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Yemen | The 2011 Yemeni revolution followed other Arab Spring mass protests in early 2011. The uprising was initially against unemployment, economic conditions, and corruption, as well as against the government's proposals to modify the constitution of Yemen so that Saleh's son could inherit the presidency.
In March 2011, poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen |
Iraq–United States relations | Relations between the U.S. and Iraq became strained following the overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy on July 14, 1958, which resulted in the declaration of a republican government led by Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim. Concerned about the influence of Iraqi Communist Party (ICP) members in Qasim's administration, and hoping... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations |
Green building | Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building |
Eriba-Marduk | He was described as the son or descendant of Marduk-šakin-šumi, an otherwise unknown individual who one might speculate to have been one of the five unknown kings from the earlier period of interregnum. According to the Dynastic Chronicle, Erība-Marduk was the single member of a dynasty of the Sealand (kurA.AB.BA) and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriba-Marduk |
Arab citizens of Israel | Palestinian Arabs sat in the state's first parliamentary assembly in 1949. In 2011, 13 of the 120 members of the Israeli Parliament are Arab citizens, most representing Arab political parties, and one of Israel's Supreme Court judges is a Palestinian Arab.
The 2015 elections included 18 Arab members of Knesset. Along w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel |
Kingdom of Galicia | After a period of obscurity, with very little remaining information on the history of this area, or in fact Western Europe in general, the Suebi Kingdom reappears in European politics and history during the second half of the 6th century. This is following the arrival of Saint Martin of Braga, a Pannonian monk dedicate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia |
History of the Middle East | In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Middle Eastern rulers tried to modernize their states to compete more effectively with Europe. In the Ottoman Empire, the Tanzimat reforms re-invigorated Ottoman rule and were furthered by the Young Ottomans in the late 19th century, leading to the First Constitutional Era in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East |
History of coffee | Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean in 1720. Those sprouts flourished and 50 years later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee cultivation to Saint-Domingue (Haiti), Mexico and other islands of the Caribbean. The French territory of Saint-Domingu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coffee |
Mahdawi movement | Mahdavis are followers of Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri who declared himself to be the Mahdi.
The Mahdavis had strictly adhere to the Five Pillars of Islam, Sunnah, and Sharia, while having high respect and reverence for the House of Muhammad and his immediate progeny (Ahl-e-Bayt), the Rashidun Caliphs, and the Companions of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdawi_movement |
History of the State of Palestine | There are conflicting reports about the number of countries that extended their recognition to the proclaimed State of Palestine. In Annex 2 of the Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO from 12 May 1982, several Arab and African countries provided a list of 92 countries allegedly having extended... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine |
Arameans | The emergence of the Arameans occurred during the Bronze Age collapse (1200–900 BCE), which saw great upheavals and mass movements of peoples across the Middle East, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, the East Mediterranean, North Africa, Ancient Iran, Ancient Greece and the Balkans and led to the genesis of new peoples and pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans |
History of slavery | Barbary Corsairs continued to trade in European slaves into the Modern time-period. Muslim pirates, primarily Algerians with the support of the Ottoman Empire, raided European coasts and shipping from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and took thousands of captives, whom they sold or enslaved. Many were held for ransom, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Kuwait University | Kuwait University follows the Credit Hour System (approved hours), with teaching arranged on semester basis, except in the Faculty of Law, which follows the yearly system of continuous teaching, and the Health Sciences Center's faculties.
Academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning mid-September and fin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_University |
Sennacherib | The discovery of Sennacherib's own inscriptions in the 19th century, in which brutal and cruel acts such as ordering the throats of his Elamite enemies to be slit, and their hands and lips cut off, amplified his already ferocious reputation. Today, many such inscriptions are known, most of them housed in the collection... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib |
Islamic architecture | In West Africa, Muslim merchants played a vital role in the western Sahel region since the 9th century through trans-Saharan trade networks. While the Islamic architecture of this region shares a certain style, a wide variety of materials and local styles are evident across this wide geographic range. In the more arid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Noocracy | Proponents of democracy attempt to show that noocracy is intrinsically unjust on two dimensions, stating its unfairness and bad results. The former states that since people with different income levels and education backgrounds have unequal access to information, the epistocratic legislative body will be naturally comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noocracy |
Assyrian people | As early as the 8th century BC Luwian and Cilician subject rulers referred to their Assyrian overlords as Syrian, a western Indo-European corruption of the original term Assyrian. The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous Arameans, Assyrians and other inhabitants of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
Islamic clothing | Islamic dress in Europe, notably the variety of headdresses worn by Muslim women, has become a prominent symbol of the presence of Islam in western Europe. In several countries the adherence to hijab (an Arabic noun meaning "to cover") has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban. The Netherlands go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_clothing |
Dassault Rafale | The Rafale's glass cockpit was designed around the principle of data fusion—a central computer selects and prioritises information to display to pilots for simpler command and control. For displaying information gathered from a range of sensors across the aircraft, the cockpit features a wide-angle holographic head-up ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Rafale |
Sindh | The British conquered Sindh in 1843. General Charles Napier is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" (Latin). The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for Brit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh |
Mesopotamia | From Sumerian times, temple priesthoods had attempted to associate current events with certain positions of the planets and stars. This continued to Assyrian times, when Limmu lists were created as a year by year association of events with planetary positions, which, when they have survived to the present day, allow ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia |
Salafi movement | Modern Salafists consider the 18th-century scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and many of his students to have been Salafis. He started a reform movement in the remote, sparsely populated region of Najd. He invited people to Tawhid (monotheism) and advocated purging of practices such as shrine and tomb visitation, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Majorelle Garden | The Majorelle Garden was designed by the French artist, Jacques Majorelle (1886–1962), son of the Art Nouveau ébéniste (cabinet-maker) of Nancy, Louis Majorelle. As a young aspiring painter, Jacques Majorelle was sent to Morocco in around 1917 to convalesce from a serious medical condition. After spending a short time ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorelle_Garden |
Boko Haram | In 2012, the U.S. Department of State had an internal debate on whether to place Boko Haram on its list of FTOs (Foreign Terrorist Organizations). The Bureau of Counterterrorism leaned towards designation while the Bureau of African Affairs urged caution. Officials from the Justice Department, the FBI, the CIA, and a n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram |
Umayyad state of Córdoba | Abd al-Rahman III marked his political ascendancy with the creation of a vast and lavish palace-city called Madinat al-Zahra (also spelled and pronounced today as "Medina Azahara"), located just outside Córdoba. Construction began in 936–940 and continued in multiple phases throughout his reign and the reign of his son... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Mount Lebanon | Mount Lebanon is mentioned in the Old Testament 103 times. King Hiram I of Tyre sent engineers with cedar wood, which was abundant in Mount Lebanon, to build the Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. Since then, the cedar species known scientifically as Cedrus libani is often associated with Mount Lebanon. The Phoenicians use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon |
Gaza–Israel conflict | The 2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire was an Egyptian-brokered six-month Tahdia (an Arabic term for a lull) "for the Gaza area", which went into effect between Hamas and Israel on 19 June 2008. Hamas' obligation was to stop the rocket attacks on Israel. During the initial 5-months of the ceasefire, and after a shaky start du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict |
Jerusalem | In 1517, Jerusalem and its environs fell to the Ottoman Turks, who generally remained in control until 1917. Jerusalem enjoyed a prosperous period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent—including the rebuilding of magnificent walls around the Old City. Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem |
Dried fruit | Fruits can be dried whole (e.g., grapes, berries, apricot, plum), in halves, or as slices (e.g., mango, papaya, kiwi). Alternatively, they can be chopped after drying (e.g., dates), made into pastes, or concentrated juices. The residual moisture content can vary from small (3–8%) to substantial (16–18%), depending on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruit |
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world | In March 1950, Iraq reversed their earlier ban on Jewish emigration to Israel and passed a law of one-year duration allowing Jews to emigrate on the condition of relinquishing their Iraqi citizenship. According to Abbas Shiblak, many scholars state that this was a result of American, British and Israeli political press... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world |
History of India | The Kingdom of Mysore in southern India expanded to its greatest extent under Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century. Under their rule, Mysore fought series of wars against the Marathas and British or their combined forces. The Maratha–Mysore War ended in April 1787, following the final... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India |
Fidel Castro | With favourable trade from the Soviet bloc ended, Castro publicly declared that Cuba was entering a "Special Period in Time of Peace". Petrol rations were dramatically reduced, Chinese bicycles were imported to replace cars, and factories performing non-essential tasks were shut down. Oxen began to replace tractors; fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro |
Bosaso | Bosaso is traversed by a 750-kilometre (470 mi) north–south highway. It connects major cities in the northern part of the country, such as Galkayo and Garowe, with towns in the south. In June 2012, the Puntland Highway Authority (PHA) launched an upgrade and repair project on the large thoroughfare between Bosaso and G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosaso |
Mass media in Lebanon | The history of publishing in Lebanon dates back to 1610 when the first printing press was established at the Convent of Saint Anthony of Qozhaya in the Kadisha Valley, making its first publication, Qozhaya Psalter -the Bible's book of psalms, which was in both Syriac and Arabic, the first publication in the Middle East... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Lebanon |
Kufic | Ornamental Kufic became an important element in Islamic art as early as the eighth century for Quranic headings, numismatic inscriptions and major commemorative writings. The Kufic script is inscribed on textiles, coins, lusterware, building and so on. Coins were very important in the development of the Kufic script. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufic |
Taliban | Until his death in 2013, Mullah Mullah Omar was the supreme commander of the Taliban. Mullah Akhtar Mansour was elected as his replacement in 2015, and following Mansour's killing in a May 2016 US drone strike, Mawlawi Hibatullah Akhundzada became the group's leader.
The Taliban initially enjoyed goodwill from Afghans ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban |
Kingdom of Galicia | In 1556, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated the throne and divided his realm between his brother Ferdinand I of Habsburg, and his son Philip II. In practice this resulted in the disappearance of the European empire of the Habsburgs and the idea of a universal Catholic monarchy. Ferdinand was declared Holy Roman E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia |
Israeli occupation of the West Bank | The official "Master Plan for the Development of Samaria and Judea to the year 2010" (1983) foresaw the creation of a belt of concentrated Jewish settlements linked to each other and Israel beyond the Green line while disrupting the same links joining Palestinian towns and villages along the north–south highway, impedi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank |
Muslim world | The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights, a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and later Arabian fables. The concept had been influenced by a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables) that relied on particular Indian elements. It reached its f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world |
Iman (Islam) | In a hadith, the Islamic prophet Muhammad defined iman as "an acknowledgement in the heart, a voicing with the tongue, and an activity with the limbs." Faith is confidence in a real truth. When people have confidence, they submit themselves to that truth. It is not sufficient just to know the truth, but the recognition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iman_(Islam) |
Wahhabism | Original Salafiyya and its intellectual heritage were not hostile to competing Islamic legal traditions. However, critics argue that as Salafis aligned with Saudi promoted neo-Wahhabism, religious concessions for Saudi political patronage distorted the early thrust of the renaissance movement. The early Salafiyya leade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Muammar Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralizing the country's federal system to take advantage of the country's oil wealth. Corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Ming dynasty | After the flourishing of science and technology in the Song dynasty, the Ming dynasty perhaps saw fewer advancements in science and technology compared to the pace of discovery in the Western world. In fact, key advances in Chinese science in the late Ming were spurred by contact with Europe. In 1626 Johann Adam Schall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty |
Mosque of the Andalusians | The mosque was not modified again until the early 13th century, during the Almohad period. Muhammad al-Nasir (ruled 1199–1213), the fourth Almohad caliph, took a greater interest in Fez than his predecessors, in particular by fortifying the city. According to al-Jazna'i, when the caliph was informed that the Mosque of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Andalusians |
Spread of Islam | Islamic influence first came to be felt in the Indian subcontinent during the early 7th century with the advent of Arab traders. Arab traders used to visit the Malabar region, which was a link between them and the ports of South East Asia to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia. According to Historian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam |
Caliphate | In the immediate aftermath of the death of Muhammad, a gathering of the Ansar (natives of Medina) took place in the Saqifah (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community among themselves, with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps | Since 15 April 2019, the United States, which opposes the activities of Sepah, considers the IRGC as a terrorist organization, which some top CIA and Pentagon officials reportedly opposed. On 8 April, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu tweeted in Hebrew that America's terrorist designation was the fulfillment of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps |
Nahda | Through the 19th century and early 20th centuries, a number of new developments in Arabic literature started to emerge, initially sticking closely to the classical forms, but addressing modern themes and the challenges faced by the Arab world in the modern era. Francis Marrash was influential in introducing French roma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahda |
April 2018 missile strikes against Syria | A Syrian government offensive to recapture the rebel-held Eastern Ghouta suburb began in February 2018. The offensive was condemned by Western media and human rights organizations for its reportedly brutal humanitarian consequences. By the beginning of April, Douma was one of the last rebel enclaves remaining in the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria |
Hellenistic period | During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Isra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Hanbali school | Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d.311 AH) – Jurist responsible for the school's early codification.
Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari (d. 329 A.H.), an Iraqi traditionist and a jurist, author of the book Sharh al-Sunnah (disputed).
Ibn Battah al-Ukbari (d. 387 A.H.), an Iraqi theologian and jurisconsult, author of the book Al-Ibaana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school |
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I | On 2 January, Süleyman Askeri Bey assumed the Iraq Area Command. Enver Pasha realised the mistake of underestimating the importance of the Mesopotamian campaign. The Ottoman Army did not have any other resources to move to this region, as an attack on Gallipoli was imminent. Süleyman Askeri Bey sent letters to Arab she... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I |
Hulegu Khan | Hulegu had fourteen wives and concubines with at least 21 issues with them:
Principal wives:
Guyuk Khatun (died in Mongolia before reaching Iran) – daughter of Toralchi Güregen of the Oirat tribe and Checheikhen Khatun
Jumghur (died en route to Iran in 1270s)
Bulughan agha – married Jorma Güregen, son of Jochi (from T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulegu_Khan |
Akkadian literature | The following gives the better-known extant works, excluding lexical and synonym lists.
Abnu šikinšu
• Adad-nārārī I Epic
• Adad-šuma-uṣur Epic
• Adapa and Enmerkar
• Adapa and the South Wind
• Advice to a Prince
• Agushaya Hymn
• Alamdimmû
• Aluzinnu text
• Ardat-lili
• Asakkū marṣūtu
• Ašipus' Almanac (or Handbook)
•... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_literature |
Yamhad | The era of Abba-El I's successors is poorly documented, and by the time of Yarim-Lim III in the mid-17th century BC, the power of Yamhad declined due to internal dissent. Yarim-Lim III ruled a weakened kingdom, and although he imposed Yamhadite hegemony over Qatna, the weakening was obvious as Alalakh had become all bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamhad |
Iraqi conflict | In February 2006, unknown assailants bombed the minarets of al-Askari Mosque in Samarra, which is regarded as a holy site by Twelver Shi'ites. While no group claimed responsibility, U.S. military and Iraqi Transitional government officials attributed the attacks to Sunni militants linked to Al-Qaeda in Iraq. The incide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_conflict |
Al-Shabaab (militant group) | Foreign recruitment peaked in the period between 2011 and 2013, which was also the period in which the phenomenon received the most attention. The 2006 Ethiopian invasion of Somalia attracted foreign volunteers to al-Shabaab's cause, and, as of 2010, al-Shabaab included an estimated 200–300 foreign fighters, not includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group) |
Shirvanshahs | The first line of the Shirvanshahs were the Yazidids (also known as the Mazyadids), descended from Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani (died 801), a member of the Banu Shayban tribe that was dominant in the region of Diyar Bakr in the northern Jazira. He was twice appointed the governor of Arminiya by the Abbasid caliph Harun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirvanshahs |
OPEC | In early March 2020, OPEC officials presented an ultimatum to Russia to cut production by 1.5% of world supply. Russia, which foresaw continuing cuts as American shale oil production increased, rejected the demand, ending the three-year partnership between OPEC and major non-OPEC providers. Another factor was weakening... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC |
Copts in Egypt | Religious freedom in Egypt is hampered to varying degrees by discriminatory and restrictive government policies. Coptic Christians, being the largest religious minority in Egypt, are also negatively affected. Copts have faced increasing marginalization after the 1952 coup d'état led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Until recentl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt |
Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi | Political differences emerged between Najda and Nafi, leading the former to defect and return to the Yamama, where the Kharijites were led by Abu Talut Salim ibn Matar. Abu Talut had seized Jawn al-Khadarim, a massive agricultural tract in the Yamama that was previously owned by the Banu Hanifa but seized by the Umayya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najda_ibn_Amir_al-Hanafi |
A-Group culture | The A-Group makers left behind a number of cemeteries, with each necropolis containing around fifty graves. Most of what is known about this culture has been gleaned from these tombs, over 3,000 of which have been excavated. The burials are of two kinds: a more common oval pit, and a similar pit featuring a lateral fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Group_culture |
Islamic flag | Before the advent of Islam, banners as tools for signaling had already been employed by the pre-Islamic Arab tribes and the Byzantines. Early Muslim army naturally deployed banners for the same purpose. Early Islamic flags, however, greatly simplified its design by using plain color, due to the Islamic prescriptions on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_flag |
United Arab Republic | Instead of a federation of two Arab peoples, as many Syrians had imagined, the UAR turned into a state completely dominated by Egyptians. Syrian political life was also diminished, as Nasser demanded all political parties in Syria to be dismantled. In the process, the strongly centralized Egyptian state imposed Nasser'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic |
Isaaq genocide | The government started a program of creating paramilitary groups among the Ogaden refugees as well as conscripting them into the national army, it also encouraged the creation of armed militia groups among members of the Darod (the clan of Siad Barre). The Somali Army managed the training of both groups, and costs incu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaaq_genocide |
LGBT rights in Egypt | During the rule of Hosni Mubarak, the Egyptian government did not support LGBT-rights legislation at home and objected to attempts, starting in the 1990s, to have the United Nations include LGBT-rights within its human rights mission. While the Mubarak regime did not support LGBT rights, it did not enact an obvious ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt |
World religions | Many scholars of religion have resisted efforts to challenge the paradigm, and as of 2016 was reported as still being widespread in university introductory courses to the study of religion. Many instructors feel that explaining the critique of the world religions paradigm to undergraduate students would be difficult, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_religions |
Zoroastrianism | According to the Zoroastrian creation myth, there is one universal, transcendent, all-good, and uncreated supreme creator deity Ahura Mazda, or the "Wise Lord" (Ahura meaning "Lord" and Mazda meaning "Wisdom" in Avestan). Zoroaster keeps the two attributes separate as two different concepts in most of the Gathas yet so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism |
Al-Farabi | Al-Farabi spent most of his scholarly life in Baghdad. In the autobiographical passage preserved by Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, al-Farabi stated that he had studied logic, medicine and sociology with Yuhanna ibn Haylan up to and including Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, i.e., according to the order of the books studied in the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi |
First Iraqi–Kurdish War | By early 1960, it became apparent that Qasim would not follow through with his promise of regional autonomy. As a result, the KDP began to agitate for regional autonomy. In the face of growing Kurdish dissent, as well as Barzani's personal power, Qasim began to incite the Barzanis historical enemies, the Bradost and Ze... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War |
Kingdom of Jerusalem | The failure of the Second Crusade had dire long-term consequences for the kingdom. The West was hesitant to send large-scale expeditions; for the next few decades, only small armies came, headed by minor European nobles who desired to make a pilgrimage. The Muslim states of Syria were meanwhile gradually united by Nur ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem |
Sculpture | Renaissance sculpture proper is often taken to begin with the famous competition for the doors of the Florence Baptistry in 1403, from which the trial models submitted by the winner, Lorenzo Ghiberti, and Filippo Brunelleschi survive. Ghiberti's doors are still in place, but were undoubtedly eclipsed by his second pair... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture |
Hizb ut-Tahrir | Along with the establishment of an Islamic State, Hizb ut-Tahrir's other main principle/objective is the enforcement of shariah law to regulate all aspects of human life— politics, economics, sciences, and ethics. The law will be based upon fair interpretations of the Qur'an, the Sunnah, consensus of the companions (Ij... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir |
2011–2012 Jordanian protests | On 13 June, the motorcade of King Abdullah II was attacked with stones and bottles by protesters in the city of Tafileh, although this was later denied, a royal official stating that they were enthusiastically greeted. Some indication is that this was actually an outbreak of violence between the Darak (Jordanian Gendar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Jordanian_protests |
Ahl-i Hadith | The Wahhabi movement was a revivalist movement that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in the 18th century, and shared reformist, traditionalist heritage of Ahl-i Hadith. During the late 19th century, Wahhabi scholars would establish contacts with Ahl-i-Hadith and many Wahhabi students would travel to South Asia to study... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith |
Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha | The Nessim Cabinet was formed without a program and applied himself to changing the draft constitution to suit the King's interest. These changes included the removal of an article stating that the people are the source of powers. Half of the Senate was now to be appointed by the King. The president of the Senate was t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha |
Muhammad al-Baqir | Al-Baqir had several distinguished disciples in Kufa, where Jabir al-Ju'fi was his main representative. Jabir is the authority for some traditions in Umm al-kitab, which parallels Infancy Gospel of Thomas in gnostic Christology. In its "Apocalypse of Jabir," al-Baqir confides to Jabir how the cosmos were created, how m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir |
Islamic Golden Age | The ninth and tenth centuries saw a flowering of Arabic music. Philosopher and esthete Al-Farabi, at the end of the ninth century, established the foundations of modern Arabic music theory, based on the maqammat, or musical modes. His work was based on the music of Ziryab, the court musician of Andalusia. Ziryab was a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age |
Salafi movement | The Salafi thought seeks the re-orientation of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) away from Taqlid (adherence to the legal precedent of a particular Madhhab) and directly back to the Prophet, his Companions and the Salaf. This preferred return to the pure way of the Prophet is termed "Ittiba" (following the Prophet by direct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "man contains within himself many levels of existence", that "the Western tradition" synthesises in the ternary "spirit, soul, and body (pneuma, psychē, and hylē or spiritus, anima, and corpus". "The human spirit is an extension and reflection of the Divine Spirit", it coincides with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr |
Religion | Friedrich Schleiermacher in the late 18th century defined religion as das schlechthinnige Abhängigkeitsgefühl, commonly translated as "the feeling of absolute dependence".
His contemporary Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel disagreed thoroughly, defining religion as "the Divine Spirit becoming conscious of Himself through t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion |
John the Baptist | After the earliest images showing the Baptism of the Lord follow ones with St John shown as an ascetic wearing camel hair, with a staff and scroll inscribed (in Western art) "Ecce Agnus Dei", or bearing a book or dish with a lamb on it.
The Baptist is very often shown on altarpieces designed for churches dedicated to h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist |
Islamic philosophy | Al-Dinawari (828–896), considered the founder of Arabic botany for his Book of Plants, discussed plant evolution from its birth to its death, describing the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit.
Ibn Miskawayh's al-Fawz al-Asghar and the Brethren of Purity's Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Puri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Byzantine art | Two events were of fundamental importance to the development of a unique, Byzantine art. First, the Edict of Milan, issued by the emperors Constantine I and Licinius in 313, allowed for public Christian worship, and led to the development of a monumental, Christian art. Second, the dedication of Constantinople in 330 c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art |
2011 Bahrain Grand Prix | In April 2011, the race organisers released a statement stating that "normal life has returned to Bahrain" and that they were hopeful that they could host the race later in the year. On 2 May 2011, Bernie Ecclestone extended the deadline on rescheduling the race to 3 June.
At a meeting of the World Motor Sport Council ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahrain_Grand_Prix |
Arabic | There are a number of different standards for the romanization of Arabic, i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in transliteration, i.e. representing the spelling of A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
Trans-Saharan slave trade | Paul Lovejoy estimates that around 6 million black slaves were transported across the Sahara between the years 650 AD and 1500 AD. The trans-Saharan slave trade, established in Antiquity, continued during the Middle Ages. Following the early 8th-century conquest of North Africa, Arabs, Berbers, and other ethnic groups ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade |
Umayyad state of Córdoba | Upon rising to power, Abd al-Rahman I initially resided in several palace-villas on the outskirts of Cordoba, most notably one called ar-Ruṣāfa. Ar-Ruṣāfa may have originally been a Roman villa or a Roman-Visigothic estate which was taken over and adapted by a Berber chieftain named Razin al-Burnusi who accompanied the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Marwan I | After Mu'awiya died in 680, Husayn ibn Ali, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and Abd Allah ibn Umar, all sons of prominent Qurayshite companions of Muhammad with their own claims to the caliphate, continued to refuse allegiance to Mu'awiya's chosen successor Yazid. Marwan, the leader of the Umayyad clan in the Hejaz, advised al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_I |
Assyrian people | The Assyrians initially experienced periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after the 7th century Muslim conquest of Persia. Assyrians contributed to Islamic civilizations during the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates by translating works of Greek philo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
Abrahamic religions | Judaism and Samaritanism commands that males be circumcised when they are eight days old, as does the Sunnah in Islam. Despite its common practice in Muslim-majority nations, circumcision is considered to be sunnah (tradition) and not required for a life directed by Allah. Although there is some debate within Islam ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions |
Safa Khulusi | Khulusi was born in Baghdad, the son of a lawyer. His mother died when he was four years old. His family originates from Khanaqin. His grandfather resettled the family in Baghdad where he served as an officer in the Ottoman army, but was killed during the military withdrawal from Mesopotamia at the end of World War I.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safa_Khulusi |
Raqqa | In the year 639 or 640, the city fell to the Muslim conqueror Iyad ibn Ghanm. Since then, it has been known by the Arabic name al-Raqqah, or "the morass", after its marshy surroundings at the time. At the surrender of the city, the Christian inhabitants concluded a treaty with Ibn Ghanm that is quoted by al-Baladhuri. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa |
Middle Persian | It has also been pointed out that the Pahlavi spelling does not express the 3rd century lenitions, so the letters p, t, k and c express /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ and /z/ after vowels, e.g. šp' for šab 'night' and hc for az 'from'. The rare phoneme /ɣ/ was also expressed by the same letter shape as k (however, this sound value is u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian |
Chess | There are several ways a game can end in a draw:
Stalemate: If the player to move has no legal move, but is not in check, the position is a stalemate, and the game is drawn.
Dead position: If neither player is able to checkmate the other by any legal sequence of moves, the game is drawn. For example, if only the kings... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess |
Sufism | Historically, Sufis have often belonged to "orders" known as tariqa (pl. ṭuruq) – congregations formed around a grand master wali who will trace their teaching through a chain of successive teachers back to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Within the Sufi tradition, the formation of the orders did not immediately produce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism |
Kingdom of Kush | Taharqa and his Judean allies initially defeated the Assyrians at Ashkelon when war broke out in 674 BC. The relatively small Assyrian force had first defeafed Canaanite and Arab tribes in the region and then immediately marched at great speed on Ashkelon, leaving them exhausted. However, in 671 BC, the Assyrian King E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush |
Qatar Investment Authority | Qatar Investment Authority's affiliation with Qatar Islamic Bank (16.67%) raises concerns about the extent to which the sovereign wealth fund may be or have been involved in some of the bank's activities. In a September 2015 piece, the Consortium Against Terrorist Finance (CATF) discussed the Sharia-compliant financial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Investment_Authority |
Dubai Police Force | Dubai Police developed the Dubai Police Volunteering Platform as a community outreach program to encourage safety, security, and social well-being. The platform gives people and organizations the chance to contribute their time, talents, and resources in support of the goal of the Dubai Police, which is to improve publ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Police_Force |
Hammam | In the 11th century the Seljuk Empire conquered much of Anatolia from the Byzantine Empire, eventually leading to the complete conquest of the remnants of the old empire in the 15th century. During those centuries of war, peace, alliance, trade and competition, these intermixing cultures (Eastern Roman, Islamic Persian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammam |
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