Mar Aba. The Pahlavi Psalter Apart from the Pahlavi hymns and liturgical compositions, the most important work attributed to Mar Mana is the Pahlavi Book of Psalms. Pars, especially in its urban centers like Shiraz and Rev Ardashir, is known to have housed, since the time of the Babylonian exile, an important settlement of Jews, who gradually ended up being a Persian speaking community. It is highly probable that Mana may have thought it was desirable to have a translation of the psalter in Persian for the use of the Persian-speaking people. This vernacular translation of the psalms highly impressed Mar Aba, who is said to have added to it the Pahlavi translation of the Canons he composed in Syriac and led the process of copying the entire psalter for use in the East Syriac church's dioceses both within Sassanid regions and the vast exterior mission areas including Central Asia and China.	2.1875
75798897	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamica%20Kastrioti	Mamica Kastrioti	Mamica Kastrioti was a 15th century Albanian princess from the House of Kastrioti. She is best known as the younger sister of the Albanian hero Skanderbeg. Life Mamica was the daughter of the Albanian Feudal Lord Gjon Kastrioti and his wife Voisava Kastrioti. Not much is known about her early life. She was described as an astute and able leader who excelled many male chieftains in battle. On January 26th, 1445 in Musachiana which was between Krujë and Durrës she married Karl Muzakë Thopia who hailed from the powerful Thopia family. This was controversial because Karl Muzakë Thopia was already married to Suina Muzaka before marrying Mamica, with whom he had two children. Mamica's brother, Skanderbeg, broke up Karl's marriage to Suina Muzaka against everyone's wishes, including those of the children, and forced him to marry his sister. This however wasn't the only notable event that took place on the wedding day. A dispute had occurred between the two princes Lekë Dukagjini and Lekë Zaharia, at the center of the dispute was Irene Dushmani Princess of Zadrima and Pult and the only child of Lekë Dushmani. Both the princes had fallen in love with the princess and when Irene arrived at the wedding the hostilities erupted. They lost their heads and rushed at each other's throats. Vrana Konti and Vladan Jurica tried separating the two princes but this resulted in them getting severely wounded, Vrana in his arm and Vladan on his head. This assault between the two princes led to a real battle between the two prince's men. The battle initially appeared to favor the forces of Lekë Dukagjini, until Lekë Zaharia charged at his rival and, with a powerful blow, felled him to the ground. At a critical moment, Vrana Konti and Vladan Jurica intervened decisively, bringing the battle to a close. The aftermath saw 105 dead and approximately 200 wounded strewn across the battlefield.	1.90625
75799165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aron%20Broches	Aron Broches	Aron Broches () was a Dutch legal scholar. He founded the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes and drafted the centre's founding convention. Personal life Broches was born in Amsterdam, on 22 March 1914. His father, Abraham Broches, was an émigré from Mohilev who ran a cigarette factory in Amsterdam. He was made part of the , and was murdered in Auschwitz on 25 August 1944. His mother, Anna 'Chaja' Broches-Person, immigrated from Romny and was also murdered in Auschwitz, on the same day as her husband. Aron Broches was the eldest of three children. His brother Elias ('Epi'), who went to school at Amsterdams Lyceum and went on to read classics, was executed by shooting in The Hague on 19 November 1942 for trying to flee the Holocaust in the Netherlands. His sister, Julia, was murdered in Auschwitz on 25 August 1944. Aron Broches attended the Vossius Gymnasium from 1926 to 1933. After school, he would play the piano and take part in theatre activities. In April 1939, he entered into ondertrouw with Catherina Johanna 'Kitty' Pothast, whom he would marry on 2 May of the same year. Six weeks later, they emigrated to the United States aboard the Nieuw Amsterdam. Broches had two children, Alexandra and Paul, and three grandchildren. Broches was a member of the Cosmos Club. He was appointed commander in the Order of Orange Nassau. Career On 18 December 1936, Broches graduated with a Master of Laws degree from the University of Amsterdam. On 6 July 1939, he defended his dissertation , on patent infringement, at the University of Amsterdam.	1.921875
69951233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont%20du%20Lac%20%C3%A0%20Mo%C3%AFse	Mont du Lac à Moïse	The mont du Lac à Moïse is a mountain of the Jacques-Cartier Massif (chain of the Laurentian Mountains) located within the Grands-Jardins National Park, in the unorganized territory of Lac-Pikauba, in the Charlevoix Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale, in Quebec, in Canada. It peaks at . The sector of this mountain is mainly served by the forest road route 381 which passes through the valley along the mountain on the northeast side. Toponymy The mountain is named after the lake that sits on top of it. The mention of "mont du Lac à Moïse" appears for the first time in 1931 in a text by Jacques Rousseau. In 1945, Damase Potvin preferred "montagne à Moïse" (Moses' s mountain) in "Thomas, Le dernier des coureurs de bois" (Thomas, The Last of the Woodrunners). "Montagne du Gros Bras" (Big Arm Mountain) is also a name used. The toponym was formalized on August 8, 1977, by the Commission de toponymie du Québec. Geography The summit of Mont du Lac à Moïse is located at: southwest of route 381; west of the summit of Mont du Lac des Cygnes; north of the summit of Mont du Gros Ruisseau; south of a bend in the rivière du Gouffre; northeast of Malbaie Lake which is crossed by the Malbaie River. Lac à Moïse (length: ; maximum width: ; altitude: ) is located northwest of the summit of Mont du Lac à Moïse. The summit of Lac à Moïse is located north of the summit of Mont du Gros Ruisseau and west of the summit of Mont du Lac des Cygnes. The cliff on the south side, facing the Rivière du Gouffre, imposes itself with a drop of comparing the summit and the point of the route 381 which enters the park along Le Gros Bras (at the limit of Saint-Urbain). The camping "Le Pied-des-Monts" is located near the entrance to the park, at the foot of Mont du Lac à Moïse. The Mont du Lac à Moïse is drained on the north and west side by Le Gros Bras whose upper course establishes a segment of the eastern limit of the Grands-Jardins National Park.	2.421875
69951325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%202022%20North%20American%20winter%20storm	February 2022 North American winter storm	The warm side of the storm, in Alabama, had temperatures of nearly , an ingredient in forming powerful tornadoes. On the morning of February 3, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a slight risk for tornadoes for portions of Mississippi and Alabama. The storm system spawned a supercell that produced three EF2 tornadoes in Western Alabama, the second of which struck areas near Sawyerville and caused significant high-end EF2 damage. One person was killed and eight others were injured, including three seriously. Two additional tornadoes, both rated EF0, impacted Elmore County as well, resulting in minimal damage. The National Weather Service issued a particularly dangerous situation on the tornado warning for Sawyerville. The tornado damaged 60 homes and destroyed 20 others. Midwest In Missouri, I-70, I-44, and I-72 were all covered with snow and ice. In Illinois, a stretch of I-55 was closed due to motor accidents reported in the area, and parts of I-74 and I-57 also closed in Illinois. In Lewistown, Illinois, at least 14.4 inches (36.6 cm) of snow fell. Snow also resulted in the Veterans Airport of Southern Illinois completely closing down during the storm. Snow accumulated as high as 17 inches (44 cm) was reported in Columbia City, Indiana. A "weather-related" fatality occurred in Tennessee on February 4. There were also over 85,000 power outages in Ohio. Milwaukee, Wisconsin was “blitzed” by small amounts of snow and Madison, Wisconsin was also briefly affected. As far down as Kansas saw snow and ice, specifically in the Kansas City and Topeka areas. Lansing, Michigan saw its record highest snow, with . More snow was dropped in Nebraska, though it got less snow than neighboring Kansas, with the most snow in Omaha with .	1.960938

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