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Salafi movement | Wiktorowicz's typology has largely been discarded by recent scholarship due to its simplistic assumptions regarding religion, in addition to other limitations, such as its neglect of the changing social, political and cultural realities occurring across the Muslim World. Several researchers have criticised the classifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Malacca | Malacca has an estimated population of 931,210 as of 2016 with an average annual population growth of 2%. As of 2016, 27% of the population were below 15 years old and 8% were above 60 years old. The ethnic composition of Malacca as of 2015 is 66.8% Malays (552,700), 1.4% other Bumiputras (11,500), 26.0% Chinese (215,0... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca |
Edom | The Edomites' original country, according to the Hebrew Bible, stretched from the Sinai peninsula as far as Kadesh Barnea. It reached as far south as Eilat, which was the seaport of Edom. On the north of Edom was the territory of Moab. The boundary between Moab and Edom was the brook of Zered. The ancient capital of Ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom |
Cultural Muslims | Bella Hadid: She shared during an interview with Porter that she is "proud to be a Muslim", but also stated that she lives a spiritual lifestyle, and although her family was not religious, she grew up learning about Judaism and is interested in Islam. "I'm very spiritual, and I find that I connect with every religion,"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Muslims |
History of Syria | Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquered most of Syria in 1516 after defeating the Mamlukes at the Battle of Marj Dabiq near Aleppo. Syria was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918, although with 2 brief captures by the Iranian Safavids, notably under Shah Ismail I and Shah Abbas. Ottoman rule was not burdensome to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
Shebaa Farms | The United Nations certified Israel's pullout under Resolution 425 as conforming to the "withdrawal line" it had laid down in accordance with the maps at its disposal "for the practical purpose of confirming the Israeli withdrawal". At the same time the UN noted that its decision was "without prejudice to future border... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebaa_Farms |
Abbas the Great | Born in 27 January 1571 in Herat, Abbas was the third son of Mohammad Khodabanda and his wife, Khayr al-Nisa Begum. His father was the first-born son of Tahmasp I, the second Shah of Safavid Iran. He chose the name Abbas for the infant. Abbas' father, Mohammad Khodabanda, was the governor of Herat, the capital city of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great |
Astrology | The general consensus of astronomers and other natural scientists is that astrology is a pseudoscience which carries no predictive capability, with many philosophers of science considering it a "paradigm or prime example of pseudoscience." Some scholars in the social sciences have cautioned against categorizing astrolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology |
Muhammad Ali's rise to power | In the meantime, the fortunes of Al-Alfi's main Mamluk opponent, Al-Bardisi, began to decline. In order to satisfy the Albanian troops' demands for pay, he gave orders to levy heavy contributions from the citizens of Cairo. That roused the citizenry to open rebellion. The Albanians, alarmed for their safety, assured th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_rise_to_power |
Ottoman architecture | Glazed tile decoration in the cuerda seca technique was used in other early Ottoman monuments, particularly in the Green Mosque and the associated Green Tomb in Bursa. The tiles of the Green Mosque complex generally have a deep green ground mixed with combinations of blue, white, and yellow forming arabesque motifs. A ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture |
Casualties of the Iraq War | A top U.S. Army psychiatrist, Colonel Charles Hoge, said in March 2008 that nearly 30% of troops on their third deployment suffered from serious mental-health problems, and that one year was not enough time between combat tours.
A March 12, 2007, Time article reported on a study published in the Archives of Internal Me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War |
Al-Radi | The contemporary historian al-Masudi describes him as pleasing in appearance, using scents in large amounts, and of a generous nature, being notable for the lavish gifts he gave his courtiers. According to al-Masudi, the caliph "enjoyed talking of the men and things of the past and sought out scholars and men of letter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Radi |
Latakia | The Mardaites controlled the region from Jebel Aqra to northern Palestine, including Latakia in 705. However, they later withdrew from the city after an agreement with the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I. Afterwards, the Mardaites sacked it in 719, but it was rebuilt by Umar II. The city lost its importance due to its locati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia |
Gao | There is clear archaeological evidence that Gao was firmly rooted in both its local hinterland and interregional economic networks. Pottery recovered from all levels in both mounds is generally quite similar to examples from sites throughout the region, indicating that Gao was part of a regional market sphere, if not a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao |
Nureddin al-Atassi | After completing his education, Atassi served his mandatory duty, during which he observed the tripartite invasion of Egypt in 1956. He stood with the Syrian army when they relocated to Jordan in a show of unity.
Upon fulfilling his obligatory service, Atassi offered his assistance to the Algerian revolution, rendering... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nureddin_al-Atassi |
Saddam Hussein | Saddam developed a reputation for liking expensive goods, such as his diamond-coated Rolex wristwatch, and sent copies of them to his friends around the world. To his ally Kenneth Kaunda Saddam once sent a Boeing 747 full of presents—rugs, televisions, ornaments. Saddam enjoyed a close relationship with Russian intelli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein |
History of Persian domes | The Melik Gazi tomb in Turkey was built in 1200.
The Sultanate of Rum decorated their domes largely with patterns of interlocking bricks in the Persian tradition. Patterns included rotated bricks or whirling rosettes, which could include glazed bricks of black or turquoise color. The Ulu Mosque of Malatya (1247) used t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes |
Uruk period | The Uruk period saw some settlements achieve a new importance and population density, as well as the development of monumental civic architecture. They reached a level where they can properly be called cities. This was accompanied by a number of social changes resulting in what can fairly be called an 'urban' society a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_period |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | On 21 July 1977, there were first gun battles between troops on the border, followed by land and air strikes. Relations between the Libyan and Egyptian governments had been deteriorating ever since the end of the Yom Kippur War from October 1973, due to Libyan opposition to President Anwar Sadat's peace policy as well ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Aramaic | It is generally believed by Christian scholars that in the first century, Jews in Judea primarily spoke Aramaic with a decreasing number using Hebrew as their first language, though many learned Hebrew as a liturgical language. Additionally, Koine Greek was the lingua franca of the Near East in trade, among the Helleni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic |
Petroleum industry in Syria | The Syrian Civil War broke out in 2011 and is ongoing. In the same year, Syria's major trading partners imposed international sanctions on Syrian oil and financial system, devastating the Syrian oil industry, adding to the devastation of the civil war. Local exporters of oil in Syria include the Altoun Group in Maaraba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria |
Athena | She was the daughter of Zeus, produced without a mother, and emerged full-grown from his forehead. There was an alternate story that Zeus swallowed Metis, the goddess of counsel, while she was pregnant with Athena and when she was fully grown she emerged from Zeus' forehead. Being the favorite child of Zeus, she had gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena |
Tigray People's Liberation Front | In February 1974, the Marxists within TUSA welcomed the Ethiopian Revolution but opposed the Derg (a military junta that ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991), as they were convinced that it would neither lead a genuine socialist revolution nor correctly resolve the Ethiopian nationality question. Two days after the Derg t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front |
Edward William Lane | Since Lane had trouble publishing his Description of Egypt, at the suggestion of John Murray he expanded a chapter of the original project into a separate book. The result was his Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (1836), published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The work was partly mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_William_Lane |
Alawites | Yaron Friedman and many researchers of Alawi doctrine write that the founder of the religion, Ibn Nusayr, did not necessarily believe he was representative of a splinter, rebel group of the Shias, but rather believed he held the true doctrine of the Shias, and most of the aspects that are similar to Christianity are co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites |
Bur-Suen | The titles “shepherd who makes Nippur content,” "mighty farmer of Ur," “who restores the designs for Eridu” and “en priest for the mes, for Uruk” were used by Būr-Sîn in his standard brick inscriptions in Nippur and Isin, although it seems unlikely that his rule stretched to Ur or Eridu at this time as the only inscrip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur-Suen |
Energy in Tunisia | The International Energy Agency reports for 2014 an electricity production of 19 TWh, compared to 10.5 TWh in the year 2000. The Tunisian Company of Electricity and Gas (STEG), a public company, ensures the three quarters of production. The network operates at 50 Hertz and the voltage at the domestic level is 230 Volts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Tunisia |
Harar | In 1875 Muhammad Rauf Pasha led an Egyptian force from Zeila into the interior of southeast Ethiopia, pretending to be a scientific expedition.
He occupied Harar on 11 October 1875.
Rauf Pasha initially suspended Harari coins from circulation and sent some samples to Cairo for analysis, hoping to replace them with Egyp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar |
Madinat al-Zahra | The Upper Garden (Jardín Alto in Spanish) stretches out in front of the Salón Rico and occupies an elevated terrace that is 10 meters higher than the surrounding areas on the east, south, and west. The terrace is artificial, though the builders probably used an existing spur of the hills to start. Its walls are reinfor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
African studies | The early anthropological foundations for much of the knowledge about Africa in modern academic fields, including African studies, are the European exploration of Africa and the Atlantic slave trade by explorers and missionaries as well as the colonial Scramble for Africa by European imperialists. With the start of dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_studies |
Ya'rubids | When Sultan bin Saif II died in 1718 a struggle began between rival contenders for the Imamate.
One faction supported the young boy Saif bin Sultan II while another supported Muhanna bin Sultan, whom they felt was better qualified to become Imam.
In 1719 Muhanna bin Sultan was brought into Rustaq Fort by stealth and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%27rubids |
Mesaieed | Mesaieed was established in 1949 as a tanker terminal by QatarEnergy on a previously uninhabited site along the coast. It was chosen by the company because of its proximity to the working population in Doha and Al Wakrah and because of the depth of its waters. It was the only deepwater port in Qatar for more than 20 ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesaieed |
Aristotle | Aristotle suggested that the reason for anything coming about can be attributed to four different types of simultaneously active factors. His term aitia is traditionally translated as "cause", but it does not always refer to temporal sequence; it might be better translated as "explanation", but the traditional renderin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle |
French Algeria | On 1 December 1830, King Louis-Philippe named the Duc de Rovigo as head of military staff in Algeria. De Rovigo took control of Bône and initiated colonisation of the land. He was recalled in 1833 due to the overtly violent nature of the repression. Wishing to avoid a conflict with Morocco, Louis-Philippe sent an extra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
Al Jazeera controversies and criticism | Al Jazeera TV covered welcome-home festivities for Samir Kuntar, a Lebanese terrorist imprisoned in Israel for killing several people in a Palestine Liberation Front raid from Lebanon into that country, when Kuntar was released from prison on 19 July 2008. On the program, Al Jazeera Beirut office head Ghassan bin Jiddo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_controversies_and_criticism |
Battle of al-Mazraa | France established its Mandate in Syria in 1920 following the Allied victory over the Ottoman Empire during World War I; from which France gained the territory of modern-day Syria. French authority over the area was finalized after their decisive victory over Emir Faisal's forces in the Battle of Maysalun on 24 July 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Mazraa |
Islamic terrorism | France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the Lebanese Civil War. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA).
In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism |
Sargonid dynasty | After ascending the Assyrian throne and attending the inauguration of his brother Shamash-shum-ukin as the King of Babylon, Ashurbanipal had to immediately deal with Egypt, which had rebelled against Assyrian rule shortly before Esarhaddon's death. The rebellion, led by the same Pharaoh Taharqa that Esarhaddon had defe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty |
Palestinian Authority | Since the Hamas-Fatah split in 2007, the Fatah-dominated Palestinian Authority based in areas of the West Bank had stabilized, though no significant economic growth had been achieved. Until 2012, there had also been no progress in promotion of PNA status in the UN, as well in negotiations with Israel. Ramallah-based Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority |
Mohamed Bouazizi | Bouazizi's actions triggered a number of self-immolations, in protests emulating his own, in several other countries in the Greater Middle East and Europe. In Algeria in particular, protests against rising food prices and spreading unemployment have resulted in many self-immolations. The first reported case following B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi |
Marinid Sultanate | In many respects, the Marinids reproduced or continued the social and political structures that existed under the Almohads, ruling a primarily tribal state that relied on the loyalty of their own tribe and allies to maintain order and that imposed very little official civil administrative structures in the provinces be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Peasants' revolt in Palestine | While there are no known records of military planning, in early May the notables of Nablus, Jerusalem and Hebron coordinated an assault against Jerusalem. On 8 May armed peasants from Nablus, Jerusalem, Hebron and Gaza besieged the city and about 10,000 fighters attempted to breach the walls. They were initially repuls... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_revolt_in_Palestine |
History of Syria | The ruins of Ebla, near Idlib in northern Syria, were discovered and excavated in 1975. Ebla appears to have been an East Semitic speaking city-state founded around 3000 BCE. At its zenith, from about 2500 to 2400 BCE, it may have controlled an empire reaching north to Anatolia, east to Mesopotamia and south to Damascu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty | Muhammad Ali was fully conscious that the empire which he had so laboriously built up might at any time have to be defended by force of arms against his master Sultan Mahmud II, whose whole policy had been directed to curbing the power of his too ambitious vassals, and who was under the influence of the personal enemie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty |
White Paper of 1939 | These were the main points of the White Paper:
Section I. The Constitution: It stated that with over 450,000 Jews having now settled in the mandate, the Balfour Declaration about "a national home for the Jewish people" had been met, and it also called for an independent Palestine to be established within 10 years and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939 |
Sargon of Akkad | A group of four Babylonian texts, summarized as "Sargon Epos" or Res Gestae Sargonis, shows Sargon as a military commander asking the advice of many subordinates before going on campaigns.
The narrative of Sargon, the Conquering Hero, is set at Sargon's court, in a situation of crisis. Sargon addresses his warriors, p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad |
Bimaristan | During the Islamic Golden Age, there was a translation movement to convert Greek medical texts into Arabic. Some of the books that impacted the field were Tarkib-Al-Advieh about mixtures of drugs, Al-Advieh Al-Mofradeh which was written about single drugs, Ghova-Al-Aghzieh which concerned the potency of food for medici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaristan |
Alawites | In older sources, Alawis are often called "Ansaris." According to Samuel Lyde, who lived among the Alawites during the mid-19th century, this was a term they used among themselves. Other sources indicate that "Ansari" is simply a Western error in the transliteration of "Nusayri." Alawites historically self-identified a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites |
Palestinian People's Party | The original Palestine Communist Party was founded in 1919. After the foundation of the state of Israel and the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank, the West Bank communists joined as the Jordanian Communist Party, which gained considerable support among Palestinian Arabs. It established a strong position in the Pale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_People%27s_Party |
Umayyad Caliphate | Under al-Walid I the Umayyad Caliphate reached its greatest territorial extent. The war with the Byzantines had resumed under his father after the civil war, with the Umayyads defeating the Byzantines at the Battle of Sebastopolis in 692. The Umayyads frequently raided Byzantine Anatolia and Armenia in the following ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Second Intifada | On 28 September, Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon and a Likud party delegation guarded by hundreds of Israeli riot police visited the Temple Mount, which is widely considered the third holiest site in Islam. Israel has claimed sovereignty over the Mount and the rest of East Jerusalem since 1980, and the compound ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada |
Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission | As part of its dispute with Syria over use of the Demilitarized Zone created by the Israel-Syria Armistice Agreement, Israel from 1951 refused to attend meetings of the Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission. The U.N. Security Council, in its resolution of 18 May 1951, noted that refusal to participate in Mixed Armist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Syria_Mixed_Armistice_Commission |
Qatar diplomatic crisis | On 7 June 2017, the Turkish parliament passed, with 240 votes in favour and 98 against, a legislative act first drafted in May allowing Turkish troops to be deployed to a Turkish military base in Qatar. During a speech on 13 June 2017, the President of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, condemned the boycott of Qatar as "i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis |
Somali language | Somali loanwords can be divided into those derived from other Afroasiatic languages (mainly Arabic), and those of Indo-European extraction (mainly Italian).
Somali's main lexical borrowings come from Arabic, and are estimated to constitute about 20% of the language's vocabulary. This is a legacy of the Somali people's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language |
Emirate of Fujairah | The Emirate of Fujairah, dominated by the Sharqiyin tribe, sits at the mouth of the important trade route, the Wadi Ham (which is guarded by the Sharqiyin Al Bithnah Fort), through the mountains to the interior and the Persian Gulf Coast. Known as the Shamaliyah, the east coast of what is now the UAE was subject to Mus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Fujairah |
White Africans of European ancestry | The Namibia National Rugby team is largely white.
Many European sports have become popular in Africa after the arrival of Europeans on the continent. Football was first introduced in the 19th century by British colonists in South Africa in 1862. The sport was quickly spread throughout the continent by missionaries, exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry |
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region | Sudan, a poor country with a majority Muslim Arab population whose coastline lies just across the Red Sea from the Hijaz province of Saudi Arabia, has had close relations with the kingdom since the Arab Oil Embargo. However, the dominant interpretation of Islam in Sudan was very different from that of Saudis or Muslim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region |
Mandate for Palestine | Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim (1988). "Territorially-based Nationalism and the Politics of Negation". In Edward Said and Christopher Hitchens (ed.). Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question. Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-340-6.
Allawi, Ali A. (2014). Faisal I of Iraq. Yale University Press. pp. 216–. ISBN... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine |
Baháʼu'lláh | Declining to dispute with Yahya or do anything to "endanger the unity and survival of the already demoralized Bábí community", Bahá’u’lláh entrusted his family to the care of his brother Mirza Musa and without notice left Baghdad on 10 April 1854 for mountains in the north near Sulaymaniyyih in Kurdistan. He later wrot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h |
Piracy | The classic era of piracy in the Caribbean lasted from circa 1650 until the mid-1720s. By 1650, France, England and the United Provinces began to develop their colonial empires. This involved considerable seaborne trade, and a general economic improvement: there was money to be made – or stolen – and much of it travele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy |
Fatimid Caliphate | As the military viziers effectively became heads of state, the Caliph himself was reduced to the role of a figurehead. The reliance on the Iqta system also ate into Fatimid central authority, as more and more the military officers at the further ends of the empire became semi-independent.
Badr al-Jamali died in 1094 (a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
History of the Jews in Algeria | Jean-Pierre Barda, singer, actor, make up artist
José Aboulker, member of the anti-Nazi resistance
Alon Abutbul, an actor
Franck Amsallem, jazz pianist and composer
Françoise Atlan, French singer
Yvan Attal, film director, actor (Algerian born parents)
Jacques Attali, economist, writer
Danny Ayalon, politician
Jean-Pie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria |
Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah | The annual Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon, first held in 2007, resulted in a world record from Samuel Wanjiru in 2007 and the second fastest run of all time from Patrick Makau Musyoki in 2009. Kenya's 19-year-old Stephen Kiprop won the 2019 edition of the half marathon in a course record-equaling 58 minutes and 42 second... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah |
Marinid Sultanate | The minbars (pulpits) of the Marinid era were also following in the same tradition as earlier Almoravid and Almohad wooden minbars. The minbar of the Great Mosque of Taza dates to the mosque's expansion by Abu Yaqub Yusuf in the 1290s, much like the mosque's chandelier. Like other minbars, it takes the shape of a mobil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Fula people | The Fulani are traditionally a nomadic, pastoralist trading people. They herd cattle, goats and sheep across the vast dry hinterlands of their domain, keeping somewhat separate from the local agricultural populations. They are the largest nomadic ethnic group in the world and inhabit several territories over an area la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people |
History of Lebanon | The discontent grew to open rebellion, fed by both Ottoman and British money and support: Bashir II fled, the Ottoman Empire reasserted control and Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha, whose sole term as Grand Vizier ran from 1839 to 1841, appointed another member of the Shihab family, who styled himself Bashir III. Bashir III, coming... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lebanon |
Acre, Israel | Following the defeat of the Byzantine army of Heraclius by the Rashidun army of Khalid ibn al-Walid in the Battle of Yarmouk, and the capitulation of the Christian city of Jerusalem to the Caliph Umar, Acre came under the rule of the Rashidun Caliphate beginning in 638. According to the early Muslim chronicler al-Balad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel |
Siddiq Hasan Khan | Once in power, Siddiq Hasan Khan began enforcing his reformist ideas through the authority of the state. Under his wife's reign, the doctrines of the Ahl-i Hadith began to be enforced as the state religion. Various royal ceremonies and folk rituals which Khan regarded as bid'at (religious innovations) were banned. Apar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan |
Egyptian language | Allen, James P. (2000). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65312-1.
Allen, James P. (2013). The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-66467-8.
Christidēs, Anastasios-Phoivos; Arapopo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language |
Archaeology of Ancient Egypt | The tomb of Nefertari, QV66, was discovered by Ernesto Schiaparelli in 1904. A flight of steps cut out of the rock gives access to the antechamber, which is decorated with paintings based on chapter seventeen of the Book of the Dead. The astronomical ceiling represents the heavens and is painted in dark blue, with a my... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_Ancient_Egypt |
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | Most of the residents of the Mutasarrifate were farmers who practiced agriculture using traditional methods and with a characteristic specific to Mount Lebanon, in harmony with the nature of the mountainous land and its surface, its soil and the seasons of the year. The olive groves spread widely on the coasts and foot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate |
Novel | James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) had a major influence on modern novelists, in the way that it replaced the 18th- and 19th-century narrator with a text that attempted to record inner thoughts, or a "stream of consciousness". This term was first used by William James in 1890 and, along with the related term interior monolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel |
Karbala | Like Najaf, the city suffered from severe water shortages that were only resolved in the early 18th century by building a dam at the head of the Husayniyya Canal. In 1737, the city replaced Isfahan in Iran as the main centre of Shia scholarship. In the mid-eighteenth century it was dominated by the dean of scholarship,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala |
Mauro-Roman Kingdom | Camps, Gabriel (1984). "Rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum. Recherches sur les royaumes de Maurétanie des VIe et VIIe siècles [Recherches sur les royaumes de Maurétanie des VIe et VIIe siècles]". Antiquités africaines. 20 (1): 183–218. doi:10.3406/antaf.1984.1105.
Aguado Blazquez, Francisco (2005). El Africa Bizantina: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom |
Nous | In early Greek uses, Homer used nous to signify mental activities of both mortals and immortals, for example what they really have on their mind as opposed to what they say aloud. It was one of several words related to thought, thinking, and perceiving with the mind. In pre-Socratic philosophy, it became increasingly d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous |
Babylonia | Babylon remained a minor town in a small state until the reign of its sixth Amorite ruler, Hammurabi, during 1792–1750 BC (or c. 1728–1686 BC in the short chronology). He conducted major building work in Babylon, expanding it from a small town into a great city worthy of kingship. A very efficient ruler, he established... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia |
Graffiti | Many analysts and art critics ee artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles graffiti is effective tool of social emancipation, or in the achievement of a political goal.
In times of conflict graffiti ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti |
Israeli disengagement from Gaza | The United Nations, international human rights organizations and many legal scholars regard the Gaza Strip to still be under military occupation by Israel. The International Court of Justice reaffirmed this position, stating that the occupation of the West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza Strip are unlawful and its discri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza |
Creed | Several creeds originated in Christianity.
1 Corinthians 15:3–7 includes an early creed about Jesus' death and resurrection which was probably received by Paul. The antiquity of the creed has been located by most biblical scholars to no more than five years after Jesus' death, probably originating from the Jerusalem a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creed |
Marinid Sultanate | A number of manuscripts from the Marinid period have been preserved to the present-day. One outstanding example is a Qur'an manuscript commissioned by Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf and dated to 1306. It features an elaborately illuminated frontispiece and is written in a broad Maghrebi script using brown ink, with headings wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Culture of Africa | The various cuisines of Africa use a combination of locally available fruits, cereal grains and vegetables, as well as milk and meat products. In some parts of the continent, the traditional diet features a preponderance of milk, curd and whey products. In much of tropical Africa, however, cow's milk is rare and cannot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Africa |
Banu Kilab | The ambushing and killing of the Ja'far leader Urwa al-Rahhal as he escorted the Lakhmid caravan to Ukaz sparked a series of battles between the Hawazin, under Abu Bara, and the Quraysh. This conflict took place over four years, and is known as the Fijar Wars. Urwa's killer was an ally of the Qurayshite chief Harb ibn ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kilab |
Basra | During World War II, Basra was an important port through which flowed much of the equipment and supplies sent to the Soviet Union by other Allies of World War II. At the end of the war, the city's population numbered approximately 93,000 people.
The population of Basra was 101,535 in 1947, and reached 219,167 in 1957.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra |
Vassal state | The vassal states of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911 BC – 609 BC) had a unique relationship with the empire they became a part of. While vassal states were necessary to the politics of the empire and connected by administrative and economic means, they are not considered to be ‘properly Assyrian’. Neo-Assyrian imperial id... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_state |
Kuwait | In the early 1990s, Kuwait deported nearly 400,000 Palestinians. Kuwait's policy was a response to alignment of the PLO with Saddam Hussein. It was a form of collective punishment. Kuwait also deported thousands of Iraqis and Yemenis after the Gulf War.
In addition, hundreds of thousands of stateless Bedoon were expell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Fatah | Fatah has maintained a number of militant groups since its founding. Its mainstream military branch is al-'Asifah. Fatah is generally considered to have had a strong involvement in terrorism in the past, though unlike its rival Islamist faction Hamas, Fatah is no longer regarded as a terrorist organization by any gover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah |
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world | While the belief that carrying children and childbirth was very important and healing part of the Islamic culture, many medical scholars also recognize the importance of family planning, primarily through contraceptives and abortion. The use of contraceptives and abortion as opposed to abstinence was preferred due to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Sunni Islam | The seeds of metamorphosis of caliphate into kingship were sown, as the second caliph Umar had feared, as early as the regime of the third caliph Uthman, who appointed many of his kinsmen from his clan Banu Umayya, including Marwān and Walid bin Uqba on important government positions, becoming the main cause of turmoil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Abu Simbel | With the passage of time, the temples fell into disuse and the Great Temple eventually became mostly covered by a sand dune. By the 6th century BC, the sand already covered the statues of the main temple up to their knees. The temple was forgotten by Europeans until March 1813, when the Swiss researcher Johann Ludwig B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel |
Amr ibn al-As | From his base in southern Palestine, Amr launched the conquest of Byzantine Egypt. He had established trading interests there before his conversion to Islam, making him aware of its importance in international trade. The traditional Muslim sources generally hold that Amr undertook the campaign with Caliph Umar's reluct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As |
Yom Kippur War | On 9 October, the Soviet cultural center in Damascus was damaged during an IAF airstrike, and two days later, the Soviet merchant ship Ilya Mechnikov was sunk by the Israeli Navy during a battle off Syria. The Soviets condemned Israeli actions, and there were calls within the government for military retaliation. The So... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War |
Brunei | Brunei briefly rose to prominence in Southeast Asia when the Portuguese occupied Malacca and thereby forced the wealthy and powerful but displaced Muslim refugees there to relocate to nearby Sultanates such as Brunei. The Bruneian Sultan then intervened in a territorial conflict between Hindu Tondo and Muslim Manila in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei |
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War | Autonomy in Iraqi Kurdistan was originally established in 1970 as the Kurdish Autonomous Region following the agreement of an Autonomy Accord between the government of Iraq and leaders of the Iraqi Kurdish community. A Legislative Assembly was established in the city of Erbil with nominal authority over the Kurdish-pop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War |
Democratic Republic of Sudan | The origins of the civil war in the south date back to the 1950s. On August 18, 1955, the Equatoria Corps, a military unit composed of southerners, mutinied at Torit. Rather than surrender to Sudanese government authorities, many mutineers disappeared into hiding with their weapons, marking the beginning of the first w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan |
Agha of the Janissaries | The Agha was chosen by the Ottoman Sultan, but was not necessarily himself a Janissary. To secure the often uncertain loyalty of the corps, Bayezid II (r. 1481–1512) stopped the practice of appointing the sekban-bashi (the commander of the sekban regiments) to the post, and instead nominated a member of his own househo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries |
Galilee | In the early Roman period, Galilee was predominantly Jewish. Archaeological evidence from multiple sites reveals Jewish customs, including the use of limestone vessels, ritual baths for purity, and secondary burial practices. A significant wave of Jewish settlement arrived in the region following the Roman conquest of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee |
Six-Day War | Syria largely stayed out of the conflict for the first four days.
False Egyptian reports of a crushing victory against the Israeli army and forecasts that Egyptian forces would soon be attacking Tel Aviv influenced Syria's decision to enter the war – in a sporadic manner – during this period. Syrian artillery began she... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Khosrow II | In 591, Khosrow moved to Constantia and prepared to invade Bahram Chobin's territories in Mesopotamia, while Vistahm and Vinduyih were raising an army in Adurbadagan under the observation of the Byzantine commander John Mystacon, who was also raising an army in Armenia. After some time, Khosrow, along with the Byzantin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II |
Islam in Jordan | The 1980s witnessed a stronger and more visible adherence to Islamic customs and beliefs among significant segments of the population. The increased interest in incorporating Islam more fully into daily life was expressed in a variety of ways. Women wearing conservative Islamic dress and the headscarf were seen with gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan |
Babylonia | The Kassite dynasty was founded by Gandash of Mari. The Kassites, like the Amorite rulers who had preceded them, were not originally native to Mesopotamia. Rather, they had first appeared in the Zagros Mountains of what is today northwestern Iran.
The ethnic affiliation of the Kassites is unclear. Still, their language... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia |
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