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Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula | The historian al-Tabari transmits a tradition attributed to Caliph Uthman, who stated that the road to Constantinople was through Hispania, "Only through Spain can Constantinople be conquered. If you conquer [Spain] you will share the reward of those who conquer [Constantinople]". The conquest of Hispania followed the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula |
The Martian (film) | When Weir wrote the novel The Martian, he strove to present the science correctly and used reader feedback to get it right. When Scott began directing the film, he also sought to make it realistic and received help from James L. Green, the Director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA's Science Mission Directorate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martian_(film) |
American University of Beirut | There are three museums at AUB: the Archaeological Museum, the Geology Museum, and the Natural History Museum.
The Archaeological Museum is the third oldest museum in the Near East. Its collection includes more than 16,000 objects and 10,000 coins and features pottery, prehistoric flint tools, bronze figurines, Phoenic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut |
Roman Egypt | The worship of Egypt's rulers was interrupted entirely by the fall of the Ptolemaic dynasty, who together with their predecessor Alexander the Great had been worshipped with an Egypto-Hellenistic ruler cult.: 98 After the Roman conquest of Egypt, Augustus instituted a new Roman imperial cult in Egypt.: 98 Formally, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt |
Ayyubid dynasty | In 1164, Nur al-Din dispatched Shirkuh to lead an expeditionary force to prevent the Crusaders from establishing a strong presence in an increasingly anarchic Egypt. Shirkuh enlisted Ayyub's son, Saladin, as an officer under his command. They successfully drove out Dirgham, the vizier of Egypt, and reinstated his prede... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan | The fall of Dongola was a shock to the Khalifa and his followers in Omdurman, as it immediately placed their capital under threat. They thought it was likely that Kitchener would attack by striking across the desert from Korti to Metemma, as the Nile Expedition had done in 1885. The Khalifa therefore directed Osman Azr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_conquest_of_Sudan |
Armenian Quarter | The Ottomans tolerated the presence of non-Muslim, Dhimmi, communities including the Christian Armenians. There was religious tolerance and an Ottoman administration existed to sort out religious differences between the rival Christian churches and Muslims. Israeli historians Kark and Oren-Nordheim wrote in 2001: "The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Quarter |
Barbary Wars | When the war broke out between America and Britain in 1812, the regent on the British throne, George IV, sent a letter to Dey Haji Ali Pasha (1809-1815) confirming to him the bonds of friendship that united the two countries and declaring his country's readiness to defend Algiers against every aggressor as long as thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Wars |
Egyptology | Egyptology's modern history begins with the invasion of Egypt by Napoleon Bonaparte in the late 18th century. The Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799. The study of many aspects of ancient Egypt became more scientifically oriented with the publication of Mémoires sur l'Égypte in 1800 and the more comprehensive Descript... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptology |
East African campaign (World War II) | On the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940, East Africa Force (Lieutenant-General Douglas Dickinson) comprised two East African brigades of the King's African Rifles organised as a Northern Brigade and a Southern Brigade with a reconnaissance regiment, a light artillery battery and the 22nd Mountain Battery Roya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II) |
Aram (region) | The Arameans appear to have displaced the earlier Semitic Amorite (Aḫlamū) populations of ancient Syria during the period from 1100 BC to 900 BC, which was a Dark Age for the entire Near East, North Africa, Caucasus, Mediterranean regions, with great upheavals and mass movements of people. The early history of the Aram... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_(region) |
Bronze Age | In Great Britain, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from around 2100 to 750 BC. Migration brought new people to the islands from the continent. Tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around Stonehenge indicates that at least some of the migrants came from the area of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age |
Middle Assyrian Empire | Under the warrior-kings Adad-nirari I (r. c. 1305–1274 BC), Shalmaneser I (r. c. 1273–1244 BC) and Tukulti-Ninurta I (r. c. 1243–1207 BC), Assyria began to realize its aspirations of becoming a significant regional power. Though the other powers of the Ancient Near East, such as Egypt, the Hittites and Babylonia, had a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire |
2008 Lebanon conflict | In May 2008, the tensions between the pro-government and opposition parties escalated when the cabinet announced a series of security decisions. Tensions began with revelations on Friday May 2 made by Progressive Socialist Party leader Walid Jumblatt, a key politician in the ruling March 14 alliance. He announced that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict |
Fountain | Paris fountains in the 20th century no longer had to supply drinking water - they were purely decorative; and, since their water usually came from the river and not from the city aqueducts, their water was no longer drinkable. Twenty-eight new fountains were built in Paris between 1900 and 1940; nine new fountains betw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain |
Bronze Age | Bronze Age collapse theories have described aspects of the end of the Bronze Age in this region. At the end of the Bronze Age in the Aegean region, the Mycenaean administration of the regional trade empire followed the decline of Minoan primacy. Several Minoan client states lost much of their population to famine and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age |
Petra | Pliny the Elder and other writers identify Petra as the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom and the centre of their caravan trade. Enclosed by towering rocks and watered by a perennial stream, Petra not only possessed the advantages of a fortress, but controlled the main commercial routes which passed through it to Gaza i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra |
Aramaic | Like other Semitic languages, Aramaic employs a number of derived verb stems, to extend the lexical coverage of verbs. The basic form of the verb is called the ground stem, or G-stem. Following the tradition of mediaeval Arabic grammarians, it is more often called the Pə‘al פעל (also written Pe‘al), using the form of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic |
Dhofar War | In the 1970 Omani coup d'état on 23 July 1970, Said bin Taimur was deposed and went into exile in London. He was replaced by his son, Qaboos bin Said, who immediately instigated major social, educational and military reforms. Qaboos was well educated, first in Salalah by an old Arab scholar and then at Sandhurst, after... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_War |
Husayn ibn Ali | Husayn had a white face and sometimes wore a green turban and sometimes a black turban. He would travel with the poor or invite them to his house and feed them. Mu'awiya said about Husayn that he and his father Ali were not deceitful, and Amr ibn al-As considered him the most beloved of the earthlings to the people of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali |
Tassili n'Ajjer | The rock formation is an archaeological site, noted for its numerous prehistoric parietal works of rock art, first reported in 1910, that date to the early Neolithic era at the end of the last glacial period during which the Sahara was a habitable savanna rather than the current desert. Although sources vary considerab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer |
Coat of arms of Jordan | The emblem was officially described in a notification issued by the Council of Ministers in 1982.
The Royal Hashemite Crown represents the monarchy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and is composed of five arches with beaded design, fanning out from beneath its pinnacle and attached to the base with a relief design re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jordan |
April 2018 missile strikes against Syria | French President Emmanuel Macron said in a statement on 14 April that France's "red line has been crossed", referring to the previous attacks on Douma.
While announcing the strikes, UK Prime Minister Theresa May said there was "no practicable alternative to the use of force" to deal with the Syrian government's use of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria |
Almohad Caliphate | In 1212, the Almohad Caliph Muhammad 'al-Nasir' (1199–1214), the successor of al-Mansur, after an initially successful advance north, was defeated by an alliance of the three Christian kings of Castile, Aragón and Navarre at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena. The battle broke the Almohad advance, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Arab citizens of Israel | After the 1967 Six-Day War, Arab citizens were able to contact Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip for the first time since the establishment of the state. This along with the lifting of military rule, led to increased political activism among Arab citizens.
In 1974, a committee of Arab mayors and municipal co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel |
Humayun's Tomb | After his death on 27 January 1556, Humayun's body was first buried in his palace in Purana Quila at Delhi. Thereafter it was taken to Sirhind, in Punjab by Khanjar Beg and, in 1558, it was seen by Humayun's son, the then Mughal Emperor, Akbar. Akbar subsequently visited the tomb in 1571, when it was about to be comple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb |
Islamic history of Yemen | Commins, David (2010). "Saudi Arabia, southern Arabia and the Gulf states from the First World War". In Robinson, Francis (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 5: The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 451–480. ISBN 978-0-521-83826-9.
Daftary, Farhad (2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen |
Safavid Iran | Almost simultaneously with the emergence of the Safavid Empire, the Mughal Empire, founded by the Timurid heir Babur, was developing in South-Asia. The Mughals adhered (for the most part) to a tolerant Sunni Islam while ruling a largely Hindu population. After the death of Babur, his son Humayun was ousted from his ter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
History of Bahrain | Bahrain was referred to by the ancient Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when the Greek admiral, Nearchus, first visited there. Nearchus was serving under Alexander the Great, who overthrew the ruling tribe of Al Hamar.
Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit Bahrain,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bahrain |
Twelver Shi'ism | In Shia theology Ismah means "impeccability", "immunity to sin" and "infallibility. " When Ismah is attributed to human beings, the concept means "the ability of avoiding acts of disobedience, in spite of having the power to commit them, " As in Prophets and Imams, Ismah is a Divine grace realized by God's preservation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism |
Zoroastrianism | Zoroastrianism has survived into the modern period, particularly in India, where the Parsis are thought to have been present since about the 9th century.
Today Zoroastrianism can be divided in two main schools of thought: reformists and traditionalists. Traditionalists are mostly Parsis and accept, beside the Gathas an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism |
History of slavery | Within the British Empire, the Massachusetts courts began to follow England when, in 1772, England became the first country in the world to outlaw the slave trade within its borders (see Somerset v Stewart) followed by the Knight v. Wedderburn decision in Scotland in 1778. Between 1764 and 1774, seventeen slaves appear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Sykes–Picot Agreement | Anghie, Antony T. "Introduction to Symposium on the Many Lives and Legacies of Sykes–Picot." American Journal of International Law 110 (2016): 105–108.
Berdine, Michael D. (2018). Redrawing the Middle East: Sir Mark Sykes, Imperialism and the Sykes–Picot Agreement. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78672-406-9.
Brecher, Frank W.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement |
Zinc | Zinc makes up about 75 ppm (0.0075%) of Earth's crust, making it the 24th most abundant element. It also makes up 312 ppm of the solar system, where it is the 22nd most abundant element. Typical background concentrations of zinc do not exceed 1 μg/m3 in the atmosphere; 300 mg/kg in soil; 100 mg/kg in vegetation; 20 μg/... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | The New York State Legislature granted the Metropolitan Museum of Art an Act of Incorporation on April 13, 1870, "for the purpose of establishing and maintaining in said City a Museum and Library of Art, of encouraging and developing the Study of the Fine Arts, and the application of Art to manufacture and natural life... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
Najdi Arabic | Najdi Arabic exhibits a number of discourse particles whose main function is to mark different tenses and aspects, including the perfective, imperfective, and progressive aspects. These speech particles "form a link between the time of occurrence of the verb and a point of reference not concurrent with it". cites six ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najdi_Arabic |
Muammar Gaddafi | On 2 March 1977, the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية, al-Jamāhīr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Iraq Museum | A few days later, agents of the FBI were sent to Iraq to search for stolen Museum property. UNESCO organized an emergency meeting of antiquities experts on April 17, 2003, in Paris to deal with the aftermath of the looting and its effects on the global art and antiquities market.
On April 18, 2003, the Baghdad Museum P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Museum |
Ghardaïa | The M'Zab valley, in limestone plateau, was inscribed under the UNESCO Heritage List, is a unique conglomeration of five cities confined in area of 75 km² situated 600 km to the south of Algiers, the capital of Algeria.
The original architecture of the semi desert valley is dated to early 11th century. It is ascribed t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharda%C3%AFa |
Multi-National Force – Iraq | Denmark – By December 21, 2007 Denmark's main contribution to the Multinational Force in Iraq, a 55-member air force contingent based in Basra, had been completely withdrawn. Their task had been to operate a unit of four helicopters in support of British and Iraqi forces until December, following the withdrawal of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq |
Persian carpet | The technically more advanced, stationary vertical looms are used in villages and town manufactures. The more advanced types of vertical looms are more comfortable, as they allow for the weavers to retain their position throughout the entire weaving process. The Tabriz type of vertical loom allows for weaving of carpet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_carpet |
Al-Azhar Mosque | Saladin, who overthrew the Fatimids in 1171, was hostile to the Shi’ite principles of learning propounded at al-Azhar during the Fatimid Caliphate, and under his Ayyubid dynasty the mosque suffered from neglect. Congregational prayers were banned by Sadr al-Din ibn Dirbass, appointed qadi by Saladin. The reason for thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque |
Fazlur Rahman Malik | Fazlur Rahman did not call himself a feminist when he was alive, and people don’t usually outright label him as a feminist. However, some feminists, such as Amina Wadud and Sa’diyyah Shaikh, have claimed to have inspired or influenced by Fazlur Rahman’s ideas. Also, some feminists, such as Tamara Sonn, imply that Fazlu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik |
Sennacherib | Sargon II's death in the battle and the disappearance of his body inspired rebellions across the Assyrian Empire. Sargon had ruled Babylonia since 710 BC, when he defeated the Chaldean tribal chief Marduk-apla-iddina II, who had taken control of the south in the aftermath of the death of Sargon's predecessor Shalmanese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib |
Religion in Bahrain | Government policy and practice contribute to the generally free practice of religion. Members of other religious groups who practice their faith privately do so without interference from the Government and are permitted to maintain their own places of worship and display the symbols of their religion, such as crosses a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain |
History of the Quran | The New Abbasid Style (NS) began at the end of the 9th century C.E. and was used for copying the Quran until the 12th centuries, and maybe even as late as the 13th century. Unlike manuscripts copied in Early Abbasid scripts, NS manuscripts had vertical formats.
During this time, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (died 78... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Quran |
Aten | Aten was extensively worshipped as a solar deity during the reign of Amenhotep III where it was depicted as a falcon-headed god like Ra. While Aten was the preeminent creator deity of a pantheon of ancient Egyptian gods under Amenhotep III, it was not until his successor that Aten would be the only god acknowledged via... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten |
Nobel Peace Prize | Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. These nominators are:
Members of national assemblies and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize |
Coffeehouse | The first coffeehouse in England was set up on the High Street in Oxford in 1650–1651 by "Jacob the Jew". A second competing coffee house was opened across the street in 1654, by "Cirques Jobson, the Jew" (Queen's Lane Coffee House).
In London, the earliest coffeehouse was established by Pasqua Rosée in 1652.
Anthony W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehouse |
History of hospitals | In the 18th century, under the influence of the Age of Enlightenment, the modern hospital began to appear, serving only medical needs and staffed with trained physicians and surgeons. The nurses were untrained workers. The goal was to use modern methods to cure patients. They provided more narrow medical services, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hospitals |
French Algeria | Since the capture of Algiers in 1516 by the Ottoman admirals, brothers Ours and Hayreddin Barbarossa, Algeria had been a base for conflict and piracy in the Mediterranean basin. In 1681, Louis XIV asked Admiral Abraham Duquesne to fight the Berber pirates. He also ordered a large-scale attack on Algiers between 1682 an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
Islamism | During the Cold War, particularly during the 1950s, during the 1960s, and during most of the 1970s, the U.S. and other countries in the Western Bloc occasionally attempted to take advantage of the rise of Islamic religiousity by directing it against secular leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/adversaries, particul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism |
Fez, Morocco | After Morocco regained its independence in 1956, many of the trends begun under colonial rule continued and accelerated. Much of Fez's bourgeois classes moved to the growing metropolises of Casablanca and the capital, Rabat.: 26 : 40 The Jewish population was particularly depleted, either moving to Casablanca or emigr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Sharia | Ijtihad lit. 'physical' or 'mental effort' refers to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or exertion of a jurist's mentality in finding a solution to a legal question in contrast with taqlid (conformity to precedent ijtihad). According to theory, ijtihad requires expertise in the Arabic language, theolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Doha | In 2001, Qatar became the first country in the Middle East to hold a women's tennis tournament with the inauguration of its Qatar Ladies Open tournament. Doha also hosts International Tennis Federation (ITF) ladies tournaments. Since 2008, the Sony Ericsson Championships (equivalent to the ATP's season-ending Champions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha |
Qatari art | Five main art movements emerged in the country by the late 20th century: surrealism, realism, expressionism, abstract art, and calligraphy.
In 1986, Qatar University established its Art Education Department. In the beginning, the program did not have many participants, but it gradually became a more popular field of st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_art |
Middle East | Middle Eastern economies range from being very poor (such as Gaza and Yemen) to extremely wealthy nations (such as Qatar and UAE). Overall, as of 2007, according to the CIA World Factbook, all nations in the Middle East are maintaining a positive rate of growth.
According to the International Monetary Fund, the three l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East |
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab | Upon his expulsion from 'Uyayna, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was invited to settle in neighboring Diriyah by its ruler Muhammad ibn Saud Al Muqrin. After some time in Diriyah, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab concluded his second and more successful agreement with a ruler. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud agreed that, together, they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab |
History of Bahrain (1783–1971) | Unlike regular tribal councils, the ruler had a supreme council known as diwan and used physical coercion to collect tax or whatever they wanted from people. In the words of Khuri (1980) the ruler was "the 'government' without offices, the 'administration' without bureaucracy [and] the 'state' without public delegation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bahrain_(1783%E2%80%931971) |
Upper Egypt | The main city of prehistoric Upper Egypt was Nekhen. The patron deity was the goddess Nekhbet, depicted as a vulture.
By approximately 3600 BC, Neolithic Egyptian societies along the Nile based their culture on the raising of crops and the domestication of animals. Shortly thereafter, Egypt began to grow and increase i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt |
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict | Saudi Arabia and Iran have sought to extend their influence in Bahrain for decades. While the majority of Muslims in Bahrain are Shia, the country is ruled by the Sunni Al Khalifa family – who are widely viewed as being subservient to the Saudi government. Iran claimed sovereignty over Bahrain until 1970, when Shah Moh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict |
Nimrod | Historians, Orientalists, Assyriologists and mythographers have long tried to find links between the Nimrod of biblical texts and real historically attested figures in Mesopotamia. No king named Nimrod or with a similar name appears anywhere on any pre-biblical, extra-biblical or historic Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod |
Agriculture in Jordan | Although the agricultural sector's share of GNP declined in comparison with other sectors of the economy, farming remained economically important and production grew in absolute terms. Between 1975 and 1985, total production of cereals and beans rose by almost 150 percent, and production of vegetables rose by more than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Jordan |
Sabah (singer) | Sabah emerged in a period when the field of Arab singers included many notable talents, such as Umm Kulthum (1898-1975), Nagat El Saghira (born 1938), Warda Al-Jazairia (1939–2012), Shadia (1931–2017), Fairuz (born 1934), among others.
Sabah began singing at a young age and released her first song in Lebanon in 1940 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(singer) |
First Crusade | The crusader army, without Baldwin and Tancred, had marched on to Antioch, situated midway between Constantinople and Jerusalem. Described in a letter by Stephen of Blois as "a city very extensive, fortified with incredible strength and almost impregnable", the idea of taking the city by assault was a discouraging one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade |
Marriage | Islam also commends marriage, with the age of marriage being whenever the individuals feel ready, financially and emotionally.
In Islam, polygyny is allowed while polyandry is not, with the specific limitation that a man can have no more than four legal wives at any one time and an unlimited number of female slaves as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage |
Madinat al-Zahra | The palaces housed the caliph's household, including a large number of concubines. The residents were served by a large body of slaves, including eunuchs, of mostly European origin. The city also contained a throne hall or audience chamber (the Salón Rico), government offices, workshops that produced luxury objects, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
Enamelled glass | Glass is enamelled by mixing powdered glass, either already coloured (more usual) or clear glass mixed with the pigments, with a binder such as gum arabic that gives a thick liquid texture allowing it to be painted with brushes. Generally the desired colours only appear when the piece is fired, adding to the artist's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamelled_glass |
Roger Bacon | Bacon has been credited with a number of alchemical texts.
The Letter on the Secret Workings of Art and Nature and on the Vanity of Magic (Epistola de Secretis Operibus Artis et Naturae et de Nullitate Magiae), also known as On the Wonderful Powers of Art and Nature (De Mirabili Potestate Artis et Naturae), a likely-fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon |
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut | The earliest modern visitor to the temple was Richard Pococke, an English traveller, in 1737. He was followed by François Jollois and Renée Edouard Devilliers, two members of Napoleon Bonaparte's expedition, in 1798. The earliest archaeological findings were made around 1817 by Giovanni Battista Belzoni and Henry Willi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_temple_of_Hatshepsut |
Muammar Gaddafi | The early 80s saw economic trouble in Libya; from 1982 to 1986, annual oil revenues dropped from $21 to $5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on Libya's largest and most expensive infrastructure project, the Great Man-Made River; although designed to be finished by the end of the de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | With threats in Syria and the Jazira neutralized, Abd al-Malik was free to focus on the reconquest of Iraq. While Mus'ab had been bogged down fighting Kharijite rebels and contending with disaffected Arab tribesmen in Basra and Kufa, Abd al-Malik was secretly contacting and winning over these same Arab nobles. Thus, by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan |
Second Punic War | The Roman Republic had been aggressively expanding in the southern Italian mainland for a century and had conquered peninsular Italy south of the Arno River by 270 BC, after the Pyrrhic War when the Greek cities of southern Italy (Magna Graecia) submitted. During this period of Roman expansion, Carthage, with its capit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War |
Almohad Caliphate | In 1212, the Almohad Caliph Muhammad 'al-Nasir' (1199–1214), the successor of al-Mansur, after an initially successful advance north, was defeated by an alliance of the three Christian kings of Castile, Aragón and Navarre at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena. The battle broke the Almohad advance, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Al-Biruni | Of the 146 books written by al-Bīrūnī, 95 are devoted to astronomy, mathematics, and related subjects like mathematical geography. He lived during the Islamic Golden Age, when the Abbasid Caliphs promoted astronomical research, because such research possessed not only a scientific but also a religious dimension: in Isl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni |
Yemeni revolution | Head of the ruling party's foreign affairs committee and the Advisor to the Prime Minister, H.E Dr. Mohammed Abdul Majeed Qubaty
Head of the finance committee of parliament Fathi Tawfiq Abdulrahim
Deputy Ministry of Culture (Yemen) Sam Yahya Al-Ahmar
Deputy Ministry of Youth and Sports (Yemen) Hashid Abdullah al-Ahmar
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_revolution |
Sharifian Caliphate | After the Caliphate was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Hussein was proclaimed as Caliph. The accounts on the official date and proceedings vary, some place the beginning of the Caliphate on 3 March 1924, when Hussein would have declared himself Caliph at his son Abdullah's winter camp in Shunah, Tran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifian_Caliphate |
Saudis | According to scholar Bernard Lewis, the Saudi Arabian policy of excluding non-Muslims from permanent residence in the country is a continuation of an old and widely accepted Muslim policy.
The classical Arabic historians tell us that in the year 20 after the hijra (Muhammad's move from Mecca to Medina), corresponding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudis |
Modernism | Art historians have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism. Historian William Everdell argued that modernism began in the 1870s when metaphorical (or ontological) continuity began to yield to the discrete with mathematician Richard Dedekind's (1831–1916) Dedekind cut and Ludwig Boltzmann's (1844–1906)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism |
Ottoman architecture | During the reign of Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) the Empire style, a Neoclassical style which originated in France under Napoleon, was introduced into Ottoman architecture. This marked a trend towards increasingly direct imitation of Western styles, particularly from France. The Tanzimat reforms that began in 1839 under Ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture |
Child marriage | Child marriage, as defined by UNICEF, is observed in the United States. The UNICEF definition of child marriage includes couples who are formally married, or who live together as a sexually active couple in an informal union, with at least one member – usually the girl – being less than 18 years old. The latter practic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage |
Indian Ocean | Among the tropical oceans, the western Indian Ocean hosts one of the largest concentrations of phytoplankton blooms in summer, due to the strong monsoon winds. The monsoonal wind forcing leads to a strong coastal and open ocean upwelling, which introduces nutrients into the upper zones where sufficient light is availab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean |
2019 Egyptian protests | Starting on 2 September 2019, Mohamed Ali (also: Aly), an Egyptian construction contractor living in exile in Spain, claimed on online social networks that he had worked in the construction industry for 15 years under army contracts, building five villas for colleagues of Sisi and a palace for Sisi in a military camp. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Egyptian_protests |
Étoile Sportive du Sahel | In February 2013, former Cameroon coach Denis Lavagne was appointed to lead the team to qualify for the playoff phase of the local championship and competed for the last round before finishing in third place. In fact, ESS was champions in the first half of the last round. And despite the team exceeded JSM Béjaïa in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_Sportive_du_Sahel |
Sabaic | Sabaic, like Proto-Semitic, contains three sibilant phonemes, represented by distinct letters; the exact phonetic nature of these sounds is still uncertain. In the early days of Sabaic studies, Old South Arabian was transcribed using Hebrew letters. The transcriptions of the alveolars or postvelar fricatives remained c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaic |
Sharia | Some extremists have used their interpretation of Islamic scriptures and Sharia, in particular the doctrine of jihad, to justify acts of war and terror against Muslim as well as non-Muslim individuals and governments. The expert on terrorism Rachel Ehrenfeld wrote that the "Sharia's finance (Islamic banking) is a new w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Human rights in Jordan | Jordan is a semi-constitutional monarchy ruled by King Abdullah II bin Hussein. The constitution concentrates executive and legislative authority in the king.
Jordan has a bicameral legislature, the National Assembly, consisting of an upper house, the Assembly of Senators, appointed by the king and an elected lower hou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan |
Jordan | Jordan was home to 2,175,491 Palestinian refugees as of December 2016; most of them, but not all, had been granted Jordanian citizenship. The first wave of Palestinian refugees arrived during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and peaked in the 1967 Six-Day War and the 1990 Gulf War. In the past, Jordan had given many Palestini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
Bedouin | A plunder and massacre of the Hajj caravan by Bedouin tribesmen occurred in 1757, led by Qa'dan Al - Fayez of the Bani Sakhr tribe (Modern-day Jordan) in his vengeance against the Ottomans for failing to pay his tribe for their help protecting the pilgrims. An estimated 20,000 pilgrims were either killed in the raid or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin |
Predestination in Islam | Incompatibility between predestination and free will is not an issue in major Sunni Islam sources, as they held the rationale that both could coexist. In response about the polemical debate regarding the issue of "Will of God" (predestination) vs "Will of creatures/mortals" (free will), Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani classified... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam |
Shoshenq I | The conventional dates for his reign, as established by Kenneth Kitchen, are 945–924 BC but his time-line has recently been revised upwards by a few years to 943–922 BC, since he may well have lived for up to two to three years after his successful campaign in Israel and Judah, conventionally dated to 925 BC. As Edward... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshenq_I |
Islam in Vietnam | Vietnam's April 1999 census reported 63,146 Muslims. Over 77% lived in the South Central Coast, with 34% in Ninh Thuận Province, 24% in Bình Thuận Province, and 9% in Ho Chi Minh City; another 22% lived in the Mekong Delta region, primarily in An Giang Province. Only 1% of Muslims lived in other regions of the country.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam |
The World (archipelago) | May 2003: The World development was announced by Nakheel, total completion scheduled for 2008. It was initially to have 200 islands and an area of 5,600,000 square metres (60,000,000 sq ft).
February 2004: It was announced that the World would comprise 260 islands, and its area would be 6 km by 9 km, with an area of 23... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_(archipelago) |
Bedouin | Bedouins in Egypt mostly reside in the Sinai peninsula, Matruh, Red Sea governate, eastern parts of Sharqia governate, Suez, Ismailia and in the suburbs of the Egyptian capital of Cairo. Traditional Bedouin culture was affected by the establishment of resort towns on the Red Sea coast, such as Sharm el-Sheikh. In the w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin |
Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent | Shi'ism was introduced in Karnataka in 1565 AD when it became part of the Adil Shahi Dynasty. Concurrent to the American War of Independence, a major threat to the rule of the British East India Company emerged under the banner of Hyder Ali (1766–1782 AD), who was the army commander of the Wadiyar Dynasty of Mysore and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent |
Fula people | According to Tishkoff et al. (2009), the Fulani's genomic ancestry clusters near that of Chadic and Central Sudanic speaking populations, with genetic affinities observed to the Hausa people. Based on this, the researchers suggest that the Fulani may have adopted a Niger-Congo language at some point in their history, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people |
Navvab Safavi | Safavi founded the Fada'iyan-e Islam organization in 1945, and began recruiting like-minded individuals. Like the Muslim Brotherhood, a group he was in deep connection with and even met Sayyid Qutb later in 1953. Navvab Safavi believed that Islamic society needed to be purified. To this end, he organized carefully plan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navvab_Safavi |
Mauretania Tingitana | During the reign of the Numidian King Juba II, Emperor Augustus had already founded three colonias (with Roman citizens) in Mauretania close to the Atlantic coast: Iulia Constantia Zilil, Iulia Valentia Banasa and Iulia Campestris Babba.
This western part of Mauretania was to become the province called Mauretania Tingi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana |
Syriac language | Since the proper dating of the Cave of Treasures, modern scholars were left with no indications of native Aramaic adoption of Syrian/Syriac labels before the 5th century. In the same time, a growing body of later sources showed that both in Greek, and in native literature, those labels were most commonly used as design... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language |
Sudan | Sudan has had a troubled relationship with many of its neighbours and much of the international community, owing to what is viewed as its radical Islamic stance. For much of the 1990s, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia formed an ad hoc alliance called the "Front Line States" with support from the United States to check the in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
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