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13168962
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian%20art
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Colombian art
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Colombian art has 3500 years of history and covers a wide range of media and styles ranging from Spanish Baroque devotional painting to Quimbaya gold craftwork to the "lyrical americanism" of painter Alejandro Obregón (1920–1992). Perhaps the most internationally acclaimed Colombian artist is painter and sculptor Fernando Botero (1932–2023).
Pre-Columbian sculpture
Pottery
There is archaeological evidence that ceramics were produced on Colombia's Caribbean coast earlier than anywhere in the Americas outside of the lower Amazon Basin. Fiber-tempered ceramics associated with shell middens appeared at sites such as Puerto Hormiga, Monsú, Puerto Chacho, and San Jacinto by 3100 BC. Fiber-tempered ceramics at Monsú have been dated to 5940 radiocarbon years before present. The fiber-tempered pottery at Puerto Hormiga was "crude", formed from a single lump of clay. The fiber-tempered pottery at San Jacinto is described as "well-made". Sand-tempered coiled ceramics have also been found at Puerto Hormiga.
The Piartal culture (750–1250 AD) in the mountainous region on the Colombia–Ecuador border produced unique methods of producing pottery as well as patterns inspired by animal or snake skin. Vessels were created for use in secondary burial, or the practice of allowing the flesh to decompose and then reburying the bones. These vessels were also used to hold relics and jewelry belonging to the deceased.
Goldwork
The earliest examples of gold craftsmanship have been attributed to the Tumaco people of the Pacific coast and date to around 325 BCE. Gold would play a pivotal role in luring the Spanish to the area now called Colombia during the 16th century (See: El Dorado).
One of the most valued artifacts of Pre-Columbian goldwork is the so-called Poporo Quimbaya, a small (23.5 × 11.4 cm), hollow, devotional object (used to mambeo or coca leaf chewing ritual) made of gold whose aesthetic harmony, simple elegance, and mathematical symmetry are striking and almost modern.
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13168962
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian%20art
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Colombian art
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Spanish explorers first set foot on Colombian soil in 1499 and established Santa Marta, the first city and government in the territory of Colombia, in 1599. King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabela of Castille had in 1492 year unified Spain and conquered the remaining Moorish stronghold in southern Spain (Granada); expelled Jews with the Alhambra Decree and continued the Inquisition; and sent Christopher Columbus on his first expedition. It is from this context of reconquista or the Christianizing of the Iberian peninsula that the similarly strongly Catholic colonial project in the Americas might be understood. In this period, Spain and Portugal were the greatest powers in Europe and the most dogged defenders (and enforcers) of Catholicism.
Workshops in Seville produced many of the early paintings sent to Colombia. Colombian artists in this period were mostly considered common tradesmen, like cobblers or coopers. As throughout much of the history of art around the world, these usually anonymous artisans produced work that served the ideological needs of their patrons, in this case the Catholic Church.
The churches and homes of wealthy families in the main towns of Cundinamarca and Boyacá contain some of the oldest extant examples of colonial art in Colombia, mostly in the form of mural painting.
The first colonial-era painter to work in Colombia, or as it was then known as, Nueva Granada, was the Seville native Alonso de Narváez (d. 1583). He is credited with painting an image of the Virgin Mary (Our Lady of the Rosary) that later became itself an object of devotion, known as Our Lady of the Rosary of Chiquinquirá thanks to, as Catholics believe, a miraculous repairing of the painting's fabric.
Baroque period
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13168962
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian%20art
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Colombian art
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Theater was introduced in Colombia during the Spanish colonization in 1550 through zarzuela companies. Colombian theater is supported by the Ministry of Culture and a number of private and state owned organizations. Among the most important organizations are the National Association of Scenic Directors (ANDE), Performing Arts Workers Associations, Antioquia Storytellers Association, Colombian Association of Critique and Theater Research (ACIT), Puppeteers Associations (ATICO), Colombian Corporation of Theater among others.
Colombian theater was introduced during the colonization by the Spanish between 1550 and 1810. At the end of the 19th century and beginnings of the 20th century the most important center of theater in Colombia was the Colon theater in downtown Bogota. These theaters were built resembling Italian architecture style. During the 20th century interest for theater had spread all over Colombia and many theater were built in the biggest cities of Colombia. Colombia currently holds one of the biggest theater festivals in the world, properly called the Ibero-American Theater Festival. As in many other parts of the world, future actors and actresses begin their performing experience in theater many of them with the goal of making it to television or film. Theater in Colombia is informally known as "tablas" (woods) because of the wooden stages on which actors perform their plays. Colombia has a mature system of theater companies which reaches an audience mostly in the city of Bogota.
Dance
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13169070
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Hands%20of%20the%20Gods
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In the Hands of the Gods
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In the Hands of the Gods is a 2007 documentary film. The film follows five English freestyle footballers as they try to raise money by showcasing their skills, in order to fund a trip to Buenos Aires to meet their idol Diego Maradona. The five freestyle footballers are: Sami Hall, Danny Robinson, Paul Wood, Jeremy Lynch, and Mikey Fisher. They have no money for food, travel, or accommodation. Two of them were actually living on the streets prior to starting their mission. Their journey takes them through North, Central, and South America and tests them both physically and mentally. It is a journey that takes them far from their homes on a trip that will change their lives forever. The title is a reference to Maradona's famous Hand of God goal.
The film was made by Fulwell 73, a production company based in London, founded and run by Leo Pearlman, Gabe Turner, Ben Turner, and Ben Winston. The film was directed by the Turner brothers and produced by Pearlman and Winston. Lionsgate distributed the film in the United Kingdom and it was released on the opening weekend in over 60 screens, making it the widest-released documentary ever in the United Kingdom.
Plot
The movie follows five British freestylers from distinct backgrounds who try to track down Maradona. In order of appearance, they are Paul Wood (nicknamed Woody), Danny Robinson, Mikey Fisher, Jeremy Lynch, and Sami Hall. The freestylers fly to the United States to raise money for their trips across North America, firstly to perform on the streets of New York, as well as famous landmarks such as Times Square and Central Park. They travel to Memphis and Dallas, where they are used as half-time entertainment during a FC Dallas match. However, they do not have the money to go on a direct fight to Mexico, so they take a coach to get to Mexico City. The freestylers perform in different cities across the country, including at the Azteca Stadium, where the Hand of God goal took place.
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13169165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Queens%20Greenway
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Brooklyn–Queens Greenway
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The Brooklyn–Queens Greenway is a bicycling and pedestrian path connecting parks and roads in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, connecting Coney Island in the south to Fort Totten in the north, on Long Island Sound. The route connects major sites in the two boroughs, such as the New York Aquarium, Brooklyn Museum, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, the New York Hall of Science, and Citi Field.
The Greenway is being developed under the joint auspices of the New York City Department of Transportation and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. As of 2007, the majority of the route is in parks or otherwise segregated from motor traffic. The remainder is implemented as painted lanes or signed routes in streets.
The 40-mile (64 km) route includes portions of existing bike routes in Prospect Park, and along Eastern Parkway and Ocean Parkway in Brooklyn, and in Alley Pond Park, Cunningham Park, Forest Park, Kissena Park and Ridgewood Reservoir in Queens.
Queens
The northern terminus of the Brooklyn–Queens Greenway is in Little Bay Park, near the north end of Utopia Parkway in the shadow of the Throgs Neck Bridge. Passing the entrance to Fort Totten Park, the Greenway runs south, parallel to the Cross Island Parkway and is known as "Joe Michaels Mile." After crossing busy Northern Boulevard, the route becomes a well signed bike route along quiet residential streets, climbing to the former Long Island Motor Parkway.
The LIMP section of the Greenway is above-grade and most is closed to motor vehicle traffic. Using the LIMP, a branch of the Greenway goes eastward into Alley Pond Park to picnic tables, tennis courts and locker rooms. This eastern branch proceeds to the Alley Pond Adventure Course and the Winchester Boulevard bike lane.
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13169165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Queens%20Greenway
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Brooklyn–Queens Greenway
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The westward or main line of the Greenway makes its way through Cunningham Park and Kissena Park, and eventually goes around the south side of Queens Botanical Garden on streets, crossing College Point Boulevard on its own high overpass into Flushing Meadows-Corona Park.
Once in Flushing Meadows, the Greenway runs along the eastern shores of both Meadow and Willow Lakes, exiting the park onto Jewel Avenue. The route continues on quiet residential streets such as Hoover and Coolidge Avenues, and on more heavily trafficked ones such as Main Street, and crosses Queens Boulevard. The Greenway enters Forest Park at the Overlook and continues down Forest Park Drive passing the Urban Park Ranger station at Woodhaven Boulevard, the George Seuffert, Sr. Bandshell, and the Forest Park Golf Course. Exiting the park, the Greenway continues along parts of Cooper Avenue and other local streets to Highland Park and the Ridgewood Reservoir.
Brooklyn
After exiting Highland Park, the Brooklyn leg of the Greenway uses various local streets in East New York to connect to Eastern Parkway. From here to the end, there is little mixing with motor traffic for the 3-mile (5 km) Eastern Parkway bike route, 2 miles (3 km) through Prospect Park, and the 5-mile (8 km) Ocean Parkway to the southern terminus at the Riegelmann Boardwalk in Coney Island. The Brooklyn portion is less hilly than the Queens portion, except in Prospect Park where it crosses over the terminal moraine that divides Long Island in half.
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13169408
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Burre
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Walter Burre
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Walter Burre (fl. 1597 – 1622) was a London bookseller and publisher of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, best remembered for publishing several key texts in English Renaissance drama.
Burre was made a "freeman" of the Stationers Company — meaning that he became a full-fledged member of the London guild of booksellers — in 1596. From 1597 to 1622 he did business in a sequence of three London shops; the most important was at the sign of the Crane in St Paul's Churchyard (1604 and after).
Drama and Literature
In the span of a decade, Burre published the first editions of four plays by Ben Jonson:
Every Man in His Humour, 1601
Cynthia's Revels, 1601
The Alchemist, 1610
Catiline: His Conspiracy, 1611.
Beyond the confines of the Jonson canon, Burre issued a number of other first quartos of Elizabethan and Jacobean plays — Thomas Nashe's Summer's Last Will and Testament (1600), Thomas Middleton's A Mad World, My Masters (1608), Thomas Tomkis's Albumazar (1615), George Ruggle's Ignoramus (also 1615), and perhaps most importantly, Francis Beaumont's The Knight of the Burning Pestle (1613). In the latter volume, Burre wrote the dedicatory letter to Robert Keysar, shareholder and manager of the Queen's Revels Children, the company of boy actors that had premiered the play in 1607; Burre congratulated Keysar on preserving the play after its initial failure, which Burre explained by noting that the audience failed to understand the "privy mark of irony" in the work.
(One scholar, Zachary Lesser, has argued that Burre specialised in publishing plays that had initially failed on the stage. This would certainly apply to Beaumont's play, and to Cynthia's Revels and Catiline.)
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13169408
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Burre
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Walter Burre
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Other works
Burre also published works of non-dramatic literature: Pseudo-Martyr (1610), the first printed work of John Donne; a translation of the Pharsalia of Lucan by Sir Arthur Gorges (1614); and Sir Walter Raleigh's The History of the World (also 1614). One story, current throughout the seventeenth century, held that when Burre told Raleigh how poorly that book was selling, Raleigh threw the completed second volume of the work into the nearest fire. This story is certainly apocryphal, since The History of the World in fact sold well, going through three editions in its first three years in print.
Exploration
Burre's link with Raleigh was not an anomaly: Burre was well-connected with both the Virginia Company and the East India Company, and published many volumes on exploration and related sublects, including some involving the early Pilgrims. When the East India Company's second voyage to the East returned to London in May 1606, Burre issued the anonymously-authored account of the trip, The Last East-India Voyage, within a month. (Burre was the brother-in-law of Sir Henry Middleton, commander of the venture.) Burre similarly published the first law books of the Jamestown colony for the Virginia Company, along with a series of books on surveying, trade, and tobacco growing. (He published An Advice How to Plant Tobacco in England in 1615 — which somehow failed to lead to a thriving tobacco agriculture in the British Isles.)
Miscellaneous
Burre also published a wide variety of books on many subjects, works now almost entirely forgotten, ranging from Thomas Wright's The Passions of the Mind in General (1601, 1604) to Sir Thomas Culpeper's A Tract Against The High Rate of Usury (1621).
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13169471
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriette%20Woods%20Baker
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Harriette Woods Baker
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Harriette Newell Woods Baker (pen names Mrs. Madeline Leslie and Aunt Hattie; Woods; August 19, 1815 – April 26, 1893) was an American author of books for children, and editor. Her career as an author began when she was about 30 years old. She devoted herself successfully to novels; but after about 15 years, she wrote popular religious literature. Her most famous book, Tim, the Scissors Grinder, sold half a million copies, and was translated into several languages. Baker published about 200 moral and religious tales under the pen name "Mrs. Madeline Leslie". She also wrote under her own name or initials, and under that of "Aunt Hattie". She wrote chiefly for the young, and was still writing in 1893 when she died.
Early life and education
Harriette Newell Woods was born in Andover, Massachusetts on August 19, 1815 to Leonard Woods and Abigail Wheeler. She was one of the many children who were named after Harriet Newell, one of the first American missionaries. She was baptized on December 10, 1815 in Theological Seminary Church, which is now Philips Academy in Andover. Her father was the founder of Andover Theological Seminary and a friend of the polymath poet Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. She was called "Hatty" during her younger years. According to an account from her father, she nearly died of typhoid fever when she was about two years old.
When she was a child, her family had a house guest, William Schauffler, a German Jew who was sent to her father's care for his theological education. He remained in Andover for several years and most of the time in the Woods' house. Harriette noticed Schauffler had a grey overcoat that was too small for him and that he was shivering in the cold. This incident inspired her to form a sewing society with her Sunday School classmate, Elizabeth Stuart, and earn money to buy a cloak for Schauffler.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriette%20Woods%20Baker
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Harriette Woods Baker
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After the sewing society, she and Stuart formed a literary society, which they named "The Fireside" with them being the only members. They met on alternate Wednesdays on which occasions they read a composition, a simple story, and discussed the styles with each other. This was before she published her work for the first time when she was eleven years old. She enclosed her short story to Deacon Nathaniel Willis with a note authorizing him to print it in his newspaper, The Youth’s Companion if he wished. She then received a for a short story to The Youth's Companion and The Puritan, the Congregational paper of that time. She provided other contributions, from time to time, without informing the editor of her age.
On June 17, 1829, when Baker was nearly fourteen, she, together with four sisters and a cousin, Almira Woods, set off for Abbot Female Seminary, the new academy founded by Mrs. Nehemiah Abbott, She attended it during its first year of existence, though age fifteen. She then removed to an academy in Catskill, New York, where her eldest sister, Mary G. W. Smith, lived. After this, she studied under the instruction of private tutors in mathematics, history, and philosophy.
Career
At the age of 20, she married Rev. Abijah Richardson Baker, D. D., who was then a teacher in the Phillips Academy at Andover. She published during her residence in Medford, Massachusetts three small volumes, The String of Pearls, Louise Merton, and Frank Herbert. Of the second of these, the proof-reader in the office where it was printed, said: "I become so interested in the story that I forget to make the proper correction of typographical errors.” Her duties as a clergyman's wife and mother of five sons prevented her from realizing ambition further except for occasional articles.
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13169471
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriette%20Woods%20Baker
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Harriette Woods Baker
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In 1850, she removed to the city of Lynn, Massachusetts, where her husband was pastor of the Central Church. There she assisted him several years in editing two monthly journals: The Mother’s Assistant, and The Happy Home, which were extensively circulated. Many of her contributions to these periodicals were subsequently transferred to her volumes. From that period, she wrote and published constantly, her works being issued by different firms in Boston and New York City.
In 1855, she published under the name of "Mrs. Madeline Leslie", The Courtesies of Wedded Life. About the same time appeared anonymously another large volume, entitled Cora and the Doctor, which was ascribed to many persons of eminence. In plot and literary finish, in power and pathos, this is considered one of her happiest efforts, and called forth flattering notices and reviews from Washington Irving and other distinguished critics. The name of its author was repeatedly called for, and at length the call was answered by its issue with other volumes from her pen in a series entitled Home Life.
Many of her books had a religious or moral theme and her style was considered very true to life, with well drawn characters. Publishers of her books include Lee & Shepard. The wave of evangelical feeling that passed over New England consequent on the preaching of Dr. Finney, the evangelist, powerfully affected Baker, and turned her literary activities in religious channels. In the heyday of her success, the coming out of one of her books was looked upon as an event by her readers, and it was thought nothing remarkable to strike off an edition of 10,000 copies on the first appearance of a story whose title page bore the name of Madeline Leslie. Annual sales varied from 250,000 to 500,000.
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13169471
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriette%20Woods%20Baker
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Harriette Woods Baker
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Most of Baker's books were tales for Sunday-school and general reading. They attained great popularity, and several were republished in England, and were translated into German, French and Bohemian. Included in the list are the Silver Lake, Golden Spring, Brookside, as well as the "Tim" series and the "Leslie" stories. Tim: The Scissors Grinder was her most popular book, and (in the form of a cheap reprint) was sold or given away by thousands in England. Some of these were published over the pseudonyms "Mrs. Madeline Leslie" and "Aunt Hattie". Others, such as The Courtesies of Wedded Life (1855; new ed., 1869), and Cora and the Doctor, were published anonymously.
In late years, a new generation appeared, which was somewhat out of touch with the spirit of Baker's writings. She was well known in the older literary circle of the US. Her literary tastes and keen zest for the study of human character and action remained with her even in later years. Possessing the Macaulayan faculty of plucking the very heart out of a book in a space of time that for others would hardly more than suffice for turning its pages, she found in reading an unfailing delight. She was reading Victor Hugo's novels this week at the rate of a book a day, and on the evening previous to her death held an animated conversation with her son, Dr. Charles E. Baker, about one of the characters in Les Misérables.
Personal life
While in Catskill, she had a relationship with John Maynard, whose father, before his death, had been a friend to her father's. She ended the relationship when she was fifteen after hearing a sad account of John's behavior in Yale.
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13169471
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriette%20Woods%20Baker
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Harriette Woods Baker
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On October 1, 1835, she married Abijah Richardson Baker (died 1876), who for 15 years was pastor of the Congregational Church at Medford, Massachusetts. He established and built up the Central Congregational Church at Lynn, Massachusetts and was also at one period, minister of the East Street Church in Boston. She was very affected by her husband's death on April 30, 1876, that she wrote about his sickness, which was to quote in her language "bound in green in her library in Brooklyn". She had since then moved home five times.
George Baker, her son, and his wife, Maggie, had invited her to stay with them in Batavia. This was her first home and first journey alone. She arrived there around the winter of 1876–77. She went east the following summer and stayed with her son William Baker in Northborough before they all returned to Boston. She visited Washington during the following winter before she went to New York. In 1880, she was living with her son, Dr. Charles Baker, her daughter-in-law, Mary, and her granddaughter, Sarah, in Brooklyn, New York. In Brooklyn, she became greatly interested in a large sewing class in Charles' parish where she taught the class how to knit upon her son's request.
Death
Baker died in Brooklyn at the home of her son, Dr. Charles E. Baker, at 244 Washington Avenue, on April 26, 1893. She was survived by five sons, four of whom were Episcopal clergymen. They were Dr. George Baker, rector of St. Luke's Hospital, New York; Dr. Charles E. Baker, of the Church of the Messiah, and Dr. Frank Woods Baker and Dr. Walter A. Baker, of Cincinnati. Another son, William Baker, M.D., was Professor of Gynecology in Harvard University.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriette%20Woods%20Baker
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Harriette Woods Baker
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Style and themes
Her characters were well drawn, and strikingly true to life. Her style was simple, chaste, often elegant; her plan was natural and progressive. Many of her scenes were picturesque and impressive, and charged with the power and pathos that belonged to the great masters of fiction. Moreover, her writings were all of moral tone, without mawkish sentimentality, but displaying a keen insight into the spiritual nature of man and woman, and a proper sense of their relations as moral and accountable beings.
Baker's books were written in good English, and were remarkably free from catch phrases and barbarisms, from eccentricities and extravagance, from bad grammar and rhetorical faults, which might have depressed the standard of literature and corrupted public taste. Her style was simple, chaste, often elegant; her plan natural and progressive. Reviewers compared her books, for literary execution, moral aim, and influence, with those of Hannah More, Mary Martha Sherwood, and Charlotte Elizabeth. They inculcated high moral and religious sentiments, but were free from the dialectics of the schools, and from all sectarianism; and therefore they were found in the libraries of all Christian denominations.
Many of her books were republished in England and other countries. Few if any of them were more popular and useful than Tim the Scissors-Grinder, later published in what was called the Tim Series. This volume first appeared as a serial in the Boston Recorder. Long before its completion in that paper, numerous applications were received from different houses for the right to publish it in a book. From all parts of the country, positive testimonials were received of its excellence and usefulness in the conversion and sanctification of very many.
Selected works
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13169556
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20Jersey%20Churchscape
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The New Jersey Churchscape
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The New Jersey Churchscape: Encountering Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Churches is a book and website written by Frank L. Greenagel.
The book was published by Rutgers University Press in 2001 and covers synagogues and meeting houses as well as churches.
It took five years of research and covers 225 buildings from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, presenting photographs along with commentary. As the New York Times observes, what's striking is the diversity of religious structures in New Jersey, a state that "was always more religiously diverse than New England." And yet, the Times continues, the book still provides us with the sense of a "typical New Jersey church."
In total, there are approximately 1,400 churches, synagogues and meeting houses in New Jersey that were built before 1900. Greenagel continues to photograph and research them, and is in the process of publishing a complete, county by county inventory of all the surviving 18th- and 19th-century churches in the state. Hunterdon, Morris, Somerset, Sussex, and Warren Counties have been completed as of 2007.
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13169712
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedment
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Embedment
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Embedment is a phenomenon in mechanical engineering in which the surfaces between mechanical members of a loaded joint embed. It can lead to failure by fatigue as described below, and is of particular concern when considering the design of critical fastener joints.
Mechanism
The mechanism behind embedment is different from creep. When the loading of the joint varies (e.g. due to vibration or thermal expansion) the protruding points of the imperfect surfaces will see local stress concentrations and yield until the stress concentration is relieved. Over time, surfaces can flatten an appreciable amount in the order of thousandths of an inch.
Consequences
In critical fastener joints, embedment can mean loss of preload. Flattening of a surface allows the strain of a screw to relax, which in turn correlates with a loss in tension and thus preload. In bolted joints with particularly short grip lengths, the loss of preload due to embedment can be especially significant, causing complete loss of preload. Therefore, embedment can lead directly to loosening of a fastener joint and subsequent fatigue failure.
In bolted joints, most of the embedment occurs during torquing. Only embedment that occurs after installation can cause a loss of preload, and values of up to 0.0005 inches can be seen at each surface mate, as reported by SAE.
Prevention and solutions
Embedment can be prevented by designing mating surfaces of a joint to have high surface hardness and very smooth surface finish. Exceptionally hard and smooth surfaces will have less susceptibility to the mechanism that causes embedment.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chicago%20Bulls%20seasons
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List of Chicago Bulls seasons
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The Chicago Bulls are a National Basketball Association (NBA) team based in Chicago, Illinois. Dick Klein founded the Bulls in 1966 after a number of other professional basketball teams in Chicago had failed. In their 53 seasons, the Bulls have achieved a winning record 25 times, and have appeared in the NBA playoffs 35 times. They received international recognition in the 1990s when All-Star shooting guard Michael Jordan led them to their six league championships. The only three NBA franchises that have won more championships than the Bulls are the Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers (17 Championships each), and the Golden State Warriors with 7. The Bulls are the only NBA franchise as of 2022 to have a combination of multiple championships and zero losses in the NBA Finals (the San Antonio Spurs are the closest other franchise to this mark, but the 2013 Finals loss to Miami has given the Spurs an all-time Finals record of 5–1).
The Bulls initially competed in the NBA's Western Division. The Western Division was renamed the Western Conference in 1970, and was split into the Midwest and Pacific Divisions. The Bulls played in the Midwest Division until 1980, when they moved to the Central Division of the Eastern Conference.
History of the Bulls
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chicago%20Bulls%20seasons
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List of Chicago Bulls seasons
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Early years
During their inaugural season (1966–67), the Bulls compiled a 33–48 record under coach Johnny "Red" Kerr and reached the playoffs. This was the best record achieved by an NBA expansion team in its first year of play, a feat which earned Kerr the NBA Coach of the Year Award. Dick Motta replaced Kerr in 1969, and under his leadership, the Bulls appeared in the playoffs every year from 1970 to 1975. The team reached the Western Conference finals in 1974 and 1975, but lost to the Milwaukee Bucks and Golden State Warriors, respectively. Key players during the Motta era included Jerry Sloan, Bob Love, Chet Walker, Norm Van Lier, and Tom Boerwinkle. Revered basketball writer Bob Ryan wrote that Sloan and Van Lier comprised the "physically and mentally toughest NBA backcourt" he ever saw.
The Bulls qualified for the playoffs just twice between 1976 and 1984, a period in which the team used eight different head coaches, including former player Jerry Sloan. They had a chance to win the first pick of the 1979 NBA draft, which would have allowed them to select future Hall of Famer Magic Johnson. However, they lost a coin flip to the Los Angeles Lakers, and went on to choose David Greenwood with the second pick. Although Greenwood averaged 12.6 points over six seasons with the Bulls, he never became an NBA All-Star. During this period the Bulls were perhaps best known for being led by former-ABA star Artis Gilmore and Reggie Theus, both of whom were multiple time All-Stars with the Bulls.
Jordan era
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List of Chicago Bulls seasons
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The Bulls' luck turned for the better after selecting Michael Jordan with the third overall pick in the 1984 NBA draft. Considered the greatest basketball player of all time by NBA.com, Jordan averaged 28.2 points per game during his first season and received the 1985 NBA Rookie of the Year Award. From 1985 onwards, the Bulls reached the playoffs every season he was on the team's roster despite having had a losing record in each of his first three years. Jordan could not lead the Bulls past the first round of the playoffs by himself losing to the champion Celtics and in 1987 general manager Jerry Krause acquired Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant at that summer's draft. In 1989, the Bulls played in their first conference finals series since 1975, losing to the Detroit Pistons. Coach Phil Jackson, an assistant since 1987, succeeded Doug Collins as head coach after that season and in 1991, the team won their first of three consecutive NBA championships by defeating Magic Johnson and the Lakers. Then they won two more consecutive titles in 1992 and 1993 after which Michael Jordan retired.
Although the Bulls signed European standout Toni Kukoč to help alleviate the loss, despite only two less wins from the year before, they could not extend their championship streak, falling short in hard fought 7 games battle to the New York Knicks in the 1994 Eastern Conference semifinals. The Bulls lost Horace Grant, who signed with the Orlando Magic as a free agent during the summer of 1994. However, Jordan returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and lost in 1995 NBA Playoff despite posting one of his best numbers and close to his playoff average and with the added help of rebounding specialist Dennis Rodman, the team won three more championships from 1996 to 1998. The Bulls won a then-record 72 regular season games (out of 82) and are widely regarded as one of the greatest teams in NBA history.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th%20Landwehr%20Division%20%28German%20Empire%29
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4th Landwehr Division (German Empire)
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The 4th Landwehr Division (4. Landwehr-Division) was an infantry division of the Imperial German Army during World War I. It was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914 under the "Higher Landwehr Commander 4" (Höherer Landwehr-Kommandeur 4). The Landwehr was the third category of the German Army, after the regular Army and the reserves. Thus Landwehr divisions were made up of older soldiers who had passed from the reserves, and were intended primarily for occupation and security duties rather than heavy combat. The division was primarily raised in the Prussian provinces of Upper and Lower Silesia. It was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.
Combat chronicle
The 4th Landwehr Division fought on the Eastern Front in World War I. It was on the front in Poland from the early days, and participated in the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive, crossing the Vistula in July and advancing toward the Bug, and eventually reaching the line between the Servech and Shchara rivers near Baranovichi, where the front stabilized. It remained in the line there until the armistice on the Eastern Front in December 1917. Thereafter, the division served in Ukraine and in German occupation forces in Russia. In November 1918, elements of the division were transferred to the Western Front, but had barely arrived in the line by the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as mediocre.
Order of battle on mobilization
The order of battle of the 4th Landwehr Division on mobilization in August 1914 was as follows:
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13170134
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim%20Kanarfogel
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Ephraim Kanarfogel
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Ephraim (Fred) Kanarfogel (born November 19, 1955) is a professor and dean at Yeshiva University and one of the foremost experts in the fields of medieval Jewish history and rabbinic literature, as well as an ordained rabbi and Torah scholar.
Education
Nearly all of Kanarfogel's formal education took place at Yeshiva University: He attended Yeshiva University's Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy for high school, and earned his BA from Yeshiva College and both an MA and PhD from the Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies. Kanarfogel also received rabbinical ordination from the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (an affiliate of the university), in one of the last classes taught directly by Rabbi Dr. Joseph B. Soloveitchik.
Career
A native of White Plains, New York, Kanarfogel practiced as a pulpit rabbi for Congregation Beth Aaron, then a growing, youthful synagogue in Teaneck, New Jersey, from 1984 to 2003. In 1979, Kanarfogel began teaching at the university, and was soon recognized as the E. Billi Ivry Professor of Jewish History at Yeshiva's Stern College for Women. In 1984, he became the head of the Jewish Studies program at Stern and was later appointed chairman of the Rebecca Ivry Department of Jewish Studies and director of the Graduate Program for Women in Advanced Talmudic Studies (GPATS) at Yeshiva University. Named the Ivry University Professor of Jewish History, Literature, and Law in 2013, he also teaches and directs doctoral dissertations at the Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies.
Kanarfogel has authored or edited eleven books and published nearly 100 articles and reviews. Some of his works have been translated to Hebrew.
Awards
In 2002, Kanarfogel became the first person to win Yeshiva University's Samuel Belkin Literary Award on multiple occasions. He was also awarded the National Jewish Book award in 1994 for his first book, Jewish Education and Society in the High Middle Ages.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi%C3%B1%C3%A1nigo
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Sabiñánigo
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The relief of the municipality is defined by Pyrenean valleys (Acumuer or Aurín Valley to the northwest, Gállego Valley from north to south, Basa Valley to the east and Serrablo or Guarga Valley to the south), by the Pyrenees to the north and by the pre-Pyrenean mountains of San Pedro (1212 m), south of the town; Belarre (1467 m), Guara (1679 m) and Aineto (1463 m) to the south of the Serrablo valley; and Portiello (1545 m), Canciás (1929 m) and Galardón (1803 m) to the north of the Serrablo Valley. Also famous are the Val Ancha and the Val Estrecho, between the Aurín River and the Sierra de San Pedro. Part of its municipal area is occupied by the Sierra Guara and Canyons of Guara Natural Park. The altitude ranges from 2764 metres north (Peña Retona), in the Pyrenees, to 665 metres on the banks of the Gállego River.
The village is located on the right bank of the Gállego at its exit from the Tena Valley, at an altitude of 780 meters above sea level.
Previously, the region in which Sabiñánigo was framed was known as Serrablo, so the inhabitants of this town are also known as serrableses.
History
Ancient and Middle Ages
The origin of Sabiñánigo is Roman Empire and seems to be linked to the establishment of a military mansion, founded around the second century, on the banks of the road that connected Osca (present-day Huesca) with the thermal baths of Panticosa. In 1972 the two-thousandth anniversary of the founding of the city was celebrated, considering that Calvisio Sabino —propraetor of Gaul— founded Sabiniano at the conclusion of a pacification campaign in Hispania.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi%C3%B1%C3%A1nigo
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Sabiñánigo
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The first documented historical mention of Sabiñánigo is from 1035 where it appears as Savignaneco, and refers to its incorporation into the Kingdom of Aragon. Around 1137, in the middle of the medieval period, its status as a royal town is already mentioned, a category that it would maintain centuries later. Since that time the enclave enjoyed privileges, not being subjugated to any rural lord until the Modern era, when it lost this advantageous condition.
Pedro II, in 1206, donated his church of San Acisclo to García de Gúdal, bishop of Jaca-Huesca. And at the end of the Middle Ages (1492), Ferdinand the Catholic intervened to set the limits of its terms and solve the problems posed by the vacant knighthoods of honor in this place.
Modern and Contemporary ages
During the sixteenth century, the tax on horses continued to be paid and a certain economic take-off began. In 1594, an agreement was signed with the cattle ranchers of the Tena valley regarding the passage of transhumant cattle through the boundaries of the town of Sabiñánigo and those of its dependent villages. However, judging by the documents, the place seems to have been ruined in 1696.
Pascual Madoz, in his 1845 Geographical-Statistical-Historical Dictionary of Spain, describes Sabiñánigo as a small town of 28 houses, although with a town hall and prison; It also indicates that he subsisted by his agriculture and livestock, producing his lands "pure and mixed wheat, legumes, potatoes and pastures".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi%C3%B1%C3%A1nigo
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Sabiñánigo
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At the end of the 19th century, the construction of the railway that would link Zaragoza with France through Canfranc began. With the arrival of the railroad in 1893, a train station was built near Sabiñánigo town; A new nucleus of activity began to grow around this station, opening shops and lodgings around the road that would soon be called Paseo de la Estación. The new Sabiñánigo became an obligatory place of passage to the spa of Panticosa, where people came in order to drink the beneficial thermal waters; After about five hours on the train between Zaragoza and Sabiñánigo, they took carriages – buses from 1909 onwards – that took them to the aforementioned seaside resort.
The Barrio de la Estación began to have a greater prominence than the original urban centre, and was consolidating thanks, first to shops, and then to the establishment of factories. So much so, that in 1916 the City Council itself moved to the Barrio de la Estación.
The factories gave the final boost to the emerging city. In 1920, the Franco-Spanish company Energía e Industrias Aragonesas (EIASA) established a modern chemical factory that would mark a milestone by achieving the synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen for the first time in the world. Soon, AESA would be installed, in charge of the manufacture of laminated aluminium, being the first Spanish company to produce it.
In the 1950s Sabiñánigo incorporated the municipality of Sardas and part of Cartirana. In the following decade it absorbed Acumuer, Cartirana, Gésera, Jabarrella, Orna de Gállego and Senegüé and Sorripas, and parts of Ena, , and Oliván. In the 1970s it incorporated part of Laguarta.
During the Civil War, between September and November 1937, the Battle of Sabiñánigo took place in the area, in which the 43rd and 27th divisions of the Army of the Republic launched an offensive against the I Brigade of the 51st National Division and volunteers such as the Panthers of the Tena Valley and the Skiing Company.
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13170205
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallent%20de%20G%C3%A1llego
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Sallent de Gállego
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Sallent de Gállego (in Aragonese: Sallent de Galligo or Sallén de Galligo) is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain.
The town is located in the central Pyrenees besides the reservoir of Lanuza on the foot of some of the highest summits of the chain, close to the border with France. It is part of the Alto Gállego comarca, and it is the capital of the Tena Valley.
These localities are also part of the municipality: Formigal, Portalet d'Aneu, Lanuza, Escarrilla, Tramacastilla and Sandiniés.
Landscape
The Gállego river runs through the town and its first tributary, the Aguas Limpias, unites to the Gállego inside the town. Both rivers' sources are inside the municipality.
The Foratata peak (2,000 m) towers over the town, being an iconic peak for all the valley. Other important summits belonging to the municipality are Anayet, Tres Hombres, Arriel and Balaitous, many of them are over 3000 meters high. The GR 11 route that goes along all the Pyrenees goes through the municipality.
The Portalet pass that links the Tena Valley, in Spain, and the Ossau Valley, in France, is also in Sallent de Gállego.
Winter sports
The Formigal ski resort, a few kilometers up from the town, is the largest resort in Spain and concentrates the majority of hotels and restaurants.
Climate
Sallent de Gallego has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) bordering a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The highest temperature recorded was on July 29, 1981 while the lowest was on March 11, 1985.
Sights
Sallent has as its main artistic attraction its Gothic Church of the Assumption of the early sixteenth century, which has a valuable plateresque altarpiece and the venerated image of the Virgen de las Nieves, which is the patron of the town. It has been declared of cultural interest.
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13170237
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure%20uxoris
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Jure uxoris
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Jure uxoris (a Latin phrase meaning "by right of (his) wife") describes a title of nobility used by a man because his wife holds the office or title suo jure ("in her own right"). Similarly, the husband of an heiress could become the legal possessor of her lands. For example, married women in England and Wales were legally incapable of owning real estate until the Married Women's Property Act 1882.
Middle Ages
During the feudal era, the husband's control over his wife's real property, including titles, was substantial. On marriage, the husband gained the right to possess his wife's land during the marriage, including any acquired after the marriage. Whilst he did not gain the formal legal title to the lands, he was able to spend the rents and profits of the land and sell his right, even if the wife protested.
The concept of jure uxoris was standard in the Middle Ages even for queens regnant. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Fulk V of Anjou, Guy of Lusignan, Conrad of Montferrat, Henry II of Champagne, and Aimery of Lusignan all became kings as a result of marriage. Another famous instance of jure uxoris occurring was in the case of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, who gained said title via his marriage to Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick, herself a daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick.
Sigismund of Luxembourg married Queen Mary of Hungary and obtained the crown through her, retaining it after her death in 1395.
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13170273
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Sotonera
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La Sotonera
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La Sotonera is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is situated between Huesca and Ayerbe in the Hoya de Huesca. According to 2018 (INE) data, the municipality has a population of 894 inhabitants.
The municipality was created in 1973 by merging the communities of Bolea, Esquedas, Lierta, Plasencia del Monte and Quinzano. Bolea had united in 1965 with the adjacent community of Puibolea, but previously Puibolea had been part of Lierta. Esquedas was owned by the Count of Sobradiel from 1670 until being bought by the residents in 1921.
La Sotonera is 165.5 km2 in size, including a small exclave to the south-west of Banastás and Alerre. The Sierra de Gratal mountains make up the northern boundary of La Sotonera and include the emblematic Gratal peak with an elevation of 1567 metres. The Hermitage of the Virgin of the Rock is situated in this range overlooking Aniés.
The village of Bolea is the main settlement in La Sotonera and is well known for its Collegiate Church which was declared a National Monument of Historic and Artistic Value in February 1983.
La Sotonera has one railway station at Plasencia del Monte which is on the RENFE-operated line from Huesca to Jaca and Canfranc. Despite its name, the large reservoir known as Embalse de La Sotonera lies outside of the municipality to the south-west.
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13170289
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torla-Ordesa
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Torla-Ordesa
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Torla-Ordesa is a municipality in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is in the northwest of the Sobrarbe region, 100 km from the capital of Huesca, and had 298 inhabitants according to the 2018 census (INE).
Torla is in the glacial valley of the River Ara, after the confluence of the valleys of Bujaruelo and Ordesa, assuming that the glacier tongue reached Asin Broto, with more than 30 km in total. The Ara is said to be the only river of any importance in Spain that is not dammed by the human hand throughout its 70 km course to its confluence with the River Cinca in Ainsa.
Torla borders France but lacks a road connection with it, and is a gateway to the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park in the valley of Ordesa, and to Valle de Broto. It can only be accessed by the N-260 from Broto or from Biescas through the port of Cotefablo (1,423 m.). In summer, when access to the valley of Ordesa in Torla is restricted for private vehicles, buses are arranged through the park to climb to the meadow of Ordesa.
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13170438
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abejuela
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Abejuela
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Abejuela is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2018 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 49 inhabitants. It is the southernmost town in Aragon.
Sierra de Javalambre rises north of the town and Sierra del Toro to the east.
Economy
The economy of Abejuela is focused primarily on agriculture and livestock raring. Some crops include wheat, barley, and outstanding quality truffle plantations, one of the best there is in Spain. Livestock raring is also high quality because all livestock are fed almost completely 100% natural.
History
There is little documentation on Abejuela, because almost all its files were destroyed in the Civil War.
It is known from oral tradition, that the first settlers were people exiled to its highest and coldest point called Almansa, where the hermitage of Santa Margarita is located. It is believed that around the fifteenth century the first buildings on what is now Abejuela were built, these are the Church and the military tower in the square.
Abejuela, is still one of the few towns that retains almost all of its architecture intact, with renovations remaining faithful to its surroundings and despite the years they have been kept in perfect condition.
Location
The distance of Abejuela from Teruel is , from Valencia. It is within the Gúdar Javalambre region. Abejuela, has of forest and farmland between altitudes of . The population is located at high.
For more than 50 years Abejuela maintained communication with its province (Teruel) since at this time it was only accessible from Aragon by a municipal road or a detour of through the province of Valencia.
The municipal district of Abejuela is bounded by Manzanera on the north, south and west by the Yesa, Chelva and Higueruelas and on the east by Andilla and el Toro, all these in the Valencia province except El Toro (Castellon).
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13170458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alac%C3%B3n
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Alacón
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Alacón is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 470 inhabitants, and is at an altitude of .
The village has a military tower called “Torre de los Moros”. The tower was built by the Moors and is square with a pyramidal front elevation. It dates to the Reconquista and is one of the oldest towers in the province.
The 18th-century parish church is dedicated to the Assumption. It has three naves and a dome which has pendentives with bas-relief decoration. The 16th century gothic-renaissance style hermitage dedicated to El Calvario (Calvary) and the restored 17th century hermitage dedicated to San Miguel (St. Michael) are found on a promontory.
The town produces olives which are used to make an olive oil which has a special guarantee of quality and origin.
Paleontological Discovery Centre
The Paleontological Discovery Centre is a museum of Mousterian culture, characteristic of the mid-Paleolithic period (between 50,000 and 35,000 BCE).
The Covacho de Eudoviges archaeological site is found at the top of a ravine which runs into the river Martín. It was excavated in 1969-70 and 670 flint tools, 50 ferrite cores and nearly 10,000 stone chips and other objects including the waste materials from tool making and Musterian spearheads were found. The chemical composition of the soil has destroyed most of the fossils and bones which should have been left in the places where the prehistoric settlers ate. Bone remains which have been identified include a rhinoceros from the period mentioned, a prehistoric horse and an animal belonging to the deer family, probably a buck, from the mid to late pleistocene period.
Pottery from the nomads in the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age was also found.
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13170706
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellote
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Castellote
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Castellote is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2010 census, the municipality has a population of 804 inhabitants.
Situated in a picturesque setting on the slope of a mountain crowned by a Templar castle ruined in the Carlist Wars. The road enters the village through a tunnel that pierces an impressive rock wall. At the entrance of the tunnel is the site of Llovedor with the shrine of the Llovedor.
From its medieval past, linked to the Knights Templar, it has retained a beautiful urban area of narrow streets and steep, with an expansion along the road which is declared cultural interest. Are of great interest the Gothic church of San Miguel, the town hall with arcades, the shrine of the Virgen del Agua, the Gothic fountain and some houses emblazoned. Near the town is the castle, the medieval aqueduct and the chapel of Llovedor.
Villages
In Castellote's extensive municipal term are located many populated and depopulated places that have had relevance in the past. Among the populated are:
Abenfigo
Los Alagones
La Algecira
El Crespol
Cuevas de Cañart
Dos Torres de Mercader
Ladruñán
Luco de Bordón
Las Planas de Castellote
Mas de Ricol
Uninhabited or virtually uninhabited, are the nuclei of many farms, including: El Alconzal, El Huergo, El Mas de Blasco, Torremocha, Perojil, el Mas de Soler, el Mas de Lej, El Higueral, El Latonar and other. Some were inundated by reservoir waters Santolea, like Mas de Campos, and the village which gives its name, Santolea, was abandoned and demolished after construction.
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13170771
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodena%20site
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Nodena site
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The Nodena site is an archeological site east of Wilson, Arkansas, and northeast of Reverie, Tennessee, in Mississippi County, Arkansas, United States. Around 1400–1650 CE an aboriginal palisaded village existed in the Nodena area on a meander bend of the Mississippi River. The Nodena site was discovered and first documented by Dr. James K. Hampson, archaeologist and owner of the plantation on which the Nodena site is located. Artifacts from this site are on display in the Hampson Museum State Park in Wilson, Arkansas. The Nodena site is the type site for the Nodena phase, believed by many archaeologists to be the province of Pacaha visited by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in 1542.
In 1900, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton was discovered south of the Nodena site.
In 1964, the Nodena site was declared a National Historic Landmark and in 1966 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Culture of the Nodena people
Nodena is the type site for an important Late Mississippian cultural component, the Nodena phase, which dates from about 1400–1700 CE. The Nodena phase was a collection of villages (see Eaker site) along the Mississippi River between the Missouri Bootheel and Wapanocca Lake. This culture is contemporary with the Menard complex, Tipton phase, Walls phase and the Parkin phase. The Parkin Indian Mound, the type site for the Parkin phase, is the site of another Late Mississippian village located in Parkin, Arkansas, about southwest of Wilson. In the early 1540s, the Spanish Hernando de Soto Expedition is believed to have visited several sites in the Nodena phase, which is usually identified as the Province of Pacaha. The Parkin site is a candidate for the province of Casqui.
Nodena people were part of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, an extensive religious and trade network that brought chert, whelk shells, and other exotic goods to the site.
Nodena village 1400–1650 CE
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13170771
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodena%20site
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Nodena site
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The site was a palisaded village on a horseshoe bend of the Mississippi River about east of Wilson, Arkansas. Archaeological artifacts from the villages of the Nodena people are dated to 1400–1650 CE.
The site had three to eight mounds, two of them large substructure mounds. The largest, designated as "Mound A", was wide by long, and high. It had two levels, with the top being by , and the terrace level being wide. The remains of three structures were found on the mound, one on the top level and two on the terrace level. The mound designated as "Mound B" was by by tall. It had the remains of a diameter round structure found at its summit. The site also had several large plaza areas, and what Dr. Hampson described as a "chunkey field", which was located directly behind Mound A. A circular mound, designated as "Mound C", was located at the other end of the chunkey field. It was roughly in diameter and high. A large number of male graves, 314 of 316, were found buried under it.
The houses in the village were laid out in a very orderly fashion, located on the same axis as the mounds at the site, demonstrating that the whole site was planned. Members of the de Soto Entrada described the villages of the Pacaha and Nodena peoples as being the most carefully planned and organized of all the villages they had seen in "La Florida", which was what they called the entire southeast. The villages of this area were described as having few if any trees, probably because this was the primary source of fuel and building materials. Many trees close to the villages would have been cut down for these purposes. Homes were built from wattle and daub, with thatched roofs. The palisade which surrounded the site was designed for defensive purposes. It had bastions at regular intervals, with archer slots to defend against enemy attacks. The peoples of Casqui and Pacaha were in a state of perpetual war with one another, and most large sites throughout the area in this time period had this type of defensive palisade.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodena%20site
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Nodena site
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The de Soto chroniclers indicate that political provinces characterized by a paramount chief living in a paramount town with satellite vassal towns surrounding it were the major political institutions of this area. The Nodena site was either the main town or one of the larger satellite towns of the Pacaha province.
Pottery
Most pottery found at the Nodena site is of the kind known as Mississippian Bell Plain. It was buff colored, contains large fragments of ground mussel shell as a tempering agent, and isn't as smooth and polished as other varieties. Other kinds found there are much finer, with a finer ground shell as a temper, some instances being so finely ground as to look untempered. The Nodena phase people put a bowl and a bottle into a grave with the bodies, usually of the finer variety of pottery. Shapes and decoration were varied in the mortuary pottery, from brightly colored abstract spiral designs, to elaborate effigy vessels depicting human heads, animals, and hunters and their prey. Pottery made by the Nodena people was built up from strips of clay, and then smoothed out by the potter, much like other pottery in the Eastern America area where the potters wheel was unknown. Slips using galena for white, hematite for red, and sometimes graphite for black were used to paint the pottery, with a red on white swastika design being particularly popular. Sometimes incising was used (an example is the incised raptor image on the effigy head pot pictured), although it is rare in Nodena pottery.
Head deformation
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13170771
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodena%20site
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Nodena site
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The people of the Nodena phase practiced artificial cranial deformation or head flattening. Shortly after infants were born, they were strapped to a special carrier which deformed their skulls as they grew. Many of the skeletal remains found at the Nodena site had deformed skulls, of the type defined as fronto-occipital deformation, flattening of the forehead and the back of the head. Of 123 skulls found by Dr. Hampson, only six could be considered "normal", meaning they did not show the signs of head deformation. The functioning of the brain is not affected by cranial deformation, but the overall shape of the skull bones are. This practice was performed by many Native American tribes into historic times, including the Choctaw, although it later fell out of favor.
Agriculture and food
The people of Nodena were intensely involved in maize agriculture, as well as other food crops originating in the Americas, such as beans, squash, sunflowers and gourds. They also gathered wild foodstuffs such as pecans and persimmons. The de Soto chroniclers described the area as being under heavy cultivation, and the most populous they had seen in La Florida. The Spaniards described groves of wild fruit and nut bearing trees, implying that the Nodena must have left them standing when clearing other trees for the cultivation of maize. The hunting of whitetail deer, squirrel, rabbit, turkey, and mallard was practiced as well as fishing for alligator gar, catfish, drum, and mussels.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodena%20site
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Nodena site
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Language
The peoples of Nodena were probably Tunican or Siouan speaking. It is known that the Tunica were in the area at the time of the de Soto Entrada, and the related group of phases present in the region may have all been Tunican speakers, with Caddoan speakers to their west and south. But by the time of later European contact in the 1670s and the beginning of the historic period, the area was occupied by the Dhegiha Siouan speaking Quapaw. Attempts have been made to connect pottery styles and words from the de Soto narratives with historic tribes, but have so far been unsuccessful.
Dr. James K. Hampson
The museum for the Nodena site is named after Dr. James K. Hampson (1877–1956), owner of the Hampson Plantation on which the Nodena site is located, and the first archaeologist to excavate and preserve the artifacts from the Nodena site and to document their recovery.
The Hampson Museum State Park in Wilson, Arkansas exhibits an archeological collection of early American aboriginal artifacts from the Nodena site. Cultivation of crops, hunting, social life, religion and politics of that ancient civilization are topics of the exhibition. Stone and shell artifacts as well as pottery are on display to illustrate the culture of the Nodena people.
Prehistoric Mastodon skeleton
Mastodons are members of the prehistoric, extinct genus Mammut, they resemble modern elephants. Native to North America they are said to have lived on the North American continent from almost 4 million years ago until their eventual disappearance about 10,000 years ago. In 1900, archaeologist Dr. James K. Hampson documented the find of skeletal remains of a mastodon on Island No. 35 of the Mississippi River, south of the Nodena site and south of Blytheville, Arkansas. In 1957 the site was reported as destroyed.
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13170875
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin%20Koumba
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Justin Koumba
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Justin Koumba (born 5 April 1947) is a Congolese politician who was President of the National Assembly of Congo-Brazzaville from 2007 to 2017. He was an official at the United Nations and served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of National Education in 1992; subsequently, he was President of the National Transitional Council from 1998 to 2002 and President of the National Human Rights Commission from 2003 to 2007.
Political career
Koumba was born at Gango in Kibangou District, located in Niari Department. He worked as an official at the United Nations beginning in 1976. During the 1991–1992 transition to multiparty elections, Koumba was appointed to the transitional government headed by Prime Minister André Milongo as Minister of National Education on 26 January 1992. He was retained as Minister of National Education in a cabinet reshuffle on 21 May 1992, and was additionally given responsibility for science, technology, youth, sports, culture, and the arts. The transitional period ended later in 1992; Koumba then returned to the UN and became UNESCO's representative for Central Africa and the Great Lakes countries.
Following President Denis Sassou Nguesso's return to power in the June–October 1997 civil war, a National Reconciliation Forum was held in January 1998; at the conclusion of the forum, Koumba was elected as President of the National Transitional Council (CNT), a 75-member body that was to act as the provisional parliament, on 14 January 1998. Although Koumba was a southerner, the CNT was mostly composed of northerners, in line with the political dominance of northerners under Sassou Nguesso. The body, in place from 1998 to 2002, was critically characterized as an "embarrassingly compliant rubber stamp".
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13171001
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%20de%20Rubielos
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Mora de Rubielos
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Mora de Rubielos is a municipality located in the mountainous area of the Iberian System, province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain.
According to the 2009 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1,756 inhabitants. Mora de Rubielos has a beautiful 14th-century castle. Mora de Rubielos is the capital of the Comarca of Gúdar-Javalambre.
Location and climate
The town of Mora de Rubielos is in the region of Alto Mijares, by the Fuen Lozana river, at the foot of the Sierra de Gúdar. It includes three population types: the farmhouses, whose population is mainly immigrant is dying out; the small towns of Santa Lucía, Troya, The Aliagarico, El Plano, La Cuba and The Masecicos, which retain their population; and the town itself.
The town lies at an altitude of ; it has a mid-mountain climate, dry with cold winters and mild summers. Its average annual temperature is and its average rainfall is .
History
During the Middle Ages, the territory of Mora was reconquered by the troops of Alfonso II, being until the take of Rubielos in 1204 the most advanced position of the Christian forces against Muslims in the Kingdom of Valencia. It subsequently underwent a series of donations and sales; Pedro Ladrón in 1198 received the town and castle from the hands of Pedro II, but his successor James I included it in the barony of Jérica, donating it to his natural son Don Jaime.
Mora was occupied by the Spanish troops in the War of the Two Peters but returned to Aragonese hands in 1364, receiving the privilege of Pedro IV for which it undertook not to separate it from the crown. Such privilege was not taken into account, being the town and castle sold to the Viscount of Cardona, Don Hugo, who, in turn, sold to Don Blasco Fernández de Heredia in 1367. Finally, the lineage of the Fernández de Heredia remained as owner of this population, taking charge of it in 1388 Gil Ruiz de Lihori, who changed his name to Juan Fernández de Heredia. In this locality there was a customs office for the collection of taxes on trade with Valencia.
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13171001
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%20de%20Rubielos
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Mora de Rubielos
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Although the War of Independence and the Carlist Wars left their mark on Mora, the greatest role of the town took place during the Spanish Civil War. In a phase of the Battle of Teruel (1937 - 1938), after the fall of Andorra and Alcañiz, Mora de Rubielos was the capital of the republican-held area. Previously, an episode of insubordination in this village had resulted in the shooting of More than 50 men of the 84th Mixed Brigade on January 20, 1938. By May 1938, the territory in Republican rule in the province was defended by a set of staggered lines of a hundred kilometers long known as the Grande Arche de Mora Rubielos. As the war progressed, Mora fell into a difficult situation by the advance of the Franco-led army, remaining in the so-called Bolsa de Mora de Rubielos, until finally, on July 16, the troops of General Varela broke the front near the town. The information of the national side said on the front of Teruel our troops have conducted today ... a profound advance in a front of more than thirty-five kilometers, having taken and passed, in addition to many positions of great importance, the town of Mora de Rubielos. For a few days the headquarters of General Franco were in the town.
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13171103
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20Baptist%20Church%20of%20Brookfield
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Primitive Baptist Church of Brookfield
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The meetings of local Baptists that became the church began in 1783 at nearby Woodlawn Farm, the home of member Richard Wood, an early local settler. Eight years later, in 1791, the church was formally incorporated and the following year another member, Joseph Hallock, gave land for the church to be built. It took the Brookfield name from the growing settlement.
In 1828 the tower was added, with the stairs inside allowing more seating capacity within. Five years later, the church broke with Mainstream Baptists and affiliated itself instead with the Primitive Baptist movement, which the year before had rejected the evangelical directions the denomination was taking in the Second Great Awakening. Believing that eschewing foreign missions and Sunday schools was more in line with early Calvinism, they were also sometimes called the Old School Meetinghouse of Brookfield. They kept Brookfield in their name even after the postal service forced the hamlet to change its name to Slate Hill to avoid confusion with New York's other Brookfield, in Madison County.
After the Civil War stoves provided the building's first heat. Over the next few decades, the congregation began dwindling until its last member died in 1933. But trustees continued to hold the required annual meeting and maintain the building. In 2004, two members were added to the empty congregation by vote of the trustees, presiding pastor, and representative members from other Old School Baptist congregations.
Aesthetics
The minimal, classically inspired ornament on the church's exterior suggests an acknowledgement of the emerging tastes of the time, as the Federal style was taking shape. But the interior's use of heavy, inpainted timber and raised and paneled pews recalls late medieval English building traditions, and the pulpit in particular is of a style found in late 17th- and early 18th-century churches in New England. The Brookfield church is a very late example of a style much more popular long before the Revolution.
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13171118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott%20Street%20School
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Abbott Street School
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The Abbott Street School is a historic school building at 36 Abbott Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. Built in 1894, it is a good local example of Romanesque Revival architecture. It served as a public school until 1981, after which it was converted to residential use. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
Description and history
The former Abbott Street School is located west of downtown Worcester, on the west side of Abbott Street between Pleasant and Chandler Streets. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building with a hip roof and Romanesque Revival styling. Its most prominent feature is a projecting central turret, topped by a conical roof. It has a dentillated cornice, and round-arch windows on the second floor of the turret. Windows have rusticated granite sills, and there is a wide stone water table between the basement and ground floors. The main entrances flank the turret on either side, projecting slightly from the main block and recessed under round-arch openings with a granite keystone. A two-story addition extends to the rear.
The school was designed by Boston architect William Forbush and built in 1894. Stylistically it is similar to the 1891 Downing Street School, also designed by Forbush, but with less elaborate trim. It was built by B.C. Jacques at a cost of $20,000. In 1905-06 it was enlarged, with a sympathetic design by Worcester builder J. William Patston. The city operated the school until 1981, after which it was converted to residential use.
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13171165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20Liberation%20Victoria
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Animal Liberation Victoria
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Animal Liberation Victoria Inc. (ALV) are an independent not-for-profit animal rights organisation incorporated in the state of Victoria, Australia, and are a registered charity with the Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission (ACNA). ALV were founded in 1978 by Patty Mark, with the mission of saving lives and ending animal exploitation. Their mission is to abolish the property status of animals, change speciesist attitudes and practices, educate the public about animal rights and veganism, and embrace the principles of non-violence and compassion. ALV is managed by an elected committee in accordance with the Victorian Incorporated Associations Act.
Activism
ALV was established in 1978 by Patty Mark, an animal rights activist. After reading Peter Singer's book Animal Liberation in 1978, Mark put a notice up in the local milk bar on 7 December 1978, that said ‘Help the Hens’, which attracted 17 people to Marks living room, initiating the beginning of ALV. In the early years of their operation, ALV’s activism was focused on improving animal welfare through liaising with the local department of agriculture, visiting abattoirs to prove that animals were stressed and therefore try and improve their living conditions. They also held street marches, outreach in shopping centers, school talks, and made petitions. In the late 1990’s, after reading the work of Gary L. Francine, Mark decided to change ALV from an animal welfare organisation, to an abolitionist animal rights organisation.
In 1993, Mark received a call about the inhumane treatment of hens at a battery hen facility in Victoria, inspiring the birth of ALV's Open Rescue practice. Animal Liberation Victoria was the first group that made open rescues of hens.
They have also protested against sheep exports, in Port of Devonport, whaling, the killing of animals on television by Jamie Oliver, animal deaths in Melbourne Zoo, and the 2007 Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching (ANZCCART) conference.
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13171165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20Liberation%20Victoria
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Animal Liberation Victoria
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ALV supported and managed the Action Animal Rescue Team, a group formed in 1993 whose purpose was to "save the lives of unattended and neglected animals who are left sick and dying in factory farms" and "document (with video footage and photographs) the conditions for animals in factory farms, feedlots, live export and abattoirs."
In May 2005, they also offered to provide legal assistance to the students of a rural school, who opposed the idea to slaughter a pig and cow that they raised. Bernie Williams, executive producer of the 2016 film Charlotte's Web, wrote an e-mail to the school in support of the students.
Campaigns
Education and Outreach
ALV educates the community about the horrors of animal agriculture with resources such as pig truth.com, cow truth.com, fishtruth.com and more. They educate the community about ethical alternatives to animal products with resources such as VeganEasy.org, and provide strategic support and development to the animal liberation movement. They also offer non-graphic presentations for schools across Victoria which highlight the relationship between human and non-human animals, and encourage students to think critically.
ALV undertake various types of outreach including rallies, to educate the community about the treatment of animals in abattoirs and increase activism for animal rights and supplying free Vegan Easy booklets to vegan cafes and community members to assist people in opening their hearts and minds to veganism and helping save the lives of countless animals. “The Vegan Easy booklet is designed as a companion piece to the Vegan Easy website and the free 30 Day Vegan Easy Challenge, where people new to veganism can follow a structured 30 day program of recipes and tips to help kickstart their journey toward a kinder, greener life”. They also perform video outreach on the streets of Australia, showing footage from investigations inside slaughterhouses to raise awareness for the animals who are suffering behind closed doors.
Liberation Sanctuary
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13171298
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrijo%20del%20Campo
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Torrijo del Campo
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Torrijo del Campo is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2018 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 447 inhabitants.
History
It was named Torrijos between 1495 and 1646, later being renamed Torrijo from 1713 to 1797, and adding del Campo from 1834. The placename derives from Latin, and means 'turret', which could mean that it was a border surveillance post in the various conflicts between the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile.
Torrijo belonged to the of the Jiloca river in the Community of Villages of Daroca and was recorded in the Archpriesthood of Daroca by 1280. It was assigned to Sobrecullida, Vereda and Corregimiento of Daroca at different times, being a village until 1711, a place in 1785 and a town belonging to the partido judicial of Calamocha since 1834.
The archaeological works carried out in the area confirmed the presence of ancient cultures, as in the case of Cerro del Moro, an area that was used as an old cemetery and where some pottery has been found. This oval-shaped settlement conserves as its only remnant a hollow in the rock that was possibly used as a cistern.
Archaeological remains have also been found in the area of the Eras where fragments of Iberian pottery were found, in the Masada area where medieval pottery was found or in the Iberian site of La Balseta. In addition, in 1996 a bronze plaque with an Iberian inscription was found on the road to Huertos Altos, which is called the Bronze of Torrijo. This finding was deposited for study at the .
Another archaeological site of note is the uninhabited Villaverde, an Iberian town where fragments of Roman and medieval pottery have been found.
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13171298
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrijo%20del%20Campo
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Torrijo del Campo
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In addition, between Torrijo and Monreal del Campo there was a medieval town called Villacadima, of which several buildings are preserved including the stone markers that delimited it and on which its name is engraved. Villacadima was a stately place, belonging to the Catalan de Ocón family, which was not subject to royal or community law. For this reason, it often served as a refuge for criminals in the area. In 1311, and after the acquisition order of King James II, it was incorporated into the Community of Villages of Daroca. There is evidence that in the 14th century Villacadima had already disappeared, so its terms passed to the municipality of Monreal.
Economy
After the gradual disappearance of saffron crops, which in Torrijo del Campo had great importance not only economically but also traditionally, its inhabitants mainly focus their activity on rainfed cereal agriculture and some irrigated orchards, meadows and forest areas. Livestock farming is also important, with a large number of pig, sheep, beef and rabbit farms. In addition, the nearby towns of Calamocha and Monreal del Campo are the labor destination for residents of Torrijo, who thus complement the household finances.
Municipal symbols
When Miguel Ángel Meléndez was mayor, the Torrijo City Council initiated a process for the adoption of a municipal coat of arms and flag that culminated with the authorization by the Government of Aragon through Decree 100/1997, of 10 June, to adopt them.
According to this decree, the coat of arms should have the following form: "a rectangular coat of arms in vert, bearing a golden tower with a circular base, embattled in sable and clarified in azure; a silver base, bearing two escutcheons with the Royal Sign of Aragon and on the bottom two others, full azure. The crest, an open Royal Crown".
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13171338
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour%20de%20Korea
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Tour de Korea
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The Tour de Korea is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in South Korea since 2000 as part of the UCI Asia Tour. It was rated by the International Cycling Union (UCI) as a 2.2 category race between 2005 and 2013, then promoted to 2.1 category in 2014. The race is organised by the Korea Cycling Federation.
History
The tour gained international attention when Lance Armstrong, a seven-time Tour de France winner, participated in 2007. Armstrong, having retired from cycling at that time, did not compete, but for the sake of publicity, he rode one lap around the course of the first stage on his mountain bicycle.
Tour de Korea is the only international cycling competition in South Korea. The predecessor to Tour de Korea was stopped in 1997 due to financial strains. Tour de Korea is divided into two divisions: Elite for invitees and competitive cyclists, and a "Special race" for cycling club teams. The prize money for the 2011 tour totaled 200 million Won.
The tour course is long, making it the longest cycling competition in Asia.
The tour comprises exclusively point-to-point road race stages. Unlike the major tours in Europe, such as the Tour de France and Giro d'Italia, there are no individual time trials or team time trials. The tour was planned this way reportedly because the promoters wanted to minimise time and effort spent in recording and sorting race results.
Past winners
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13171584
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranda%20de%20Moncayo
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Aranda de Moncayo
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In the 19th century, the ecclesiastical confiscation of Mendizábal led to the exclaustration of the Capuchins and the consequent closure of the convent of San Román, with its classrooms, library, infirmary and conventual church. The abandonment of the convent meant the subsequent ruin and loss of patrimonial and human patrimony. On the civilian side, the nationalization of the municipality's own property deprived the municipality of income obtained from its numerous forests, which passed into private hands or to the State. The neighbors lost these communal lands where sheep, goats and pigs were grazed, charcoal was made and firewood was obtained for homes.
In the second decade of the 20th century, there was a decrease in the young population due to emigration to America or their transfer to Barcelona and the mortality caused by the flu of 1918 that struck with intensity.
During the last Civil War, there were numerous reprisals that followed the formation of the column in defense of the Republic that disarmed the Civil Guard from the Jarque de Moncayo barracks.
In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, entire families moved to Barcelona and Zaragoza, mainly attracted by the industrialization process.
In 1979 construction work began on the Maidevera reservoir, which was completed in 1981. Two years later it was put into operation, flooding part of the huerta of Aranda and consequently reducing the economy of the municipality by the gradual abandonment of agricultural and livestock farms.
In the 21st century, to the general crisis, financial crisis of 2008 and construction, was added the crisis of the footwear sector in the municipalities of Illueca and Brea, located 17 km away, where several tens of Arandinos were employed. Most of them moved to Ólvega, 38 km away, which meant, over time, their settlement in that Castilian town.
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13171614
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateca
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Ateca
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Ateca is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. At the time of the 2015 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1,969.
The River Jalón is joined by the River Piedra and the River Manubles at Ateca.
The town was home to a Cadbury factory, until it closed down in 2013.
Ateca is twinned with Lézat-sur-Lèze in France.
The Seat Ateca SUV takes its name from this area.
Location
Ateca is found in the central Iberian System, southwest of the province at the confluence of the Jalón and Manubles rivers. It is located to 100 km of Zaragoza, 220 to Madrid and 15 to the southwest of Calatayud.
Its concrete location - at 647 masl - is the left bank of the Jalon River, just inside the confluence with the Manubles.
In addition to these two rivers, the Monegrillo waters its municipal term.
Climate
Its average temperature throughout the year is 13.5 °C and has an annual rainfall of 380 mm.
Place names
During the Muslim rule of the peninsula the conquerors renamed it with the name from the Arabic عتيقة `Atīqa, which means "ancient". which can give idea of the remote at the time of this settlement.
Demography
Since 1860, when Ateca had a population of 3786 inhabitants, the population of the municipality has been gradually decreasing. Emigration has been accentuated since 1950, leading to an aging population, which, if it was 25 years old on average in 1860, in 1970 it exceeded 36; in this last year, 18% of the population had more than sixty years. However, emigration has slowed in the 21st century. In 2016, Ateca had 1856 inhabitants.
Economy
The commercial and services function is diminished by the proximity of Calatayud, and with the passage of time its area of influence has been losing entity. In the nineteenth century the town counted on stores of cloths, quincalla, canvases and fabrics; in 1842 he was awarded an annual fair. Historically Ateca has always been an important center of pottery, with its peculiar characteristics that distinguished it from the rest of the zone.
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13171682
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941%E2%80%9342%20Chicago%20Black%20Hawks%20season
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1941–42 Chicago Black Hawks season
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The 1941–42 Chicago Black Hawks season was the team's 16th season in the NHL, and they were coming off a 5th-place finish in the 7 team league in 1940–41, and losing in the 2nd round of the playoffs against the Detroit Red Wings after defeating the Montreal Canadiens in the opening round.
The Black Hawks would finish just under .500, as they had a 22–23–3 record, good for 47 points and 4th place in the standings. Chicago would score 145 goals, 4th in the league, and let in 155, which was the 3rd highest. They had a very solid 15–8–1 home record, but would struggle on the road, getting only 7 victories. On December 9, 1941, the Chicago Blackhawks-Boston Bruins game would be delayed for over a half-hour as United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt declared that America was at war.
Bill Thoms would set a team record by finishing the year with 45 points, which was the 6th highest point total in the league, and his 30 assists also broke a Black Hawks record. Red Hamill would score a team high 18 goals in only 34 games with Chicago, as he came to the Hawks in a mid-season trade with the Boston Bruins. Along with his 6 goals in Boston, his 24 goals would be tied for the 2nd most in the NHL. Earl Seibert would once again lead the defense, earning 21 points, while Joe Cooper would finish just behind him with 20 points. John Mariucci led the Black Hawks with 61 penalty minutes.
In goal, Sam LoPresti would appear in 47 games, winning 21 of them and earning 3 shutouts. Bill Dickie would replace LoPresti in a game due to an injury, and he would record the victory.
| 1.945313
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13171802
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contamina
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Contamina
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Contamina is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain to the west of the Sierra de Padros, in the upper valley of the river Jalón, a tributary of the Ebro. According to the 2008 census (Instituto Nacional de Estadística), the municipality has a population of 42 inhabitants. In 1930 the population was 252. The 16th-century parish church is dedicated to St Bartholomew and is constructed in the baroque style. It has a notable 16th-century altar depicting the life of Saint Bartholomew in eight panels.
The novel Secuestro y fonda de Cela en Contamina by José de Cora, is set in the pueblo and recounts a fictional history of the kidnapping of 1989 Nobel Prize winner Camilo José Cela by three local inhabitants.
Two kilometres to the east lies the spa town of Alhama de Aragón. The main highway between Zaragoza and Madrid skirts the northern edge of the settlement. This is a rural community with arable and fruit farms. There is a restaurant and a casa rural (self catering accommodation).
A few kilometres to the south-east lies the Tranquera reservoir and the ancient Monasterio de Piedra with its famous water gardens.
History
The origin of the name Contamina is believed to be from the Latin CONDOMIN(I)A (joint domain). Contamina used to lie on the Camino Real, the royal highway to Madrid, and in the Middle Ages was the location of stables for royal post horses. In 1361 king Pedro IV gave the manor of Contamina to Pedro Carrillo. In 1646 Contamina was granted by king Felipe IV to Sr. Juan Fernandez de Heredia of Cetina, who became Conde de Contamina. In the diaries of Elizabeth, Lady Holland, the Conde de Contamina was mentioned favourably as a supporter of the English cause against Napoleon during the Peninsular War.
During the Spanish Civil War Contamina remained in the Nationalist Zone following occupation of most of the province of Zaragoza by Franco's Nationalist forces in the summer of 1936. Five residents of the village were murdered by nationalist forces in 1936.
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13171852
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay%C3%B3n
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Fayón
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Fayón () or Faió () is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 395 inhabitants.
This town is located between the Ebro and the Matarranya rivers in La Franja area; the local dialect is a variant of Catalan.
History
Historically this town and its municipal term were considered part of the Matarraña, but presently it is included in the Bajo Aragón-Caspe comarca.
During the Battle of the Ebro some of the most bloody battles in the Spanish Civil War were fought in the Auts area, about 8 km north of Fayón. On 25 July 1938 the 42 division of the Spanish Republican Army successfully crossed the river in this area but was surrounded and massacred in the Auts hills by the rebels.
Traditionally Fayón was part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lleida. In 1955 the Cesaraugustanae et aliarum decree of the Consistorial Congregation was published and on the 2d September of the same year, Fayón, along with Mequinenza was segregated from Lleida and merged with the Archdiocese of Zaragoza.
The ancestral village was submerged by the waters of the Ribarroja Reservoir in 1967 and the present-day village was built by ENHER, the state-owned company that built the dam. After the closure of the nearby coal mines, Fayón has lost about 50% of its population.
| 2.140625
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13172038
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainar
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Mainar
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An example of irrigation created exclusively for irrigation canal is the Agua Somera Somera or Vega ( "shallow" and "superficial plain"), probably from medieval times.
Special mention are the ravines ( "Barrancos") running in the town, the most important are those that flow into the Huerva river on its left bank: Barranco de la Fuente del Piojo, Barranco del Ontazo Barranco del Pozo Ropera ( formed by the union of the Barranco de los Bodegones with Dehesilla Barranco) Barranco del Despeñadero (formed by the union of the Barranco del Molinillo and Barranco Oscuro) and Barranco de Valdefrasno.
Most of them were once for the water, but after the forest policy of the former regime, excess pines touched the main flow of the currents, and it is rare that the currents have a lot of water after the spring.
Climate
The climate is continental Mediterranean, very extreme: strong frosts in winter (especially in February) and outside of the heat (but not as hard as the Ebro Valley). Temperatures of 13 or 14 below zero are normal, and the record low is still much lower.
History
Although Mainar existed before the twelfth century the first mention of Mainar in history are those of the repopulation of Alfonso the Battler and Pamplona, we are not Islamic and pre-Islamic very little new in the region. Most of the part of the present municipality witnessed the wanderings of San Iñigo, confessor Sancho III Major and it is well documented that withdrew into the mountains Tobed. The etymology of Mainar is clear, which is confusing because the name was chosen precisely. Mainar is a participle of a visigothic irregular verb "magan, main" which means "take heart on the battlefield."
Mainar was a member of the Community of Daroca Villages from 1248 until the dissolution of the same in 1833 with the formation of the current provincial division. So he shared the same historical events that shook the entire region.
| 2.34375
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13172055
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%B3n
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Malón
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Malón (from the Mapudungun maleu, to inflict damage to the enemy) is the name given to plunder raids carried out by Mapuche warriors, who rode horses into Spanish, Chilean and Argentine territories from the 17th to the 19th centuries, as well as to their attacks on rival Mapuche factions. Historian Juan Ignacio Molina said the Mapuche considered the malón to be a means of obtaining justice:
Leaders such as Lientur used the malón against European colonists: it consisted of a fast surprise attack by a number of mounted Mapuche warriors against the white (huinca) populations, ranches, settlements and fortifications in Chile and Argentina, with the aim of obtaining horses, cattle, provisions, and captives, often young women. The rapid attack without formal order did not give the targets time to organize a defense, and it left behind a devastated population unable to retaliate or pursue.
In Chile, the Spaniards responded with a system of fortifications known as La Frontera, garrisoned by a standing army that patrolled the border along the Biobío River. In Argentina, where the Mapuche in the 19th century ravaged the southern frontier, the government responded by building wooden outposts and occasionally fortresses, e.g. Fortaleza Protectora Argentina, as well as the Zanja de Alsina. This trench covered hundreds of kilometers across the Pampas to make incursions more difficult, as well as prevent the raiders from driving large numbers of cattle back across the frontier. Ultimately, the Argentine government invaded and conquered the Mapuche in their territory in the Conquest of the Desert of the late 1870s. Many Mapuche were killed and thousands more taken prisoner.
| 3.046875
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13172409
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles%20Garnier
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Gilles Garnier
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The first murder occurred in fall, with dates being described around Feast of Saint Michael, either the first day (29 September) or shortly after its beginning (early October). Garnier abducted a girl, aged 10 or 12, by dragging her into a vineyard near the Gorge farm near Châtenois (misspelled in sources as Chastenoy) He strangled her, removed her clothes, and ate the flesh from her thighs and arms in nearby Serre forest. When he had finished, he removed some flesh and took it home to his wife.
Weeks later, either on All Saint's Day (1 November) or eight days before or after, Garnier attacked another girl in the meadows of Le Pouppe, between Authume (misspelled as Athume) and Châtenois. Garnier bit and scratched her, but was interrupted by passers-by and fled. The girl succumbed to her injuries a few days later.
In November, around two weeks after the beginning of Feast of Saint Michael, Garnier killed a 10-year-old boy between Gredisans and Menote, again cannibalising him by eating from his thighs and belly and tearing off a leg to save for later. He strangled another boy but was again interrupted by a group of passers-by. He had to abandon the victim before he could tear away any flesh.
On the Friday before the end of Feast of Saint Bartholomew (24 August) he attacked a boy, aged 12 or 13, near Perrouse and Cromary. The victim was "torn in half" with bites and his belly was torn open.
In November, either the 5th or 8th, he strangled a girl near Châtenois. Villagers heard the victim's screams and caught Granier mid-attack. The girl died of her wounds a few days later.
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13172525
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utebo
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Utebo
|
Utebo () is a town located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. At the time of the 2011 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 18,602 inhabitants, being the third most populous town of the province, only surpassed by Zaragoza and Calatayud, and one of the most populous in Aragon.
Location
Utebo is distributed in three neighborhoods: the Old Town, El Monte (area developed in the 1940s) and the neighborhood of Malpica (bordering the neighborhood of Casetas, which belongs to Zaragoza).
The town is in the right bank of the River Ebro. Its municipal area is flat and the 67% of the municipal area are farmland, from which the 70% are irrigated supplied by the River Ebro canals, by the River Jalon canals and the Imperial Canal of Aragon.
Utebo belongs to Campo de Zaragoza, being the most populated town behind the capital city. Its municipal area borders Casetas neighborhood on the west, Alfocea on the north, Garrapinillos on the south and Zaragoza on the east.
History
The name Utebo comes from the Latin 'Octavius'. Octavius was founded with Caesar Augusta (Zaragoza) in 24-13 BC.
After the conquest of Zaragoza by Alfonso the Battler in 1118, Utebo belonged to the Christian kingdoms. At that time, Utebo had a population of 115 inhabitants.
The Peninsular War resulted in Utebo being almost abandoned in 1808. However, from 1850 the population began to grow to a population of 585 inhabitants. In 1906 Utebo became an independent municipality.
Demography
In 2012 Utebo had a population of 18,281 inhabitants, this implies that from 1900 -when it had a population of only 1,799 inhabitants- its population has increased tenfold.
Economy
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13172655
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20Indian%20Affairs%20building%20takeover
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Bureau of Indian Affairs building takeover
|
The Bureau of Indian Affairs building takeover refers to a protest by Native Americans at the Department of the Interior headquarters in the United States capital of Washington, D.C., from November 3 to November 9, 1972. On November 3, a group of approximately 500 American Indians with the American Indian Movement (AIM) took over the Interior building in Washington, D.C. It being the culmination of their cross-country journey in the Trail of Broken Treaties, intended to bring attention to American Indian issues such as living standards and treaty rights.
The incident began with a group of AIM protesters traveling to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) offices at the national headquarters building, intending to negotiate for better housing on reservations and other related issues. But after interpreting a government refusal of their demands as a double cross, the protesters began the siege, occupying the building. And after denying a federal court order to vacate the premises issued after the first night of the occupation. The takeover quickly gained national media attention.
The AIM affiliated protesters overturned tables and desks against windows, fortifying against potential police attack. Some set fires in interior offices and the marble lobbies, destroying many historic documents. The demonstrators started to run out of provisions after several days. They would not allow police or any government representative to approach the building, so two children of BIA employees were recruited to bring in provisions. After a week of occupation, the protesters left, with some taking BIA documents with them, and having caused an estimated $700,000 in damages. And with the loss of the documents, the Washington Post claimed that the destruction and theft of records could set the Bureau of Indian Affairs back 50 to 100 years.
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13172655
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20Indian%20Affairs%20building%20takeover
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Bureau of Indian Affairs building takeover
|
As AIM activists were in the process of occupying the BIA building in Washington, D.C., representatives of the Nixon administration were meeting with tribal chairmen in a scheduled meeting at the other end of the country in rural Oregon. A new organization was established, called The National Tribal Chairman’s Association. The NTCA was presumably an outgrowth of the National Congress of American Indians, founded in 1944. Nixon promised the support of the federal government for "federally recognized" tribes. This excluded groups that had not been recognized, including tribes whose federal status had been terminated in the 1950s under federal policy of the time, which believed that some tribes were "ready" to assimilate into the mainstream.
The NTCA was given offices within the National Council on Indian Opportunity. Tribal chairmen discussed common issues, including how to manage limited resources. Some believed that "urban Indians", those members who had left the reservations to live elsewhere, should be excluded from tribal benefits, although such members often struggled economically even in cities.
When the AIM Protestors left the Interior building on November 8, the White House had agreed to discuss all 20 points except amnesty, which was to be addressed separately. From which an "interagency task force" was created, to be co-chaired by representatives of the White House and to include dozens of Indian organizations. The occupiers then agreed to leave the building with the assurance that the White House would examine eligibility of Indians for governmental services; adequacy of governmental service delivery; quality, speed, and effectiveness of federal programs; Indian self-government; and congressional implementation of necessary Indian legislation.
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13172792
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Million%20Dollar%20Duck
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The Million Dollar Duck
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The Million Dollar Duck (also titled as $1,000,000 Duck) is a 1971 American comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions based on the goose that lays golden eggs scenario. It was directed by Vincent McEveety, and stars Dean Jones, Sandy Duncan and Joe Flynn. The film was released on June 30, 1971, and received negative reviews from critics.
Plot
Scientist Albert Dooley (Dean Jones) struggles to pay the bills. His wife, Katie (Sandy Duncan) gets a recipe for applesauce wrong and gives it to her husband to take to work for lunch, hoping it will help cut down on the budget. In a humorous chain reaction, the duck Albert is testing steals the applesauce after Albert has thrown it away in the trash and then wanders into a radiation lab and becomes irradiated. Albert is ordered to get rid of the duck, so he figures he can give it to his son, Jimmy (Lee Montgomery) who has been wanting a pet, only to discover it now lays eggs with solid gold yolks.
In a Pavlovian manner, the duck, named "Charley" (despite being female), lays an egg when prompted by the barking of a dog. At first, the only ones who know of Charley's golden yolks are Albert, Katie, Jimmy and Albert's friend, Fred, but as they sell the yolks of gold, they gain the attention of a suspicious neighbor, Mr. Hooper (Joe Flynn), a government bureaucrat from the U.S. Treasury Department. Hooper spies on the Dooleys in a haphazard manner, often suffering mishaps such as falling off a tree branch after being yelled at by his wife to leave the neighbors alone. However, Hooper sees a golden yolk laid firsthand, with Fred and Albert celebrating.
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13172878
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucl%C3%A9s
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Uclés
|
Uclés is a municipality of Spain located in the province of Cuenca, Castilla–La Mancha. The municipality spans across a total area of 64.61 km2 and, as of 1 January 2020, it has a registered population of 212.
History
The fortress and town was probably built by al-Fath ibn Musa ben Zennun circa the late 9th to early 10th century, becoming the al-Fath's main stronghold after his father's death in 908. Having submitted to the Cordobese central authority by the 920s, the rebellious Banu Zennun (later arabised to 'Dhi-l Nun') clan was removed from the place by 936, although Uclés returned to their control in 1018.
The place passed to Christian control in the wake of the conquest of the Taifa of Toledo in 1085 and then was lost a year after following the Battle of Sagrajas. The Almoravid rule consolidated after the 1108 Battle of Uclés.
Towards 1157, the fortress of Uclés was acquired in a barter by Alfonso VII from Ibn Mardanix in exchange for the fortress of Alicún. The fortress was ceded to the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in 1163, and, following the unsuccessful repopulating efforts by the Knights Hospitallers, to the Order of Santiago on 9 January 1174. The Order's grip in the area consolidated following the 1177 takeover of Cuenca and Uclés was granted a fuero by the order's Grand Master in 1179, henceforth becoming the seat of an encomienda and the headquarters of the order in the Kingdom of Castile.
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13173074
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro%20de%20Villegas%20Marmolejo
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Pedro de Villegas Marmolejo
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Pedro de Villegas Marmolejo (1519–1596) was a Spanish sculptor and painter of the Renaissance period.
He was born at Seville, but studied painting from either Roman or Flemish models. He painted a Visitation to Elizabeth for the Seville Cathedral which resembles the manner of Pedro Campaña. In the side compartments of the altar there are various smaller works of Villegas, representing San Blas and The Baptism of Christ, St. Sebastian and St. Roque; above, in the arch, there is an Infant Jesus in glory; and immediately beneath the Visitation are some small portraits touched with a sparkling and animated pencil. He likewise painted, for the Hospital of the Lazarines, just outside Seville, St. Lazarus. He painted for the church of San Lorenzo an Annunciation and a Virgin and Child. His tomb bears this inscription from his close friend and polymath, Benito Arias Montano :
"DEO VIVENTIUM.
PETRO VILLEGAE MARMOLEJO HISPALEN.
PICTORI SOLERTISS. MORIB. INTEGERRIM. :SENSU ET SERMONE OPPORTUNISSIMO.
ANNOR. LXXVII.
ARIAS MONTANUS AMIC. VETER. UNI
SOLI EX TESTAMENTO POS. VIATOR PACEM VOVETO
M. PEREZ ARCHITECTUS AMICITIAE ERGO
INCIDEB.
A CHR. N. CICICXCVII."
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13173106
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20pond%20%28law%29
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Great pond (law)
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A great pond in the United States is a pond or lake that is held in trust by the state for public use. Generally, any natural body of water that is larger than in size is considered public water. In certain New England states, this legal definition exists at both common law and statutory law.
History
As is often the case in the United States, the "law of great ponds" descended from early English common law. In 1890, Charles Doe, Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court, described the development of the law of great ponds in Concord Mfg. Co. v. Robertson, a case concerning the rights of individuals to cut and remove ice from a pond adjacent to land they had leased, subsequently reducing the flow of water at a downstream mill. The rights of the ice harvesters and mill owners turned on the question of who owned the water in the pond. In the opinion, Chief Justice Doe stated that "[t]ide waters and large ponds are public waters. Whatever exceptions, if any, may be found, this is the rule."
The English rule used to distinguish between public and private waters was based on the limit of the tide, for those waters that were navigable were subject to admiralty jurisdiction. In the U.S., this rule had been extended to include navigable fresh water "reasonably capable of valuable use as a public way." However, it was not always clear that a pond – isolated from the ocean or a navigable river, but otherwise in the public domain – was reserved for public use. Furthermore, the ability to hunt and fish on public lands had been denied to citizens during feudal times, and that "system of legal inequality in the enjoyment of public property" was precisely what the colonists sought to avoid. Thus, a new rule defining public waters needed to be established that was not based on the navigability of the waters.
From the Concord Mfg. Co. decision:
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13173118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%A1nades
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Abánades
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Abánades is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2017 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 59 inhabitants and a population density of 1.5 people per square kilometer.
Demographics
History of Abánades
In the tenth and eleventh centuries, Medinaceli (today a town in the province of Soria) became the military capital of the Central March due to its strategic importance as a defensive stronghold against the advance of the Christian kingdoms. The reconquest of Medinaceli that occurred in the year 1104, led by Alfonso VI, included the areas of Soria and Guadalajara in the north, and a portion of Teruel in addition to Abánades itself. The first documents from the municipality of Abánades from the fourteenth century classify Albánades as part of the jurisdiction of Medinaceli, which suggests that, in the past, the territory that the municipality now occupies used to belong to the city of Medinaceli when it was under Arab rule. The area was not repopulated until fifty years later.
There is no documentation of Abánades until the first year of the 12th century, when Peter I (the Cruel), King of Castile and León, commissioned the Becerro de las Behetrías de Castilla (a record of Castile's nobility [las Behetrías de Castilla] bound in calf skin [becerro]), to make a record of all the people who were within the domain of the Castile crown.
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13173118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%A1nades
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Abánades
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In more recent history, Abánades is notable for its role in the Spanish Civil War. In March 1938, after two years of fighting, the nationalist faction, intending to reach the Mediterranean and split the Republic's forces in two, initiated an attack in Aragon. To help the Eastern Army, Cipriano Mera went on the offensive in Guadalajara. In Abánades, Battalion 268 from San Fernando arrived from Renales, situating itself in Castile, which was not yet under Republican occupation, taking the furthest forward position of the Nationalists in the sector. After several intense days of combat, the front stabilized. The skirmish became known as the “Forgotten Battle,” one of the least-known battles in the history of the Civil War, due to taking over 7,000 casualties between both sides.
Geography
Location
The municipality is situated 1,039 meters (3,409 feet) above sea level. Its highest point is the mountain Majada Ancha, which reaches an altitude of 1154 meters (3,786 feet). Abánades is dotted with hills. Among the most notable are La Tablada, El Chaparral, Los Llanos, El Tejar, and El Castillo.
Geology
Abánades is located near geologically ancient ground, whose clay soil formed the town. When the clay compacts, it forms slate, which is the most abundant rock in the area. Due to being abundant in clay, there is also a large quantity of quartzite.
Climate
Abánades has a Mediterranean climate. The winters in Abánades are typically cold and the summers very hot.
Hydrology
The Tajuña river, a tributary of the Tagus river, is critical for Abánades because the town uses it to water the farmland in the area. There is also the Valdelasarna brook, located north of the town, which irrigates some arable land. The brook forms a narrow valley that runs towards the Tajuña in the east.
Monuments
Among the town's notable monuments are the Parish Church of St. Peter, dating from the 16th century, and the Chapel of Our Lady of Mercy.
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13173129
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavikon%20Island
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Zavikon Island
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Zavikon Island refers to either the larger or the pair of islands in the Thousand Islands archipelago on the St. Lawrence River between New York and Ontario, two kilometres (1¼ miles) southeast of Rockport, Ontario and approximately north of the international boundary. Zavikon Island is located in Canadian territory and is part of the township of Leeds and the Thousand Islands in the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville.
Overview
In 1976, Donald Rickerd and his wife Julie Rékai Rickerd bought the two islands. A bridge connects the larger island to the smaller island. A Canadian flag hangs on the bridge near the larger island, and an American flag adorns the other side. A Hungarian flag hangs on the middle of the bridge in honor of Mrs. Rickerd's Hungarian heritage. In 1988, "Zavikon Island" was established as its official name.
The smaller and more southeasterly of the pair of islands is sometimes called "Little Zavikon Island." It has a US-Canada Boundary Commission reference monument, from which surveying measurements are used to calculate the international border line turning point at this section of the river. In this case, the international border's turning point is approximately 140 metres (460 ft) southeast of the southern tip of Little Zavikon Island as shown on the largest scale USGS map of the area.
A popular misconception is that the larger island is in Canada while "Little Zavikon Island" is in the United States, and that the footbridge between them is the shortest international bridge in the world. Both Zavikon islands are wholly within Canada.
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13173141
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albalate%20de%20Zorita
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Albalate de Zorita
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Albalate de Zorita is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2015 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1022 inhabitants.
History:
Albalate is named as a village since the 11th century, while the Muslim occupation of Spain, then, after the Reconquest, it figures in the Diaries of Philip II, in the 17th century.
During the Spanish Civil War it was in the Republican side of Spain, and after the war, many inhabitants were killed
Traditions:
The main festival is in honor of the Holy Cross, or Cruz del Perro as they call it there, which is a cross dated in the 13th century, discovered by two farmers in a near place near the village, on September, 27th, 1514, since then, it is the patron of the village. For the festival, they have bullfighting, fireworks, two parades (one the Sunday before 27 September, which is a pilgrimage to where it was discovered, and another one, one or two days before the day) and also the religious celebrations, a mass, and a procession with the image.
Another festival is for Saint Blaise, on February, 3rd, in which many inhabitants dress up in red and yellow clothes and dance around the image of the saint during a 3-4 hour procession.
In 1 May, a song called Mayos de la Virgen is sung by the ones who are 18 years old that year.
Monuments:
The main monuments are the St Andreas' Church, a Gothic Church built in the 16th century, it is Gothic style, in hall type plan, with a Baroque altarpiece made by Juan Alonso Pedroso in 1701–1707.
Also the Thirteen Pipe Fountain, from the 17th century, it is near the side street of the village.
Politics:
The Village is governed since 2015 by the Socialist Party of Spain (PSOE) with 5 counsellors out of 9, the mayor is Alberto Merchante Ballesteros since 18 November 2016, when the previous mayor, Dolores Ortega, resigned to the office.
Albalate has been governed by the PSOE since 2003 elections.
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13173165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcolea%20del%20Pinar
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Alcolea del Pinar
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Alcolea del Pinar is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 406 inhabitants.
History
Its importance is related to its role as main crossroads. Its main street (Calle Real, Royal Street) was the old main road between Madrid and Barcelona, and Alcolea was the junction point to the road to Teruel and southern Aragon. Moreover, a little northward, in the municipality of Medinaceli, there is another main junction, this one heading north, towards Soria, representing the main access from Madrid to La Rioja and Navarre. As a result, Alcolea del Pinar has been an important hub for the road-related services, with a relatively large Guardia Civil (rural police) station, devoted to traffic control, and a base of the Ministry of Public Works, for the maintenance works of the A-2 highway (Madrid-Barcelona). Currently, the new high-speed rail line between Madrid and Barcelona goes just by side of the town, parallel to the A-2 highway. As a matter of fact, Alcolea del Pinar is situated in the highest point in the A-2 highway between Madrid and Barcelona (1200 meters above sea level, 3600 feet.
Tourist attractions
Alcolea del Pinar has several tourist attractions, the most relevant being the 'Casa de Piedra' (Stone house). The 'Casa de Piedra' was built by Lino Bueno in the early 20th century, within a solid, large rock. With the single use of a pick, Lino Bueno succeeded in creating a real home within the rock, with no any other construction material but the rock itself. The construction took 16 years, and Lino Bueno died when he was still working in the creation of another room on the upper floor.
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13173217
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alustante
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Alustante
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Alustante is a municipality located in the judicial region of Molina de Aragón, in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2008 census (INE), the village has a population of 236 inhabitants. It is situated in the south-east of Guadalajara (province), 190 km from the capital city Guadalajara, 64 km from Teruel, 114 km from Cuenca, 195 km from Zaragoza and 210 km from Valencia.
Its altitude is 1404 meters above sea level, but its highest locations are the Peak of Valdefuentes (1747m), the Los Arrieros fountains (1787m) and the Neveras, also called the Banderín, (1787m).
Historically Alustante has been integrated in the Sesma (group of municipalities) of La Serranía (mountain range) of the Royal Community of Molina de Aragón, which still holds assemblies twice a year, in Molina City.
Alustante has also belonged to the Association of La Serranía since 1988.
Alustante's municipal district is about 62,21 km2. It borders on Piqueras, Adobes and Tordesilos to the north, Ródenas and Motos to the east, Orihuela del Tremedal (province of Teruel, Aragón) and Orea to the south and Alcoroches to the west.
Since 1970, Alustante and Motos have formed a single district council, and their municipal area is 93,59 km2. Each village has its own area for agriculture and cattle raising.
Alustante borders on the community of Aragón, which it depends on for essential services like health and education. Many of Alustante's students finish their schooling in Cella or Teruel.
Generally, the people of Alustante have strong social, economic and commercial ties with the province of Teruel. Even the telephone line comes from Albarracín, so Motos and Alustante are the only villages in the province of Guadalajara to have the telephone prefix of Teruel, 978, in their phone numbers. Guadalajara's prefix is 949.
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13173217
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alustante
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Alustante
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Alustante also has strong ties with the city of Molina, where neighbours usually go shopping on Thursdays or to solve their administrative problems. Molina, then, is very important for the inhabitants of Alustante.
The village is situated in the north-east of the Albarracín Mountain Ranges in the Iberian Mountains, with a typical high mountain climate: cold and wet from September to June, with much snow in winter and dry and hot in summer.
Since the end of the 1990s, a great area of Alustante has formed a part of the Natural Park of the Upper [Tajo]. The Park depends on the Assembly of the Autonomous Community of Castile-La Mancha.
As of 2008, Alustante had 236 inhabitants, but the population in winter fell to 160. Since the 1980s, people frequently return to Alustante at the weekend or for Christmas and Easter. Visits from people originally from Alustante who live in Valencia constitute an important influx to the population of the village.
It is also frequent for people living in other cities like Zaragoza, Guadalajara, Barcelona or Madrid to spend weekends in Alustante. Many students in Guadalajara, Teruel or Molina de Aragón return to Alustante at the weekends to spend the weekend with their families.
The economy of Alustante is based on two important sectors: agriculture and timber, but Alustantinos who return to their village at the weekend and during holidays have created much work in the construction industry or public services.
There are currently four firms in Alustante devoted to rearing sheep, two building corporations, one stone factory, one building store, two timber factories, two food shops, one bar, one butcher's and three rural homes.
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13173280
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuqueca%20de%20Henares
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Azuqueca de Henares
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Azuqueca de Henares is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2013 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 34,685 inhabitants. The mayor of Azuqueca is José Luis Blanco.
History of Azuqueca
The name Azuqueca has its origin in the Arabic language and means lane because Azuqueca was a little village situated in a Roman road between Mérida and Zaragoza. In II A.C., Azuqueca was a Roman village, near the river Henares. The population wasn't very big and it was a village dedicated to agriculture. In the Middle Ages, it was a refuge for the traders when it was under Arabic control, but, after the Christian reconquest, by the king Alfonso VI. After a few years, Azuqueca became part of Guadalajara. In 1628 the Salinas del Río Pisuegra’s marquises bought the village to the king Philip IV of Spain. The following centuries, Azuqueca still being a village with no more than 300 inhabitants, but in the 20th century, with the influence of Madrid’s industrial development, and the National Plan of Economic Stabilization, Azuqueca became a small industrial city: Nowadays, the agriculture isn’t the principal economical activity and the service’s section will continue to develop during the next century.
Education
Six public primary schools and one private school are located in Azuqueca de Henares:
Virgen de la Soledad
Maestra placida Herranz
La paz
Siglo XXI
Giovanni Farina (private and also is a high school)
La Paloma.
La espiga.
There are further three public high schools in Azuqueca de Henares:
Professor Dominguez Ortiz.
Arcipreste de Hita.
San Isidro.
Another education centers are:
Aula Apícola Municipal de Azuqueca de Henares, Guadalajara, Spain Aula Apícola Municipal
In addition, there is an adults education center, an apiculture's room and a natural's room too. There is no university in Azuqueca but in several cities close: Alcalá de Henares and Guadalajara and Madrid.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuqueca%20de%20Henares
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Azuqueca de Henares
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Transport
Azuqueca is a logistic center due to its position near the capital city of Spain, Madrid, and the highway Zaragoza- Madrid that connects these cities. Azuqueca is linked by conventional railway line Madrid-Barcelona and the line C-2 in suburban Madrid, which usually stops at the station in the town. The third major line of communication of the town is Highway Toll Radial 2. Azuqueca is connected by road, which circulate both cars and buses line Alovera, Quer, Villanueva de la Torre, Torrejón del Rey and the northern region of the countryside, Meco, Chiloeches and Baja Alcarria.
Health
There are two health centers which serves the entire town. In 2007 opened a specialty center for diagnosis and treatment of Azuqueca. Near the town there are also hospitals of in Alcalá de Henares and Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha.
Leisure and culture
Monuments
Not many monuments from the past remained in Azuqueca, no civil monuments can nowadays be found in the city. The structure of Azuqueca is quite simple: A church in the center of the village and some hermitages around it. There may other churches in Azuqueca such as the San Miguel's church and the Santa Teresa de Jesús' church. There are some hermitages too. In 1984 opened a huge house of the culture with a library, an exhibition hall, an auditorium etc.
Parks and Gardens
Azuqueca has many green areas. The biggest one is the Quebradilla's park, with 7 ha where the village festivals are celebrated. Other green areas or parks are the Hermitage's park, the Constitution's park, Vallehermoso's park and several more. Four big ponds are close to the river Henares. The river has got a protected space for flora and fauna and a size of 12 ha.
Sports
Azuqueca has four sport centers. The San Miguel's sport center has football fields, running tracks, a pediment, the summer's municipal swimming pool etc.
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13173312
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism%20in%20Brunei
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Buddhism in Brunei
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Buddhism is the third largest religion in Brunei, after the majority state religion of Islam, and the slightly larger minority religion Christianity. Estimates vary, but some reports place the number of Buddhists in Brunei around 30,000, and the estimated percentage of Buddhists in Brunei around 7-8% of the total population. According to Brunei's official 2016 data, 7% (29,495) of the population practices Buddhism.
History
Buddhism is thought to have had some presence in Brunei beginning in the 6th Century CE, with Brunei and China have a known trading relationship since this time period. This continued alongside the influence of Hinduism with the Majapahit Empire, between the 13th to 16th Century CE, with this influence decreasing drastically with the spread of Islam into Brunei and into the region. The modern Buddhist population of Brunei is mainly derived from Chinese migrants arriving between the 19th and 20th century, especially following a 1929 Chinese law allowing for dual nationality.
Statistics on Buddhist Population
A large percentage of the Buddhist population is from the ethnically Chinese population of Brunei, which comprise 10.2% of the total population, and which is about 65% of the Chinese population embraced Buddhism. The percentage of Buddhists has fallen over time since the 1990s, in conjunction with the falling percentage of the ethnically Chinese population. Around one-third of Buddhists in Brunei are citizens, with the rest being permanent or temporary residents. Chinese Mahayana Buddhism is the most common denomination of Buddhism practiced, as this is the most common form of Buddhism practiced in China and surrounding states. Buddhism is commonly practiced alongside other religions or philosophical practices, particularly Taoism and Confucianism.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism%20in%20Brunei
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Buddhism in Brunei
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Religious Freedom for Buddhists
Brunei is a sultanate, and has Islam as the official state religion. All other religions in Brunei have limited but guaranteed religious freedom, including Buddhists. Restrictions include limitations in building new places of worship, due to a fatwa discouraging support for the expansion of non-Islamic religions preventing permits from being granted, importation or distribution of non-Islamic religious literature, and strict laws against proselytizing to Muslim or religiously unaffiliated people. One particular case of restriction in relation to Buddhism is the continual limiting of festivities for the Chinese Lunar New Year, which placed a three-day time frame on all related revents, and limited events to venues such as Brunei's sole Chinese Buddhist temple.
Beyond limitations on religious freedom, non-Muslim groups including Buddhists also must adhere to many aspects of Brunei's sharia law, including the Sharia Penal Code introduced in 2013, and expanded upon in 2019. However, following the recent implementation of these laws, Buddhist and other minority religion populations have reported no difference in legal treatment from the state, and the state has put a moratorium on use of the death penalty intended to be implemented under this law.
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13173497
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escamilla
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Escamilla
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Escamilla is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 108 inhabitants.
Geography
Located at an altitude of 1,023 meters, the municipality is 39.21 km2 and borders Peralveche to the north, Salmerón and the Province of Cuenca to the east, Pareja to the west and Millana to the south.
The creek drains the municipal Escamilla to Guadiela River Basin to the south. The highlight of the term is the Villar, with 1,102 meters, located just over 2 miles north of the town, while the lowest point lies to the south, about 800 meters.
Demographics
Escamilla was an important town in the mid-twentieth century, when the cultivation of lavender gave some economic importance to Escamilla. Its abandonment for various reasons caused a period of decline, whose traces are still visible in the ruins of the lavender distillery, located some 100 meters south of the village. This decline accelerated the process of migration and the resulting depopulation. In 1960 Escamilla still had 591 inhabitants, but the population decreased to 353 according to the census of 1970 and to more than 100 people in 2000. In 2005, according to calculations by D. Guerrero Felix Villalba, a resident of the village, the number of permanent residents of the town was only about 40 people.
In the above table are in parentheses Escamilla inhabitants according to data from the municipal census of the National Statistics Institute. No data is available for 1997.
Figures in parentheses indicate the number of inhabitants by sex (male and female)
Data are from a population of high average age, in which a few exceptions, women experience superior life expectancy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Kessler
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Gustav Kessler
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Gustav Kessler (German spelling: Keßler; 1832–1904) was a German trade unionist.
In his early life he had been apprenticed as a carpenter before qualifying as a state registered architect (German: Regierungsbaumeister).
He became a social democrat after 1883 having previously been a supporter of the Progressive Liberal Party. He was the editor of Der Bauhandwerker, a construction workers' unionist journal from 1884 to 1886. In the aftermath of the Berlin bricklayers' strike of 1885, he and the strike's leader, Karl Behrend, with another bricklayer trade unionist, Fritz Wilke, were expelled from Berlin in June 1886 under the Anti-Socialist Law. He settled in Brunswick from where he edited Der Baugewerkschafter and Das Vereinsblatt before returning to Berlin in 1890. In 1889, he was a delegate at the Second International's founding congress in Paris. He was editor of the socialist newspaper Volksblatt für Teltow-Beeskow-Storkow-Charlottenburg after 1890. In 1890 and 1891, he was the SPD party delegate from Calbe-Aschersleben. He ran for the Reichstag repeatedly. An important figure in the localist current of the German labor movement, he was one of the leading founders of the Free Association of German Trade Unions in 1897 and the editor of its organ Einigkeit until his death in 1904.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Chetwood
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William Chetwood
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William Chetwood (June 17, 1771 – December 17, 1857) was a U.S. Representative from New Jersey. He was the mayor of Elizabethtown, New Jersey, from 1839 to 1841.
Early life
Chetwood was born on June 17, 1771, in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He was the son of John Chetwood, an attorney, and Mary (née Emott) Chetwood (d. 1786). His elder sister, Elizabeth Chetwood, was the wife of Aaron Ogden, a U.S. Senator who also served as the 5th Governor of New Jersey.
He graduated from Princeton College in 1792, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1796 and commenced practice in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
Career
He served as prosecutor of the pleas for Essex County, became a member of the State Council of New Jersey, was a major of militia and served in the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 as aide-de-camp to Major General Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee.
Chetwood was elected as a Whig (at the time, a coalition of National Republican Party members) to the Twenty-fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Philemon Dickerson. He served in Congress from December 5, 1836, to March 3, 1837, afterwards resuming the practice of law. In 1841 and 1842 he was elected to the New Jersey Legislative Council from Essex County, New Jersey.
Personal life
Chetwood was married to Mary Barber (1780–1873), a daughter of Anna ( Edwards) Barber and Col. Francis Barber, who served in the Revolutionary War. Together, they were the parents of:
Matilda Maria Chetwood (1811–1899), who married William Gedney Bull, a wealthy merchant engaged in the "China trade".
He died on December 17, 1857, in Elizabeth, New Jersey, at the age of 86. He was interred in Hillside's Evergreen Cemetery.
Descendants
Through his daughter Matilda, who lived at 3 East 9th Street in Manhattan, he was a grandfather of Hetty Bull (1946-1906), who married John Cuming Beatty and had three children, including Sir Alfred Chester Beatty, the American-British mining magnate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Lee%20%28New%20Jersey%20politician%29
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Thomas Lee (New Jersey politician)
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Thomas Lee (November 28, 1780 – November 2, 1856) was an American Jacksonian Party politician who represented New Jersey at large in the United States House of Representatives for two terms from 1833 to 1837.
Early life and career
Lee was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 28, 1780. He resided in Chester Valley, Pennsylvania during his earlier years and attended the common schools. He moved to Leesburg, New Jersey (within Maurice River Township), about 1798 and to Port Elizabeth in 1805.
He became a merchant, shipbuilder, and landowner. He was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas from 1813 to 1815 and a member of the New Jersey General Assembly in 1814 and 1815. He was postmaster of Port Elizabeth from 1818 to 1833 and 1846–1849.
U.S. House of Representatives
Lee was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Congresses, serving in office from March 4, 1833 – March 3, 1837, and was chairman of the Committee on Accounts in the Twenty-fourth Congress.
Later life and death
He was founder of Port Elizabeth Library and Academy. He died in Port Elizabeth on November 2, 1856, and was interred in the Methodist Episcopal Churchyard.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20%28locomotive%29
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Jupiter (locomotive)
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The Jupiter (officially known as Central Pacific Railroad #60) was a 4-4-0 steam locomotive owned by the Central Pacific Railroad. It made history when it joined the Union Pacific No. 119 at Promontory Summit, Utah, during the golden spike ceremony commemorating the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869.
The Jupiter was built in September 1868 by the Schenectady Locomotive Works of New York, along with three other engines of identical specifications, numbered 61, 62, and 63 named the Storm, Whirlwind, and Leviathan, respectively. These were then dismantled and sailed to San Francisco, California, loaded onto a river barge, and sent to the Central Pacific headquarters in Sacramento. After reassembly the Jupiter was commissioned into service on March 20, 1869, with the Whirlwind, Storm, and Leviathan entering service within the following month.
History
The Jupiter was assigned to the railroad's Salt Lake Division, the third and eastern most segment of the road traveling east from Sacramento, operating in passenger and general goods services as well as construction trains from Toano, Nevada to Promontory Summit, and later Ogden, Utah. When Leland Stanford's train had arrived in Toano, en route to Promontory, its engine was removed from the train and readied for another westbound train, while the Jupiter was to carry Stanford's train on the final leg of its journey to the Golden Spike Ceremony.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20%28locomotive%29
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Jupiter (locomotive)
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The 1939 film Union Pacific also featured a recreation of the ceremony, in which the Jupiter was portrayed by Virginia and Truckee Railroad's Inyo. In 1969, in observation of the centennial of the Golden Spike, the Genoa again portrayed the Jupiter, posing on a section of restored trackage at the Golden Spike National Historic Park with the Virginia and Truckee's Reno portraying the Union Pacific no. 119. The same year, the Union Pacific operated a special exhibition train, consisting of the Virginia and Truckee's Inyo and Dayton as proxies, along with vintage railroad construction equipment, all displayed on flatcars, which toured various parts of the Union Pacific network through the year. In 1970, the Reno was sold to Old Tucson Studios, while the Genoa was returned to the state of California, with the Inyo and Dayton replacing them as displays at Promontory.
In 1974, the National Park Service had approached O'Connor Engineering Laboratories of Costa Mesa, California, to construct exact, full-size replicas of the Jupiter and Union Pacific 119. As was the case with the engines themselves, no drawings or plans of the engines survived, necessitating entirely new drawings to be produced based mostly on photos of the engines as well as research done on similar engines built around the same time. That same year, the existing engines portraying the Jupiter and 119 (the Inyo and Dayton, respectively), had been sold to the state of Nevada, though they remained displayed at the Golden Spike NHP until the construction of the new replicas was complete. Noted railroad historian and steam engine owner Gerald M. Best served as engineering consultant to the Park Service for the project. Former Disney animator Ward Kimball was given the task of painting the replicas. The Jupiter was given a bright red paint scheme with gold leafing, typical of locomotives built in the 1870s.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter%20%28locomotive%29
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Jupiter (locomotive)
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The replicas were completed in 1979, and began operations on May 10 of that year, 110 years after the original Golden Spike ceremony, and continue to make demonstration runs.
In the early 1990s, a vague description of the Jupiters livery had been found in a recently uncovered March 1869 issue of The Sacramento Bee, in which the engine was said to be blue, crimson, and gold. The engine was repainted into its current livery based on this finding along with further research on liveries of similar engines of the time. The repainted engine debuted on May 10, 1994, coinciding with the 125th anniversary of the Golden Spike ceremony. Additional research has pointed out the managers of the Schenectady locomotive works at the time the original locomotive was built were Scottish, and likely would have painted Jupiter a dark blue similar to that used at their native Caledonian Railway, dissimilar to the bright blue shade currently worn by the replica locomotive.
Other historic Jupiter locomotives
Jupiter was known as "King of Gods" or "God of Sky", and it was common for railroads of the 1800s to name engines after this and other mythological legends to invoke awe and wonder. Thus, there have been many engines named "Jupiter" by their respective railroads that, apart from the name, had little else in common with the engine of Golden Spike fame. One such engine is Santa Cruz Railroad no. 3, also named Jupiter. This engine, owned by the Smithsonian Museum, is also a wood-burning 4-4-0. However, this engine was built for narrow-gauge track, unlike the broader standard gauge of the trains at the Golden Spike ceremony.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Recuenco
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El Recuenco
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El Recuenco is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain, between the mountains of Cuenca, Alcarria and the Alto Tajo.
Geography
Land
The municipality is located on a plateau, with an average altitude of 1,200 meters and a high point 1,302 meters above sea level, at its northern part. This high position permits a slight adjustment in plants with the ability to grow, examples being: pines, oaks, rosemary, and juniper.
Ruins
While few ruins are known in the region, specifically because of the centuries of farmland use by the poor, a few to note are tucked away in the hills, marking the peasants' past presence here. These ruins are of huts and livestock, simple and fragile structures and animal remains from the 3rd and 4th centuries, abandoned in the miod-20th century.
Fossils have been found in this region dating as far back as the Plio-Pleistocene era.
Demographics
According to the 2010 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 97 inhabitants, five more than at the 2004 census.
The population has decreased since the 2001 census, with 114 inhabitants.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rillo%20de%20Gallo
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Rillo de Gallo
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Rillo de Gallo is a municipality located in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 74 inhabitants.
Symbols
The heraldic shield of Rillo de Gallo was approved by Decree 138/87 of the Community of Castilla-La Mancha on the 27th of October. The shield is split into three parts. The first of three main symbols is a golden rooster is on an azure background on the top left of the shield. A simple elm tree is displayed on the top right with a greyish background. A silver axe is the third of the three symbols, shown at the bottom with an azure background.
Geography
The town of Rillo de Gallo is located at an altitude of 1,055 meters above sea level, with its highest altitude located at Loma de Matillas (1,404 meters).
The municipality of Rillo de Gallo is bordered on the north by Pardos and Torrubia, on the south by Corduente, on the east by Rueda de la Sierra and Molina de Aragón, and on the west by Herrería.
The Gallo river, which gives the town its name, is far from the urban area, although it irrigates its lands. The Viejo River, the Herrería River, and the Arroyo Seco River pass through the area.
Geology
In the region of Rillo de Gallo, there are important geological and geomorphological riches that have led to a proposal to make it a geosite of international interest. Numerous geologic formations containing Permian and Triassic fossils from Western Europe are notable for their well-preserved Middle Triassic macroflora, pollen, marine vertebrate ichnites, and fauna content. In addition, it was also established that the region contains the only continuous stratigraphic column in the Iberian Peninsula from the Permian and Triassic periods. There are detrital formations from the Lower Triassic and Middle Triassic periods resulting from a large fluvial system of low sinuosity and the transport of sediments, gravels, or sands.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio%20de%20Santa%20Cruz%20de%20Tlatelolco
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Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
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While Bishop of Santo Domingo, Ramírez de Fuenleal had encouraged the Franciscans to teach the sons of Aztecs grammar in their native language of Nahuatl. Franciscan Arnaldo de Basccio began the task with considerable success, which gave support to the project of establishing an institute of higher learning. Ramírez de Fuenleal urged the crown to provide funds to establish and support such an institution. The Franciscans had already established primary schools prior to the Colegio, one at Texcoco, established by Fray Pedro de Gante in 1523 and the other by the leader of the First Twelve Franciscans, Martín de Valencia in Mexico-Tenochtitlan in 1525. Still others were founded by Franciscans in this early period. These schools for indigenous and mestizo boys taught basic literacy, but also singing, instruction in how to help with the mass, and sometimes manual labor. The primary education of indigenous girls was also a concern and schools were established in Mexico City, Texcoco and six other locations lasting only for a decade.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio%20de%20Santa%20Cruz%20de%20Tlatelolco
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Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
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But not until the establishment of the Colegio de Santa Cruz were sons of indigenous men given higher education. Bishop Juan de Zumárraga was a supporter of the establishment of the Colegio, but credited Fuenleal and the crown for the accomplishment. The Colegio was inaugurated on January 6, 1536, the feast of the Epiphany, deliberately chosen for its symbolism of calling the gentiles to the true faith. The establishment of such a school to train young men for the priesthood was highly controversial, with opposition especially coming from Dominican friars and articulated by the head of that order, Fray Domingo Betanzos. Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagún wrote a strong defense of the capacity of the Aztec, countering the opinions of those who doubted their ability not only to learn Latin grammar, but to speak, and compose in it. He went on to refute concerns about the possibility of the indigenous Mexicans spreading heresy. Betanzos in his opposition to the Colegio said that Native Americans who knew Latin could expose the ignorance of the existing European priests, an argument that perhaps unwittingly did the same.
The original purpose of the Colegio was to educate a male indigenous priesthood, and so pupils were selected from the most prestigious families of the Aztec ruling class. These young men were taught to be literate in Nahuatl, Spanish and Latin, and received instruction in Latin in music, rhetoric, logic, and philosophy, and indigenous medicine. One student educated at the Colegio was Nahua botanist Martín de la Cruz, who wrote the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis, an illustrated herbal.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio%20de%20Santa%20Cruz%20de%20Tlatelolco
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Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
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Actual instruction at the Colegio was by two Franciscans at a time, aided by Aztec assistants. Among the teachers were notable scholars and grammarians such as Franciscans Andrés de Olmos, Alonso de Molina and Bernardino de Sahagún, all of whom have made important contributions to the study of both the Classical Nahuatl language and the ethnography and anthropology of Mesoamerica. Other Franciscans who taught there were Fray Juan de Goana, Fray Francisco de Bustamante, Fray García de Cisneros, Fray Arnaldo de Basaccio, and Fray Juan Focher. Fray Juan de Torquemada also served as a teacher and administrator at the Colegio. When recollecting historical and ethnographical information for the elaboration of the Florentine Codex, Sahagún used his trilingual students to elicit information from the Aztec elders and to transcribe it in Spanish and Nahuatl and to illuminate the manuscripts.
Opened with great fanfare, the ceremony was attended by Viceroy Mendoza, Bishop Juan de Zumárraga, and the President of the Audiencia, Sebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal with a great crowd to view the proceedings. Fray Alonso de Herrera preached the sermon at the opening Mass. Following the religious ceremony, there was a banquet hosted by Zumárraga for guests and the first pupils, chosen from the convent of San Francisco de México.
Although there was great support from many sectors (excluding the Dominicans who objected to the founding of the Colegio), the physical structure was at first quite modest for lack of funds and later a stone house was built.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio%20de%20Santa%20Cruz%20de%20Tlatelolco
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Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
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The first sixty male students was a small cohort of sons of noble families; there was tremendous need for many more pupils, so the Franciscans actively recruited others from important towns in central Mexico, two or three boys 10 to 12 years of age. The pupils lived in the Colegio in very modest circumstances. A common eating area and sleeping quarters with beds being only a mat and a blanket placed on individual wooden platforms to keep pupils from the damp floor. Some important pupils trained at the school were Antonio Valeriano, who was the most prominent of those who collaborated with Sahagún. Spanish judge Alonso de Zorita, author of Life and Labor in Ancient Mexico: the Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain was aided by the translations of Pablo Nazareno, a former pupil at the Colegio.
The Franciscans continued to teach at the Colegio, but could not afford to keep up the building or other expenses, so they turned it over to the crown shortly after the Colegio opened in 1536. In 1546 the Franciscans gave up any management of the property and it was turned over to the pupils and former pupils to run. By 1550 due to poor management, the buildings were falling down and pupils had to become day students. In 1555, Aztecs were forbidden from ordination to the priesthood, so that the original purpose of the school to train a native priesthood was ended. In the seventeenth century when Franciscan Augustín de Vetancurt was writing, the Colegio was a complete ruin.
In modern Mexico City the Plaza de las Tres Culturas, close to the location of the Colegio, commemorates this particularly interesting part of the cultural history of Mexico.
Church of Santiago Tlatelolco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio%20de%20Santa%20Cruz%20de%20Tlatelolco
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Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco
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Legacy
The Colegio was founded in the early sixteenth century in a period of great optimism about the capacity of the Indians and the prospects for their being ordained as Catholic priests. Its failure in the late sixteenth century was a serious one. According to Robert Ricard, the "error prevented the Church from striking deep roots in the nation, gave it the appearance and character of a foreign institution, and kept it dependent upon the mother country." There were some Indian men ordained in the later colonial period, but they were few and never held high posts. American-born Spaniards, criollos, were trained in Mexican seminaries, but there was no significant native clergy.
The training of elite young men at the Colegio in grammar, rhetoric, and theology did, however, enormously aid the Franciscans in their efforts to evangelize the Indians and to record indigenous history and culture in texts that remain fundamental to the understanding of Nahua culture.
The Colegio's extensive library was abandoned by the 17th century, however, a large portion of its collection survived and were sent to Convent of San Francisco in the 1830s. Upon the implementation of La Reforma in 1859, the Convent was required to integrate its collection with that of the new National Library. However, a significant part of the convent's collection was sold to the book dealer Francisco Abadiano, who in turn sold it to Adolph Sutro, who aspired to build a world-class research library for the city of San Francisco. Many of the books from the convent's collection burned in the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, while others survived and remain in the Sutro Library.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph%20Bedford
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Randolph Bedford
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Literary career
Bedford had a short story accepted by The Bulletin in 1886, the first of many contributions. In 1888 he worked for a time on the Argus (Broken Hill, NSW), and in 1889 on The Age, Melbourne for about two years.
Freelancing followed, verse, short stories and sketches, written while travelling in Australia searching for payable mining fields. From 1901 to 1904 Bedford was in Europe and wrote a series of travel sketches. In 1916 these were collected and published under the title of Explorations in Civilization. His first novel, True Eyes and the Whirlwind, appeared in London in 1903, and his Snare of Strength was published two years later. Three short novels appeared afterwards in the Bookstall series, Billy Pagan, Mining Engineer (1911), The Silver Star (1917) and Aladdin and the Boss Cockie (1919), the latter also adapted into a play in four acts. He had also made a collection of his Bulletin verse in 1904, however the unbound sheets were all burned during a fire at the printers, except about six copies which were bound without title-page and apparently given to friends. A few years before his death, Bedford stated that he did not regret the fire as some of the verses included "could only be excused on account of his extreme youth at the time of writing". He was then preparing a selection of his verse for the press which, however, was not published. Other short stories included: Fourteen Fathoms by Quetta Rock and The Language of Animals.
A comprehensive bibliography of Bedford's work was published in 1982.
With Australian authors Henry Lawson and Victor Daley et al., he was a member of the elite Dawn and Dusk Club.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial%20intern
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Judicial intern
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In the United States, a judicial intern (also commonly known as a "judicial extern" or "extern law clerk" ) is usually a law student or sometimes a recent law school graduate who provides assistance to a judge and/or law clerks in researching and writing issues before the court. Working as a judicial intern allows law students to gain practical legal experience and familiarity with the court operations.
Description
Many judicial interns subsequently choose to work full-time as judicial law clerks immediately after graduation. These judicial "clerkships" generally last one year in which the law clerk works closely with the judge in assisting various matters before the court. Judicial clerkships tend to be a valuable experience to an attorney's career because of the work involved in both substantive and procedural issues. In many cases, a clerkship is a critical stepping stone into real practice. Most, if not all, major law firms pay "clerkship" bonuses to new associates who have completed a full one year clerkship term.
Among the most prestigious judicial internships are those in the federal court of appeals, federal district courts, and in the state's supreme court.
A judicial intern's selection process is similar to judicial clerkship positions. Grades, class ranking, and relevant extracurricular activities such as membership in the law school's law review or being a member of the law school's Moot Court Board are common criteria in selecting a judicial intern.
The American Bar Association Section of Litigation accepts judicial internship applications
annually.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Block
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Gene Block
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Gene David Block (born August 17, 1948) is an American biologist. He served as the 6th chancellor of the University of California, Los Angeles from 2007 to 2024. Previously at the University of Virginia, he served as executive vice president and provost from 2001 to 2007, vice president for research and public service from 1998 to 2001, and vice provost for research from 1993 to 1998.
Early life and education
Block was born in Monticello, New York, the grandson of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. His father and uncle owned Mountain Dairies, a retail/wholesale distributor that served many of the hotels and camps that populated Catskill region of New York. During summers, he worked at the dairy as a truck driver. He played varsity tennis at Monticello High School.
Block received a Bachelor of Arts with a major in psychology from Stanford University in 1970. He received a Master of Science in 1972 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1975 in psychology from the University of Oregon.
From 1975 to 1978, he returned to Stanford for postdoctoral work with Donald Kennedy (who later became the 8th president of Stanford) and Colin Pittendrigh (who is known as the “father of biological timing"). During his postdoctoral research years, Block studied how voluntary movements inhibit sensory feedback in the crayfish working in the Kennedy lab while studying issues of circadian biology with Colin Pittendrigh.
Career
Academic administration
University of Virginia
In 1978, Block became a member of the faculty in the Department of Biology of University of Virginia. Here, Block served as the vice provost for research from 1993 to 1998, vice president for research and public service from 1998 to 2001, and then in 2001 he was appointed as executive vice president and provost. Furthermore, during this time from 1991 to 2002, Block also served as the founding director of the National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center in Biological Timing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Block
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Gene Block
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He has been widely criticized for the 2022 suspension of highly awarded professor of ecology Priyanga Amarasekare without documentation, viewed as retaliation for her calls for reform of a culture of discrimination at UCLA.
In his inaugural address at UCLA, Block shared that his top priorities are to advance academic excellence, financial stability, diversity and civic engagement. He has called for UCLA to deepen its engagement with Los Angeles and to increase access for students from underrepresented populations. Under Block's leadership, UCLA has seen an increase in student diversity on campus thanks to innovative efforts to recruit in diverse communities, and in 2015, UCLA reached pre-California Proposition 209 levels, enrolling 279 African American freshmen, on par with the African American share of California public high school graduates. UCLA has also increased the number of low- to middle-income students enrolled.
In 2019 UCLA was named the number one public university in the nation for the third consecutive year and is consistently the most applied-to university, with more than 113,000 freshman applications for fall 2018.
Block's push for entrepreneurship on campus has fostered innovation and resulted in UCLA as the top university for creating startups based on campus research. Additionally, to foster a deeper commitment to Los Angeles among UCLA students, Block oversaw the formation of the annual Volunteer Day event, in which thousands of students volunteer in schools, parks, food banks, veterans’ clinics and elsewhere at the beginning of each academic year. Block also implemented UCLA's two Grand Challenges, which are aimed at understanding, treating and preventing depression worldwide, and moving Los Angeles toward 100 percent renewable energy, 100 percent locally sourced water and enhanced ecosystem health by 2050.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Block
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Gene Block
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On August 3, 2023, Block announced his impending retirement nearly a year in advance. He officially stepped down on July 31, 2024, ending his seventeen-year tenure as chancellor.
Academic research
Cell-autonomous circadian pacemakers
While at the University of Virginia, Block worked extensively with his graduate student, Douglas G. McMahon, the 1986 winner of the Society for Neuroscience's Donald B. Lindsley Prize in Behavioral Neuroscience, on the functioning of the circadian pacemaker system at the cellular level in Bulla gouldiana. In 1984, Block's students conducted a continuous 74-hour intracellular recording in constant darkness that demonstrated that basal retinal neurons (BRN) in the Bulla eye exhibit clear circadian rhythms. These rhythms were also shown to be correlated one-for-one with compound action potentials produced by the optic nerve. The change in membrane potential of the BRNs, which are electrically coupled, were shown to precede or occur simultaneously with the increased compound action potential frequency. An increase in firing frequency, and depolarization of the BRNs, was seen during the day, and the reverse at night. These results demonstrated that the BRNs were at minimum an output for the pacemaker pathway and provided evidence that they were good candidates for being circadian pacemaker neurons.
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8555316
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Block
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Gene Block
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Necessity of calcium flux for rhythmicity
Block and colleagues hypothesized that ion movement across cell membranes plays a role in the generation of circadian rhythms. In 2005, his lab measured rhythms in rat suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in various concentrations of calcium ions. Block found that as calcium concentration decreased, thus lowering the transmembrane ion movement, the amplitude of circadian rhythmicity also decreased. With no calcium added, there was no circadian rhythm at all. Block's lab repeated the experiment with rat liver tissue and mouse SCN tissue and found the same results in each case. This demonstrated that across species and tissues, transmembrane calcium flux is necessary for the generation of circadian rhythms. However, there are still some questions about the function of calcium flux. In this experiment, Block also tried adding calcium channel Blockers to the tissues. Rhythmicity did disappear, but it took several cycles, and it is unknown why rhythmicity was not immediately abolished. In addition, Block suspects that calcium flux plays a role in the entrainment of the mammalian clock to the environment, similar to its role in mollusk entrainment.
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8555316
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Block
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Gene Block
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Effects of aging on the circadian clock
Block has also studied the effect that aging has on the circadian system, collaborating with other leading chronobiologists including Michael Menaker. In 2002, he studied rhythmicity in rats of various ages and found that aging affected rhythmicity differently in different tissues. In the SCN, the intrinsic period shortened with age, while lung tissue often became arrhythmic (showing sporadic activity) and pineal and kidney tissues became phase advanced. In 2008, Block exposed rats of various ages to different light cycles, and found that phase advances took longer in the SCN in old rats than in young rats, but pineal tissues advanced faster in older rats. Liver tissues did not phase shift at all when the light cycle was advanced. These studies together have shown how complex the aging process is in the circadian system. Block notes that some, though not all, of these changes are likely influenced by diminishing synchronizing signals from the SCN. In 2006, Block observed that jetlag significantly increased the death rate in older mice, which highlights the medical importance of understanding the aging process of the circadian system.
Honors and awards
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8555318
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Weyerhaeuser%20kidnapping
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George Weyerhaeuser kidnapping
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The kidnapping of nine-year-old George Weyerhaeuser occurred in 1935 in Tacoma, Washington, United States. The son of prominent lumberman J. P. Weyerhaeuser, George was successfully released for ransom and eventually succeeded his father as the chairman of the Weyerhaeuser company. The four participants in the kidnapping were apprehended and sentenced to prison terms totaling 135 years.
Kidnapping and ransom
On May 24, 1935, George Weyerhaeuser, then nine years old, was released from school for lunch earlier than usual. He walked to the nearby Annie Wright Seminary to meet his sister Ann, where the family's chauffeur generally met the children to drive them home for lunch. Arriving at the Seminary 10 or 15 minutes early, Weyerhaeuser apparently decided to walk home rather than wait. He was kidnapped somewhere en route.
On realizing Weyerhaeuser was missing, the family notified police. That evening, a special delivery letter arrived at the Weyerhaeuser home, demanding $200,000 ($4 million equivalent 2021) in unmarked twenty, ten, and five-dollar bills in exchange for George, whose signature was on the back of the envelope. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was soon notified. Adhering to the kidnappers' instructions, a personal advertisement signed "Percy Minnie" was placed in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer on May 25 to indicate that the Weyerhaeusers would comply with the kidnappers' demands. Similar advertisements were placed on May 27 and 29.
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8555318
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Weyerhaeuser%20kidnapping
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George Weyerhaeuser kidnapping
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Dainard located
After William Dainard spoke with Mrs. Waley's grandfather, he went to Butte, Montana. On June 9, he was recognized by a police officer who attempted to apprehend him. Dainard eluded the officer, and later his car was found to have been abandoned along with $15,155 in ransom money.
An Identification Order, which included Dainard's photograph, fingerprints, handwriting specimen, and background information, was prepared, and copies were distributed throughout the United States. In response to information received that Dainard may have gone to either Mexico or Australia, copies of the Identification Order also were furnished to police agencies in both countries. In early 1936, bills with altered serial numbers began to surface in the western part of the U.S. The FBI Laboratory's examination of these bills revealed the true serial numbers to be identical with those of ransom bills. Banks were advised to be alert to any person presenting altered currency for exchange.
Dainard arrested
On May 6, 1936, employees of two different Los Angeles, California, banks reported that a man had exchanged altered bills at each bank. His license number, obtained by personnel of both banks, was issued to a Bert E. Cole. A surveillance was maintained at the address listed for that license number. On the morning of May 7, 1936, special agents assigned to the FBI's San Francisco field office were instructed to search that neighborhood. Two agents found a Ford bearing the reported license number in a parking lot enclosed by a wire fence.
Later, a man entered the car and attempted to start it. When it failed to start, he got out of the car and lifted the hood. Agents approached the man, who was readily identified as being Dainard. He submitted to arrest without resistance, and a .45 caliber Colt pistol was removed from his person.
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8555320
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20S.%20Stone
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William S. Stone
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General William Sebastian Stone (January 6, 1910 – December 2, 1968) was an American United States Air Force Major General and the third Superintendent of the United States Air Force Academy. His final assignment was as the air deputy to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe.
Biography
On January 6, 1910, Stone was born at Cape Girardeau, Missouri. After graduating from high school in St. Louis, he attended the United States Military Academy, and, upon graduation on June 12, 1934, was commissioned a second lieutenant.
Upon completing flying training in October 1935, he was assigned to the 32nd Bomb Squadron at March Field, California. Two years later, in June 1937, he entered the California Institute of Technology. He received the degree of Master of Science in meteorology the following year and was assigned to Fort Lewis, Washington as the Weather Officer.
In May 1940, he was appointed to West Point as an instructor in economics, government and history. After two years at West Point, he was assigned to head the Air Corps Weather Research project at the California Institute of Technology. This assignment was followed by attendance at the Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and then duty as chief of staff and deputy commander of the Air Corps Weather Wing at Asheville, North Carolina. During this assignment he spent several months on temporary duty in the European, Far Eastern and Pacific theaters.
In the summer of 1944, General Stone was appointed director of Weather Services for the Army Air Force in the Pacific Ocean area and for the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Guam during the bombing raids on Japan.
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8555320
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20S.%20Stone
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William S. Stone
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In 1946, he was appointed chief of staff of the Air Weather Service in Washington, D.C. The following year, he returned to West Point as associate professor in the Department of Social Sciences; and while in that assignment he earned a master's degree in economics from Columbia University. In August 1950, he entered the National War College. Upon graduation the following summer, he was assigned to Headquarters, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, initially as assistant chief of the Plans Division, then the following year as division chief.
After promotion to the grade of brigadier general, he was transferred to Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, in July 1953, as deputy director and then director of personnel planning. In September 1956, he was appointed assistant deputy chief of staff for personnel in the grade of major general. In June 1957, he was assigned to McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, as commander, Atlantic Division, Military Air Transport Service; and upon its reorganization, as commander, Eastern Transport Air Force.
In August 1959, he was assigned as superintendent at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado, where he served for three years. He was then returned to the headquarters of the U.S. Air Force in Washington as deputy chief of staff personnel. Upon completion of this assignment in July 1966, Stone was assigned to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe in Paris as air deputy to the Supreme Allied Commander Europe. Stone died while on active duty on December 2, 1968, of a heart attack while exercising at a gym in Mons, Belgium. He was interred at the United States Air Force Academy Cemetery on December 6, 1968.
Awards and decorations
Stone was a rated command pilot and technical observer. His decorations include the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters, Bronze Star, Air Medal and the Army Commendation Ribbon
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8555419
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Meyer%20%28geographer%29
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Hans Meyer (geographer)
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Hans Heinrich Josef Meyer (22 March 1858 – 5 July 1929) was a German geographer from Hildburghausen, who was the son of publisher Herrmann Julius Meyer (1826–1909). Hans Meyer is credited with being the first European to reach the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro at 5,895 m (19,341 ft) in modern day Moshi District of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania. Kilimanjaro has three peaks: Shira, 3,962 m (12,999 ft); Mawenzi, 5,149 m (16,893 ft); and Kibo, whose summit was reached by Meyer in 1889.
Biography
He studied sciences and history in Leipzig, Berlin and Straßburg, afterward traveling in India, North America and southern Africa. Subsequently he visited eastern Africa and South America. He entered the publishing house of his father, the Bibliographisches Institut at Leipzig, in 1884, and in the following year became one of the directors of the firm, but at intervals he continued his exploring expeditions.
In 1887, during his first attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, Meyer reached the base of Kibo, but was forced to turn back. He did not have the equipment necessary to handle the deep snow and ice on Kibo. In 1888, alongside the Austrian cartographer Oscar Baumann, he explored the Usambara region, with designs of continuing on to Mount Kilimanjaro. However, the two explorers could not proceed on, due to events related with the so-called Abushiri Revolt. Baumann and Meyer, within a matter of days, were captured and held as prisoners. Only after a large ransom was paid to rebel leader Abushiri ibn Salim al-Harthi were the two men released.
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8555425
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%20Kotek
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Tina Kotek
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Christine Kotek ( ; born September 30, 1966) is an American politician serving as the 39th governor of Oregon since 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, Kotek served eight terms as the state representative from the 44th district in the Oregon House of Representatives from 2007 to 2022, as majority leader of the Oregon House of Representatives from 2011 to 2013, and as Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives from 2013 to 2022. She won the 2022 Oregon gubernatorial election, defeating Republican nominee Christine Drazan and independent candidate Betsy Johnson.
Kotek became the first openly lesbian woman elected speaker of a U.S. state house in 2013. She was the longest-serving Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives. In 2022, she became one of the first two openly lesbian women (alongside Maura Healey) and the third openly LGBT person (alongside Healey and after her predecessor Kate Brown and Jared Polis) elected governor of a U.S. state, as well as the third woman elected governor of Oregon (after Barbara Roberts and Kate Brown).
As speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives and governor, Kotek has spearheaded legislation to increase housing production in Oregon to alleviate the state's housing crisis. In 2019, as speaker, she spearheaded legislation to make Oregon the first state to remove single-family-exclusive zoning across the state, permitting duplexes, triplexes and fourplexes in residential neighborhoods previously zoned exclusively for single-family homes. In 2024, as governor, her top legislative priority was putting $376 million toward housing production, as well as easing the rules for housing development.
Early life and education
Kotek was born on September 30, 1966, in York, Pennsylvania, to Jerry Albert Kotek and Florence (née Matich). Her father was of Czech ancestry and her mother's parents were Slovenes. Her grandfather František Kotek was a baker from Týnec nad Labem.
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8555446
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou%20Xinfang
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Zhou Xinfang
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Zhou Xinfang (14 January 1895 – 8 March 1975), also known by his stage name (meaning "Qilin Boy") was a Chinese actor and musician who was a Peking opera actor who specialized in its "old male" (, laosheng) roles. He is considered one of the greatest grand masters of Peking Opera of the 20th century and the best known and leading member of the Shanghai school of Peking opera. He was the first director of the Shanghai Peking Opera Company.
Over 650 Peking Operas performed by Zhou have been identified by the Zhou Xinfang Arts Research Centre in China by 2015, topping all actors in recorded Chinese performing arts history in terms of known number of repertoire titles. One of his operas, Hai Rui Submits His Memorial, was regarded as an attack on Chairman Mao Zedong, for which he was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution.
Early life
Zhou, a native of Cixi, Ningbo, Zhejiang, was born on January 14, 1895, in Qingjiangpu, Jiangsu into a family with a tradition of opera performances. He started learning Peking Opera when he was six, and made his debut in a child role in Hangzhou at the age of seven, thus acquiring the stage name "Qi Ling Tong" or "Age-Seven Boy". When he was twelve, this stage name was changed to "Qilin (Unicorn) Boy" as "age-seven" and qilin sound similar in Chinese.
Career
Zhou started performing in Shanghai in 1906, and went to Beijing in 1908. He started performing major roles from the age of thirteen, and worked with notable opera singers such as Mei Lanfang and Tan Xinpei.
Zhou had a light husky singing voice and specialized in playing old male (laosheng) roles. He was often referred to as the "Southern Qi" (after his stage name Qilin Boy) in conjunction with "Northern Ma" (Ma Lianliang), another lao sheng performer. He developed his own unique vocal style, which came to be known as of the "Qi style" or "Qi school". He served as one of the mentors and guardians of the actress Li Yuru as she began her career.
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