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Palestine and the United Nations | By September 2012, with their application for full membership stalled due to the inability of Security Council members to 'make a unanimous recommendation', the Palestine Authority had decided to pursue an upgrade in status from "observer entity" to "non-member observer state". On November 27 it was announced that the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_and_the_United_Nations |
Neolithic | Settled life, encompassing the transition from foraging to farming and pastoralism, began in South Asia in the region of Balochistan, Pakistan, around 7,000 BC. At the site of Mehrgarh, Balochistan, presence can be documented of the domestication of wheat and barley, rapidly followed by that of goats, sheep, and cattle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic |
Democratic Constitutional Rally | In 1920, Tunisian nationalists formed the Destour (Constitutional) Party in opposition to French rule. As the party developed, a schism occurred within the party, leading to the founding of the Neo Destour Party in 1934 by Habib Bourguiba and several younger members of the old Destour. Under his leadership, the Neo Des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Constitutional_Rally |
Mary, mother of Jesus | In Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that the Holy Spirit impregnated her, thereby conceiving her first-born son Jesus miraculously, without sexual relations with her betrothed Joseph, "until her son [Jesus] was born". The word "until" has inspired considerable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus |
George Hawi | George Hawi was born in the village of Bteghrine, Lebanon on 5 November 1938 to a Lebanese family. Although born into an Antiochian Greek Orthodox Christian family, Hawi professed to be an atheist.
He became active in student politics in his early years at university, participating in numerous strikes and demonstratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hawi |
Coconut | The two most common harvesting methods are the climbing method and the pole method. Climbing is the most widespread, but it is also more dangerous and requires skilled workers. Manually climbing trees is traditional in most countries and requires a specific posture that exerts pressure on the trunk with the feet. Climb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut |
History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt | Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 that overthrew Hosni Mubarak, the Brotherhood was legalized and emerged as "the most powerful group" and the "most cohesive political movement" in Egypt with "an unparalleled ability to mobilize its followers". Its newly formed political party—the Freedom and Justice Party—won... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt |
History of the Comoros (1978–1989) | Abdallah complemented his political maneuvers by employing a GP officered by many of the same mercenaries who had helped him take power in 1978. Denard led this force, and also became heavily involved in Comoran business activities, sometimes acting in partnership with President Abdallah or as a front for South African... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Comoros_(1978%E2%80%931989) |
History of Syria | The ruins of Ebla, near Idlib in northern Syria, were discovered and excavated in 1975. Ebla appears to have been an East Semitic speaking city-state founded around 3000 BCE. At its zenith, from about 2500 to 2400 BCE, it may have controlled an empire reaching north to Anatolia, east to Mesopotamia and south to Damascu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
Love | Philosophically, there four types of love that are distinguished: love as a union; love as robust concern; love as valuing; and love as an emotion. Love as a union suggests that love involves the formation of a union between the two individuals, creating a "we". Roger Scruton and Mark Fisher emphasize the union of conc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love |
17 October Revolution | On the night of 6 August 2020, protests against the government resumed, following the explosion in Beirut two days prior that killed 218 people and wounded more than 7,000. The protesters gathered near the parliament building calling for the resignation of Lebanese government officials. The health ministry disclosed th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_Revolution |
Stone Age | Tools of the Oldowan tradition first came to archaeological attention in Europe, where, being intrusive and not well defined, compared to the Acheulean, they were puzzling to archaeologists. The mystery would be elucidated by African archaeology at Olduvai, but meanwhile, in the early 20th century, the term "Pre-Acheul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age |
Al-Biruni | Biruni's fame as an Indologist rests primarily on two texts. Biruni wrote an encyclopedic work on India called Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind min maqūlah maqbūlah fī al-ʿaql aw mardhūlah (variously translated as Verifying All That the Indians Recount, the Reasonable and the Unreasonable, or The book confirming what pertains to In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni |
Sultanate of Ifat | Ifat's inhabitants, according to Nehemia Levtzion Randall Pouwels, and Ulrich Brakumper include nomadic groups such as Somalis, Afars and Warjih people whom were already Muslims by the thirteenth century, the Hararis, Argobbas, the extinct Doba and Harla. Arabic was Lingua franca but the inhabitants of Ifat spoke Cushi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat |
2004 Summer Olympics | The Games were concluded on 29 August 2004. The closing ceremony was held at the Athens Olympic Stadium, where the Games had been opened 16 days earlier. Around 70,000 people gathered in the stadium to watch the ceremony.
The initial part of the ceremony interspersed the performances of various Greek singers, and featu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics |
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war | In March 2015, in a joint statement, the member-states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (with the exception of Oman) said they had decided to intervene against the Houthis at the request of Hadi's government.
The coalition declared Yemeni airspace to be a restricted area, with King Salman declaring the RSAF to be in ful... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war |
Saadi Sultanate | Relatively little is known of Saadian-period art beyond architecture, with the relative exception of decorated manuscripts. Western Maghrebi books, including Qur'ans, had by this point established a calligraphic tradition of writing in the Maghrebi script, which continued well after the medieval (pre-16th century) era.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Tribes of Yemen | Since the 1960s, Hashid sheikhs close to the Saudi ruling family have been receiving huge monthly sums totaling $60–80 million annually, as pointed out by Dr. Gregory Goss, a professor of international relations at the University of Vermont, USA., The funds were disbursed through the so-called “Special Committee," a Sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Yemen |
Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011) | As of October 2008, thirteen provinces had successfully completed transition to provincial Iraqi control: Muthanna, Dhi Qar, Najaf, Maysan, Dahuk, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Karbala, Basra, Al-Qādisiyyah, Al Anbar, Babil and Wasit.
Muthanna was the first, on 13 July 2006, when Australian, Japanese and British forces from Mul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011) |
Sunni Islam | One of the earliest supporting documents for ahl as-sunna derives from the Basric scholar Muhammad Ibn Siri (d. 728). His is mentioned in the Sahih of Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj quoted with: "Formerly one did not ask about the Isnad. But when the fitna started, one said: 'Name us your informants'. One would then respond to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Mosaic | Under Roman and Byzantine influence the Jews also decorated their synagogues with classical floor mosaics. Many interesting examples were discovered in Galilee and the Judean Desert.
The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic |
Education in Qatar | Prior to the 20th century, Qatari society did not place any specific emphasis on formal education. This was common in traditional Bedouin culture. Rather, Quranic education was highly valued in urban society, and to a lesser extent, rural society. Most children living in urban settlements were taught how to memorize, u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Qatar |
Ivory | Both the Greek and Roman civilizations practiced ivory carving to make large quantities of high value works of art, precious religious objects, and decorative boxes for costly objects. Ivory was often used to form the white of the eyes of statues.
There is some evidence of either whale or walrus ivory used by the ancie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory |
Umayyad Caliphate | After Uthman's assassination, Ali was recognized as caliph in Medina, though his support stemmed from the Ansar and the Iraqis, while the bulk of the Quraysh was wary of his rule. The first challenge to his authority came from the Qurayshite leaders al-Zubayr and Talha, who had opposed Uthman's empowerment of the Umayy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Italian Tripolitania | The Italian Fascist Party came to power in 1922, it was agreed that fraternising with local Libyan Leaders was a failure of the previous colonial practice. Instead, the fascists opted for to 'pacify' the local population. Their ideas was based upon racial supremacy and Social Darwinism. The belief in a hierarchy of rac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania |
Adana | In the early 20th century the local economy thrived and the Armenian population doubled as people fled the Hamidian massacres. When the revolution of July 1908 brought about the end of Abdul Hamid II's autocratic rule, the Armenian community felt empowered to imagine an autonomous Cilicia. The CUP's post-revolution mis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana |
Funj Sultanate | Aregay, Merid Wolde; Selassie, Sergew Hable (1971). "Sudanese-Ethiopian Relations Before the 19th Century". In Yusuf Fadl Hasan (ed.). Sudan in Africa. Khartoum University. pp. 62–72. OCLC 248684619.
Beswick, Stephanie (2004). Sudan's Blood Memory. University of Rochester. ISBN 978-1580462310.
Beška, Emanuel (2020). "S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funj_Sultanate |
Al-Walid I | Compared to his brothers, al-Walid had an "exceptional number of marriages", at least nine, which "reflect both his seniority in age ... and his prestige as a likely successor" to Abd al-Malik, according to the historian Andrew Marsham. The marriages were intended to forge political alliances, including with potential ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I |
Ottoman architecture | During the 1740s a new Ottoman or Turkish "Baroque" style emerged in its full expression and rapidly replaced the style of the Tulip Period. This shift signaled the final end to the classical style. The political and cultural conditions which led to the Ottoman Baroque trace their origins in part to the Tulip Period, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture |
African art | Ethiopian art from the 4th century until the 20th can be divided into two broad groupings. First comes a distinctive tradition of Christian art, mostly for churches, in forms including painting, crosses, icons, illuminated manuscripts, and other metalwork such as crowns. Secondly there are popular arts and crafts such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art |
Sharia | The domain of furūʿ al-fiqh (lit. branches of fiqh) is traditionally divided into ʿibādāt (rituals or acts of worship) and muʿāmalāt (social relations). Many jurists further divided the body of substantive jurisprudence into "the four quarters", called rituals, sales, marriage and injuries. Each of these terms figurati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
House of Wisdom | Under the sponsorship of Caliph al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), economic support of the House of Wisdom and scholarship in general was greatly increased. Al-Ma'mun, under the tutelage of his father, Caliph Harun al-Rashid, memorized the Quran word for word under the eyes of leading religious scholar of the court. Al-Ma'mun's m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom |
Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent | After Zia's takeover in 1977, the influence of socialism and modernism started to wane and religious parties felt empowered by Zia's islamization program. They began to recruit workers and volunteers. In February 1978, Ali Basti, a Shia neighborhood in Karachi, was attacked by a Deobandi mob and 5 men were killed. Next... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent |
Somali Civil War | By mid-1990, United Somali Congress (USC) rebels had captured most towns and villages surrounding Mogadishu, which prompted some to give Barre the ironic title 'Mayor of Mogadishu.' In December the USC entered Mogadishu. Four weeks of battle between Barre's remaining troops and the USC ensued, during which the USC brou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War |
Banque du Liban | Ottoman domination of Lebanon, which lasted for more than four centuries, was brought to an end on October 6, 1918, with the entry of the Levant Marine Division into Beirut. The paper money issued by the Turkish Treasury, with a forced exchange rate, suffered the same fate.
In order to normalize economic life in the oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_du_Liban |
Israel–Hamas war | The attacks took place during the Jewish holidays of Simchat Torah and Shemini Atzeret on Shabbat, and one day after the 50th anniversary of the start of the Yom Kippur War, which also began with a surprise attack on Israel. At around 6:30 a.m. IDT (UTC+03:00) on 7 October 2023, Hamas announced the start of what it cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war |
Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel | Prior to the 2008–2009 Gaza War, polls conducted by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PCPSR) showed consistently high levels of support for the rocket attacks among the Palestinian public.
September 2004: 75% of Palestinians support "the firing of rockets from Beit Hanoun", though 59% of the resid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel |
Economy of Morocco | The shift to an environment-conscious approach in Morocco has brought about scores of investment opportunities, most being in the utility and renewable energy industries. In addition to the rise in sales of photovoltaic panels, the business of wind turbines is also surging despite soaring prices on international market... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco |
Raphael (archangel) | Raphael (Arabic: إسرافيل, romanized: ʾIsrāfīl, alternate spellings: Israfel, Esrafil) is a venerated archangel according to Islamic tradition. In Islamic eschatology, Israfil will blow the trumpet from a holy rock in Jerusalem to announce the Day of Judgment (Yawm al-Qiyāmah). The trumpet is constantly poised at his li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(archangel) |
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon | Among Israel's criticisms of UNIFIL are that it maintains dialogue with Hezbollah, which it views as a terrorist organization, and treats Israeli and Hezbollah violations of UNSC Resolution 1701 equally, while Israel views its violations of Lebanese airspace as less severe than Hezbollah's violations including crossing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon |
Senegal River | Drawing from Classical legend and Arab sources, the "River of Gold" found its way into European maps in the 14th century. In the Hereford Mappa Mundi (c. 1300), there is a river labelled "Nilus Fluvius" drawn parallel to the coast of Africa, albeit without communication with Atlantic (it ends in a lake). It depicts so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River |
Roman Empire | The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with divinely sanctioned authority (auctoritas). The rite of apotheosis (also called consecratio) signified the deceased emperor's deification. The dominance of the emperor was based on the consolidation of powers from several repu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire |
Knights Hospitaller | In 603, Pope Gregory I commissioned the Ravennate Abbot Probus, who was previously Gregory's emissary at the Lombard court, to build a hospital in Jerusalem to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. In 800, Emperor Charlemagne enlarged Probus' hospital and added a library to it. About 200 years later, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller |
Mihrab | The origin of the word miḥrāb is complicated and multiple explanations have been proposed by different sources and scholars. It may come from Old South Arabian (possibly Sabaic) 𐩣𐩢𐩧𐩨 mḥrb meaning a certain part of a palace, as well as "part of a temple where 𐩩𐩢𐩧𐩨 tḥrb (a certain type of visions) is obtained," f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrab |
Brethren of Purity | Among the Isma'ili groups and missionaries who favored the Encyclopedia, authorship was sometimes ascribed to one or another "Hidden Imam"; this theory is recounted in al-Qifti's biographical compendium of philosophers and doctors, the "Chronicle of the Learned" (Akhbār al-Hukamā or Tabaqāt-al-Hukamā).
Some modern scho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity |
Islam in Armenia | The Ottoman Empire ruled in accordance to Islamic law. As such, the People of the Book (the Christians and the Jews) had to pay a tax to fulfill their status as dhimmi and in return were guaranteed religious autonomy. While the Armenians of Constantinople benefitted from the Sultan's support and grew to be a prospering... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia |
China–Somalia relations | Following the establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in mid-2012, the Chinese authorities reaffirmed their support for the Somali government and called on the international community to strengthen its commitment to the Somali peace process. China's Permanent Representative to the UN, Li Baodong, also emphas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Somalia_relations |
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church | The Ethiopian Church places a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings than one might find in Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic or Protestant churches, and its followers adhere to certain practices that one finds in Orthodox or Conservative Judaism. Ethiopian Christians, like some other Eastern Christians, traditiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church |
Byzantine music | The characteristic of these books is that their collection were over-regional. The probably oldest fully notated chant book is the heirmologion of the Great Lavra on Mount Athos (GR-AOml Ms. β 32) which has been written about the turn to the 11th century. With 312 folios it has much more canons than later redactions no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_music |
Mamluk Sultanate | Selim I, the new Ottoman sultan, defeated the Safavids decisively at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514. Soon after, he attacked and defeated the Dulkadirids, a Mamluk vassal, for refusing to aid him against the Safavids. Secure now against Ismail I, in 1516 he drew together a great army aiming at conquering Egypt, but to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | At 11:30 am on 27 December 2008, Israel launched the campaign titled Operation Cast Lead. It began with an opening wave of airstrikes in which F-16 fighter jets and AH-64 Apache attack helicopters simultaneously struck 100 preplanned targets within a span of 220 seconds. There was a 95% success rate with zero misses in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Assyria | The main evidence concerning the lives of ordinary women in ancient Assyria is in administrative documents and law codes. There was no legal distinction between men and women in the Old Assyrian period and they had more or less the same rights in society. Since several letters written by women are known from the Old As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria |
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup | The first world cup of beach soccer was held in Brazil, in 1995, organised by the precursors to the modern-day founders of the standardised rules, Beach Soccer Worldwide, held under the title Beach Soccer World Championships. The last edition took place in 2004.
In 2005, FIFA paired up with BSWW to co-organise a new wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Beach_Soccer_World_Cup |
Morality in Islam | Al-Ghazali, Muhammad (2004). Muslim's Character. English translation by Mufti A. H. Usmani. ISBN 978-1567447262
Ali, Abbas J. (2015). Handbook of Research on Islamic Business Ethics. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781781009451.
Alkhuli, Muhammad Ali (2006). The Need For Islam. Al Manhal. ISBN 9789957401627.
Birgivi, I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality_in_Islam |
Abu Bakr al-Razi | This is al-Razi's most famous book. Here he gives systematic attention to basic chemical operations important to the history of pharmacy. In this book al-Razi divides the subject of "matter' into three categories, as in his previous book Al-Asrar.
Knowledge and identification of the medical components within substances... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi |
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | The principles reached by the delegates were written in an official form known as the "Protocol of 1861" (also known as the Beyoglu Protocol) and signed on 9 June of the same year. It was also agreed that the system stipulated in the protocol would be put to trial until 1864, and Dawud Pasha, an Ottoman career diplomat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate |
Ormus | "It was during the reign of Mir Bahrudin Ayaz Seyfin, fifteenth king of Hormoz, that the Seljuks raided the kingdom of Kerman and from there to that of Hormoz. The wealth of Hormoz attracted raids so often that the inhabitants sought refuge off the mainland and initially moved to the island of Qeshm. Mir Bahrudin then ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormus |
Israeli settlement | An early evacuation took place in 1982 as part of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, when Israel was required to evacuate its settlers from the 18 Sinai settlements. Arab parties to the conflict had demanded the dismantlement of the settlements as a condition for peace with Israel. The evacuation was carried out with force... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement |
Protestantism and Islam | Fundamentally, the Protestant Dutch had strong antagonisms to both the Catholics and the Muslims. In some cases however, alliances, or attempts at alliance between the Dutch and the Muslims were made possible, as when the Dutch allied with the Muslims of the Moluccas to oust the Portuguese, and the Dutch became rather ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam |
Islamic socialism | Islamic socialism was also essential to the ideology of Pakistan, as its founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, to a crowd in Chittagong on 26 March 1948 declared that "you are only voicing my sentiments and the sentiments of millions of Musalmans when you say that Pakistan should be based on sure foundations of social justice ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_socialism |
Names and titles of Muhammad | Muhammad is often referenced with these titles or epithets:
Seal of the prophets (Arabic: خاتم النبيين, romanized: Khātam al-Nabiyyīn)
The Prophet, (Arabic: أَلْنَّبِيّ, romanized: an-Nabī), also, the Prophet of Prophets.
Messenger of God, (Arabic: رسول الله, romanized: Rasūl’Allāh)
The Beloved (Arabic: الحَبِيبُ, ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad |
Halabja massacre | Saddam Hussein was not charged by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for crimes against humanity based on the events at Halabja. However, Iraqi prosecutors had "500 documented baskets of crimes during the Hussein regime" and Hussein was condemned to death based on just one case, the 1982 Dujail Massacre. Among several document... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_massacre |
Iranian Revolution | Internationally, the initial impact of the revolution was immense. In the non-Muslim world, it changed the image of Islam, generating much interest in Islam—both sympathetic and hostile—and even speculation that the revolution might change "the world balance of power more than any political event since Hitler's conques... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution |
Geography of Oman | According to the Köppen climate classification, Oman has four different climates (BWh, BWk, BSk, BSh), however is highly dominated by the BWh (hot desert) climate.
With the exception of Dhofari region, which has a strong monsoon climate and receives warm winds from the Indian Ocean, the climate of Oman is extremely hot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Oman |
Holy Land | In the Quran, the term Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah (Arabic: الأرض المقدسة, English: 'Holy Land') is used in a passage about Musa (Moses) proclaiming to the Children of Israel: "O my people! Enter the Holy Land which Allah has destined for you ˹to enter˺. And do not turn back or else you will become losers."[Quran 5:21] The Qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | UNESCO has previously described al-Qarawiyyin to be the "oldest university in the world" in the World Heritage Sites entry for Medina of Fez. UNESCO describes the University of Bologna (founded in 1088 and usually recognized as the oldest medieval European university) as the "oldest university of the Western world". So... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
1948 Palestine war | At 19:00 on 18 July, the second truce of the conflict went into effect after intense diplomatic efforts by the UN. On 16 September, a new partition plan for Palestine was proposed but it was rejected by both sides.
During the truce, the Egyptians regularly blocked the passage of supply convoys to the beleaguered north... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestine_war |
Philae temple complex | The most conspicuous feature of both islands was their architectural wealth. Monuments of various eras, extending from the Pharaohs to the Caesars, occupy nearly their whole area. The principal structures, however, lay at the south end of the smaller island.
The most ancient was a temple for Isis, built in the reign of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philae_temple_complex |
Druze | With the advent of the Ottoman Turks and the conquest of Syria by Sultan Selim I in 1516, the Ma'ans were acknowledged by the new rulers as the feudal lords of southern Lebanon. Druze villages spread and prospered in that region, which under Ma'an leadership so flourished that it acquired the generic term of Jabal Bayt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Byzantine music | By the end of the seventh century with the reform of 692, the kontakion, Romanos' genre was overshadowed by a certain monastic type of homiletic hymn, the canon and its prominent role it played within the cathedral rite of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Essentially, the canon, as it is known since 8th century, is a hym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_music |
2017 Shayrat missile strike | Syrian state media condemned the strike, calling it an "act of aggression", and claiming it caused unspecified losses. The Syrian Army said that its response will be to continue to "crush terrorism" and restore "peace and security to all Syrians". The Governor of Homs, Talal Barazi, said that the strike proves that the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike |
Egypt in the Middle Ages | In 868, Caliph al-Mu'tazz (r. 866–869) gave charge of Egypt to the Turkish general Bakbak. Bakbak in turn sent his stepson Ahmad ibn Tulun as his lieutenant and resident governor. This appointment ushered in a new era in Egypt's history: hitherto a passive province of an empire, under Ibn Tulun it would re-emerge as an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages |
Fall of Baghdad (1917) | There were no setbacks for the British on this campaign. General Maude proceeded cautiously, advancing on both sides of the Tigris River. He earned his nickname Systematic Joe. The Ottoman forces contested a fortified place called the Khadairi Bend which the British captured after two weeks of siege work (6 January to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917) |
Ancient Egypt | Egyptian society was highly stratified, and social status was expressly displayed. Farmers made up the bulk of the population, but agricultural produce was owned directly by the state, temple, or noble family that owned the land. Farmers were also subject to a labor tax and were required to work on irrigation or constr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt |
Amorites | The term Amorites is used in the Bible to refer to certain highland mountaineers who inhabited the land of Canaan, described in Genesis as descendants of Canaan, the son of Ham (Gen. 10:16). This aligns with Akkadian and Babylonian traditions that equated Syro-Palestine with the "land of the Amorites". They are describ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorites |
Agriculture in Sudan | The right to own property, to bequeath it to heirs, and to inherit it was established by the 1973 constitution (then known as the Permanent Constitution), although that right was suspended in 1985. Sudan has long had a system of land registration through which an individual, an enterprise, or the government can establi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sudan |
Azerbaijani literature | The literary editions of the Union of Writers – " Newspaper of Literature", "Azerbaijan", "Ulduz", "Gobustan" and "Literaturniy Azerbaijan " in Russian began to operate after the X congress of the Union of Writers of Azerbaijan, which was held in October 1997 with the participation of Heydar Aliyev. Also, Mingachevir, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature |
Aterian | The technological character of the Aterian has been debated for almost a century, but has until recently eluded definition. The problems defining the industry have related to its research history and the fact that a number of similarities have been observed between the Aterian and other North African stone tool industr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterian |
Nile | There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile. One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins, only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan. Rushdi Said p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile |
Al Ayam (Bahrain) | The first issue of the Al Ayam in Arabic was published on 7 March 1989 and after that the daily Bahrain Tribune in English was published on 7 March 1997. Al Ayam group also published an entertainment weekly magazine Sada Al Osbou and a monthly magazine Gulf Panorama.
According to the latest surveys and studies that is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ayam_(Bahrain) |
Al-Muqtataf (magazine) | Al-Muqtataf was founded in 1876 by the Arabic Christians Yaqūb Ṣarrūf (1852-1927) and Fāris Nimr (1856-1951) at the Syrian Protestant College (SPC, today American University of Beirut) in Beirut. Both of them graduated there with a bachelor of arts degree in science and worked afterwards as lecturers. Ṣarrūf, who had m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtataf_(magazine) |
Israeli-occupied territories | In two cases decided shortly after independence, in the Shimshon and Stampfer cases, the Supreme Court of Israel held that the fundamental rules of international law accepted as binding by all "civilized" nations were incorporated in the domestic legal system of Israel. The Nuremberg Military Tribunal determined that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories |
Economy of Egypt | On the revenues side, total revenues of the government were E£89.1 billion in FY2002 and are projected to reach E£184.7 bn in FY2008. Much of the increase came from a rise in customs, excise and tax revenues, particularly personal income and sales, entertainment, and vice taxes which constituted the bulk of total domes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt |
Mauro-Roman Kingdom | Camps, Gabriel (1984). "Rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum. Recherches sur les royaumes de Maurétanie des VIe et VIIe siècles [Recherches sur les royaumes de Maurétanie des VIe et VIIe siècles]". Antiquités africaines. 20 (1): 183–218. doi:10.3406/antaf.1984.1105.
Aguado Blazquez, Francisco (2005). El Africa Bizantina: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom |
Sumerian language | The modal prefixes express modality. Some of them are generally combined with certain TAs; in other cases, the meaning of a modal prefix can depend on the TA.
/Ø-/ is the prefix of the simple indicative mood; in other words, the indicative is unmarked.
E.g.: 𒅔𒅥 in-gu7 {Ø-i-n-gu} "He ate it."
𒉡 nu- and 𒆷 la-, 𒇷 l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language |
Jordan | Jordan was home to 2,175,491 Palestinian refugees as of December 2016; most of them, but not all, had been granted Jordanian citizenship. The first wave of Palestinian refugees arrived during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and peaked in the 1967 Six-Day War and the 1990 Gulf War. In the past, Jordan had given many Palestini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
Seleucus I Nicator | In spring 334 BC, as a young man of about twenty-three, Seleucus accompanied Alexander into Asia. By the time of the Indian campaigns beginning in late in 327 BC, he had risen to the command of the elite infantry corps in the Macedonian army, the "Shield-bearers" (Hypaspistai, later known as the "Silvershields"). It is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator |
BP | In May 1908, a group of British geologists discovered a large amount of oil at Masjed Soleyman located in the Khuzestan Province in the southwest of Persia (Iran). It was the first commercially significant find of oil in the Middle East. William Knox D'Arcy, by contract with Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari, obtained permission... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP |
Moorish architecture | The Almoravids made use of Andalusi craftsmen throughout their realms, thus helping to spread the highly ornate architectural style of al-Andalus to North Africa.: 115–119 : 26–30 Almoravid architecture assimilated the motifs and innovations of Andalusi architecture, such as the complex interlacing arches of the Great... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecture |
Battle of Perire | During the Old and Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Libya to the west was not a major security concern for the Egyptian pharaohs aside of occasional raiding warfare. The situation appears to have changed under the late Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, as the Egyptian military invested more resources in securing the western borders... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Perire |
Israel | Education is highly valued in the Israeli culture and was viewed as a fundamental block of ancient Israelites. In 2015, the country ranked third among OECD members for the percentage of 25–64 year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 49% compared with the OECD average of 35%. In 2012, the country ranked thir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel |
Syrian Electronic Army | 1 January 2014: SEA hacked Skype's Facebook, Twitter and blog, posting an SEA related picture and telling users not to use Microsoft's e-mail service Outlook.com —formerly known as Hotmail—claiming that Microsoft sells user information to the government.
11 January 2014: SEA hacked the Xbox Support Twitter pages and di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Electronic_Army |
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | Nasr says that every integral religion "possesses at once an external or exoteric dimension" and "an inner or esoteric dimension". The first is "concerned with the external and formal aspect of human life" with a view to the posthumous salvation of those "who follow the precepts" of their religion and who "have faith i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr |
Spanish architecture | The creation in 1928 of the GATCPAC group in Barcelona, followed by the foundation of GATEPAC (1930) by architects mainly from Zaragoza, Madrid, San Sebastián and Bilbao, established two groups of young architects practicing Modern architecture in Spain. Josep Lluis Sert, Fernando García Mercadal, Jose María de Aizpurú... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_architecture |
Isma'ilism | The Dawoodi Bohras are a very close-knit community who seeks advice from Dai on spiritual and temporal matters.
Dawoodi Bohras is headed by the Dāʻī al-Mutlaq, who is appointed by his predecessor in office. The Dāʻī al-Mutlaq appoints two others to the subsidiary ranks of māzūn (Arabic Maʾḏūn مأذون) "licentiate" and Mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Oromo language | The Oromo people use a highly developed oral tradition. In the 19th century, scholars began writing in the Oromo language using Latin script. In 1842, Johann Ludwig Krapf began translations of the Gospels of John and Matthew into Oromo, as well as a first grammar and vocabulary. The first Oromo dictionary and grammar w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_language |
Spread of Islam | In Balkan history, historical writing on the topic of conversion to Islam was, and still is, a highly charged political issue. It is intrinsically linked to the issues of formation of national identities and rival territorial claims of the Balkan states. The generally accepted nationalist discourse of the current Balka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam |
History of Zanzibar | There are many political parties in Zanzibar, but the most popular parties are the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and the Civic United Front (CUF). Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated clashes between these two parties.
The results of the past elections held under the multipart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar |
Atenism | Amenhotep IV initially introduced Atenism in the fifth year of his reign (1348/1346 BC), raising Aten to the status of supreme god, initially permitting continued worship of the traditional gods. Later, during the reign of Akhenaten, he forbade the worship of other gods, a radical departure from the centuries of Egypti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism |
Westcar Papyrus | The first story, told by an unknown son of Khufu (possibly Djedefra), is missing everything but the conclusion, in which Khufu orders blessed offerings to king Djoser. It seems to have been a text detailing a miracle performed by a lector priest in the reign of king Djoser, possibly the famous Imhotep.
The second story... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcar_Papyrus |
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