id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
381
| title
stringlengths 1
211
| text
stringlengths 1.02k
2.05k
| edu_quality
float64 1.91
4.03
| naive_quality
int64 0
0
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2134978
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet%20agencies
|
Alphabet agencies
|
The alphabet agencies, or New Deal agencies, were the U.S. federal government agencies created as part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The earliest agencies were created to combat the Great Depression in the United States and were established during Roosevelt's first 100 days in office in 1933. In total, at least 69 offices were created during Roosevelt's terms of office as part of the New Deal. Some alphabet agencies were established by Congress, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority. Others were established through Roosevelt executive orders, such as the Works Progress Administration and the Office of Censorship, or were part of larger programs such as the many that belonged to the Works Progress Administration. Some of the agencies still exist today, while others have merged with other departments and agencies or were abolished.
The agencies were sometimes referred to as alphabet soup. Libertarian author William Safire notes that the phrase "gave color to the charge of excessive bureaucracy." Democrat Al Smith, who turned against Roosevelt, said his government was “submerged in a bowl of alphabet soup." "Even the Comptroller-General of the United States, who audits the government's accounts, declared he had never heard of some of them." While previously all monetary appropriations had been separately passed by Act of Congress, as part of their power of the purse; the National Industrial Recovery Act allowed Roosevelt to allocate $3.3 billion without Congress (as much as had been previously spent by government in ten years time), through executive orders and other means. These powers were used to create many of the alphabet agencies. Other laws were passed allowing the new bureaus to pass their own directives within a wide sphere of authority. Even though the National Industrial Recovery Act was found to be unconstitutional, many of the agencies created under it remained.
Partial list of New Deal alphabet agencies
| 2.75
| 0
|
2135016
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20D.%20Shourie
|
H. D. Shourie
|
Hari Dev Shourie (1911–2005) was a well-known consumer activist in India. He was an IAS officer and served as an officer in many departments including Deputy Commissioner of Rohtak.
Biography
Hari Dev Shourie was born in Lahore in British India in 1911. He has also served in the Indian Civil Services. He served as Director General at the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade. He was also the Deputy Commissioner of Rohtak, Haryana.
He founded Common Cause in 1980, a New Delhi based NGO. He also edited the journal published by Common Cause on consumer rights, titled as "Common Cause", which he started even before Indian people were aware of the concept of Consumer rights. He fought a number of Public Interest Litigations, many of which resulted in Landmark Judgments by the Supreme Court of India. Common Cause (India) has helped lakhs of people in getting justice — for example getting their pensions etc.
The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan, the third and the second highest civilian awards. He was also named on People of the Year by the Limca Book of Records.
Common Cause (NGO)
Common Cause has worked towards probity in public life and integrity of institutions and is dedicated to championing public causes. Common Cause has worked on issues like the 2G spectrum case, Indian coal allocation scam, Advance healthcare directive, appointment of Lokpal, banning of Professional Blood Donation, etc.
Family
His son is Arun Shourie, former Minister for Communications, IT and Disinvestment and one of India's best known journalists.
Another son is Deepak Shourie, managing director, Discovery Communications India.
Nalini Singh, TV journalist-anchor and managing director, TV Live India Pvt Ltd.is his daughter.
| 1.976563
| 0
|
2135021
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Adelaide
|
Radio Adelaide
|
Organizational structure
Radio Adelaide is highly autonomous despite technically being owned by the University of Adelaide until 2016, when the university sold the radio station premises and transferred the broadcast licence to Educational Broadcasters Adelaide Inc (EBA). The station is run by over five hundred volunteer station workers as well as a small amount of paid staff.
Because Radio Adelaide is a community radio station, there are many program styles including comedy, music, etc. Because of this, Radio Adelaide uses strip programming to ensure some consistency and coherency. Programs on Radio Adelaide are provided by volunteers and also by access groups who pay for on air time. The largest purchaser of access time was "Student Radio" a collection of Radio Programs provided by university students from the University of Adelaide, Flinders University and the University of South Australia. After the introduction of Voluntary Student Unionism the hours which Student Radio broadcasts have been reduced, making the "Roundabout" program the largest purchaser of access time. Radio Adelaide collaborates with community radio stations 2SER Sydney and 4EB Brisbane to contribute content to the national current affairs radio programme The Wire by co-ordinating, resourcing and developing stories.
| 2.046875
| 0
|
2135021
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Adelaide
|
Radio Adelaide
|
History
In 1970, Kenneth Stirling, an accountant who worked for a mining company, anonymously donated $100,000 to the University of Adelaide to establish an educational community radio station. It was an idea being developed by key people at the University interested in broadening access to education, but it was also an innovative and creative leap, as there were not any such stations in Australia. Stirling died in 1973 and his anonymous donation became public. When 5UV opened in 1972, it had a special one-off licence, but the momentum for community access to broadcasting was happening nationally and it became a ‘public radio’ licence in 1974 along with a further 11 stations all in other Australian states. Stirling's donation gave 5UV Radio Adelaide a special place as the first station in Australia’s very diverse community radio sector.
"On June 28th 1972, Radio VL-5UV began broadcasting, the first licensed community station to go to air in Australia....5UV was initially granted a frequency of 1630 kHz - part of the spectrum reserved for fixed and mobile services, licensed under the Wireless and Telegraphy Act, not the Broadcasting and Television Act."
In 1972, the newly created 5UV radio station began broadcasting in small rooms under the former Hughes Plaza, now the Hub Central, on the University of Adelaide campus. The University of Adelaide purchased the site on 228 North Terrace in the mid 1980s and Radio Adelaide's relocation was managed by its 1984 Station Manager Jill Lambert, with the new studios being built from 1988 and opened in April 1989.
The radio station 5UV was renamed Radio Adelaide in 2002 to coincide with its transfer from AM to FM band, following the ABA Licence Area Plans for Adelaide finding an available frequency on 101.5 FM.
In December 2003, following 18 months of planning and fundraising, Radio Adelaide launched its new antenna to take maximum advantage of its 101.5 FM frequency.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
2135051
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengshuijiang
|
Lengshuijiang
|
Climate
Lengshuijiang is in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with an average annual temperature of , total annual rainfall of , a frost-free period of 269 days and annual average sunshine hours in 1401.8 hours. It exhibits four distinct seasons.
Economy
As of 2016, Lengshuijiang's GDP is CN¥ 28,880,000,000. The city's economy is dominated by coal resource, which is venerated as "Coal Sea in Jiangnan".
Demographics
Population
As of 2016, the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China estimates the city's population to be 372,400. Lengshuijiang has a majority Han population with Miao, Hui and Tujia ethnic minorities.
Language
Mandarin is the official language. The local people speak Loudi dialect.
Religion
The city hosts religious institutions of various faiths, including Christianity, Islam, Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, and Taoism.
Education
As of 2016, Lengshuijiang has two high schools, 11 middle schools, 57 primary schools and 78 kindergartens.
Lengshuijiang Normal School is an institution of higher education in Lengshuijiang, which has no university.
Transportation
Railway
The Shanghai–Kunming railway passes through the middle of the city.
The Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway also passes through the southwestern portion of the city.
Expressway
The S70 Loudi–Huaihua Expressway, more commonly known as "Louhuai Expressway", is a west–east highway passing through the southwestern portion of the city.
Provincial Highway
The Provincial Highway S312 runs east to west through the city.
The Provincial Highway S217 is a north–south highway passing through the town of Sanjian.
Tourism
Boyue Cave is situated in Zhonglian Township. It is the most well-known tourist spot in the city. The spot was used for location filming of the 1986 fantasy television series Journey to the West.
Dachengshan Scenic Spot () is a provincial-level scenic spot in southeastern Lengshuijiang.
Zhoutouhu Holiday Resort () is a popular attraction in the city for recreation for residents.
| 2.21875
| 0
|
2135075
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%20Anderson
|
Murphy Anderson
|
Murphy C. Anderson Jr. (July 9, 1926 – October 22, 2015) was an American comics artist, known as one of the premier inkers of his era, who worked for companies such as DC Comics for over fifty years, starting in the Golden Age of Comic Books in the 1940s. He worked on such characters as Hawkman, Batgirl, Zatanna, the Spectre, and Superman, as well as on the Buck Rogers daily syndicated newspaper comic strip. Anderson also contributed for many years to PS, the preventive maintenance comics magazine of the U.S. Army.
Early life and career
Murphy Anderson was born on July 9, 1926, in Asheville, North Carolina, and while in grade school moved with his family to Greensboro, North Carolina. After graduating high school in 1943, he briefly attended the University of North Carolina before moving to New York City seeking work in the comics industry, and was hired by Jack Byrne as a staff artist at the comic-book publisher Fiction House. His first confirmed credit is the two-and-two-thirds-page nonfiction aviation featurette "Jet Propulsion" in Wings Comics #48 (cover-dated Aug. 1944), and his first fiction feature was an eight-page "Suicide Smith and the Air Commanders" story in Wings Comics #50 (Oct. 1944). By the following month he was the regular artist on the Planet Comics features "Life on Other Worlds" and "Star Pirate". Anderson continued doing comics work, as well as illustrations for science-fiction pulp magazines, during his stateside postings while serving in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1945.
From 1947 to 1949, Anderson was the artist on the Buck Rogers comic-book series. During the 1950s, Anderson worked for several publishers including Pines Comics, St. John Publications, Ziff Davis, DC Comics, and Atlas Comics, that decade's predecessor of Marvel Comics.
| 2.109375
| 0
|
2135075
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%20Anderson
|
Murphy Anderson
|
Anderson succeeded artist and co-creator Carmine Infantino on the superhero feature "Captain Comet" beginning with the story "The Girl from the Diamond Planet" in Strange Adventures #12 (cover-dated Sept. 1951). Years later, Anderson and writer John Broome created the feature "Atomic Knights" in Strange Adventures #117 (June 1960), which Anderson later described as his favorite assignment. Anderson and writer Gardner Fox launched the Hawkman series in May 1964 and introduced the Zatanna character in issue #4 (Nov. 1964). Comics historian Les Daniels noted that "Hawkman really took off when artist Murphy Anderson took over...Anderson came into his own with his elegantly ornamental version of the Winged Wonder." The Spectre was revived by Fox and Anderson in Showcase #60 (Feb. 1966) and was given his own series in December 1967. In the 1960s Anderson proposed that comics pages be drawn at 10x15 inches rather than the prevailing standard of 12x18 inches, which allowed two pages to be photographed at the same time, and this subsequently became the industry standard.
Anderson designed the costume of Adam Strange. With his frequent collaborator, penciler Curt Swan, the pair's artwork on Superman and Action Comics in the 1970s came to be called "Swanderson" by fans. He often hid his initials somewhere within the stories he inked. In the early 1970s, DC assigned Anderson, among other artists, to redraw the heads of Jack Kirby's renditions of Superman and Jimmy Olsen, fearing Kirby's versions were too different from the established images of the characters. In 1972, he drew Wonder Woman for the cover of the first issue of Ms. Magazine. In 1973, he established Murphy Anderson Visual Concepts, which provided color separations and lettering for comic books.
Anderson also contributed for many years to PS, the preventive maintenance comics magazine of the U.S. Army.
| 2.109375
| 0
|
2135111
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VTech%20CreatiVision
|
VTech CreatiVision
|
The VTech CreatiVision is a hybrid computer and home video game console introduced by VTech in 1981 and released in 1982 during the second generation of video game consoles. It cost $295 Australian Dollars in Australia. The hybrid unit was similar in concept to computers such as the APF Imagination Machine, the older VideoBrain Family Computer, and to a lesser extent the Intellivision game console and Coleco Adam computer, all of which anticipated the trend of video game consoles becoming more like low-end computers. It was discontinued in 1986.
History
The CreatiVision was distributed in many European countries, including most German-speaking countries like West Germany, Austria and Switzerland and also Italy, South Africa, in Israel under the Educat 2002 name, as well as in Australia and New Zealand under The Dick Smith Wizzard name. Other names for the system (all officially produced by VTech themselves) include the FunVision Computer Video Games System, Hanimex Rameses (both released in Australia and New Zealand) and VZ 2000 (planned for release in France, likely unreleased). All CreatiVision and similar clones were designed for use with PAL standard television sets, except the Japanese CreatiVision (distributed by Cheryco) which was NTSC and is nowadays much sought after by collectors. However, the US release was planned but never sold efficiently.
| 1.960938
| 0
|
2135127
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Biro
|
Charles Biro
|
Charles Biro (; May 12, 1911 – March 4, 1972) was an American comic book creator and cartoonist. He created the comic book characters Airboy and Steel Sterling, and worked on Daredevil Comics and Crime Does Not Pay at Lev Gleason Publications.
Biography
A New York native, Charles Biro graduated from Stuyvesant High School before studying art at the Brooklyn Museum School of Art and the Grand Central School of Art. He joined the Harry "A" Chesler Shop c. 1936. Working in the multiple roles of writer, artist and later supervisor at one of the earliest comics packaging art studios, Biro moved from the Chesler Shop in 1939 to take up similar roles at MLJ Comics.
Biro worked as artistic supervisor (as well as writer and artist) for MLJ until 1941, writing and drawing such characters as Steel Sterling (a character he created) and Sgt. Boyle, before moving to Lev Gleason Publications, for whom he would work for the next 15 years.
While working for Gleason, Biro held the roles of editorial director, head writer and cover artist. According to comics historians Jerry Bails and Hames Ware, Biro did not do much, if any, interior artwork after 1942, focusing solely on covers.
For Gleason, he produced a number of titles, among them (with Bob Wood) Chuck "Crimebuster" Chandler, who appeared in Boy Comics (1942–1956). Chandler is described by Joe Brancatelli as "a hero, yes, but first a boy... arguably the best-handled boy's adventure feature ever to appear in comics." Later, he marketed "the first full adult comic book, Tops, a 1949 experiment in full color and standard magazine size" (which lasted two issues, July and September 1949).
| 1.929688
| 0
|
2135133
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoyang
|
Shaoyang
|
Shaoyang (), formerly named Baoqing (Paoking) (), is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Hunan province, China, bordering Guangxi to the south. It has a history of 2500 years and remains an important commercial and transportation city in Hunan. As of the 2020 Chinese census, its total population was 6,563,520 inhabitants, of whom 1,415,173 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of three urban districts and Xinshao County largely conurbated.
One of the major forest areas in Hunan, Shaoyang has a forest coverage of 42.7%. The NanShan Pastures is one of the biggest in South Central China and provide dairy products and meat for Hunanese.
Shaoyang is home to Shaoyang University. The school is composed of the former Shaoyang Normal College and Shaoyang College.
The Shaoyang dialect of Lou Shao group of dialects of Xiang is generally spoken here.
History
During the later Spring and Autumn period, official Bai Shan (白善) of Chu used to construct a city named Baigong (白公城) in Shaoyang. After the First emperor of Qin reunited China, Shaoyang was under jurisdiction of Changsha Commandery, one of thirty-six Commandery in the empire. Under the Eastern Han dynasty, Shaoyang was administered by Linling Commandery. During the Three Kingdoms era, northern part of Linling including today Shaoyang city was divided from it and designated new Zhaoling commandery (昭陵). Following Western Jin reunited Wu in 280 (or first year of Taikang era), emperor Wu changed the Commandery's name Zhaoling to Shaoling (邵陵) to avoid taboo of his father (Sima Zhao, 司马昭). Under the Southern Song period, Shao Prefecture was renamed and promoted Baoqing-fu by Lizong, whom used to take charge of Shao Prefecture defender (邵州防御使) when he was prince. The term "Baoqing" was used until 17 years of Republic of China (1928), when it was renamed Shaoyang County. After communist won Chinese Civil War, Shaoyang city was established in 1950.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
2135133
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaoyang
|
Shaoyang
|
Climate
Shaoyang has a monsoon-influenced, four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with cool, damp winters, and hot, humid summers. Winter begins relatively dry but not sunny and becomes progressively damper and cloudier; spring brings both the most frequent and heaviest rain of the year. Summer is comparatively sunny, while autumn is somewhat dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperatures ranges from in January to in July, while the annual mean is . The annual precipitation is about .
Administrative divisions
Shaoyang administers three districts, two county-level cities, six counties, and one autonomous county.
Districts:
Shuangqing District ()
Daxiang District ()
Beita District ()
County-level City:
Wugang City ()
Shaodong city ()
Counties:
Shaoyang County ()
Xinshao County ()
Longhui County ()
Dongkou County ()
Suining County ()
Xinning County ()
Autonomous county:
Chengbu Miao Autonomous County ()
Demographics
According to the Sixth National Census in 2010, Shaoyang's permanent residence population of 7,071,741 ranked it 2nd out of 14 prefecture-level divisions of Hunan; the male-female ratio was 107.95 to 100. Educational attainment levels were as follows: 4.49% bachelor's or higher, 60.01% middle school () or higher, and the illiteracy rate was 3.24%. There were 1,950,605 households in which 6,913,913 resided, forming 97.77% of the provincial population and resulting in an average of 3.54 persons/household. Age distribution was as follows: 1,512,664 (21.39%) ≤14 years, 4,862,468 (68.76%) 15−64 years, 696,609 (9.85%) 65+ years.
Government
The current CPC Party Secretary of Shaoyang is Gong Congmi and the current mayor is Liu Shiqing.
Transportation
| 2.484375
| 0
|
2135139
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20Virtue
|
After Virtue
|
After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory is a book on moral philosophy by the Scottish philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre. MacIntyre provides a bleak view of the state of modern moral discourse, regarding it as failing to be rational, and failing to admit to being irrational. He claims that older forms of moral discourse were in better shape, particularly singling out Aristotle's moral philosophy as an exemplar. After Virtue is among the most important texts in the recent revival of virtue ethics.
The book was first published in 1981 and has since gone through two subsequent editions, which have added to, but not changed, the original text. The second edition, published in 1984, adds a postscript replying to critics of the first edition; the third edition, published in 2007, contains a new prologue entitled "After Virtue After a Quarter of a Century".
Summary
MacIntyre holds that After Virtue makes seven central claims. It begins with an allegory suggestive of the premise of the science-fiction novel A Canticle for Leibowitz: a world where all sciences have been dismantled quickly and almost entirely. MacIntyre asks what the sciences would look like if they were re-assembled from the remnants of scientific knowledge that survived the catastrophe.
| 2.34375
| 0
|
2135139
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20Virtue
|
After Virtue
|
He claims that the new sciences, though superficially similar to the old, would in fact be devoid of real scientific content, because the key suppositions and attitudes would not be present. "The hypothesis which I wish to advance", he continues, "is that in the actual world which we inhabit the language of morality is in the same state of grave disorder as the language of natural science in the imaginary world which I described." Specifically, MacIntyre applies this hypothesis to advance the notion that the moral structures that emerged from the Enlightenment were philosophically doomed from the start because they were formed using the aforementioned incoherent language of morality. MacIntyre claims that this failure encompasses the work of many significant Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment moral philosophers, including Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Marx, Immanuel Kant, and David Hume. These philosophers "fail because of certain shared characteristics deriving from their highly specific historical background." That background is the Enlightenment's abandonment of Aristotelianism, and in particular the Aristotelian concept of teleology.
Ancient and medieval ethics, argues MacIntyre, relied wholly on the teleological idea that human life had a proper end or character, and that human beings could not reach this natural end without preparation. Renaissance science rejected Aristotle's teleological physics as an incorrect and unnecessary account, which led Renaissance philosophy to make a similar rejection in the realm of ethics. But shorn of teleology, ethics as a body of knowledge was expurgated of its central content, and only remained as, essentially, a vocabulary list with few definitions and no context. With such an incomplete framework on which to base their moral understanding, the philosophers of the Enlightenment and their successors were doomed from the beginning.
| 2.03125
| 0
|
2135139
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20Virtue
|
After Virtue
|
MacIntyre illustrates this point through an example of a people who, he argues, experienced a similar incoherence in their own moral and ethical tradition: the Polynesian people of the South Pacific and their taboos. King Kamehameha II removed the taboos of the people in order to modernize their society and met little if any resistance. The Polynesians had no issue with abandoning their long-standing cultural traditions and MacIntyre claims this is because the taboos, though once meaningful to the islanders, had been shorn over the centuries of their underlying spiritual and didactic purpose, becoming a set of arbitrary prohibitions. The fact that Kamehameha II could abolish them so easily and without opposition is evidence, MacIntyre argues, of their incoherence. A similar incoherence, he argues, bedevils the ethical project since the Enlightenment.
Another reason MacIntyre gives for the doomed nature of the Enlightenment is the fact that it ascribed moral agency to the individual. He claims this made morality no more than one man's opinion and, thus, philosophy became a forum of inexplicably subjective rules and principles. The failure of the Enlightenment Project, because of the abandonment of a teleological structure, is shown by the inadequacy of moral emotivism, which MacIntyre believes accurately reflects the state of modern morality.
| 1.921875
| 0
|
2135175
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marple%20Aqueduct
|
Marple Aqueduct
|
Marple Aqueduct (also known as Goyt Aqueduct) at Marple, Greater Manchester, in north-west England was built to carry the lower level of the Peak Forest Canal across the River Goyt (treated as part of the River Mersey until 1896).
The company's engineer, Benjamin Outram, was responsible for the design and Thomas Brown, the resident engineer, for its construction. The construction contract was placed with William Broadhead, Bethel Furness and William Anderson in 1795. Furness died later in 1795, so the aqueduct was completed by the remaining partners in 1799, but not brought into use until 1800. Seven men lost their lives during its construction.
It is the highest canal aqueduct in England and the highest masonry-arch aqueduct in Britain. The difference in water levels in the river and canal is some (exceeded only by the Pontcysyllte aqueduct, an iron trough carried on stone columns, where the difference is ). It contains some 8,000 cubic yards (6,000 m3) of masonry. The three semi-circular arches are about above water level, with spans of approximately at centres. The lower parts are of red sandstone from the nearby Hyde Bank quarry. The upper parts are of white stone from a quarry at Chapel Milton. The abutments widen in well-proportioned curves and batter or diminish upwards in the same manner. The skilful use of architectural features, such as the circular piercing of the spandrels, string courses, arch rings and pilasters of ashlar stone, oval piers and stone of different type and colour have created a graceful structure, which is superlative in its class.
| 2.625
| 0
|
2135175
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marple%20Aqueduct
|
Marple Aqueduct
|
In 1860, damage caused by repeated frost heave after water leaked through the puddling of the trough had to be urgently repaired by Charles Sacré, chief engineer of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, which then owned the canal. He tied together the two faces above the central arch by 2-inch bolts through the structure, secured by the plates that can still be seen. A hundred years later, a similar problem was ignored by British Waterways (BW) and on the night of 9 January 1962 the outer face of the north-east arch collapsed. BW, supported by the Ministry of Transport, thought that it would be "a complete waste of money" to do anything other than demolish the aqueduct and formally close the lower Peak Forest and Ashton Canals. However, it was saved by the intervention of Geoffrey Rippon, the Minister of Public Buildings and Works, who facilitated an agreement whereby a sympathetic Cheshire County Council funded the extra cost of full restoration, over and above what it would have cost BW to demolish it, under the terms of the Local Authorities (Historic Buildings) Act 1962, which Rippon himself had steered through Parliament. The main contractor for the restoration was Harry Fairclough Ltd of Warrington, with Rendel, Palmer & Tritton as the consulting engineers.
The aqueduct was scheduled as an ancient monument soon afterwards and was Grade I listed in 1966. For many years, its picturesque setting in the Goyt valley was obscured by the uncontrolled growth of self-set trees. These have now been cut back to restore the view.
| 2.296875
| 0
|
2135205
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karren%20Brady
|
Karren Brady
|
Championing women in business
Brady has long been renowned for championing the cause of women in business. She has repeatedly called upon her fellow female professionals to help those trying to make their way in the business world. She explained in this Guardian column: “Any board executive can forget just how many people helped them get where they are. Those women who have got to the top need actively to ensure there is a pipeline of younger women, whether by networking or mentoring, who in turn is encouraging those below them. Women in the boardroom must not forget how many challenges and difficulties we have overcome, and we should share our coping strategies.
“It is critical to create opportunities to identify talented women in business, then support them to develop their confidence to aim for the boardroom. We need to look outside the corporate mainstream, at female entrepreneurs and self-employed businesswomen, who can inject different insights and diversity to any board.”
Similarly, Brady famously told the Independent: "If you don't have a woman on your board you should write to your shareholders and explain why. Tell us how many women you've interviewed and what skills they've been lacking, because that will give us some basis to teach the new generation of women in business."
Brady entered into a partnership with Arden University to offer “The Karren Brady MBA”. This was unsuccessful and the qualification was withdrawn after failing to attract applicants, with no graduates from the programme.
Brady was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to entrepreneurship and women in business.
The Apprentice
| 2.265625
| 0
|
2135210
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire%20of%20Ngaanyatjarraku
|
Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku
|
The Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku is a remote local government area in Western Australia near the Northern Territory/South Australian border. It is from Perth.
It was formed on 1 July 1993 following a report of the Local Government Boundaries Commission in 1992. The Shire of Wiluna was divided with the eastern area becoming the new Shire.
It is a community of interest within the traditional lands of the Ngaanyatjarra people of the Central Desert of Western Australia. The 99-year leases held by the Ngaanyatjarra Land Council on behalf of the traditional owners also form the boundaries of the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku.
The Shire has of gravel road and is far from bitumen roads.
The Federal Court of Australia on 29 June 2005 consented to the native title claim over approximately (about the size of Syria) of land in the Central Desert Region in the Shires of Laverton and Ngaanyatjarraku.
Ngaanyatjarra is the first language of most residents (65%, see below) with the other language significantly represented being Pitjantjatjara.
Population
The 2021 ABS Census indicated that the region's 1,358 residents comprised 48.5% males and 51.5% females, with 84.5% of the population being Indigenous Australians.
The Ngaanyatjarraku community has a greater proportion of younger people than the overall Australian population and a lesser proportion of older people, reflected by the median age of 30 years of age compared with 38 Australia-wide.
Some other statistics:
84.5% of the population identify as Aboriginal Australian
71.4% (970) speak Ngaanyatjarra at home
9.9% speak English only at home (cf 72.0% nationwide)
Communities and localities
The Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku covers and is the local government authority responsible for the provision of services to the communities. There are 10 small local centres within the Ngaanyatyarra Lands.
The communities and localities of the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:
| 2.328125
| 0
|
2135215
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Larkin
|
Ryan Larkin
|
Ryan Larkin (July 31, 1943 – February 14, 2007) was a Canadian animator, artist, and sculptor who rose to fame with the psychedelic Oscar-nominated short Walking (1968) and the acclaimed Street Musique (1972). He was the subject of the Oscar-winning film Ryan.
Born in Durval, a small suburb city in Montreal, the middle child of two siblings, the son of an airplane mechanic father and a secretary mother. Larkin was known for his remarkable understanding and replication of human movement in his work. Instead of rotoscoping Larkin relied on self-study and references to perfect his work. He was also known for his psychedelic and diverse range of animation techniques and mediums, such as charcoal drawing, and Ink and color wash.
Early life
Larkin had idolized his older brother, Ronald, whom he described as "the epitome of cool". In 1958, at the age of fifteen, Larkin witnessed his brother die in a boating accident and, because he had never learned to swim, was unable to save him. Larkin stated that his brother's death deeply scarred him.
Shortly after his brother's death, in search of new adventures, Larkin and one of his close friends decided to drop out of school and run from home to hitchhike around Canada, but this adventure was short-lived as they were quickly reported to the police and promptly picked up by Larkin's father the following day.
Following this incident, Larkin told his parents about his dislike of traditional high school and was able to convince them to allow him to go to the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts School with the condition that he would pay the tuition himself. For three summers, Larkin would work odd jobs to pay for tuition.
At the Art School of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts Larkin studied under Arthur Lismer (a member of the Group of Seven) and quickly excelled at the school, being considered for a job at the National Film Board early on.
Eventually Larkin started work at the National Film Board of Canada in 1962.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
2135215
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Larkin
|
Ryan Larkin
|
NFB years
At the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), Larkin learned animation techniques from the ground-breaking and award-winning animator Norman McLaren. He made two acclaimed short animated films, Syrinx (1965) and Cityscape (1966), before going on to create Walking (1969). Walking was nominated for an Academy Award in 1970 in the category Best Short Subject, Cartoon, but lost to It's Tough to Be a Bird by director Ward Kimball. Syrinx won many international awards. He went on to direct the award-winning short Street Musique, which premiered in 1972 and would be the last of his works, finished during his lifetime.
He also contributed art work and animation effects to NFB films including the 1974 feature Running Time, directed by Mort Ransen, in which Larkin also played three bit parts.
In 1975, the NFB commissioned Larkin to create a mural for the entrance foyer at its Montreal headquarters. Larkin delivered a piece featuring an adolescent boy with an erection, which the NFB removed from viewing. Larkin stated that "the mural was meant to be a satirical commentary on masculinity. At the time there was a year-long festival going on about women's rights. It was supposed to be a comical relief from all their terrible, self-conscious seriousness.".
Larkin left the NFB in 1982.
| 2.3125
| 0
|
2135222
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu
|
Shangqiu
|
Shangqiu (), alternately romanized as Shangkiu, is a city in eastern Henan province, Central China. It borders Kaifeng to the northwest, Zhoukou to the southwest, and the provinces of Shandong and Anhui to the northeast and southeast respectively. Its population was 7,816,831 inhabitants as of the 2020 Chinese census whom 2,831,814 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made up of two urban districts (Liangyuan and Suiyang) and Yucheng county now being conurbated.
Shangqiu and surrounding area was an important base for the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC), and the city itself was established more than three millennia ago. Shangqiu has grown significantly in recent years. It is located at an important location at the junction of several major railways, making it a major regional transportation hub.
History
The history of Shangqiu ("Hills of Shang") is closely related to the very beginning of Chinese history. The tradition dates back to the Three August Ones and Five Emperors periods (c. 25th century BC), when the legendary Emperors Shennong, Zhuanxu and Ku were said to be living in the present Shangqiu area. The son of Emperor Ku, Qi (), who helped Yu the Great to control floods, was enfeoffed the area of Shang, who also became the ancestor of the ancient Shang. Shangqiu was also reportedly one of the capitals defended by the Xia emperor Xiang, troubled by rebellions in his reign. The thirteenth generation grandson of Qi (), Tang overthrew the ruling Xia dynasty and founded the Shang dynasty, with its first capital at Nanbo (, currently south of Shangqiu). Around the 11th century BC, the Shang dynasty was replaced by the Zhou dynasty. The royal descendants of the Shang dynasty were enfeoffed the area of Shangqiu, which later became the state of Song.
| 2.59375
| 0
|
2135222
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu
|
Shangqiu
|
Before he ascended to the imperial throne as the Emperor Taizu of Song, Zhao Kuangyin was the jiedushi (military governor) of Guidejun (歸德軍), a region centered in Songzhou. Thus, he chose "Song" as the name of the new dynasty he founded in 960. The city was the southern capital of the Northern Song dynasty under the name Nanjing. Shangqiu was the first in a series of temporary capitals that the Song dynasty government moved to during their retreat from the north, when most of northern China had been conquered by the Jurchens in the Jin–Song wars. The Song court had retreated south to the city from their original capital in Kaifeng, after it was captured by the Jurchens in the Jingkang Incident of 1127. The court moved to Shangqiu because of its historical importance to Emperor Taizu. The symbolism of the city was meant to secure the political legitimacy of the new Emperor Gaozong, who was crowned emperor of China in Shangqiu on June 12, 1127. The capital was again moved in 1128 to Yangzhou, and finally to Hangzhou in 1129. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, Shangqiu was governed as Guide Prefecture (歸德府). The current name appeared in 1545, when a new Shangqiu County was created to administer the city and its surrounding areas.
| 2.625
| 0
|
2135222
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu
|
Shangqiu
|
Under the Republic, Shangqiu was considered a key city in eastern Henan owing to its position along the Lunghai Railway between the port of Haizhou on the East China Sea and Lanzhou in central China. It was known at the time as Kweiteh, , or () and had both a Catholic diocese and an Anglican mission, the later of which ran St Paul's Hospital. It changed hands frequently during the fighting among the Chinese warlords in 1927. Following the Manchurian Incident, Gui'de (Kwei-teh) Airbase was established, and became an auxiliary/forward airbase of the Nationalist Air Force of China during the War of Resistance-World War II (1937–1945), and supported aerial-attack missions against Imperial Japanese positions in the northern-front of the war; the 4th Fighter-Attack Group of the Chinese Air Force flew from Gui'de Airbase in March–April 1938 in support of Chinese ground forces at the Battle of Taierzhuang. Gui'de Airbase is now known as Shangqiu Airport.
Geography and climate
Shangqiu is the easternmost prefecture of Henan province. Its administrative area ranges in longitude from 114 °49 E to 116° 39 E and in latitude from 33° 43 N to 34° 52 N, covering . The city lies on the North China Plain and is mostly flat, with elevations ranging from , though the northwest part of the prefecture is more elevated than the southeast.
Shangqiu has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cool and mostly dry while summers are hot and humid; spring is warm and sees some, but not much rainfall, while autumn weather is crisp and drier. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from around the freezing mark in January to in July, while the annual mean is . Close to two-thirds of the annual precipitation occurs from June to September. The average temperature is below 10 °C for winter, 22 °C for summer, and between 10 and 22 °C for spring and autumn. Shangqiu City has a long winter, followed by summer, and a significantly shorter spring and autumn.
| 2.609375
| 0
|
2135222
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu
|
Shangqiu
|
The average annual precipitation in the urban area of Shangqiu City has been 711.9 mm, and the corresponding total precipitation is 59.13 million cubic meters. The average annual runoff depth is 76.8 mm and the total runoff is 6.405 million cubic meters.
Government
The government of Shangqiu is responsible for the making and implementing of local policies. Since agriculture is still a major part of the economy of Shangqiu, many of the work is related to farmers and the development of the rural area. It is also observed that the government is exerting more and more efforts to attract foreign investment to spur local development.
The current mayor is Tao Minglun.
Demographics
According to the 2010 census, Shangqiu has a population of 7,362,472. That is 390,528 inhabitants less than in 2000 (the population shrank 5.04% in ten years).
Administration
The prefecture-level city of Shangqiu administers 2 districts, 1 county-level city and 6 counties. The information here presented uses the metric system and data from 2010 National Population Census.
Religion
Shangqiu is traditionally a centre of the indigenous Chinese religious cult of Huoshen (火神 "Fire God"). An ancient small Temple of the Fire God has been expanded throughout the 2010s to become possibly the biggest temple complex dedicated to the god in China. Moreover, Shangqiu traditionally hosted the headquarters of Liguaism (Li Symbol transmission), the most important denomination of Baguadao.
Economy
In 2019, Shangqiu's GDP reached 291.12 billion yuan, an increase of 7.4% over 2018.In 2019, the proportion of the tertiary industry structure was 14.7:41.0:44.3. In 2019, the city's general public budget revenue was 17.171 billion yuan, an increase of 11.7% over 2018.
| 2.734375
| 0
|
2135222
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu
|
Shangqiu
|
Agriculture
Situated on the North China Plain, Shangqiu is part of a traditionally agricultural region. The fertile soil and convenient irrigation facilities greatly help the production of crops and other plants. As of 2005, there are about 719,864 hectare planted. The most important agricultural products are wheat, maize, cotton, sesame, vegetables, fruit, tobacco, and livestock. In 2002, it produced about 4.5 million tons of crops, 200 thousand tons of cotton, 1.1 million tons of fruits, and 550 thousand tons of livestock.
Industry
Compared with the agriculture, the industry of Shangqiu is relatively less developed. However, since the 1990s, it has experienced rapid growth. The food producing and packing company, Kedi group, has already been the number one exporter of frozen vegetables in the country. The large reserves of coal in Shangqiu (the Yongcheng-Xiayi coal mine is estimated to have a total reserves of 10 billion tons) also boosts up the energy industry, such as electricity generation and aluminium electrolysis.
Transportation
Since the completion of east–west running Longhai railway in 1916, Shangqiu has been a local transportation center. This standing is greatly enhanced following the construction of the Beijing-Kowloon (Hong Kong) railway in 1996, which crosses with Longhai railway at Shangqiu. Nowadays, Longhai railway has become the Chinese segment of the larger "European-Asia continental landbridge," which runs from the sea port city Lianyungang to Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Shangqiu thus obtains the name of the city of the "golden cross". On the other hand, the road transport is also convenient and getting even better. The east–west direction Lianyungang-Khorghas (Xinjiang) national route 310 and north–south Beijing-Zhuhai national routh 105 also cross at Shangqiu. Highway traffic is fast-developing too. The Shangqiu-Kaifeng segment of the Lianyungang-Khorghas highway is already in use. Future planning for highway construction is also underway.
| 2.578125
| 0
|
2135232
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports%20dynasty
|
Sports dynasty
|
Volleyball
The Concordia University (Saint Paul) women's volleyball team have captured NCAA Division II Championships in seven consecutive seasons – the only NCAA volleyball program to accomplish the feat at the Division I or II levels. Their seven total volleyball titles is more than any program as well, with the sport dating back to 1980, at the women's Division II level. Their head coach, Brady Starkey, boasts a 306–26 overall record (.926) making him the winningest active NCAA volleyball coach in any division by overall percentage. They have also mounted 9 consecutive conference Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference championships (from 2003 to 2011) including 6-undefeated conference campaigns.
The NCAA Division III Washington University in St. Louis women's volleyball team were the first volleyball team to win six consecutive national championships, from 1991 to 1996. They have won a total of 10 NCAA championships, including 26 consecutive appearances in the championship tournament dating back to 1987, the most of any program at any level.
Wrestling
University of Iowa Hawkeyes have 24 total NCAA championships. The dynasty runs are from 1975 to 1986 (11 NCAA championships in 12 years), from 1991 to 2000 (9 NCAA championships in 10 years) and three consecutive national championships from 2008 to 2010. Iowa also had a dynasty run of 25 straight Big Ten conference tournament championships from 1974 to 1998.
Penn State University Nittany Lions won four consecutive NCAA team championships from 2011 to 2014 and then won four consecutive again from 2016 to 2019 to make it eight titles in nine years. They were led by head coach Cael Sanderson, three-time champion Ed Ruth, and two-time champion plus two-time Dan Hodge Trophy winner David Taylor.
| 1.953125
| 0
|
2135243
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak%20Forest%20Tramway
|
Peak Forest Tramway
|
The Peak Forest Tramway was an early horse- and gravity-powered industrial railway (or tramway) system in Derbyshire, England. Opened for trade on 31 August 1796, it remained in operation until the 1920s. Much of the route and the structures associated with the line remain. The western section of the line is now the route of the Peak Forest Tramway Trail.
The tramway was originally planned to be about long from Chapel Milton to Dove Holes. However, it was decided to start the tramway at Bugsworth (now called Buxworth) and, as built, it was about long. Its purpose was to carry limestone from the vast quarries around Dove Holes down to Bugsworth Basin via Chapel-en-le-Frith and Chinley, where much of it was taken by boat along the Peak Forest Canal and the Ashton Canal to Manchester and beyond. The remaining limestone was put into lime kilns at Bugsworth where it was converted into quick lime (or burnt lime).
Construction
Built by Benjamin Outram, the tramway was initially single-track, on a gauge, constructed of stone sleeper blocks and L-section cast-iron rails that were fastened directly onto the blocks, in the same manner as his Little Eaton Gangway built for the Derby Canal. The rails, known as gang rails or plates, were provided by Benjamin Outram and Company who also supplied the mineral waggons.
From Bugsworth it rose to Whitehough, then proceeded to Chapel Milton on the level. It then climbed 56½ to the base of the inclined plane, which took the line upwards over a distance of . After a more gentle slope to Barmoor Clough the line proceeded to the Dove Holes quarries.
| 2.4375
| 0
|
2135243
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak%20Forest%20Tramway
|
Peak Forest Tramway
|
To aid acceleration from the top, and braking at the foot, the inclined plane varied from 1 in 6 at the top to 1 in 12 at the base. It was intended to be, at least partly, self-acting with descending wagons counterbalanced to some extent by partly loaded wagons being drawn up. Initially rope was tried, followed by a patent twisted chain, passing round a wheel, with a brake to control it, in a pit at the top. Eventually a chain with links was purchased from Birmingham, which proved more equal to the work. By the beginning of the 20th century this had been replaced by a steel rope.
There was another small incline of within the quarry complex worked by a horse-gin at the top and a continuous rope.
The mineral waggons were originally similar to those used for the earlier Little Eaton Gangway, with a substantial wooden chassis with a wrought-iron body held in place by two wooden wedges. The axles were bolted onto axle trees and the cast-iron wheels (about 20 inches in diameter) were held on the axles by a linchpin (known as a "lily-pin"). Later the bodies were fixed with a door at the back, unloading by means of a tippler mechanism mounted on a turntable. Each waggon carried between of limestone.
From the bottom of the plane to Bugsworth Basin, a team of four horses could draw up to twenty wagons. The ganger and nipper (apprentice), controlling a gang of waggons, rode on the axles and kept the speed at by spragging the wheels to make them skid.
History
In 1803 the tramway was made double-track, with the exception of Stodhart Tunnel and below Buxton Road Bridge, using the same method of fixing the rails.
| 2.46875
| 0
|
2135249
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridium%20aquilinum
|
Pteridium aquilinum
|
Pteridium aquilinum, commonly called bracken, brake, pasture brake, common bracken, and also known as eagle fern, is a species of fern occurring in temperate and subtropical regions in both hemispheres. Originally native to Eurasia and North America, the extreme lightness of its spores has led to it achieving a cosmopolitan distribution.
Description
Common bracken is a herbaceous perennial plant, deciduous in winter. The large, roughly triangular fronds are produced singly, arising upwards from an underground rhizome, and grow to tall; the main stem, or stipe, is up to in diameter at the base. It dies back to ground level in autumn. The rhizome grows up to deep, about in diameter, and up to long. Because it regrows in the spring from an underground rhizome, P. aquilinum tends to be found in dense colonies of genetically identical fronds. Such colonies can be as much as 650 years of age, with individual rhizomes living up to 72 years. In the spring as the plant enters its growing cycle, fiddleheads are first sent up from the rhizome. The density and area covered by a single rhizome maximizes that rhizome's chance of biological success when sending up new growth. The new growth presents as vertical stalks, coiled and covered in silver-gray hairs, that can be several feet in height before unfurling into fronds.
Reproduction
Sporangia are formed in sori on the underside of the frond. They are arranged in narrow brown bands, and form spores over July, August and September.
| 2.96875
| 0
|
2135249
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridium%20aquilinum
|
Pteridium aquilinum
|
Taxonomy
It was traditionally treated as the sole species in the genus Pteridium (brackens); however, authorities have split and recognised up to 11 species in the genus. It was placed in the genus Pteridium by Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian Kuhn in 1879. Genetic analysis of Pteridium from 100 different locations worldwide has revealed two distinct species and despite the common name "bracken" being shared, the "southern" species is Pteridium esculentum. Though the southern P. esculentum shows little genetic diversity among physically isolated locations, P. aquilinum has distinct groups at the continental scale. However, evidence of long-distance gene flow was found in samples taken from Hawaii that presented elements of both North American and Asian subspecies of P. aquilinum.
Etymology
Common bracken was first described as Pteris aquilina by Carl Linnaeus, in Volume 2 of his Species Plantarum in 1753. The origin of the specific epithet derived from the Latin aquila "eagle". In the reprint of the Flora Suecica in 1755, Linnaeus explains that the name refers to the image of an eagle seen in the transverse section of the root. In spite of this, the opinion has been forwarded that the name pertains to the shape of the mature fronds appearing akin to an eagle's wing. However, medieval scholars, including Erasmus, thought the pattern of the fibres seen in a transverse section of the stipe resembled a double-headed eagle or oak tree.
Distribution and habitat
Bracken is native to Europe, Eastern Asia and North America, but now has an almost cosmopolitan distribution. In the Americas, it is found throughout the continental United States and the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland. Its range's northern border extends to southern Alaska, while its southern reaches the northern portions of Mexico, as well as the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean. Weedy in acidic upland pastures of northwestern Europe.
| 3.140625
| 0
|
2135249
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridium%20aquilinum
|
Pteridium aquilinum
|
Despite its established toxicity, P. aquilinums global distribution—it is the fifth most widely distributed common weed species in the world—means that it has a long history of being consumed in many parts of the world. The toxicity and wide distribution has led to variation in cultural attitudes towards the consumption of the plant. In the United Kingdom where P. aquilinum is extremely successful, the rhizome was once consumed during and after World War I. However the Royal Horticultural Society now explicitly advises against its consumption due to toxicity.
Bracken is a widely eaten vegetable in Korea, Japan, Russian Far East, and parts of China where they have historically been some of the most important wild vegetables consumed. Populations of these countries where bracken is traditionally consumed have been able to access bracken in new locations after immigrating due to P. aquilinums global ubiquity.
In Korea, bracken is known as gosari. It is soaked, parboiled, and stir-fried, and often eaten as a side dish (namul). It is also a classic ingredient of bibimbap.
In Japan, bracken is known as warabi (蕨, ワラビ), and a jelly-like starch made from it is a key ingredient for the chilled dessert warabimochi. As a type of sansai (mountain vegetables), young bracken shoots are steamed, boiled, or cooked in soups. The shoots are also preserved in salt, sake, or miso.
Bracken shoots have been used to produce beer in Siberia, and among indigenous peoples of North America.
The rhizome can be ground into flour to make bread. In the Canary Islands, the rhizome was historically used to make a porridge called gofio.
Bracken leaves are used in the Mediterranean region to filter sheep's milk, and to store freshly made ricotta cheese.
Young fronds of the bracken can be harvested easily and should be cooked for 30 to 60 minutes. Mature bracken is toxic due to thiaminase and can be destroyed by cooking. Should be avoided if not skilled enough to prepare it.
| 2.53125
| 0
|
2135296
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex%20Morton
|
Tex Morton
|
Tex Morton (born Robert William Lane in Nelson, New Zealand, also credited as Robert Tex Morton; 30 August 1916 – 23 July 1983 Sydney, Australia) was a pioneer of New Zealand and Australian country and western music, vaudevillian, actor, television host, and circus performer.
Early life
Born in 1916, Morton was the eldest of four to Bernard William Lane and Mildred Eastgate. At age 15 he left home to launch himself into show business. He adopted the name Morton while busking, after a police officer asked whether he was Bobby Lane, and he answered that he was Bobby Morton, taking the name from a sign seen on a garage.
Career
1930s – 1940s
About 1934, Morton recorded some "hillbilly songs" privately in Wellington, though they were not commercially issued. Soon after, he emigrated to Australia, apparently intent on a recording career. On 25 February 1936, Morton recorded four songs for the Columbia Graphophone Company in Sydney, Australia, and between 1936 and 1943, recorded 93 songs, accompanying himself on an acoustic guitar for most tracks, for Columbia's Regal Zonophone label. On some later tracks, he was accompanied by his band, The Rough Riders, and a female singer 'Sister Dorrie' (Dorothy Carroll). In 1943, he left Columbia following a dispute with Arch Kerr, the Record Sales Manager. He was billed as 'The Yodelling Boundary Rider' on records, though he apparently did not approve of the name.
During the 1930s and 1940s, Morton gradually incorporated Australian themes and motifs into some of the songs he wrote. This approach was followed by other Australian country artists who followed in his footsteps, such as Buddy Williams and Slim Dusty, leading to a particular genre of country music - the Australian bush ballad, which was also influenced by the turn-of-the-century poetry of Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
2135305
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Hood%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Bridport
|
Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport
|
Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport (7 September 1788 – 6 January 1868), of Redlynch House in Wiltshire, of Cricket House at Cricket St Thomas in Somerset, and of 12 Wimpole Street in Westminster, was a British politician and peer.
Early life
He was born in 1788, the second son of Henry Hood, 2nd Viscount Hood (1753–1836), Chamberlain of the Household to Queen Caroline and the former Jane Wheeler (–1847).
His paternal grandparents were Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, a naval officer, and the former Susannah Linzee (a daughter of Edward Linzee). His mother was the daughter and heiress of Francis Wheeler of Whitley Hall near Coventry in Warwickshire, and Jane Smith (a daughter of the banker Abel Smith of Nottingham).
He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, obtaining an M.A. degree in 1809.
Career
He was returned as a Tory Member of Parliament for Heytesbury, Wiltshire in 1812, although he appears to have lost interest in Parliament after succeeding to the peerage and did not stand for re-election in 1818.
In 1814, soon after the death in action of his elder brother, he succeeded his childless great-uncle Admiral Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport, 1st Baron Bridport as Baron Bridport, under the special remainder of that title in the Peerage of Ireland.
Personal life
On 3 July 1810 in the parish of Marylebone, London, Hood married Charlotte Mary Nelson (1787–1873), only surviving child and heiress of the Rev. William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson, 2nd Duke of Bronte, and the former Sarah Yonge (a daughter of Rev. Henry Yonge). Together, they were the parents of two sons and five daughters, including:
| 1.921875
| 0
|
2135342
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Williams%20%28cartoonist%29
|
Thomas Williams (cartoonist)
|
Thomas Watson Williams (17 October 1940 – 8 May 2002), was an English cartoonist.
Born in Stockton-on-Tees, Tom Williams attended art college in Newcastle in the early 1960s. He became an animator for leading British animation studio Halas and Batchelor shortly after leaving college.
In the early 1970s he left the world of cartoon animation and began illustrating in the hugely popular British comics published by Fleetway Publications.
Amongst the titles he illustrated were Shiver and Shake, Whizzer and Chips, Cor!! and Monster Fun, where he drew one of his most celebrated characters, Creature Teacher.
Towards the end of the 1970s, Williams moved to IPC rivals DC Thomson, where he worked on all the most week-known titles, including The Beano and The Dandy.
An extremely versatile & talented cartoonist, he was able to copy the styles of many of the regular artists, and produce strips for publications like the Beano Annual and the fledgling mini-comic books that were emerging at the time.
He was heavily involved in the launch of Nutty, where he drew the Peter Pest and Stevie Starr strips.
In a long and varied career, he also produced cartoon strips for the British Girl Guide magazine, many of the UK local and tabloid newspapers, and football programmes. He was also often commissioned to produce cartoons for advertising purposes.
| 2.234375
| 0
|
2135344
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Arkwright%20junior
|
Richard Arkwright junior
|
Richard Arkwright junior (19 December 1755 – 23 April 1843), the son of Sir Richard Arkwright of Cromford, Derbyshire, was a mills owner, turned banker, investor and financier (creditor) of many successful state and private entreprises of the British Industrial Revolution which his father had helped to catalyse. Among his debtors were Samuel Oldknow of Marple and Mellor, his friend. He was one of ten known British millionaires in 1799.
Biography
Richard was born in Bolton. His mother, Patience Holt, died when he was only a few months old, and his father, Sir Richard Arkwright, raised him on his own until he was six, then married Margaret Biggens, with whom he had a daughter, Susan and Mary Anne.
His father patented the water frame, a roller-spinning machine powered by water. This was the patented prototype and archetype of a revolutionary wave of mass-production machines for cloth manufacture. Recognition followed of the economy of scale of bulk, quality textiles among consumers and cloth dealers across the world, and thus from investors in turn, making the spinning (together with combing, weaving and various other required stages) of a modern cotton industry the heart of British manufacturing. Cotton and several other raw textile goods were mass-imported from the British Empire to be worked by the export-heavy zones such as the Lancashire Mill Towns and later processed by the linen, drapery and garment, usually factory-based, industries.
His namesake Richard Arkwright junior followed in his footsteps; by middle age the latter had developed the factory system further. He was an outstanding organiser of labour and machinery processing, ambitious, forceful and persevering.
Richard senior died in 1792 leaving much of his wealth to his daughter (born of his second marriage)and his daughter Mary Anne and her grandchildren and various charities, while the rest, including several factories, was left to Richard, already acting manager.
| 2.515625
| 0
|
2135365
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurst%2C%20Hampshire
|
Ashurst, Hampshire
|
Education
There are two schools in Ashurst, Foxhills Infant School and Foxhills Junior School. Foxhills Infant School teaches pupils between the ages of four and seven and as of May 2011 had in total 210 pupils on roll. It shares its grounds with Foxhills Junior School, where many of the Infant School pupils progress onto. The Junior School was opened as a middle school in September 1977 when the buildings and facilities of the original Junior School, which had been established ten years previously, were substantially enlarged and extended to provide for the 8–12 middle school age range. In 1993, it became a Junior School once again taking in children aged between 7 and 11. The school had around 332 children on roll in September 2010 and the current Headteacher is Andrew Shore. The majority of pupils come from the neighbouring Foxhills Infants School, Eling Infants School or Hazelwood First School. In its most recent Ofsted inspection report in 2010, it received a Grade 2 (good).
Both schools enjoy a 16-acre site with large playgrounds and many resources, including a 6-acre nature reserve with a pond. The reserve, during the last few years, has benefited from a £22K grant from the Millennium Heritage Fund which allowed construction paths and access routes for year-round use. The whole school building area is protected by CCTV and a private patrol company.
Also on the same site is Ashurst Pre-School that currently takes 86 children from two years nine months to five years on roll.
During secondary school, most children enroll in Hounsdown, two villages across in Totton.
Transport links
Ashurst is well served by transport links, the largest being the Ashurst railway station, with services operated by South Western Railway. The station is on the South West Main Line from London Waterloo to Weymouth. Ashurst is also on the Bluestar 6 Bus Route (recently replacing the Wilts and Dorset's 56/56A route) that runs from Lymington to Southampton.
| 2.5
| 0
|
2135372
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20Education%20Initiative
|
Business Education Initiative
|
The Business Education Initiative (BEI) is a British study-abroad programme for students from Northern Ireland. It was run initially by the Department for Employment and Learning but, since 2006, is delivered by the British Council in association with the Department for Employment and Learning in Northern Ireland.
Activities
Each year approximately 100 students are selected to study business related subjects at participating U.S. colleges and universities. The majority of the student's transport and living expenses are met by the British Council while the US host-institution grants the students a fee-waiver or scholarship.
History
The programme was established in 1994 and to date approximately 1,350 students have participated. It has proven to be a once in a lifetime experience for the majority of the students who have graduated from the program.
Eligibility
Applications are accepted from pre-final year undergraduate degree or HND students studying at a Northern Irish higher education college or university.
In the past, the majority of students on the programme have come from the following institutions:
The Queen's University of Belfast
St. Mary's University College
Stranmillis University College
University of Ulster
Belfast Metropolitan College
South Eastern Regional College
Participating U.S. institutions
A list of participating U.S. colleges and universities for the 2010-2011 academic year is available here (external link).
| 2.09375
| 0
|
2135443
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suining
|
Suining
|
Suining (; Sichuanese Pinyin: Xu4nin2; Sichuanese pronunciation: ; ) is a prefecture-level city of eastern Sichuan province in Southwest China. According to the 2020 census, Suining had a population of 2,814,196, with 1,612,641 living in built up(or metro) areas.
Geography and climate
Suining is located in the center of the Sichuan Basin and on the central reaches of the Fu River, bordering Chongqing, Guang'an and Nanchong to the east, Neijiang and Ziyang to the south, the provincial capital of Chengdu to the west, and Deyang and Mianyang to the north. Its prefecture, or administrative, area ranges in latitude from 30° 10' 50" to 31° 10' 50" N, or and in longitude from 105° 03' 26" to 106° 59' 49" E, or . While much of the prefecture is mountainous, the urban area itself, which occupies , is located on flat land.
Suining has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and is largely mild and humid, with four distinct seasons. Winter is short, mild, and foggy, though actual precipitation is low. January averages , and while frost may occur, snow is rare. Summers are long, hot and humid, with the daily average in July and August around , with August being slightly warmer. Rainfall is light in winter and can be heavy in summer, and 75% of the annual total occurs from May to September.
Places of interest
According to local legend, Suining is the Hometown of Guanyin and her sisters. A folk song declares that one resides at Lingquan Temple, another at Guangde Temple, while only the third sister is afar, in the Putuo Mountains of Southern China.
There exists Lingquan Temple, Guangde Temple, and the Dead Sea, which are regarded as the 4A scenic zone. And there is also a Celadon Museum of Sichuan, which is referred to as a 3A scenic zone.
| 2.484375
| 0
|
2135445
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20E.%20M.%20de%20Ste.%20Croix
|
G. E. M. de Ste. Croix
|
Geoffrey Ernest Maurice de Ste. Croix, (; 8 February 1910 – 5 February 2000), known informally as Croicks, was a British historian who specialised in examining Ancient Greece from a Marxist perspective. He was Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History at New College, Oxford, from 1953 to 1977, where he taught scholars including Robin Lane Fox, Robert Parker and Nicholas Richardson.
Early life
Ste. Croix (Sainte Croix) was born on 8 February 1910 in Portuguese Macau, and baptised in St John's Cathedral, Hong Kong. His parents were also born in China to British expatriates. His father, Ernest Henry de Ste Croix, who died when he was four, was an official in the Chinese Customs. Their Huguenot ancestors fled to Jersey during the time of Louis XIV. His mother, Florence Annie (née MacGowan), was the daughter of a Protestant missionary: she was a firm believer in British Israelism. Her fundamentalist Protestant beliefs were ever present in his childhood: he would become a firm atheist.
After his father's death in 1914, Florence emigrated with her only child to the United Kingdom. Ste Croix was educated at Clifton College, then an all-boys private school in Bristol, England. There, he became proficient in Latin and Greek, and a talented tennis player. He won the under-16 South of England championship, and would go on to compete at Wimbledon in 1930, 1931, and 1932. He had once defeated Fred Perry in a minor tournament.
Career
Legal career
He left school at the age of 15 and became an articled clerk in Worthing, West Sussex, England. This allowed him to train for a legal career without a degree in law, and he was admitted as a solicitor in 1932. He practised in Worthing and then in London, until he was called up for war service in 1940.
| 2.5
| 0
|
2135445
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20E.%20M.%20de%20Ste.%20Croix
|
G. E. M. de Ste. Croix
|
In 1950, Ste. Croix was appointed assistant lecturer in ancient economic history at the London School of Economics. He also taught at Birkbeck College and UCL. He struggled to attract students to his courses and was embarrassed to be a lecturer in "a subject which no one was required or wished to study". In 1953, he was elected fellow and tutor in ancient history at New College, Oxford: he lived at Oxford for the rest of his life. Due to a long-standing agreement with C. E. Stevens, he led tutorials in Greek history for classicists from New College and Magdalen College, Oxford: Stevens, in return, taught Roman history. In 1964, he attempted to convince his college to become the first of Oxford's all-male colleges to accept women: he failed, but helped change attitudes through the university. Turning his hand to college administration, he served as Senior Tutor for a number of years. He also held a university lectureship, and gave lecture series in Greek History and topics such as slavery, finance, and food supply. He gave the J. H. Gray lectures at the University of Cambridge for the 1972/73 academic year: these lectures developed into The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (1981). He retired from full-time academia in 1977 and was appointed Emeritus Fellow: the college elected him an Honorary Fellow in 1985.
In 1972, Ste. Croix was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences. He was awarded the Deutscher Memorial Prize for 1982.
Personal life
In 1932, Ste. Croix married Lucile. Together they had one daughter (died 1964). The couple divorced in 1959. That year, he married Margaret Knight. He had two sons from his second marriage.
Ste. Croix died on 5 February 2000 in Oxford, England.
Work
| 2.703125
| 0
|
2135445
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20E.%20M.%20de%20Ste.%20Croix
|
G. E. M. de Ste. Croix
|
Within the circles of classical scholarship, Ste. Croix—as an exponent of a Marxist epistemological approach—was frequently involved in debate with Sir Moses Finley, an advocate of Weberian societal analysis. The two often exchanged letters and their disagreements were always civil.
Ste. Croix is best known for his books The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972) and The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: from the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests (1981). He was also a noted contributor on the issue of Christian persecution between the reigns of the Roman Emperors Trajan and Diocletian. Of particular note in this regard are the articles written by Ste. Croix and A. N. Sherwin-White, each challenging the opinions of the other. There were four in total, displaying the light-hearted banter evident also in Ste. Croix's correspondence with Moses Finley.
The Character of the Athenian Empire (1954)
Ste. Croix's influential article The Character of the Athenian Empire, which first appeared in Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte (1954, 3, pp. 1–41), provoked a fresh debate about the nature of the Delian League and the Athenian Empire which continues to this day. The article was based on a paper The Alleged Unpopularity of the Athenian Empire delivered to the London Classical Association on 14 June 1950.
| 2.015625
| 0
|
2135445
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20E.%20M.%20de%20Ste.%20Croix
|
G. E. M. de Ste. Croix
|
The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972)
The Origins of the Peloponnesian War made several major contributions to scholarship on the subject of the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens, the major one being a reinterpretation of the Megarian Decree, passed by the Athenian Ekklesia in 432 BC. Most scholarship hitherto had considered the decree to involve economic sanctions by excluding the Megarian state and Megarian traders from access to ports throughout the Athenian Empire. Ste. Croix instead interpreted it as a religious sanction (drawing an analogy with the Spartan demand, in response to the Megarian Decree and other Athenian policies, for Athens to expel some religiously-tainted citizens). Ste. Croix maintained that the sanction was exercised not to hurt the Megarians, which it could not do because of the nature of trade and economics in the ancient world, but on religious grounds, which were felt to be genuine by the Athenians. His argument has not achieved general acceptance among historians.
Ernst Badian severely judged Ste. Croix's book for his "obsessive hatred of Sparta". In his opinion, the book was "written to prove that Sparta bears almost sole responsibility for the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War".
The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (1981)
| 2.265625
| 0
|
2135445
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20E.%20M.%20de%20Ste.%20Croix
|
G. E. M. de Ste. Croix
|
The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World was an attempt to establish the validity of a historical materialist analysis of the ancient Greek and Roman world. It covers the period roughly from Greek pre-classical times to the Arab conquest. Part one addresses fundamental topics. After an expository plan chapter II (Class, Exploitation, and Class Struggle) begins with an apologia of Ste. Croix's understanding of basic classical Marxist theory (§ I The nature of class society) and some specific terms (§ II "Class', 'exploitation', and 'the class struggle' defined). The remainder of Part One is a detailed analysis of these concepts applied to the Ancient Greek World (Chs. III Property and the Propertied and IV Forms of Exploitation in the Ancient Greek World, and the Small Independent Producer).
Part II contains the historical analysis per se and begins (Ch. V The Class Struggle in Greek History on the Political Plane) with an exposition of how the economic processes addressed in part I lead to a gradual but complete eradication of Greek democracy by the middle of the Roman principate. The remaining chapters (VI Rome the Suzerain, VII The Class Struggle on the Ideological Plane, and VIII "The Decline and Fall" of the Roman Empire: an Explanation) focus primarily on Rome and put forth the thesis that it was the increasing dependence on slave labor and diminishment of what would be considered in a modern context the middle classes that was the actual cause of the collapse. There is also a lengthy discussion of the significance of the mode by which surplus value is generated. Ste. Croix makes the point that the mode of surplus extraction is not necessarily the same as the mode of production engaged in by a majority of the population. Specifically, that while a relatively small portion of the work force were slaves, Rome under the principate nonetheless became essentially a slave society.
| 2.140625
| 0
|
2135466
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Oldknow
|
Samuel Oldknow
|
Oldknow used the putting-out system of production in Anderton near Rivington, whereby raw cotton was distributed to spinners and yarn to weavers who worked in their homes and workshops. The finished cloth was then returned to Oldknow's warehouse for checking and payment. This system was not suited to muslin manufacturing due to production levels and he was forced to purchase yarn from spinners who had taken advantage of mechanised production, such as Richard Arkwright.
In 1784, financed by a loan of £3,000 from Arkwright, Oldknow joined the great cotton boom in Stockport. There he purchased a house, warehouse and land on Upper Hillgate from Giles Walmsley; allowing him to increase production at lower costs. He concentrated on weaving 50-70 count muslins and calicoes using the putting out system employing up to 300 weavers. Oldknow obtained yarn from a large number and variety of small spinners; some having a single jenny at home to others who had small factories with several mules. By 1786, he had become the foremost muslin manufacturer in Britain, with 300 skilled weavers using 500 looms at Stockport and 159 weavers at Anderton. Oldknow's profits were £17,000 for each year in 1786 and 1787. Quality was an issue. In 1790, mules started to be powered from lineshafts and in the following year Oldknow established his own steam-powered spinning factory at Stockport mills at Hillgate producing 120 count. The Boulton and Watt engine was rated at 8 hp. There was a smaller factory at Carrs in Stockport; a bleaching plant at Heaton Mersey and finishing factories at Bullock Smithy and Waterside in Disley. He continued to keep warehouses at Anderton and Manchester. Spinning worked on the factory system, while weaving operated by putting out. Slowly, ancillary processes such as warping started to be done in the factory by Oldknow, and then weavers were encouraged to move their looms into the loom house before the final stage came when Oldknow provided the looms and employed the weavers on a wage.
| 2.421875
| 0
|
2135466
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Oldknow
|
Samuel Oldknow
|
Oldknow was one of the sponsors of the Peak Forest Canal, which opened in 1804. He also invested in a turnpike road which went to Stockport. Oldknow's farming activities allowed him to supply his workers with milk, meat, vegetables and coal and he also built housing for the workforce. Oldknow used his own system of paper money to pay his workforce which could be exchanged for goods at the village shop or for cash via third parties. He was known as a good employer.
Oldknow was a regular worshipper at the Church of All Saints, Marple and is credited for raising the funds for its restoration and rebuilding work which commenced in 1808 and was completed by 1811, with continued improvements to 1816. In 1826, Oldknow donated the land for the building of its vicarage.
Oldknow also served as High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1824.
Later years, death, and legacy
Oldknow never married; he was at one point in his life engaged to marry the daughter (and heiress) of Peter Drinkwater, a textile manufacturer of Manchester, who in 1794 had bought the Manor of Prestwich. The engagement was called off as his business declined.
In c.1791 the well-known artist Joesph Wright painted a portrait of Samuel Oldknow. It is now at Temple Newsam House, Leeds Museums and Galleries.
In his later years, Oldknow was engaged in his farming interests and, shortly before his death, became President of Derbyshire Agricultural Society. Oldknow died a bachelor on 18 September 1828 at Mellor Lodge, Derbyshire. His factory was mortgaged to the Arkwrights and he played a minor role in its running.
Following Oldknow's death, the factory passed to the Arkwrights. Oldknow's Factory was destroyed by fire in 1892 and although no ground level evidence still exists, there are underground parts of the old mill still present. Oldknow was buried at the Church of All Saints, Marple.
| 2.1875
| 0
|
2135473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20JVP%20insurrection
|
1971 JVP insurrection
|
The 1971 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) insurrection (also known as the 1971 Revolt) was the first of two unsuccessful armed revolts conducted by the communist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) against the socialist United Front Government of Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) under Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. The revolt began on 5 April 1971 and lasted until June of that year. The insurgents held towns and rural areas for several weeks, until the regions were recaptured by the armed forces, following strong support from friendly nations that sent men and material. Although this first attempt to seize power was quickly crushed by force, in 1987 the JVP launched a low-intensity insurgency in the island's southern, central and western regions that lasted several years.
The insurrection formally began in 1971, but the first attacks took place in 1970. The JVP fought the right-wing United National Party (UNP) before launching an island-wide, militant opposition to the newly elected, pro-socialist United Front government. The government's socialist background drew the attention of many states which offered to support it. The Soviet Union sent 60 air-force troops; India guarded the forts, stopping North Korean vessels and a Chinese freighter which raided the harbours. Although China provided diplomatic aid, it was accused of supporting the JVP; Chinese diplomats allegedly contacted North Korea, which supplied weapons and ammunition to the JVP.
Origins
| 2.015625
| 0
|
2135473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20JVP%20insurrection
|
1971 JVP insurrection
|
The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) movement was founded during the late 1960s by Rohana Wijeweera, a former Lumumba University medical student and Ceylon Communist Party functionary. At odds with party leaders and impatient with its lack of revolutionary purpose, Wijeweera formed the movement in 1965 with other like-minded young people. He was apparently expelled from the Maoist wing of the Ceylonese Communist Party the following year and brought his Marxist ideology to what became known as the Sinhalese Marxist Group. Along with Wijeweera, three close supporters emerged as the leaders of the new movement: Sanath, Karunnarathe and Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe (Loku Athula). Initially known also as the New Left, the group attracted students and unemployed rural youth (most between ages 16 and 25) who felt that their economic interests had been neglected by the nation's leftist coalitions. The standard program of indoctrination, the "Five Lectures", included discussions of Indian imperialism (expansionism), the growing economic crisis, the failure of the island's communist and socialist parties, and the need for a sudden, violent seizure of power.
Prelude
JVP expansion and United Front victory
| 2.28125
| 0
|
2135473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20JVP%20insurrection
|
1971 JVP insurrection
|
The JVP expanded its membership and influence rapidly between 1967 and 1970, gaining control of the student socialist movement on a number of major university campuses (including the Socialist Students Union) and receiving recruits and sympathizers from the armed forces; some provided sketches of police stations, airports, and military facilities, a factor in the revolt's initial success. At the Vidyalankara campus, it won the support of the Jatika Sishya Sangamaya (Lanka National Students Society) led by G. I. D. ‘Castro’ Dharmasekera, at the Peradeniya campus it gained control of the Samajawadi Sishiya Sangamaya (the Socialist Students Society) and Vidyodaya campus. Mahinda Wijesekara lead the Sishiya Sangamaya (Students Society). To draw new members further into the organization and prepare them for a coming confrontation, Wijeweera opened "education camps" in remote areas of the south and south-western coasts, which provided training in Marxism–Leninism and basic military skills. The movement's central committee was formed at Madampella in 1969. Following the Madampella conference, two more conferences took place at Urubokka and Dondra. At Urubokka the structure of the organization, with secret, five-member cells and regional commands known as "district secretaries" was decided and the prospect of manufacturing weapons was taken up. In the Dondra conference in early 1970, in addition to collecting and manufacturing weapons, details of recruitment, training, uniforms, and collecting information on the armed forces, were discussed. At this point, it was alleged that Dharmasekera had informed the Minister of State, J. R. Jayewardene about the existence of the JVP and a Criminal Investigation Department (CID) unit under ASP K. C. de Silva had started investigating this group, which was called the "Che Guevara clique" and began making arrests. Then-opposition leader Sirimavo Bandaranaike referred to it in her May Day speech that year.
| 2.1875
| 0
|
2135473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20JVP%20insurrection
|
1971 JVP insurrection
|
The group had its first public meeting in 1969 and by early 1970, Wijeweera's group began to take a more public role; its cadres campaigned openly for the socialist United Front (UF) for the 1970 General Election. They also distributed posters and pamphlets promising violent rebellion if Bandaranaike did not address proletarian interests. In a manifesto issued during this period, the group used the name "Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna" (People's Liberation Front) for the first time. Because of the subversive tone of his publications, the United National Party (UNP) government had Wijeweera arrested at Hambantota on 12 May, days before the general elections in May. The UF won a landslide victory against the UNP and formed a government. Wijeweera was released in July 1970. In the politically tolerant atmosphere of the next few months, as the new government attempted to win over a variety of unorthodox leftist groups, the JVP intensified its public campaign and secret preparations for a revolt. Although their group was relatively small, the members hoped to immobilize the government by selective kidnapping and sudden, simultaneous strikes against security forces throughout the island. Some of the necessary weapons had been bought with funds supplied by members, but most party funding came from a string of robberies. The JVP decided to rely on raids against police stations and army camps to secure weapons at the onset of the revolt, and they planned to manufacture their own explosive weapons in preparation.
| 2
| 0
|
2135473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20JVP%20insurrection
|
1971 JVP insurrection
|
Preparations of the revolution
By 1970, the movement had begun recruiting and training cadres at camps in rural areas of Kurunegala, Akmeemana, Tissamaharama, Elpitiya and Anuradhapura. Classes delivering the "Five Lectures" were held throughout the island, primarily in secluded locations such as cemeteries. After raising a force of about 10,000 full-time members, the JVP stopped recruiting in 1971. The movement was based on five-member cells with a leader, and there were several such cells in a police station area with an area leader. The area leaders selected a district leader, and the district leaders made up the Central Committee. Above the Central Committee was a 12-member politburo which included Wijeweera. Communications were in code by couriers, with the district secretaries communicating messages from the Politburo (which met every two months in Colombo). The JVP published a newspaper (the Janatha Vimukthi, or People's Liberation), and carried out several robberiesincluding the Okkampitiya and Ambalangoda bank robberies, the Badulla mailbag robbery and the York Street robberyto raise money. Members were also asked to contribute personal funds.
| 2.328125
| 0
|
2135473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20JVP%20insurrection
|
1971 JVP insurrection
|
Since its formation in 1949, Ceylon's armed forces were an internal security force assisting the Ceylon Police during strikes and riots. After the attempted coup in 1962, the armed forces had major cuts in funding, recruitment and joint operations, and were unprepared for a large-scale insurrection. In 1970, the armed forces had an annual budget of Rs 52 million (US$10mn), just 1.2% of total government expenditure. The Ceylon Army had an authorized strength of 329 officers and 6,291 other ranks with three infantry regiments each consisting of two battalions (one regular and one volunteer) armed mostly with World War II-era weapons such as Lee–Enfield .303 rifles, Sten sub machine guns, Bren light machine guns and Vickers machine guns, with a few SLR rifles; a recce regiment equipped with Ferret and Daimler Armoured Cars; an artillery regiment armed with light mortars and anti-aircraft guns. It lacked tanks, field artillery, automatic rifles, submachine guns and other modern weapons, and peacetime ammunition stocks could sustain only one week of combat operations. The Royal Ceylon Navy, which had suffered the most from the fallout of the attempted coup (its recruitment had been frozen until 1969) had only one frigate, HMCyS Gajabahu in its fleet along with a few Thorneycroft coastal motor boats. The Royal Ceylon Air Force which had three flying squadrons and a few trained pilots in 1971, No. 1 Flying Training Squadron consisted of nine de Havilland Chipmunk trainers tasked with basic pilot training; the No. 2 Transport Squadron had three de Havilland Dove, four de Havilland Heron and three Scottish Aviation Pioneer fixed-wing aircraft and three Bell 206 JetRanger helicopters; and the No. 3 Reconnaissance Squadron had two de Havilland Doves tasked with maritime patrol. It had mothballed its five Hunting Jet Provost T51s jet trainers after plans for introducing jet fighters were scrapped.
| 2.453125
| 0
|
2135473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20JVP%20insurrection
|
1971 JVP insurrection
|
Initial government response
The government received multiple warnings of preparations undertaken by the JVP, but failed to comprehend the scale of the insurrection and was unprepared to counter it. Early warnings came from the Police Criminal Investigation Department (CID), which had been tasked with internal security with its late-1969 and early-1970 establishment of the "Che Guevara Desk" under ASP K. C. de Silva. John Attygalle, former Inspector General of Police who had been appointed special security advisor to the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence, submitted a report on the new group's potential threat to Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake's government. The government instructed the police to arrest Wijeweera, who was taken into custody in May 1970. After the 1970 general election, however, newly elected Prime Minister Sirima Bandaranaike had Wijeweera released from police custody; reports from the previous administration were overlooked. Bandaranaike's new administration made changes to the police force, removing officers and disbanding units perceived as disloyal. These changes affected the CID; the new government was fearful of another coup by security forces loyal to the previous administration. Bandaranaike's cousin and Anuruddha Ratwatte, a captain in the Ceylon Volunteer Force was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed commanding officer of the Army's Field Security Detachment, tasked with internal security by identifying potentially-disloyal officers. Captain Denzil Kobbekaduwa (who led the investigations) reported that a more substantial threat to the government was posed by the JVP, and the police investigation of bomb-making factories began.
Foreign aid
In 1970, a parcel sent by the People's Socialist Republic of Albania containing Chinese-made rifles was captured by the police; other similar incidents occurred at the beginning of the insurgency. The Party of Labour of Albania had sent a delegation early in 1965, meeting Wijeweera.
| 1.90625
| 0
|
2135473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20JVP%20insurrection
|
1971 JVP insurrection
|
First wave of attacks
With a curfew imposed and suspects being arrested, some JVP leaders went into hiding. The attack began as planned. Ninety-two police stations across the country were attacked simultaneously by JVP groups armed with shotguns, bombs, and Molotov cocktails; five (in Deniyaya, Uragaha, Rajangane, Kataragama and Warakapola) were overrun by the insurgents, and 43 were abandoned by the police for "strategic reasons" during the following days. Fifty-seven police stations were damaged. The insurgents cut telephone and power lines and blocked roads with trees. The Hanwella police station, near Colombo, was attacked on 6 April and overrun. It was soon recaptured by army reinforcements from the Panagoda Cantonment. The No. 2 Squadron of the Royal Ceylon Air Force deployed its three Bell 206A JetRanger helicopters, which began flying missions to remote police stations to supply them with weapons and ammunition; over the following days, the helicopters returned wounded to hospitals. RCyAF Ekala was also attacked. The police withdrew personnel from smaller police stations. The rebels had taken control of Matara District and the town of Ambalangoda in the Galle District by 10 April, and came close to capturing the remainder of Southern Province except for cities of Galle and Matara (both of which had two Dutch colonial forts and small army garrisons). However, none of the JVP's four major missions succeeded. The abduction of the prime minister failed, with arrests of JVP members in Colombo on 5 April. The Panagoda Cantonment and Colombo were never attacked, because the members did not assemble. Jaffna Prison was attacked on the night of 5 April to rescue Wijeweera. The cadre booked a bus to the prison, and Pyatilake led the attack. It failed, however, when police reinforcements arrived; many of the attackers were arrested, and some were killed. Attacks on the Jaffna police station and Karainagar naval detachment also failed, with four insurgents killed on 6 April at Elephant Pass.
| 2.078125
| 0
|
2135473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20JVP%20insurrection
|
1971 JVP insurrection
|
Former Inspector General of Police (IGP) S. A. Dissanayake was appointed Additional Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence, and coordinated the government's defense from the situation room at Temple Trees. Local military coordinating officers, appointed from the three branches of the armed forces for each affected district, were tasked with carrying out local counter-insurgency operations. These were Colonel E. T. De Z Abeysekera in Anuradhapura, Colonel S. D. Ratwatte in Badulla, Colonel Douglas Ramanayake in Galle, Colonel Derrick Nugawela in Hambantota, Lieutenant Colonel R. R. Rodrigo in Jaffna, Lieutenant Colonel Cyril Ranatunga in Kegalle, Lieutenant Colonel D. J. de S. Wickremasinghe in Matara, Lieutenant Colonel Tissa Weeratunga in Moneragala and Lieutenant Colonel Dennis Hapugalle in Vavuniya. These appointments changed rapidly as the ground situation changed.
With many parts of the island under JVP control, communication and transport was limited. The JVP had blocked roads having fallen trees, damaged culverts and bridges preventing vehicular movements. Many army convoys were ambushed such as in Aranayake and in Anuradhapura, where Captain Noel Weerakoon was killed. Initial government offensives were pushed back in areas such as Matara, where local member of parliament Sumanapala Dahanayake was wounded accompanying the first joint army and police expedition into rebel-held areas.
International involvement
International assistance
With the government desperately short of weapons and ammunition, Bandaranaike telegraphed a request for support to friendly countries. The response from many governments was swift. The United Kingdom was the first to respond positively, allowing the Ceylonese government to use an Air Ceylon Trident to ferry small arms and ammunition from its bases in Singapore within four days of the initial attack. This was followed by a British commitment to supply six Bell 47 helicopters armed with 7.62mm machine guns.
| 2.09375
| 0
|
2135473
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20JVP%20insurrection
|
1971 JVP insurrection
|
Legacy
The insurgency caused Rs 2.7 million in damage to public and private property; other institutions lost Rs 3 million. Over Rs 450 million earmarked for capital development was not spent as intended due to the insurgency. Ceylon severed diplomatic ties with North Korea based on information that the country supported the JVP and diplomatic relations were not reestablished till 2014. The government expanded the armed forces, the air force which had 1,400 personnel in 1971 grew to 3,100 by 1976 with the addition of a Volunteer Force and the army formed the National Service Regiment. The police formed the Sri Lanka Reserve Police in 1974. Under the six years of emergency rule following the uprising, the JVP remained dormant. No medals were awarded by the government to the police or armed services personnel. After the victory of the United National Party in the 1977 general elections, however, the new government tried to broaden its mandate with a period of political tolerance. With the repeal of the Criminal Justice Commission in 1977, all convicted under it received a general amnesty including Wijeweera. The ban on the party was lifted, and the JVP entered the arena of legal political competition. As a candidate in the 1982 presidential elections, Wijeweera finished fourth with over 250,000 votes (compared with winner J. R. Jayewardene's 3.2 million).
The JVP began a second insurrection, which lasted from 1987 to 1989 and was more of a low intensity conflict than an open revolution. The movement fought with a well-organized military wing, that carried out raids on military installations and targeted assassinations waging a brutal campaign of terror and intimidation across the Southern part of the island. It ended after an equally brutal counter-offensive targeting JVP cells and leadership that resulted in the death of Wijeweera in 1989.
Incentives for resurgence
| 2.515625
| 0
|
2135548
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generosity
|
Generosity
|
Generosity (also called largesse) is the virtue of being liberal in giving, often as gifts. Generosity is regarded as a virtue by various world religions and philosophies and is often celebrated in cultural and religious ceremonies.
Scientific investigation into generosity has examined the effect of a number of scenarios and games on individuals' generosity, potential links with neurochemicals such as oxytocin, and generosity's relationship with similar feelings such as empathy.
Other uses
Generosity often encompasses acts of charity, in which people give without expecting anything in return. This can involve offering time, assets, or talents to assist those in need, such as during natural disasters, where people voluntarily contribute resources, goods, and money. The impact of generosity is most profound when it arises spontaneously rather than being directed by an organization. People can experience joy and satisfaction when they positively affect someone's life through acts of generosity.
Generosity is a guiding principle for many registered charities, foundations, non-profit organizations, etc.
Etymology
The modern English word generosity derives from the Latin word , which means "of noble birth", which itself was passed down to English through the Old French word . The Latin stem is the declensional stem of , meaning "kin", "clan", "race", or "stock", with the root Indo-European meaning of being "to beget". The same root gives the words genesis, gentry, gender, genital, gentile, genealogy, and genius, among others.
Over the last five centuries in the English-speaking world, generosity has developed from being primarily the description of an ascribed status pertaining to the elite nobility to being an achieved mark of admirable personal quality and action capable of being exercised in theory by any person who had learned virtue and noble character.
| 2.953125
| 0
|
2135548
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generosity
|
Generosity
|
Most recorded English uses of the word generous up to and during the sixteenth century reflect an aristocratic sense of being of noble lineage or high birth. Being generous was literally a way of complying with nobility.
During the 17th century, the meaning and use of the word began to change. Generosity came increasingly to identify not literal family heritage but a nobility of spirit thought to be associated with high birth—that is, with various admirable qualities that could now vary from person to person, depending not on family history but on personal character. Generosity came to signify gallantry, courage, strength, richness, gentleness, and fairness. In addition, generous became used to describe fertile land, the strength of animal breeds, abundant provisions of food, the vibrancy of colors, the strength of liquor, and the potency of medicine.
During the 18th century, the meaning of generosity continued to evolve to denote the more specific, contemporary meaning of munificence, open-handedness, and liberality in the giving of money and possessions to others. This more specific meaning came to dominate English usage by the 19th century.
In religion
In Buddhism, generosity is one of the Ten Perfections and is the antidote to the self-chosen poison called greed. Generosity is known as in the Eastern religious scriptures.
In Islam, the Quran states that whatever one gives away generously, with the intention of pleasing God, He will replace. God knows what is in the hearts of men. Say: “Truly, my Lord enlarges the provision for whom He wills of His slaves, and also restricts it for him, and whatever you spend of anything (in God’s Cause), He will replace it. And He is the Best of providers.”
| 3.015625
| 0
|
2135548
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generosity
|
Generosity
|
In Christianity, in the Acts of the Apostles, Paul reports that Jesus said that giving is better than receiving, although the gospels do not record this as a saying of Jesus. In his first letter to Timothy, Paul tells rich Christians that they must be "generous and willing to share", and in his second letter to the Corinthians he states that "God loves a cheerful giver". Later Christian tradition of the virtue of charity.
In philosophy
Immanuel Kant also contemplates generosity in a universal and uninterested form in his categorical imperative.
Research and scholarship
Research associates generosity with empathy. Paul J. Zak and colleagues administered the peptide oxytocin or placebo was given to about 100 men who then they made several decisions regarding money. One scenario, the Dictator Game, was used to measure altruism by asking people to make a unilateral transfer of $10 they were given by the experimenters to a stranger in the lab; oxytocin had no effect on . Another task, the Ultimatum Game, was used to measure generosity. In this game, one person was endowed with $10 and was asked to offer some split of it to another person in the lab, via computer. If the second person did not like the split, he could reject it (for example, if it was stingy) and both people would get zero. In a clever twist, the researchers told participants they would be randomly chosen to be either the person making the offer or the person responding to it. This required the person making the offer to take the other's perspective explicitly. Generosity was defined as an offer greater than the minimum amount needed for acceptance. Oxytocin increased generosity 80% compared to those on placebo. In addition, oxytocin was quantitatively twice as important in predicting generosity as was .
Research indicates that higher-income individuals are less generous than poorer individuals, and that a perceived higher economic inequality leads higher-income individuals to be less generous.
| 2.703125
| 0
|
2135548
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generosity
|
Generosity
|
The science of generosity initiative at the University of Notre Dame investigates the sources, origins, and causes of generosity; manifestations and expressions of generosity; and consequences of generosity for givers and receivers. Generosity for the purposes of this project is defined as the virtue of giving good things to others empathically and abundantly.
The impact of external circumstances on generosity was explored by Milan Tsverkova and Michael W. Macy. Generosity exhibited a form of social contagion, influencing people's willingness to be generous. The study examined two methods of spreading generosity behavior: generalized reciprocity and the influence of observing others' generous actions. The findings indicate that these methods increase the frequency of generous behaviors. However, a bystander effect can also arise, leading to a decrease in the frequency of such behaviors.
Peer punishment influences cooperation in human groups. In one set of laboratory experiments, participant roles included punishers, non-punishers, and generous and selfish people. Generous people were considered more trustworthy by participants than selfish people, and punishers were considered less trustworthy than non-punishers.
| 2.890625
| 0
|
2135621
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy%20Bolton%20Series
|
Judy Bolton Series
|
The Judy Bolton Mystery Series, written by Margaret Sutton, follows a realistic young woman who solves mysteries. Although the series was not quite as popular as Nancy Drew, Judy Bolton has been called a more complex and believable role model for girls. Judy was also unique in that halfway through the series, she married (something series book heroines rarely, if ever, did) The 38-volume series was written from 1932 to 1967 and is the longest-lasting juvenile mystery series written by an individual author.
Characters
The mainstays of the series were Judy Bolton, auburn-haired girl detective; her brother, news reporter Horace Bolton; her parents, Dr. and Mrs. Bolton; and her loyal black cat, Blackberry. For most of the early volumes she was torn between suitors: the wealthy Arthur Farringdon-Pett, and the upstanding lawyer Peter Dobbs, before finally choosing Peter in volume 10. Her best friend was Peter's sister, Grace Dobbs, known as Honey; her rival for Arthur's affections was Lorraine Lee. Judy was friends with Arthur's sister, Lois Farringdon-Pett, and one of her high-school archenemies was snobbish Kay Vincent. Judy also befriended a mill worker, Irene Lang, who later became Irene Meredith.
Critical assessment
Judy Bolton has been called a better feminist role model than Nancy Drew because "Nancy Drew is more likely to uphold the ideological status quo, while Judy Bolton is more likely to restore moral rather than legal order, because her mysteries tend to emphasize human relationships over material possessions." Unlike Drew, Bolton often enlists the aid of family members and friends in solving mysteries; she "works in a collaborative way that subverts dominant values."
Judy is emotional and self-doubting; for this reason she has been called a "more believable" female role model. As a part of her collaborative approach, Judy is often defined in relation to men: as Dr. Bolton's daughter or later, as Peter Dobbs's wife.
Publication history
| 1.945313
| 0
|
2135673
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Miliband
|
Ralph Miliband
|
Ralph Miliband (born Adolphe Miliband; 7 January 1924 – 21 May 1994) was a British sociologist. He has been described as "one of the best known academic Marxists of his generation", in this manner being compared with E. P. Thompson, Eric Hobsbawm and Perry Anderson.
Miliband was born in Belgium to working-class Polish Jewish immigrants. He fled to Britain in 1940 with his father, to avoid persecution when Nazi Germany invaded Belgium. Learning to speak English and enrolling at the London School of Economics, he became involved in left-wing politics and made a personal commitment to the cause of socialism at the grave of Karl Marx. After serving in the Royal Navy during the Second World War, he settled in London in 1946 and naturalised as a British subject in 1948.
By the 1960s, he was a prominent member of the New Left movement in Britain, which was critical of established socialist governments in the Soviet Union and Central Europe (the Eastern Bloc). He published several books on Marxist theory and the criticism of capitalism, such as Parliamentary Socialism (1961), The State in Capitalist Society (1969), and Marxism and Politics (1977), and he edited the Writings of the Left series (Jonathan Cape and Grove Press, 1972–1973).
Both of his sons, David and Ed Miliband, went on to become senior members of the Labour Party following their father's death. David was the British Foreign Secretary from 2007 to 2010, with Ed serving as Energy Secretary from 2008 to 2010. Both contested the 2010 Labour Party leadership election (UK), which was narrowly won by Ed who served as Leader of the Opposition from 2010 to 2015. Ed returned to government in 2024, taking on his previous portfolio as Energy Secretary.
Life and career
Early life: 1924–1940
Miliband's parents grew up in the impoverished Jewish quarter of Warsaw, Poland. His father Samuel Miliband (1895–1966) was a member of the socialist Jewish Labour Bund in Warsaw.
| 2.359375
| 0
|
2135673
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Miliband
|
Ralph Miliband
|
In 1922, Miliband's parents were among the Polish Jews who migrated westward, to Brussels in Belgium, after the First World War. It was here that Miliband's parents first met, and they married in 1923. His father, was a skilled craftsman who made leather goods, and his mother, Renia (or Renée, née Steinlauf 1901–1975), travelled around selling women's hats. She was embarrassed by having to work in this profession, hiding it from her neighbours, but required the extra income due to the economic troubles of the Great Depression during the 1930s. Renia spoke Polish fluently, but her husband had only had a very basic education and, as such, probably only spoke Yiddish, but he taught himself French by reading newspapers. Their son, Adolphe, was born in Brussels on 7 January 1924.
He grew up in the working-class community of Saint-Gilles, and in 1939, aged 15, he became a member of Hashomer Hatzair ("Young Guard"), a socialist-Zionist youth group. In May 1940, following the outbreak of the Second World War, the armies of Nazi Germany invaded Belgium, and the Miliband family, being Jewish, decided to flee the country from the antisemitic Nazi authorities. They missed the train to Paris and, although Adolphe – who was then sixteen – wanted to walk to the border, the family recognised that his younger sister Anna Hélène, who was only twelve, was too young for such a trek. It was decided that Renia and Anna Hélène would stay in Brussels, while Sam and Ralph would go ahead and make the journey to Paris. However, along the way Sam decided to change the plan and went with his son to Ostend, where they caught the last boat to Britain. They arrived there on 19 May 1940.
| 2.5
| 0
|
2135711
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Eugene%20Davis
|
Roy Eugene Davis
|
Roy Eugene Davis (March 9, 1931 – March 27, 2019) was an American spiritual teacher and author who "established the Georgia-based Center for Spiritual Awareness in 1972". Previously he had founded New Life Worldwide Inc. In 1967, he began publishing Truth Journal Magazine which has now been in continuous publication for 44 years. By 1970 he had authored nine books. Davis continued to teach in the Kriya Yoga tradition for more than 60 years.
Biography
Born in Leavittsburg, Ohio, Davis became interested in yoga at a young age. He read the book Autobiography of a Yogi when he was 18 and was attracted to kriya yoga and the author, Paramahansa Yogananda, who he "knew was his guru". After studying lessons from Yogananda's Self-Realization Fellowship and graduating from high school, he met Yogananda in 1949 and joined the monastic students at Yogananda's Self-Realization Fellowship. In 1951, he was ordained by Paramahansa Yogananda. In 1952, he was "appointed Minister of the SRF Center in Phoenix, Arizona", teaching kriya yoga.
He left Self-Realization Fellowship in 1953 and served in the United States Army Medical Corps at Fort Riley. Following his military duty, he began his ministry as an independent spiritual teacher, founding New Life Worldwide in St. Petersburg, Florida. Davis's relationship with Self-Realization Fellowship remained cordial, but some criticized him over the years, claiming that he did not have the authority to initiate people into the "secret" kriya yoga technique of Yogananda's lineage. He rejected these claims in his 1986 autobiography, God Has Given Us Every Good Thing. In the early 1960s, he began working with Edwin O'Neal of the Christian Spiritual Alliance (CSA) in Lakemont, Georgia, and he moved to Lakemont in 1973. When O'Neal retired from CSA in 1977, Davis took over as the chairman of its board and the head of its publishing house, which was renamed the Center for Spiritual Awareness.
| 1.984375
| 0
|
2135738
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Laos
|
President of Laos
|
The president of the Lao People's Democratic Republic is the head of state of Laos. The current president is Thongloun Sisoulith, since 22 March 2021. He was previously elected as the General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Laos' most powerful position in January 2021, ranking him first in the Politburo.
History
Background
The office of the President of the People's Democratic Republic traces its lineage back to Prince Souphanouvong, the first President of the People's Democratic Republic, a member of the deposed royal family and one of the Three Princes, who became President when the former Kingdom of Laos was overthrow by the Pathet Lao in 1975, at the end of the Laotian Civil War.
Duties and rights
Term limits
The president is elected by the National Assembly for a term of five years, and may serve no more than two terms consecutively. A candidate must receive at least two-thirds support from lawmakers present and voting in order to be elected.
Role and authority
The president represents Laos internally and externally, supervises the work as well as preserving the stability of the national governmental system and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country. The President appoints the prime minister, vice president, ministers and other officials with the consent of the National Assembly. Additionally, the President is the commander-in-chief of the Lao People's Armed Forces.
However, as Laos is a one party communist state, the highest and most powerful political position is the General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, not the President. The general secretary controls the Politburo and the Secretariat, Laos' top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder as de facto leader of Laos. However, the offices have been held concurrently for most of the time since 1998. As such, the president derives most of his power from his post as general secretary.
| 2.828125
| 0
|
2135752
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Bayda%20Governorate
|
Al Bayda Governorate
|
Al Bayda Governorate ( ), also spelt Al-Baidhah or Beida, is one of the governorates (muhafazat) of Yemen. It is located near the centre of the country, around the town of Al Bayda. Its population, according to the 2004 Yemeni census, was 571,778. In 2011, the population was estimated to be 895,000.
Geography
Adjacent governorates
Shabwah Governorate (east)
Abyan Governorate (south, southeast)
Lahij Governorate (south)
Dhale Governorate (south, southwest)
Ibb Governorate (west)
Dhamar Governorate (west)
Sanaa Governorate (north)
Marib Governorate (north)
Districts
Al Bayda Governorate is divided into the following 20 districts. These districts are further divided into sub-districts, and then further subdivided into villages:
Al A'rsh District
Al Bayda District
Al Bayda City District
Al Malagim District
Al Quraishyah District
Ar Ryashyyah District
As Sawadiyah District
As Sawma'ah District
Ash Sharyah District
At Taffah District
Az Zahir District
Dhi Na'im District
Maswarah District
Mukayras District
Na'man District
Nati' District
Rada'a District (Rada'a)
Radman Al Awad District
Sabah District
Wald Rabi' District
Governors
| 1.921875
| 0
|
2135756
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield%2C%20Queensland
|
Fairfield, Queensland
|
Fairfield is a suburb of the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the , Fairfield had a population of 3,106 people.
Geography
Fairfield is located south of the Brisbane CBD on the Brisbane River. The suburb is mainly residential with house and unit accommodation.
Fairfield is bounded to the north by the South Brisbane Cemetery, to the east by the Beenleigh railway line, to the south by Venner Road and to the west by the median of the Brisbane River.
History
Samuel Grimes and brother George Grimes immigrated to Queensland on the Chaseley in 1849, one of the ships chartered by Dr John Dunmore Lang. In 1857 they established an arrowroot farm called Fairfield in the area, providing the name for the suburb.
The Fairfield Baptist Church opened for worship on 24 December (Christmas Eve) 1865 followed by a celebratory luncheon on 26 December (Boxing Day) 1865 as a branch of the Vulture Street Baptist Church. Located on the south-western corner of Dudley Street and Lang Street (now Lagonda Street, ) approximately west of Ipswich Road, it was large enough to accommodate 90 to 100 people. In 1889 a new church was erected, with a stump-capping ceremony on Saturday 2 March 1889. By 1927 it was decided that the church needed a more prominent location, eventually culminating in the relocation of the church building to 470 Ipswich Road, Annerley, where it was refurbished before re-opening there as Annerley Baptist Church on Saturday 9 February 1935 by Reverend J.C. Farquhar.
In 1914 the Railside Estate was a subdivision of 28 residential lots for the land bounded by Bell Lane (now Bledisloe Street) to the north, the South Coast railway line to the east, Venner Road to the south, and Cross Street to the west. The estate was described as "within a stones throw from the Fairfield railway station".
Parts of Fairfield were flooded in the 1974 floods.
The Fairfield Library opened in 1988 with a major refurbishment in 2011.
Parts of Fairfield were flooded in the January 2011 Brisbane flood.
| 2
| 0
|
2135798
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20William%20Pulteney%2C%205th%20Baronet
|
Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet
|
Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet (born William Johnstone; October 1729 – 30 May 1805) was a Scottish lawyer, Whig politician and landowner who sat in the British House of Commons between 1768 and 1805. One of the wealthiest Britons during his lifetime, he invested in the construction of several prominent buildings in Britain, including the Pulteney Bridge and other properties in Bath, Somerset, several beachfront residences in Weymouth, Dorset and roads in Scotland. Pulteney was also a patron of architect Robert Adam and civil engineer Thomas Telford. He also owned slave plantations in British America.
Early life
William Johnstone, as he was born, was the second son of Sir James Johnstone, 3rd Baronet of Wester Hall, Dumfries, and his wife Barbara Murray, the oldest sister of the literary patron Patrick Murray, 5th Lord Elibank.
His older brother was the soldier and politician Sir James Johnstone, 4th Baronet. His older sister was Margaret, later Lady Ogilvy, a Jacobite. His younger brothers included the politician and naval officer George Johnstone and the East India Company official John Johnstone. Alexander Murray of Elibank, also a Jacobite, was his uncle.
He studied law, became a member of the Faculty of Advocates in 1751, and went on to become an eminent advocate. He lived in Edinburgh and associated with several major figures of the country's learned society, including philosopher and historian David Hume, political philosopher and economist Adam Smith, and architect Robert Adam. He was a brother of Commodore George Johnstone and first cousin of Patrick Ferguson.
| 2.3125
| 0
|
2135798
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20William%20Pulteney%2C%205th%20Baronet
|
Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet
|
Marriage and name change
On 10 November 1760, he married heiress Frances Pulteney. Frances was the third daughter of MP and government official Daniel Pulteney and first cousin once removed of William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath. She inherited William’s substantial fortune and estates close to Bath in Somerset after his death in 1764 and that of his younger brother and heir in 1767. On inheriting, Johnstone changed his name in 1767 to Pulteney. Simultaneously, his daughter’s name was also changed from Henrietta Laura Johnstone to Henrietta Laura Pulteney.
Pulteney Bridge
At that time Bath was expanding, but the Pulteneys' rural Bathwick estate was separated from the city by the River Avon, and with no bridge in place the only means of crossing the river was via a small ferry. They decided a bridge needed to be built, and Pulteney turned to his friend and fellow countryman, architect Robert Adam. Adam was influenced by his travels to Florence and Venice and proposed a bridge incorporating shops along both sides. This was completed in 1773, but the Pulteneys' original plans for Bath's expansion did not take effect until 1788 when Bath architect Thomas Baldwin started to create a new estate. As well as the bridge bearing their name, the Pulteneys' involvement is recalled by Great Pulteney Street in Bathwick, reputed to be the longest boulevard of its kind in Europe, while Henrietta Street was named after their daughter.
Parliamentarian
Pulteney represented Cromarty and later Shrewsbury, where he usually resided, in seven successive Parliaments. He first but unsuccessfully contested the Shrewsbury seat in 1768, but subsequently won the seat for Cromarty (losing this to Cosmo Gordon in 1774). In 1774, he again contested Shrewsbury, and although he was defeated, he was returned on petition the following March (and retained the seat until his death in May 1805).
On 1 June 1782, his wife Frances died, leaving him her fortune.
| 2.171875
| 0
|
2135801
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgus%20malvae
|
Pyrgus malvae
|
Pyrgus malvae, the grizzled skipper, is a butterfly species from the family Hesperiidae. It is a small skipper (butterfly) with a chequered pattern on its wings that appears to be black and white. This butterfly can be found throughout Europe and is common in central and southern regions of England. The butterfly prefers three major types of habitat: woodland, grassland, and industrial. Referenced as a superspecies, Pyrgus malvae includes three semispecies: malvae, malvoides, and melotis. Eggs are laid on plants that will provide warmth and proper nutrition for development. As larvae, their movement is usually restricted to a single plant, on which they will build tents, unless they move onto a second host plant. Larvae then spin cocoons, usually on the last host plant they have occupied, where they remain until spring. Upon emerging as adult butterflies, grizzled skippers are quite active during the day and tend to favour blue or violet-coloured plants for food. They also possess multiple methods of communication; for example, vibrations are used to communicate with ants, and chemical secretions play a role in mating. Exhibiting territorial behaviour, males apply perching and patrolling strategies to mate with a desired female.
Taxonomy/phylogeny
In terms of a species complex, Pyrgus malvae is considered a superspecies that consists of three semispecies, which exhibit geographic variations in the genitalia of both male and female butterflies. These three semispecies are considered to be the Pyrgus malvae, Pyrgus malvoides, and Pyrgus melotis types. This classification can also be described as a monophyletic clade. Significant isolation mechanisms exist to accentuate the division between the malvae type and melotis type, more than the difference between the malvae and malvoides types. In fact, interbreeding has been observed between the malvae and malvoides types, indicating their close relation - namely that they are both part of the same species.
| 3.21875
| 0
|
2135801
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgus%20malvae
|
Pyrgus malvae
|
Predators
Grizzled skippers belong in family Hesperiidae, but another group of butterflies (family Lycaenidae) uses the mechanism of wing expansion to produce vibrations and communicate with ants. Similar to this behavior, grizzled skippers also produce vibrations upon expanding their wings. This resembles the ‘ant-attendant’ behaviour that is specific to butterflies in the Lycaenidae. Ants are recognized as potential predators for lycaenid caterpillars, therefore, vibration signaling most likely functions as an anti-predatory survival mechanism. Similarly, grizzled skippers also exhibit this kind of vibratory communication. Although the behavior is absent during the caterpillar stage, grizzled skippers are able to produce vibrations upon wing expansion. Akin to lycaenids, grizzled skippers may use these vibrations as signals to communicate with ants and potentially as an attempt to temper aggression.
Mating behaviour
Female/male interactions
Pheromones
Grizzled skippers are known to contain organs called androconia that are responsible for producing chemicals within the thorax as well as the abdomen. They are found in males at the forewing costal fold. The organs release sex pheromones that can be used as a sexual recognition mechanism and drive evolution. The process involves the male first locating a female visually, then using low concentrations of the pheromones at a relatively close proximity to indicate its viability as a mate. While courting the female, male butterflies have specialized hairlike structures called ‘tibial tufts’ on their hind legs that can be used to steer these chemicals directly to the female. However, this chemical communication cannot be differentiated between P. malvae and P. malvoides, a close relative considered a subspecies of P. malvae and not separated by isolation reproductive barriers.
| 3.015625
| 0
|
2135801
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrgus%20malvae
|
Pyrgus malvae
|
Courting
There are two main mating strategies that are used by grizzled skippers, which ultimately illustrate mechanisms of sexual selection by this species. In both, males demonstrate territorial behaviours. In the case of perching, males wait on taller plants for females to come to them in order to begin courting. In the case of patrolling, males locate a desired female and fly down to her.
The type of behaviour that they use in mating depends upon the pattern of food plant availability in their respective habitats.
Perching Approach: This is used in habitats that are poor for food plants. Males will engage in more of a perching approach where they await females above scrub edges that afford them with shelter, warmth, and visible range.
Patrolling Approach: This is used in habitats that are rich for food plants. Males will engage in more of a patrolling strategy by mingling with females.
Climate effects on distribution
Pyrgus malvae is particularly receptive to warmer and drier climates. Warmer summers are more favorable for the grizzled skipper and are positively correlated with the species. This could result from relationships between warmth and the success of the mother's ability to lay the egg as well as of larvae survival. Warmer climates also tend to hasten the development of larvae and allow for earlier onset of the pupal stage. Cooler northern weather may explain the concentration of this butterfly in southern regions. As a result of climate warming, the grizzled skipper appears to show decreases in northern range margin, distribution area, and abundance. This response appears to be dependent upon climatic as well as nonclimatic driving forces.
Physiology
| 3
| 0
|
2135816
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20of%20Remembrance%20%28Dublin%29
|
Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)
|
The Garden of Remembrance () is a memorial garden in Dublin dedicated to the memory of "all those who gave their lives in the cause of Irish Freedom". It is located in the northern fifth of the former Rotunda Gardens in Parnell Square, a Georgian square at the northern end of O'Connell Street. The garden was opened by President Eamon de Valera during the semicentennial of the Easter Rising in 1966.
Commemoration
The Garden commemorates freedom fighters from various uprisings, including:
the 1798 rebellion of the Society of United Irishmen
the 1803 rebellion of Robert Emmet
the 1848 rebellion of Young Ireland
the 1867 rising of the Fenian Brotherhood
the 1916 Easter Rising of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army
the 1919–21 Irish War of Independence of the Irish Republican Army
The site of the Garden is where the Irish Volunteers were founded in 1913, and where several leaders of the 1916 Rising were held overnight before being taken to Kilmainham Gaol. President Éamon de Valera opened the Garden in 1966 on the fiftieth anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising, in which he had been a commander.
Design
The Garden was designed by Dáithí Hanly. It is in the form of a sunken cruciform water-feature. Its focal point is a statue of the Children of Lir by Oisín Kelly, symbolising rebirth and resurrection, added in 1971, cast in the Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry of Florence, Italy.
In 1976, a contest was held to find a poem which could express the appreciation and inspiration of this struggle for freedom. The winner was Dublin-born author Liam Mac Uistín, whose poem "We Saw a Vision", an aisling style poem, is written in Irish, French, and English on the stone wall of the monument. The aisling ("vision") form was used in eighteenth-century poems longing for an end to Ireland's miserable condition.
In Irish the poem reads:
| 2.6875
| 0
|
2135817
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom%20Mountains
|
Cardamom Mountains
|
The Cardamom Mountains (, ; , ), or the Krâvanh Mountains, is a mountain range in the southwest part of Cambodia and Eastern Thailand. The majority of the range is within Cambodia.
The silhouette of the Cardamom Mountains appears in the provincial seal of Trat Province in Thailand.
Location and description
The mountain range extends along a southeast-northwest axis from Chanthaburi Province in Thailand, and Koh Kong Province in Cambodia on the Gulf of Thailand, to the Veal Veang District in Pursat Province, and extends to the southeast by the Dâmrei (Elephant) Mountains. The Thai part of the range comprise heavily eroded and dispersed mountain fragments of which the Khao Sa Bap, Khao Soi Dao and Chamao-Wong Mountains, east, north and west of Chanthaburi respectively, are the most prominent.
Dense tropical rainforest prevails on the wet westward slopes which annually receive from of rainfall. By contrast, only 1,000 to 1,500 mm (40 to 60 inches) fall on the wooded eastern slopes in the rain shadow facing the interior Cambodian plain, such as the Kirirom National Park. Most of the mountains are a dense wilderness, with almost no human population or activity, but on the eastern slopes, cardamom and pepper are grown commercially, and several large-scale construction projects have begun since the turn of the century.
Summits
The highest elevation of the Cardamom Mountains is Phnom Aural in the northeast at . This is also Cambodia's highest peak.
Other important summits in the Cambodian parts are:
Phnom Samkos (
Phnom Tumpor
Phnom Kmoch
In Thailand, the most prominent peaks are:
Khao Sa Bap
Khao Soi Dao Tai
Khao Chamao
History
The Cardamom Mountains holds many historic sites and relics from the 15th- to 17th-century specifically. This includes a number of exposed burial sites of a type known as jar burials. The burials are scattered around the mountains, set out on remote, natural rock ledges, and contains 60 cm exotic ceramic jars and rough-hewn log coffins.
| 2.65625
| 0
|
2135817
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom%20Mountains
|
Cardamom Mountains
|
The jar burials are a unique feature of this region, and form a previously unrecorded burial practice in Khmer cultural history. Local legends suggest the bones are the remains of Cambodian royalty. Along with these jar burials archeologists have discovered various material evidence associated with the remains, such as glass beads consisting of various colors and composition. These glass beads, which were a common product in maritime trade between nearby countries, were most likely obtained by Cardamom Mountain communities by trading forest products, such as wood and resin, that they had access to.
A unique rock art cave site known as Kanam depicts ancient elephants, elephant riders, deer and wild cow (or buffalo) in red ochre paint. The site is located in the eastern part of the Cardamoms near Kravanh Township (Pursat Province). The Cardamoms are home to one of the largest protected wild elephant populations in Southeast Asia. The human riders may represent elephant capture and training activities - a major cultural tradition among various ethnic groups in the area until the 1970s. Traditions, experts, and elephant populations were decimated by the Khmer Rouge Regime.
The cave and paintings may have played important roles for rituals and magic used to placate ancestors and spirits; seek protection (elephant capture is very dangerous); bring good fortune; and transmit specialized knowledge (teaching/training).
Some of the paintings may be various species of wild cow or buffalo. It is difficult to distinguish the possible cow from the possible deer representations due to the simple silhouette style. However, cowhides are extremely important for lassoes, ropes, snares and riggings related to elephant capture. Local elephant masters claimed there was more ritual and magic associated with these highly critical items than all others related to elephant capture. Thus, wild cow or buffalo representation might be expected.
| 3.046875
| 0
|
2135817
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom%20Mountains
|
Cardamom Mountains
|
The large representation of deer may relate to the massive deerskin trade to Japan in the 15th - 17th centuries. Taiwan's deer populations had been almost annihilated due to insatiable demands for Samurai armor and Japanese accessories made of deerskin. Deerskin sourcing shifted to Cambodia and Thailand. As deer populations decreased, local hunters also may have resorted to more investment in magic and ritual to seek assistance from ancestors and spirits to increase luck. The paintings are thought to date from the late Angkorian period through the post-Angkor period (contemporaneous with the jar burials, perhaps created and used by the same ethnic groups). The site may date to as early as the Funan period (1st - 6th centuries) when the practice of capturing, training, and trading live elephants was first historically noted (a mission was sent to China in 357 AD with trained elephants as part of the tributary gifts to Emperor Mu of Jin). Whether or not elephant capture, training, and use for labor, prestige and warfare existed prior to the Funan period is unknown. It is possible that the practice, technology and knowledge was obtained through South Asian influence in the early first millennium AD.
These paintings help with understanding the ecological history. Local ethnic groups were able to maintain, sustain and promote elephant populations through a somewhat symbiotic relation until the 20th century. Deer and wild cow/buffalo, however, may have been hunted to near extinction by the 15th - 17th centuries. Eld's deer, muntjac, sambar, gaur, kouprey and banteng were probably far more prevalent in the past.
Indigenous people
Part of the mountains are home to indigenous people, including the Chhong in both Thailand and Cambodia, and the ethnic Por (or Pear) in Pursat Province, Cambodia. They all belong to the group known as Pearic peoples. In Cambodia, indigenous people are collectively referred to as Khmer Loeu.
| 2.953125
| 0
|
2135817
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom%20Mountains
|
Cardamom Mountains
|
Khmer Rouge
This largely inaccessible mountain range formed one of the last strongholds of the Khmer Rouge, driven out by Vietnamese forces during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. The Thai border to the west acted as a conduit for Chinese support and, eventually, a sanctuary for fleeing Khmer fighters and refugees.
Modern development
The inaccessibility of the hills has also helped to preserve the primeval forest and ecosystems of the area relatively intact. In 2002, however, a transborder highway to Thailand was completed south of the Cardamoms, along the coast. The highway has fragmented habitats for large mammals, such as elephants, big cats and monkeys. The highway has also opened up for agricultural slash-and-burn projects and opportunistic poaching for endangered animals, all degrading the natural value and the forests’ ecosystems.
Tourism is relatively new to the Cardamom Mountains. In 2008, Wildlife Alliance launched a community-based ecotourism program in the village of Chi-Phat, marketed as the "gateway to the Cardamoms". Tourist visitors to Chi-Phat continue to grow and the community is regarded as a model for community-based ecotourism, with approximately 3,000 annual visitors generating more than $US 150,000 for the local community.
International conservation organizations working in the area includes Wildlife Alliance, Conservation International, and Fauna and Flora International. In 2016, the southern slopes of the Cardamom Mountains were designated as a new national park; Southern Cardamom National Park. It appears, however, that rampant illegal poaching is continuing nonetheless.
| 2.640625
| 0
|
2135817
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom%20Mountains
|
Cardamom Mountains
|
Ecology
These relatively isolated mountains are part of the Cardamom Mountains rain forests ecoregion, an important ecoregion of mostly tropical moist broadleaf forest. Being one of the largest and still mostly unexplored forests in Southeast Asia, it is separated from other rainforests in the region by the large Khorat Plateau to the north. For these reasons, the ecoregion is home to several endemic species and is a refuge for species that have been decimated or are endangered elsewhere. The Vietnamese Phú Quốc island off the coast of Cambodia has similar vegetation and is included in the ecoregion.
Most of the ecoregion is covered in evergreen rain forest, but with several different habitats. Above 700 metres, a special thick evergreen forest-type dominates, and on the southern slopes of the Elephant Mountains, dwarf conifer Dacrydium elatum forests grow. On the Kirirom plateau, Tenasserim pine forest is found. The northern part of the Cardamom Mountains is home to the southernmost natural habitats of Betula (species Betula alnoides). Throughout, Hopea pierrei, an endangered canopy tree rare elsewhere, is relatively abundant in the Cardamom Mountains. Other angiosperm tree species are Anisoptera costata, Anisoptera glabra, Dipterocarpus costatus, Hopea odorata, Shorea hypochra, Caryota urens and Oncosperma tigillarium. Other conifers include Pinus kesiya, Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Podocarpus neriifolius, P. pilgeri and Nageia wallichiana.
Fauna
| 2.828125
| 0
|
2135817
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom%20Mountains
|
Cardamom Mountains
|
The moist climate and undisturbed nature of the rocky mountainsides appear to have allowed a rich variety of wildlife to thrive, although the Cardamom and Elephant Mountains are poorly researched and the wildlife that is assumed to be here remains to be catalogued. They are thought to be home to over 100 mammals, such as the large Indian civet and banteng cattle, and most importantly the mountains are thought to shelter at least 62 globally threatened animal species and 17 globally threatened trees, many of them endemic to Cambodia. Among the animals are fourteen endangered and threatened mammal species, including the largest population of Asian elephant in Cambodia and possibly the whole of Indochina although this still needs to be proved. Other mammals, many of which are threatened, include Indochinese tiger, clouded leopard (Pardofelis nebulosa), dhole (a wild dog) (Cuon alpinus), gaur (Bos gaurus), banteng (Bos javanicus), the disputed kting voar (Pseudonovibos spiralis), Malayan sun bear, pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus), Sumatran serow (Capricornis sumatraensis), Sunda pangolin and the Tenasserim white-bellied rat. There are at least 34 species of amphibians, three of them described as new species to science from here.
The rivers are home to both Irrawaddy and humpback dolphins and are home to some of the last populations on Earth of the very rare Siamese crocodiles and the only nearly extinct northern river terrapin, or royal turtle remaining in Cambodia. While the forests are habitat for more than 450 bird species, half of Cambodia's total of which four, the chestnut-headed partridge, Lewis's silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera lewisi), the green peafowl (Pavo muticus) and the Siamese partridge (Arborophila diversa) are endemic to these mountains. A reptile and amphibian survey led in June 2007 by Dr Lee Grismer of La Sierra University in Riverside, California, USA, and the conservation organisation Fauna and Flora International uncovered new species, such as a new Cnemaspis gecko, C. neangthyi.
| 2.9375
| 0
|
2135830
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%27i%20Nayau
|
Tu'i Nayau
|
Tu’i Nayau is the title held by the paramount chief of the Lau Islands in Fiji and is synonymous with the title holders over lordship of these islands. When translated, Tu’i Nayau means "Lord of Nayau", an island north of Lakeba, the latter accepted by many to be the chief island in the Lauan archipelago. Prior to being installed as Tu’i Nayau, the claimant must first be confirmed upon the decision of the noble households making up the Vuanirewa clan and then installed Sau or High Chief of Lau. Not every Sau has been installed Tu’i Nayau.
Origins of the title
Tu’i Nayau was originally an independent title referring specifically to the overlord of Nayau, then separate from the Lakeba State.
The earliest oral records suggest that the progenitor of the leading family of Nayau stemmed from Naosara, celebrated chief who had won the infamous Cici Turaga, but was not accepted by his older brothers and relatives as he was the youngest in that race. Naosara had sons Buivaroro and Kalouyalewa.
The rise of the Vuanirewa Dynasty
The period after the death of Chief Niumataiwalu in Ono-i-Lau can be assumed to have followed with the conquest of Lakeba by the Levuka people from Bau and supplanting the supremacy of the Cekena dynasty in the Lakeba State with a dictatorship under the heavy hand of the Levuka peoples’ leader, Codro. Before this occurred, Niumatawalu's surviving sons had fled and sought refuge with their relatives.
| 2.25
| 0
|
2135830
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%27i%20Nayau
|
Tu'i Nayau
|
It was during this exile on Nayau when Rasolo, Niumataiwalu's son set up his foundations near a rewa (Cerbera manghas) tree. The name Vuanirewa comes into existence. With the passing of Vukinavanua, an ensuing dispute among the nobles over who should succeed him arose. According to oral history, the high priest intervened by taking all claimants to the top towering cliffs called Delaiwawa and indicated that the only one to leap from the cliff and live would be worthy to succeed to the title. It is here that Rasolo enters into the legend, as he is the only one who takes up the challenge, leaps and survives.
Installed as Tu’i Nayau, Rasolo was approached by the Lakeba people to free them from Codro's tyrannical rule. It is said Rasolo allowed himself to be approached three times before agreeing to their request. He and his brother Matawalu then lead an army with supporting Lakeba forces which routed and expelled Codro and the Levuka people. With this triumph Rasolo was brought over from Nayau and installed as Roko Sau, in which the whole of Lakeba took part.
Rasolo was succeeded by his brother Matawalu, who hated his brother's wife Laufitu. He removed himself to Bau for a long period, allowing for his nephew Dranivia, son of Uluilakeba I to seize power. Matawalu upon hearing this returned to Lakeba, reasserted his authority, whilst his nephew fled to Nayau. This point takes a dramatic and dark turn in the history of the Vuanirewa as Malani, Rasolo's son concerned with the anti-Tongan attitude of his uncle and fear for his mother's people well-being, took the opportunity of Dranivia's expulsion to lead a coup that lead to kin slaying and the death of Matawalu. Matawalu's death again heralded Dranivia's return, but his attempt at taking Lakeba was thwarted, with the support of Malani's Nayau relative Delailoa, on whom he bestowed the name Lagonilakeba in gratitude.
| 2.140625
| 0
|
2135841
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit%20fraud%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom
|
Benefit fraud in the United Kingdom
|
Benefit fraud is a form of welfare fraud as found within the system of government benefits paid to individuals by the welfare state in the United Kingdom.
Definition of benefit fraud
The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) define benefit fraud as when someone obtains state benefit they are not entitled to or deliberately fails to report a change in their personal circumstances. The DWP claim that fraudulent benefit claims amounted to around £900 million in 2019–20.
The most common form of benefit fraud is when a person receives unemployment benefits, while working. Another common form of fraud is when the receivers of benefits claim that they live alone, but they are financially supported by a partner or spouse. Failing to inform the state about a "change of circumstances", for example, that a claimant is now living with a partner, has moved house, or has inherited money from the death of a relative, may also be fraud by omission.
In 2002, the DWP launched a 'Targeting Benefit Thieves' advertising campaign to spread their message that benefit fraud carried a criminal sanction. The most recent campaign makes claims about the likelihood of getting caught and the consequences of committing benefit fraud using ‘And they thought they’d never be caught’ as the leading slogan.
The Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) has initiated a significant anti-fraud initiative described as the largest crackdown on welfare fraud in a generation. Central to this effort is the proposed Public Authorities (Fraud, Error and Recovery) Bill, which includes provisions enabling the government to recover funds directly from the bank accounts of individuals found guilty of fraud. The bill is scheduled for introduction to Parliament on Wednesday, 22 January 2025, with the DWP projecting that the measures could save taxpayers approximately £1.5 billion over the next five years. Government data indicates that £8.6 billion was lost to fraud and error overpayments in the financial year ending April 2024.
| 2.71875
| 0
|
2135841
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit%20fraud%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom
|
Benefit fraud in the United Kingdom
|
Latest figures
For 2019-20 the government's benefit fraud figure was £2.3bn (1.2%) for benefits administered by the Department for Work and Pensions. The tax credit system, administered by HMRC, has combined error and fraud figures (net over-payment) for 2015-16 of £1.35 billion or 4.8% of finalised tax credit entitlement. HMRC claim that "the vast majority of organised fraud claims are stopped quickly and awards in payment are terminated."
Public opinion on benefit fraud
The State of the Nation report published in 2010 by the Government of David Cameron estimated the total benefit fraud in the United Kingdom in 2009/10 to be approximately £1 billion. Figures from the Department for Work and Pensions show that benefit fraud is thought to have cost taxpayers £1.2 billion during 2012–13, up 9 per cent on the year before. A poll conducted by the Trades Union Congress in 2012 found that perceptions among the British public were that benefit fraud was high – on average people thought that 27% of the British welfare budget is claimed fraudulently; however, official UK Government figures have stated that the proportion of fraud stands at 0.7% of the total welfare budget in 2011/12.
| 2.265625
| 0
|
2135844
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Kerins
|
Charlie Kerins
|
Background and IRA Activities
At the time, the Fianna Fáil Government of Éamon de Valera was determined to preserve Irish neutrality during World War II. The IRA's ongoing bombing/sabotage campaign in England (the S-Plan), its attacks against targets in Northern Ireland and its ties to the intelligence services of Nazi Germany were regarded as severe threats to Ireland's national security. According to historian Tim Pat Coogan, "An iron gloved approach to the I.R.A. was the order of the day with vigorous raids and interrogations. As a result, relations between individual I.R.A. men and the Irish Special Branch became understandably strained, and the I.R.A., in its shattered and disorganised condition, came to regard the Special Branch as a greater enemy than the British Crown." During this time many IRA men who were captured by the Gardaí were interned for the duration of the war by the Irish Army in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare.
After leaving school in the 1930s Charlie Kerins joined the IRA, by the start of World War II Kerins held a senior position in the organization and in July 1940 was appointed deputy chief of staff of the IRA. In May 1942 Kerins was assigned to the IRAs General Headquarters staff.
Shooting of Detective Sergeant O'Brien
On the morning of 9 September 1942, Garda Detective Sergeant Denis O'Brien was leaving his home in Ballyboden, Dublin. He was between his front gate and his car when he was cut down with Thompson submachine guns. D.S. O'Brien, an Anti-Treaty veteran of the Irish Civil War, had enlisted in the Garda Síochána in 1933. He was one of the most effective Detectives of the Special Branch Division (Special Detective Unit, also known as the Broy Harriers), which had its headquarters at Dublin Castle.
According to historian Tim Pat Coogan, "The shooting greatly increased public feeling against the I.R.A., particularly as the murder was carried out in full view of his wife. As she held her dying husband, she watched his assailants cycling past."
| 2.84375
| 0
|
2135844
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Kerins
|
Charlie Kerins
|
Arrest
Following the arrest of Hugh McAteer in October 1942, Kerins was named Chief of Staff of the IRA. Despite a massive manhunt by Gardaí, Kerins remained at large for just under two years.
On 1 July 1943, Charlie Kerins, alongside fellow militants Archie Doyle and Jackie Griffith arrived on bikes at the gates of Player Wills factory on the South Circular Road, Dublin. With scarves around their faces, they stopped the van carrying £5,000 for wages and gunpoint, and drove away with both the van and the money, which was used to finance the IRA's operations.
Travel author Dervla Murphy recounts in her book on Northern Ireland, A Place Apart that Kerins stayed at her family's County Waterford home for two weeks while he was on the run, having given his name as Pat Carney. He had been sent to the Murphy's by Dervla's aunt, Dr. Kathleen Farrell, who was a staunch IRA supporter, and Dervla (aged 12 at the time) and Kerins struck up a friendship. Several months after Kerins left the Murphy's, he was captured.
Kerins had previously left papers and guns hidden at Kathleen Farrell's house in the Dublin suburb of Rathmines. He telephoned the house, as he intended to retrieve them. However, Dr. Farrell's telephone had been tapped by the Gardaí. On 15 June 1944, Kerins was arrested in an early morning raid. He was sleeping when the Gardaí entered his bedroom and did not have an opportunity to reach the Thompson submachine gun which was hidden under his bed.
| 2.140625
| 0
|
2135844
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Kerins
|
Charlie Kerins
|
Trial
At a trial before the Special Criminal Court in Collins Barracks, Dublin, Kerins was formally charged on 2 October 1944 for the "shooting at Rathfarnham of Detective Dinny O’Brien". Kerins refused to recognize the authority of the court and in doing so lost the right to challenge evidence and to present any defense. According to Coogan, "At the end of his trial, the president of the Military Court delayed sentence until later in the day to allow Kerins, if he wished, to make an application whereby he might have avoided the capital sentence. When the court resumed, Kerins said: 'You could have adjourned it for six years as far as I am concerned, as my attitude towards this Court will always be the same."
Execution
Despite legal moves initiated by Seán MacBride, public protests, and parliamentary intervention by TDs from Clann na Talmhan, Labour, and Independent Oliver J. Flanagan in Leinster House, the Fianna Fáil government of Éamon de Valera refused to issue a reprieve. On 1 December 1944 in Mountjoy Prison, Kerins was hanged by British chief executioner Albert Pierrepoint, who was employed by the Irish Government for such occasions. The Governor of Mountjoy paid Kerins the following grim tribute: "He was the bravest man I ever saw die by hanging...I admired Charlie Kerins for his courage and his idealism and never more than during the moments before his death when he stood at attention on the scaffold and submitted himself to the hands of his executioners."
Kerins was the last IRA member to be executed in Éire. He was buried in the prison yard. In September 1948, his remains were exhumed and released to his family. As he made his final journey home large crowds gathered in towns and villages all along the road from Dublin. Charlie Kerins, the boy from Tralee and Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army was finally laid to rest in his native Tralee. He is buried in the Republican Plot at Rath Cemetery, Tralee, County Kerry.
| 2.078125
| 0
|
2135847
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Transnistria
|
Flag of Transnistria
|
Transnistria has two co-official national flags. The first co-official national flag consists of three horizontal bands of red, green, and red, of vertical width 3:2:3, and in the upper canton, is the main element of the coat of arms of Transnistria; a golden hammer and sickle and a gold-bordered red star. The hammer and sickle fit into a conventional square, and the star, a conditional circle. Transnistria adopted this design that comprises a version of the flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic used between 1952 and 1990 in the 2000 Law about State Symbols. The second co-official national flag consists of three horizontal stripes in the colors white, blue, and red, identical to the Russian flag but at a ratio of 1:2 instead of 2:3.
History
The flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic served as the flag of the republic until December 1991. When Moldova became independent, some places in Transnistria refused to fly the new Moldovan flag and continued to fly the flag of the Soviet Union. Continued use of the flag of the former Moldavian SSR was popular and it was officially reintroduced as the flag of Transnistria in 1991. Despite the socialist influence on the flag and coat of arms, Transnistria is not a communist state.
The original flag, as well as its description, are kept in the official residence of the President of Transnistria.
| 2.65625
| 0
|
2135869
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischbach%20%28Taunus%29
|
Fischbach (Taunus)
|
Structure of the town
The old town centre is situated at the intersection of the main roads from Kelkheim to the suburb of Ruppertshain and from Königstein to Eppstein. The first road, Langstraße, is the main road of the old part of the village.
In the 19th century Fischbach grew along both streets, especially Kelkheimer Straße and Eppsteiner Straße.
Fischbach's population swelled after World War II with refugees from areas that were ceded to other countries, leading to street names such as Egerländer Straße and Königsberger Straße. Residential areas were built on both sides of Kelkheimer Straße and on the south-side of the town, around Staufenstraße and Sodener Straße. In the north, only a small residential estate was built on a former brickyard area (An der Ziegelei). In the 1970s summer cottages were built on the road to Königstein, and are now year-round residences.
History
Administrative history
Fischbach was founded by Franks. The first document which proves the existence of Fischbach (gift to Fulda convent), is dated in the year 780. In the 8th and 9th centuries, imperial laws appear. In 813, the village was in possession of Earl Liutfried as royal feud. Starting from 890 Fischbach was part of the shire of Uualahes and during Early and High Middle Ages a member of the Niddagau province.
In 1348 the Lords of Eppstein became the new rulers. In 1581 Fischbach became part of Archbishopric of Mainz and was governed from Königstein. After Napoleon split the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Fischbach and the vicinity was part of Duchy of Nassau. Nassau was annexed by Prussia in 1866 degraded to Wiesbaden district of the Prussian province Hessen-Nassau. Fischbach attended to this administration till the foundation of Hesse in 1946.
After being integrated to Prussia, Fischbach belonged to the Upper-Taunus district. Since 1928 it was part of the newly founded Main-Taunus district. In 1977 Fischbach was incorporated to the city of Kelkheim, together with the former community Rossert (Ruppertshain and Eppenhain).
| 2.078125
| 0
|
2135876
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20Grigson
|
Sophie Grigson
|
Hester Sophia Frances Grigson (born 19 June 1959) is an English cookery writer and celebrity cook. She has followed the same path and career as her mother, Jane Grigson. Her father was the poet and writer Geoffrey Grigson, and her half-brother was musician and educator Lionel Grigson.
Life
Grigson was born in the village of Broad Town, near Swindon, Wiltshire, in 1959 and attended Oxford High School. From there she went on to study mathematics at UMIST, Manchester. After graduating in 1982 with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics (she was vice-president of the UMIST Alumni Association), she worked for a time as a production manager of pop videos for groups including Bonnie Tyler and the Style Council. Having inherited her mother's love of food, she found she also enjoyed writing about it. Her first food article, published in 1983 in the Sunday Express Magazine, was entitled "Fifty ways with potatoes". She has since written columns for publications including the Evening Standard (1986–93), the Sunday Times (1994–96) and The Independent (1997–98).
Grigson's television debut came in 1993 with the 16-part series Grow Your Greens, Eat Your Greens on Channel 4, which won the Caroline Walker Prize (Media Category). Her more recent television work includes Sophie Grigson in the Orient and Sophie Grigson in the Souk for Travel Channel.
She won the Guild of Food Writers Cookery Journalist of the Year Award in 2001 for her work in Country Living magazine. She is a keen supporter of organic and local food suppliers and is an advocate for decent children's food. She is a patron of the Children's food festival.
Sophie's Cookery School, based in Oxford was the first dedicated pop-up cookery school in the country. She currently lives in Puglia in the south of Italy, where she runs a small catering company, Trulli Delicious.
She was previously married to William Black, with whom she had two children.
Bibliography
| 2.015625
| 0
|
2135880
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katholieke%20Studentenvereniging%20Sanctus%20Virgilius%20Delft
|
Katholieke Studentenvereniging Sanctus Virgilius Delft
|
KSV (, ) Sanctus Virgilius (also known as Virgiel) is the largest student fraternity/sorority in Delft, named after the Irish born astronomer, geometer and bishop Saint Virgil. There are about 2000 student members (mostly students at TU Delft) who gather together on a daily or weekly basis at an old monastery named Alcuin in the city centre of Delft.
A wide variety of sports and cultural events are organized by members of Virgiel, including football, field hockey, rugby and climbing.
Virgiel was created in 1898 as the result of emancipation of the Catholic youth in the Netherlands. Catholicism had long been repressed by government policy, and Delft Catholic students wanted to unite to discuss their faith and position in society. At the time, most members also belonged to the , the oldest student fraternity/sorority in town.
After the Second World War, Virgiel quickly grew. In the 1960s it quickly lost much of its religious objective. Virgiel is now a non-faith-based fraternity/sorority, which is primarily aimed at having a good time while also expanding knowledge and views outside class-hours.
| 1.960938
| 0
|
2135882
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri%C8%99ul%20Alb
|
Crișul Alb
|
The Crișul Alb (Romanian), (Hungarian: Fehér-Körös) is a river in western Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania, and in south-eastern Hungary (Békés County).
Its source is in the southern Apuseni Mountains (Romanian: Munții Apuseni) of Romania. It flows through the towns of Brad, Ineu, Chișineu-Criș in Romania, and Gyula in Hungary. Crossing the border of Hungary, the river, now called Fehér-Körös, joins the Fekete-Körös (Crișul Negru) a few kilometres north from Gyula to form the river Körös (Criș), which ultimately flows into the Danube. In Romania, its length is , and its basin size is .
Towns and villages
The following towns and villages are situated along the river Crișul Alb, from source to mouth.
In Romania: Brad, Baia de Criș, Hălmagiu, Gurahonț, Dieci, Sebiș, Bocsig, Ineu, Șicula, Chișineu-Criș.
In Hungary: Gyula, Doboz.
Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Crișul Alb:
Left: Valea Laptelui, Plai, Valea Satului, Bucureșci, Luncoiu, Țebea, Birtin, Vața, Prăvăleni, Valea Mare, Valea Rea, Sighișoara, Mustești, Bodești, Almaș, Chisindia, Cleceova, Hodiș, Potoc, Trei Holâmburi, Gut, Cigher, Valea Nouă Chișer.
Right: Artan, Brad, Junc, Ribița, Baldovin, Obârșa, Ociu, Bănești, Leasa, Valea de la Lazuri, Tăcășele, Gruieț, Zimbru, Feniș, Crocna, Dumbrăvița, Craicova, Topasca, Sebiș.
The Canalul Morilor, an irrigation canal, runs parallel to the Crișul Alb through the lowland area between Buteni and Pilu.
| 2.140625
| 0
|
2135890
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosomonas
|
Nitrosomonas
|
Nitrosomonas is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, belonging to the Betaproteobacteria. It is one of the five genera of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and, as an obligate chemolithoautotroph, uses ammonia (NH3) as an energy source and carbon dioxide (CO2) as a carbon source in the presence of oxygen. Nitrosomonas are important in the global biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, since they increase the bioavailability of nitrogen to plants and in the denitrification, which is important for the release of nitrous oxide, a powerful greenhouse gas. This microbe is photophobic, and usually generate a biofilm matrix, or form clumps with other microbes, to avoid light. Nitrosomonas can be divided into six lineages: the first one includes the species Nitrosomonas europea, Nitrosomonas eutropha, Nitrosomonas halophila, and Nitrosomonas mobilis. The second lineage presents the species Nitrosomonas communis, N. sp. I and N. sp. II. The third lineage includes only Nitrosomonas nitrosa. The fourth lineage includes the species Nitrosomonas ureae and Nitrosomonas oligotropha. The fifth and sixth lineages include the species Nitrosomonas marina, N. sp. III, Nitrosomonas estuarii, and Nitrosomonas cryotolerans.
Morphology
All species included in this genus have ellipsoidal or rod-shaped cells which have extensive intracytoplasmic membranes displaying as flattened vesicles.
Most species are motile with a flagellum located in the polar region of the cell. Three basic morphological types of Nitrosomonas were studied, which are: short rods Nitrosomonas, rods Nitrosomonas, and Nitrosomonas with pointed ends. Nitrosomonas species cells have different criteria of size and shape:
| 2.859375
| 0
|
2135890
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosomonas
|
Nitrosomonas
|
N. europaea cells appear as short rods with pointed ends, with a size of 0.8–1.1 x 1.0–1.7 μm; motility has not been observed.
N. eutropha cells present as rod to pear shaped cells with one or both ends pointed, with a size of 1.0–1.3 x 1.6–2.3 μm. They show motility.
N. halophila cells have a coccoid shape and a size of 1.1–1.5 x 1.5–2.2 μm. Motility is possible because of a tuft of flagella.
N. communis has large rods with rounded end cells with a size of 1.0–1.4 x 1.7–2.2 μm. Motility has not been observed in this species.
N. nitrosa, N. oligotropha, and N. ureae cells are spheres or rods with rounded ends. Motility has not been observed in them as well.
N. marina presents slender rod cells with rounded ends with a size of 0.7–0.9 x 1.7- 2.2 μm.
N. aestuarii and N. cryotolerans present as rod shaped cells.
Genome
Genome sequencing of Nitrosomonas species has been important to understand the ecological role of these bacteria.
Among the various species of Nitrosomonas that are known today, the complete genomes of N. ureae strain Nm10 and N. europaea, N.sp. Is79 have been sequenced.
Ammonia-oxidation genes
The presence of the genes for ammonia oxidation characterizes all these species. The first enzyme involved in the ammonia oxidation is ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), which is encoded by the amoCAB operon. The AMO enzyme catalyzes the oxidation from NH3
(ammonia) to NH2OH (hydroxylamine). The amoCAB operon contains three different genes: amoA, amoB and amoC. While N. europaea presents two copies of the genes, N. sp. Is79 and N. ureae strain Nm10 have three copies of these genes.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
2135890
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosomonas
|
Nitrosomonas
|
The second enzyme involved in the ammonia oxidation is hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO), encoded by the hao operon. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation from NH2OH to NO, a highly reactive radical intermediate that can be partitioned into both of the main AOB products: N2O, a potent greenhouse gas, and NO2-, a form of nitrogen more bioavailable for crops, but that conversely washes away from fields faster. The hao operon contains different genes such as the haoA, which encodes for the functional cytochrome c subunit, the cycA which encodes for cytochrome c554, and cycB that encodes for quinone reductase. These genes are present in different copies in various species; for instance, in Nitrosomonas sp. Is79 there are only three copies, while in N. ureae there are four.
Denitrification genes
The discovery of genes that encode for enzymes involved in the denitrification process includes the first gene nirK which encodes for a nitrite reductase with copper. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction form NO2(nitrite) to NO (nitric oxide). While in N. europaea, N. eutropha, and N. cryotolerans, nirK is included in a multigenetic cluster; in Nitrosomonas sp. Is79 and N. sp. AL212, it is present as a single gene. A high expression of the nirK gene was found in N.ureae and this has been explained with the hypothesis that the NirK enzyme is also involved in the oxidation of NH2OH in this species. The second gene involved in denitrification is norCBQD which encodes a nitric-oxide reductase that catalyze the reduction from NO (nitric oxide) to N2O (nitrous oxide). These genes are present in N. sp. AL212, N.cryotolerans, and N. communis strain Nm2. In Nitrosomonas europaea, these genes are included in a cluster. These genes are absent in N. sp. Is79 and N. ureae. Recently, it was found that the norSY gene encodes for a nitric-oxide reductase with copper in N. communis strain Nm2 and Nitrosomonas AL212.
| 2.390625
| 0
|
2135890
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosomonas
|
Nitrosomonas
|
Carbon fixation genes
Nitrosomonas uses the Calvin-Benson cycle as a pathway for Carbon fixation. For this reason, all of the species have an operon that encodes for the RuBisCO enzyme. A peculiarity is found in N. sp Is79 in which the two copies of the operon encode for two different forms of the RuBisCO enzyme: the IA form and the IC form, where the first one has a major affinity with the Carbon dioxide. Other species present different copies of this operon that encodes only for the IA form. In N. europaea, an operon is characterized by five genes (ccbL, ccbS, ccbQ, ccbO, and ccbN) that encode for the RuBisCO enzyme. ccbL encodes for the major subunit while ccbS encodes for the minor subunit; these genes are also the most expressed within the operon. ccbQ and ccbO genes encode for a number of proteins involved in the mechanisms of processing, folding, assembling, activation, and regulation of the RuBisCO enzyme. Instead, ccbN encodes for a protein of 101 amino acids, whose function is not known yet. A putative regulatory gene, cbbR, was found 194 bases upstream of the start codon of cbbL and is transcribed in the opposite direction of other genes).
| 2.21875
| 0
|
2135890
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosomonas
|
Nitrosomonas
|
Since an ammonia molecule only releases two electrons when oxidized, it has been assumed that the other two necessary electrons come from the oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite, which occurs in the periplasm and it is catalyzed by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO), a periplasm associated enzymes.
NH2OH + H2O → NO2– + 5 H+ + 4 e–
Two of the four electrons released by the reaction, return to the AMO to convert the ammonia in hydroxylamine. 1,65 of the two remaining electrons are available for the assimilation of nutrients and the generation of the proton gradient. They pass through the cytochrome c552 to the cytochrome caa3, then to O2, which is the terminal acceptor; here they are reduced to form water. The remaining 0,35 electrons are used to reduce NAD+ to NADH, to generate the proton gradient.
Nitrite is the major nitrogen oxide produced in the process, but it has been observed that, when oxygen concentrations are low, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide can also form, as by-products from the oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite.
The species N. europaea has been identified as being able to degrade a variety of halogenated compounds including trichloroethylene, benzene, and vinyl chloride.
Ecology
Habitat
Nitrosomonas is generally found in highest numbers in all habitats in which there is abundance of ammonia (environment with plentiful protein decomposition or in wastewater treatment), thrive in a pH range of 6.0–9.0, and a temperature range of . Some species can live and proliferate on a monuments’ surface or on stone buildings’ walls, contributing to erosion of those surfaces.
It is usually found in all types of waters, globally distributed in both eutrophic and oligotrophic freshwater and saltwater, emerging especially in shallow coastal sediments and under the upwelling zones, such as the Peruvian coast and the Arabian Sea, but can also be found in fertilized soils.
| 2.53125
| 0
|
2135893
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalism
|
Totalism
|
Totalism is a style of art music that arose in the 1980s and 1990s as a response to minimalism. It paralleled postminimalism but involved a younger generation of creators, born in the 1950s. This term, invented by writer and composer Kyle Gann, has not been adopted by contemporary musicology and generally still refers only to Gann's use of it in his writings.
Early 1980s
In the early 1980s, many young composers began writing music within the static confines of minimalism, but using greater rhythmic complexity, often with two or more simultaneous tempos (or implied tempos) audible at once. The style acquired a name around 1990, when it became evident to composers working in New York City that a number of them, including John Luther Adams, Glenn Branca, Rhys Chatham, Kyle Gann, Michael Gordon, Arthur Jarvinen, Bernadette Speach, Ben Neill, Larry Polansky, Mikel Rouse, and Evan Ziporyn, were employing similar types of global tempo structures in their music. Others include Eve Beglarian, Allison Cameron, Nick Didkovsky, David First, Phil Kline, and Lois V. Vierk.
The term totalist refers to the aims of the music, in trying to have enough surface rhythmic energy, but also to contain enough background complexity. There is also an echo in the term of serialism's "total organization," here drawn not from the 12-tone row, but from Henry Cowell's theories about using the same structuring devices for rhythm that have been traditionally used for pitch. For instance, the traditional ratio between frequencies of a major second interval is 9:8, and 9-against-8 is an important tempo contrast in many totalist pieces, achieved by having some instruments play dotted eighth notes while others play triplet half notes. In practice, totalist music can be consonant, dissonant, or both, but generally restricts itself to a small number of sonorities within any given piece.
| 2.703125
| 0
|
2135896
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia%20Group
|
Arcadia Group
|
Early history and pre-WW2 era
The Arcadia Group has its origins in the firm founded by 18-year-old Lithuanian immigrant Montague Burton in Chesterfield in 1903 as The Cross-Tailoring Company. Burton's initial operation, a men's clothing manufacture, tailoring and retailing operation, became the genesis for the current Burton Menswear chain, which remains part of the company, albeit having moved away from traditional tailoring to mainstream men's off-peg casuals and formalwear line with shifting trends in fashion and clothing. The eventual holding company survived as Burton Group plc until 1998 when the current name was substituted.
The firm's headquarters moved from Chesterfield to Leeds in 1910, and The Cross-Tailoring Company had changed its name to Burton by the time the First World War broke out in 1914.
The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1929, when it had 400 stores, factories, and mills. By then, the company had a large factory in Leeds.
Post-war developments and expansion
After World War II, Montague Burton offered men the chance to buy a full suit, which included a jacket, trousers, waistcoat, shirt, and underwear, which became known as The Full Monty. In 1946, the company acquired the Peter Robinson women's fashion chain. By 1952, the year Montague Burton died, the company was the largest multiple tailor in the world. Burton was the official suit supplier of the England national football team for the World Cup in 1966.
| 2.28125
| 0
|
2135896
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia%20Group
|
Arcadia Group
|
In 1964, the Peter Robinson chain began what became a relaunch as Topshop. This was in response to the development of a new young fashion culture around Britain in the 1960s; Topshop became the company's home of young, modern, on-trend ladieswear, a role it continues to hold. The Topshop launch began with Topshop-branded departments within Peter Robinson stores in 1964, with the first standalone Topshop stores opened ten years later in 1974. The Peter Robinson name was eventually dropped altogether. In 1971 the Group acquired Evans, a major operator in the field of fashionable clothing for women wearing larger-sized clothes.
In the 1970s, and as a complement to the suit business, the Group began to develop itself significantly in mainstream clothing retailing by starting to target chains to precisely defined markets - for example, it launched Topman for young men in 1970. This development capitalised on the success of Topshop in catering to a young, fashion-savvy audience and reflected the growth in men's casual clothing, with formal-wear sales declining due to the trend for more casual general clothing.
The firm also expanded its horizons by acquiring businesses outside its fashion heartland, at one point owning Ryman, the stationery chain, but later scaled back to focus principally on clothing.
The Dorothy Perkins chain was acquired in 1979, enabling the Group to expand into the mainstream womenswear market, following the success of its previous ladieswear ventures (Topshop and Evans). The Dorothy Perkins chain has subsequently been positioned as the group's main ladieswear operation, focused towards a similar target audience as Burton is in menswear.
In 1984, the Group launched a new chain, Principles, for fashion-conscious women with a higher disposable income; this allowed the firm to capitalise on emerging new fashion and business trends of the 1980s, such as power dressing. Principles for Men was launched a year later, in 1985, following the success of the ladies' division.
| 2.046875
| 0
|
2135958
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik%20ibn%20Nuwayra
|
Malik ibn Nuwayra
|
Malik ibn Nuwayra (: died 632), was the chief of the Banu Yarbu, a clan of the Banu Hanzala, which was a large section of the powerful tribe of Bani Tamim.
Muhammad had appointed Malik as an officer over the Banu Yarbu clan to collect and send them to Medina. However, after the death of Muhammad, Malik stopped distributing the zakah and refused to send it to Medinah. As a result, Abu Bakr ordered his execution, which was carried out by Khalid bin Walid.
Death
Malik was appointed by Muhammad as the collector of the ('alms tax') for his clan, the Yarbu of the Tamim. However, following Muhammad's death, Malik stopped distributing the zakah and also refused to send it to Medina. As a result, Abu Bakr decided to have him executed by Khalid ibn al-Walid. In 632, Khalid and his army encountered Malik and eleven of his clansmen from the Yarbu. The Yarbu did not resist, proclaimed their Muslim faith, and were escorted to Khalid's camp. Despite the objection of an Ansarite, who had been among the captors and argued that the captives' inviolability should be respected due to their declaration of faith, Khalid had them all executed. Afterward, Khalid married Malik's widow, Layla bint al-Minhal.
When news of Khalid's decision reached Medina, Umar, who had become Abu Bakr's chief aide, pressed for Khalid to be punished or relieved of command. Abu Bakr chose to pardon him stating that Khalid did nothing wrong and that the crimes of Malik had been proven. Abu Bakr's decision was influenced by two key factors. First, he was guided by the hadith of Muhammad, who described Khalid as “The Sword which Allah unsheathed against the unbelievers.” Second, Abu Bakr acted in a manner similar to Muhammad’s response when Khalid may have attacked the Banu Jadhima and killed their men. Muhammad did not discharge or punish Khalid for that incident.
| 2.6875
| 0
|
2135958
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik%20ibn%20Nuwayra
|
Malik ibn Nuwayra
|
Other reasons for Malik execution include committing apostasy by refusing to acknowledge Muhammad as a prophet during his encounter with Khalid. According to the 8th-century historian Sayf ibn Umar, Malik had been cooperating with the prophetess Sajah, his kinswoman from the Yarbu. However, after they were defeated by rival clans from the Tamim, Malik abandoned her cause and retreated to his camp at al-Butah, where he and his small party were encountered by the Muslims. Taha Karaan, a modern scholar, mentioned that according to Ibn Hajar's account, Malik began speaking ill of Muhammad and using "derogatory" terms when referring to him. Historians Ibn Khallikan and Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani confirm Malik's apostasy, citing his use of the term "your companion" when referring to Muhammad, which is how polytheists referred to him, and his refusal to acknowledge the obligation of zakāh. Additionally, Historians like Al-Baladhuri and Ibn al-Athir support the claim that Malik died an apostate, with his brother Mutammim ibn Nuwayrah affirming this and later conveying it to Umar. This explains why Umar did not hold Khalid accountable or address the issue again after becoming caliph.
Historian W. Montgomery Watt considers accounts about the Tamim during the Ridda in general to be "obscure ... partly because the enemies of Khālid b. al-Walīd have twisted the stories to blacken him".
| 1.984375
| 0
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.