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Qatari folklore | Al-Anzaroot revolves around a young man who struggles with his verbal memory. The protagonist is sent on an errand by his wife to collect the anzarūṭ shrub (Astragalus sarcocolla dymock), a dry herb prized in the Middle East for its medicinal uses, particularly in treating gastroenteritis. Along the way he forgets the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_folklore |
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus | The first part of the Rhind papyrus consists of reference tables and a collection of 21 arithmetic and 20 algebraic problems. The problems start out with simple fractional expressions, followed by completion (sekem) problems and more involved linear equations (aha problems).
The first part of the papyrus is taken up b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | Egyptian mediators held discussions with Israel and Hamas about extending the cease-fire by a year or more. Hamas and Fatah met to allow both to play a role in rebuilding. Israel began pressuring Egypt to do more to stop weapons smuggling into Gaza, the halting of which is one of Israel's central demands in extending a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Islamic socialism | One of the Five Pillars of Islam, zakāt is the practice of almsgiving based on accumulated wealth (approximately 2.5% of all financial assets owned over the course of one lunar year). Unlike ṣadaqah, charity, it is obligatory for all financially able Muslim adults and is considered to be an act of piety through which o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_socialism |
Women's rights in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy with a Consultative Assembly (shura) of lawmakers appointed by the king. Prior to a September 2011 announcement by King Abdullah, only men 30 years of age and older could serve as lawmakers. As of 2011, women can be appointed to the Consultative Assembly. Women first joined the Cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Islam in the United States | The household income levels of American Muslims are about as evenly distributed as the general American population.
When it comes to education, the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding reported in 2017 that across the board, American Muslims, Protestants, and Catholics have similar education levels. It has als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States |
Satanic Verses controversy | Rushdie lamented that the controversy fed the Western stereotype of "the backward, cruel, rigid Muslim, burning books and threatening to kill the blasphemer", while another British writer compared the Ayatollah Khomeini "with a familiar ghost from the past – one of those villainous Muslim clerics, a Faqir of Ipi or a m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_Verses_controversy |
Neolithic | A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic |
Al-Mu'tadid | This policy became immediately evident in the conciliatory attitude the new Caliph adopted towards his most powerful vassal, the Tulunid regime. In spring 893, al-Mu'tadid recognized and reconfirmed Khumarawayh in his office as autonomous emir over Egypt and Syria, in exchange for an annual tribute of 300,000 dinars an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid |
Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent | In 1339, the Bengal region became independent from the Delhi Sultanate and consisted of numerous Islamic city-states. The Bengal Sultanate was formed in 1352 after Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, ruler of Satgaon, defeated Alauddin Ali Shah of Lakhnauti and Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah of Sonargaon; ultimately unifying Bengal into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_period_in_the_Indian_subcontinent |
Sharia | A 2013 survey based on interviews of 38,000 Muslims, randomly selected from urban and rural parts in 39 countries using area probability designs, by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life found that a majority—in some cases "overwhelming" majority—of Muslims in a number of countries support making "Sharia" or "Islam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Sharifian Solution | Faisal arrived in England on 1 December and had an audience with King George on 4 December. In response to early British concerns, Faisal in early December, sent cables to Hussein requesting his intervention with Abdullah to not upset the London discussions with threats of action against the French.
On 9 December, acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifian_Solution |
Islamic Cairo | Salah ad-Din's reign marked the beginning of the Ayyubid dynasty, which ruled over Egypt and Syria and carried forward the fight against the Crusaders. He also embarked on the construction of an ambitious new fortified Citadel (the current Citadel of Cairo) further south, outside the walled city, which would house Egyp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Cairo |
Hongwu Emperor | The monastery where Zhu lived was eventually looted and destroyed by an army whose task was supposedly to suppress a local rebellion. In 1352, Zhu joined one of the many insurgent forces that had risen in rebellion against the Yuan. He rose rapidly through the ranks and became a commander. His forces later joined the R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor |
North Yemen civil war | At least four plots were going on in San'a. One was headed by Lieutenant Ali Abdul al Moghny. Another one was conceived by Sallal. His plot merged into a third conspiracy prodded by the Hashid tribal confederation in revenge for Ahmad's execution of their paramount sheik and his son. A fourth plot was shaped by severa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
Battle of Manzikert | Accompanying Romanos was Andronikos Doukas, son of his rival John Doukas. The army consisted of about 5,000 professional Byzantine troops from the western provinces and probably about the same number from the eastern provinces. These included long established regular units (Heteria, Scholai and Straelati) of the centra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert |
Qira'at | Discussing different views on when the Quran reached a state of codification or stability Fred Donner argues that due to the variant readings which "circulated in great numbers" prior to the canonical selection, as well as the canonical differences, the Quran had not yet crystalized into a single, immutable codified fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%27at |
Anatolia | There is a diverse number of plant and animal communities.
The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia experience a humid and mild climate. There are temperate broadleaf, mixed and coniferous forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier continental climate, has deciduous forests and forest steppes.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia |
Maat | Scribal schools emerged during the Middle Kingdom Era (2060–1700 BCE). Although scribal practices had been implemented before this period, there is no evidence of "systematic schooling" occurring in a materialized institution during the Old Kingdom (2635–2155 BCE). Scribal schools were designed to transform people to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat |
Mandatory Palestine | Following the arrival of the British, Arab inhabitants established Muslim-Christian Associations in all of the major towns. In 1919 they joined to hold the first Palestine Arab Congress in Jerusalem. It was aimed primarily at representative government and opposition to the Balfour Declaration. Concurrently, the Zionist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine |
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region | Hafez's son Bashar al-Assad succeeded him in office as President of Syria and Regional Secretary of the Syrian Regional Branch on 17 July and 24 June respectively. State propaganda portrayed the new president as the symbol of "modernity, youth, and openness". At the beginning, Bashar al-Assad's rule was met with high e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region |
Climate change in Morocco | Morocco identified the transportation, household energy, industry, livestock, and energy sectors as priority areas for mitigation. Morocco is dependent on imported energy, and almost 90% of its energy in 2022 came from these imported fuels. In 2022, fossil fuels are the country’s most prominent energy source, providing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Morocco |
Aghlabid dynasty | In 800, the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid appointed Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab, son of a Khurasanian Arab commander from the Banu Tamim tribe, as hereditary Emir of Ifriqiya, in response to the anarchy that had reigned in that province following the fall of the Muhallabids. At that time there were perhaps 100,000 Arabs l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabid_dynasty |
Al-Andalus | In Córdoba, Abd ar-Rahman I built the Great Mosque of Córdoba in 785. It was expanded multiple times up until the 10th century, and after the Reconquista it was converted into a Catholic cathedral. Its key features include a hypostyle hall with marble columns supporting two-tiered arches, a horseshoe-arch mihrab, ribbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus |
Music of Africa | African popular music commonly referred to as African pop or afro-pop like African traditional music is vast and varied. Most contemporary genres of African popular music build on cross-pollination with western popular music. Many genres of popular music, including blues, jazz and rumba, derive to varying degrees from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Africa |
Iraq | Iraqi security forces are composed of forces serving under the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and the Ministry of Defense (MOD), as well as the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau, reporting directly to the Prime Minister of Iraq, which oversees the Iraqi Special Operations Forces. MOD forces include the Iraqi Army, the Iraqi A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq |
Sennacherib | In 705 BC, Sargon, probably in his sixties, led the Assyrian army on a campaign against King Gurdî of Tabal in central Anatolia. The campaign was disastrous, resulting in the defeat of the Assyrian army and the death of Sargon, whose corpse the Anatolians carried off. Sargon's death made the defeat significantly worse ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib |
Benjamin | The Torah's Joseph narrative, at a stage when Joseph is unrecognised by his brothers, describes Joseph as testing whether his brothers have reformed by secretly planting a silver cup in Benjamin's bag. Then, publicly searching the bags for it, and after finding it in Benjamin's possession, demanding that Benjamin becom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin |
Sharia | The spread of codified state laws and Western-style legal education in the modern Muslim world has displaced traditional muftis from their historical role of clarifying and elaborating the laws applied in courts. Instead, fatwas have increasingly served to advise the general public on other aspects of Sharia, particula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Birmingham Quran manuscript | The two leaves have been recognized as belonging with the 16 leaves catalogued as BnF Arabe 328(c) in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris, now bound with the Codex Parisino-petropolitanus, and witness verses corresponding to a lacuna in that text.
The Birmingham leaves, now catalogued as Mingana 1572a, are fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript |
History of science | An intellectual revitalization of Western Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. These urban institutions grew from the informal scholarly activities of learned friars who visited monasteries, consulted libraries, and conversed with other fellow scholars. A friar who became well-kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science |
Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates | Recent finds of pottery in Thuqeibah and Madam have further linked the development of early aflaj (or qanat) water systems there to an Iron Age II date, further substantiating the attribution of the innovation of these water systems to a southeastern Arabian origin based on the extensive archaeological work of Dr Wasim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Aswan | In April 2018, the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of the head of the bust of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius at the Temple of Kom Ombo during work to protect the site from groundwater.
In September 2018, the Egyptian Antiquities Minister Khaled el-Enany announced that a sandstone sphinx statue h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan |
Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) | The Shah's opportunity came with a series of rebellions in the Ottoman Empire: Abaza Mehmed Pasha, the governor of Erzurum, rose in rebellion, while Baghdad had been since 1621 in the hands of an officer of the Janissaries, the subashi Bakr, and his followers. Bakr had sought his recognition as the local pasha from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1623%E2%80%931639) |
Hussein of Jordan | Jordan's disengagement from the West Bank led to a slowing of the Jordanian economy. The Jordanian dinar lost a third of its value in 1988, and Jordan's foreign debt reached a figure double that of its gross national product (GNP). Jordan introduced austerity measures to combat the economic crisis. On 16 April 1989 the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan |
Third International Theory | Gaddafi offers to create a special hierarchical structure of people's congresses and committees, resulting in a system where "management becomes popular, control becomes popular, and the old definition of democracy as 'control of people over the government' is replaced by its new definition as 'the people's control ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_International_Theory |
Book of the Dead | The nature of the afterlife which the dead people enjoyed is difficult to define, because of the differing traditions within Ancient Egyptian religion. In the Book of the Dead, the dead were taken into the presence of the god Osiris, who was confined to the subterranean Duat. There are also spells to enable the ba or a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead |
Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet | Following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Sidi Bouzid in mid-December 2010, Tunisia was beset by proliferating protest movements. The movement was initially catalyzed by rural middle-class workers and youths in the region of Sidi Bouzid, from where Bouazizi hailed, but grew to include diverse swaths of the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet |
Harar | Following the death of Emir Nur, the Harari state began a steady decline in wealth and power. A later ruler, Imam Muhammed Jasa, a kinsman of Ahmad Gragn, known as, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al Ghazi yielded to the pressures of increasing Oromo raids and in 1577 abandoned the city, relocating to Aussa and making his brother ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar |
Al-Aqsa | Jerusalem was captured by the Crusaders in 1099, during the First Crusade. They named the mosque Templum Solomonis (Solomon's Temple), distinguishing it from the Dome of the Rock, which they named Templum Domini (Temple of God). While the Dome of the Rock was turned into a Christian church under the care of the Augusti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa |
History of Somalia | On 9 May 1936, Mussolini proclaimed the creation of the Italian Empire, calling it the Africa Orientale Italiana (A.O.I.) and formed by Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland (called officially "Somalia italiana"). The Italians added to Somalia the Ogaden (taken from the conquered Ethiopia).
In the 1930s the Italia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia |
Haitham bin Tariq | After the death of Sultan Qaboos, Haitham's first cousin, on 10 January 2020, Haitham was named by the royal family and Qaboos's will as Sultan of Oman the next day and took an oath before an emergency session of the Council of Oman in Al-Bustan. Oman state TV said the former sultan's letter was opened by the Defence C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq |
Refugees of the Syrian civil war | The number of refugees that crossed the Turkish border reached 10,000–15,000 by mid 2011. More than 5,000 returned to Syria between July and August, while most were moved to newly built camps that hosted 7,600 refugees by November. By the end of 2011, the number of refugees were estimated to be 5,500–8,500 in Lebanon, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war |
Granada War | The Emirate of Granada had been the last Muslim state in Iberia for more than two centuries by the time of the Granada War. The other remnant al-Andalus states (the taifas) of the once powerful Caliphate of Córdoba had long since been conquered by the Christians. Pessimism for Granada's future existed before its ultima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_War |
Religion in Sudan | Islam made its deepest and longest lasting impact in Sudan through the activity of the Islamic religious brotherhoods or orders. These orders emerged in the Middle East in the twelfth century in connection with the development of Sufism, a reaction based in mysticism to the strongly legalistic orientation of mainstream... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan |
Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement | As early as 1971, the year in which the UAE became an independent country, the first president of the UAE Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan had referred to Israel as "the enemy". The UAE and the United States had a strategic relationship since the 1990 Gulf War, growing to a significant US Air Force presence at Al Dhaf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement |
Sippar | Tell Abu Habba, measuring over 1 square kilometer was first excavated by Hormuzd Rassam (referring to the site as Aboo-Habba) between 1880 and 1881 for the British Museum in a dig that lasted 18 months. Rassam excavated only down to the Old Babylonian levels and was focused mainly on the Neo-Babylonian remains. Tens of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sippar |
Leila Mourad | Almost all of Laila Mourad's most popular songs are from her musical films.
"Yama Arak El-Nasim" (How Calm the Breeze is) from Yahya El-Hob (1938)
"Ghany Ya Tair" (Sing, Bird) from Laila Bint Madares (1941)
"Meen Yishtary El-Ward Minni" (Who Will But Flowers From Me?) from Laila (1942)
"El-Habib" (The Lover) from Lail... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Mourad |
Islam and democracy | Some Iranians, including Mohammad Khatami, categorize the Islamic Republic of Iran as a kind of religious democracy. They maintain that Ruhollah Khomeini held the same view as well and that's why he strongly chose "Jomhoorie Eslami" (Islamic Republic) over "Hokoomate Eslami" (Islamic State).
Others maintain that not on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_democracy |
Nafir | The simple straight trumpets are called tuba-shaped, derived from the tuba used in the Roman Empire. Other straight trumpets in antiquity were the Etruscan-Roman lituus and the Greek salpinx.
Tuba-shaped trumpets have been around since the mid-3rd millennium BC. known from illustrations from Mesopotamia and Ancient Egy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafir |
Hurufiyya movement | Hurufiyya art involved a very diverse range of "explorations into the abstract, graphic, and aesthetic properties of Arabic letters." Art historians, including Wijdan Ali and Shirbil Daghir, have attempted to develop a way of classifying different types of hurufiyya art. Ali identifies the following, which she describe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurufiyya_movement |
Fez, Morocco | In 1912, French colonial rule was instituted over Morocco following the Treaty of Fes. One immediate consequence was the 1912 riots in Fez, a popular uprising which included deadly attacks targeting Europeans as well as native Jewish inhabitants in the Mellah, followed by an even deadlier repression. The first French r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Economy of Jordan | The industrial sector, which includes mining, manufacturing, construction, and power, accounted for approximately 26% of gross domestic product in 2004 (including manufacturing 16.2%; construction 4.6%; and mining 3.1%). More than 21% of the country's labor force was reported to be employed in this sector in 2002. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan |
Beirut Central District | Saint George Bay: The neighborhood along the northern shoreline of the Beirut city center. It is home to the Corniche Beirut, a marina, and the future seaside park. The St. George bay neighborhood is an important tourist district in Beirut, as it hosts several hotels and entertainment facilities like the InterContinent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut_Central_District |
One Thousand and One Nights | Stories from the One Thousand and One Nights have been popular subjects for films, beginning with Georges Méliès' Le Palais des Mille et une nuits (1905).
The critic Robert Irwin singles out the two versions of The Thief of Baghdad (1924 version directed by Raoul Walsh; 1940 version produced by Alexander Korda) and Pi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Education in Saudi Arabia | The Saudi education system has been criticised. One observation was, "The country needs educated young Saudis with marketable skills and a capacity for innovation and entrepreneurship. That's not generally what Saudi Arabia's educational system delivers, steeped as it is in rote learning and religious instruction."
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Arab Spring | Anti-government protests began in Libya on 15 February 2011. By 18 February, the opposition controlled most of Benghazi, the country's second-largest city. The government dispatched elite troops and militia in an attempt to recapture it, but they were repelled. By 20 February, protests had spread to the capital Tripoli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
Malacca | As of 2022, there are 238 primary schools and 78 secondary schools in Malacca. The Malacca High School is the second oldest recorded school in the country. The Catholic High School was the first government-funded school in the state. One branch of centre for juvenile convicts, Henry Gurney School, is located in Telok M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca |
North Yemen civil war | At least four plots were going on in San'a. One was headed by Lieutenant Ali Abdul al Moghny. Another one was conceived by Sallal. His plot merged into a third conspiracy prodded by the Hashid tribal confederation in revenge for Ahmad's execution of their paramount sheik and his son. A fourth plot was shaped by severa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
Arab wedding | After the zaffa or zefaf, the bride and the groom (this is mostly in Egypt) sit on a dais, or kosha (كوشة), which usually consists of two comfortable seats in front of the guests, from which the bride and groom reign as though king and queen. As soon as the bride and groom are seated in the kosha, a sharbat drink is pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_wedding |
Isaac Israeli ben Solomon | Little is known of Israeli's background and career. Much that is known comes from the biographical accounts found in The Generations of the Physicians, a work written by the Andalusian author Ibn Juljul in the 2nd half of the tenth century, and in Tabaqāt al-ʼUmam (Categories of Nations) by Sa'id of Toledo, who wrote i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon |
Rubab bint Imra al-Qais | Husayn denounced the accession of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya in 680. When pressed by Yazid's agents to pledge his allegiance, Husayn first fled from his hometown of Medina to Mecca and later set off for Kufa in Iraq, accompanied by his family and a small group of supporters. Among them was Rubab, according t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubab_bint_Imra_al-Qais |
History of the Palestinians | The Palestinian Arabs felt ignored by the terms of the Mandate. Though at the beginning of the Mandate they constituted a 90 percent majority of the population, the text only referred to them as "non-Jewish communities" that, though having civil and religious rights, were not given any national or political rights. As ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Palestinians |
Al-Farabi | Al-Farabi spent most of his scholarly life in Baghdad. In the autobiographical passage preserved by Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, al-Farabi stated that he had studied logic, medicine and sociology with Yuhanna ibn Haylan up to and including Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, i.e., according to the order of the books studied in the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi |
Palermo | In the 8th c. BC the Phoenicians built a small settlement on the natural harbour of Palermo, which became known as Ziz (Punic: 𐤑𐤉𐤑, ṢYṢ). It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with Motya and Soluntum.
The first settlement was later known as Paleapolis meaning "Old City". The site chos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo |
Islamic philosophy | Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C., eds. (2005). The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81743-1.
Butterworth, Charles E.; Kessel, Blake Andrée, eds. (1994). The Introduction of Arabic Philosophy Into Europe. Studien und Texte zur Geistesgeschichte des Mittela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Architecture of Egypt | One of Muhammad Ali's grandsons, Isma'il, ruling officially as Khedive between 1863 and 1879, pushed even further for modernization. He oversaw the construction of the modern Suez Canal, which was inaugurated in 1869. Along with this enterprise, he also undertook the construction of a vast new district in European styl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt |
Huda Sha'arawi | At the time, women in Egypt were confined to the house or harem which she viewed as a very backward system. Sha'arawi resented such restrictions on women's movements, and consequently started organizing lectures for women on topics of interest to them. This brought many women out of their homes and into public places f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huda_Sha%27arawi |
Hirak (Algeria) | Yetnahaw Gaa !, often written Yetnahaw ga3 !, or, in Algerian Arabic, (يتنحاو ڨاع), means "they should all go" and became a rallying cry after Bouteflika renounced his run for a fifth term.
Some slogans referred to the incumbent president as "the Moroccan" because of his birthplace and his reputed membership in a shado... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria) |
Scientia sacra | Nasr's construction of traditional science may be seen through its ontological, epistemological, and axiological foundations. Unlike modern science, traditional science recognizes the direct connection between "hierarchical degrees of being" and "hierarchical degrees of knowing" at the ontological level. It is never di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_sacra |
Umayyad dynasty | Ahmed, Asad Q. (2010). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Oxford: University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research. ISBN 978-1-900934-13-8.
Bacharach, Jere L. (1996). "Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage". Muqarnas Onlin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty |
Ming dynasty | The dominant religious beliefs during the Ming dynasty were the various forms of Chinese folk religion and the Three Teachings—Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The Yuan-supported Tibetan lamas fell from favor, and the early Ming emperors particularly favored Taoism, granting its practitioners many positions in the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty |
Islamic architecture | The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) combined elements of Byzantine architecture and Sasanian architecture, but Umayyad architecture introduced new combinations of these styles. The reuse of elements from classical Roman and Byzantine art was still widely evident because political power and patronage was centered in Syria, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Iraqi Air Force | The Anglo-Iraqi War left the RIrAF shattered. Several squadrons had all of their aircraft destroyed, while lots of officers and pilots had been killed or had fled to neighbouring countries. Due to the destruction of the Flying School's entire aircraft inventory, training of new pilots only restarted six years after the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force |
Abyei | Following the clashes in Abyei during May 2008, in June 2008 the Sudanese President, Omar al-Bashir, and the President of the autonomous Government of Southern Sudan, Salva Kiir Mayardit, agreed to refer the disputes between the Government and the SPLM/A concerning the ABC's determination of the Abyei area's boundaries... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei |
Husayn ibn Ali | Despite the advice of Muhammad ibn Hanafiyya, Abdullah ibn Umar, and the constant insistence of Abd Allah ibn Abbas in Mecca, Husayn did not back down from his decision to go to Kufa. Ibn 'Abbas pointed out that the Kufis had left both his father Ali and his brother Hasan alone, and suggested that Husayn go to Yemen in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali |
Sudan | The Kingdom of Kush was an ancient Nubian state centred on the confluences of the Blue Nile and White Nile, and the Atbarah River and the Nile River. It was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt; it was centred at Napata in its early phase.
After King Kashta ("the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Irgun | As members of an underground armed organization, Irgun personnel did not normally call Irgun by its name but rather used other names. In the first years of its existence it was known primarily as Ha-Haganah Leumit (The National Defense), and also by names such as Haganah Bet ("Second Defense"), Irgun Bet ("Second Irgun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irgun |
Cleopatra | In modern times Cleopatra has become an icon of popular culture, a reputation shaped by theatrical representations dating back to the Renaissance as well as paintings and films. This material largely surpasses the scope and size of existent historiographic literature about her from classical antiquity and has made a gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra |
Iraq | During World War I, the Ottomans sided with Germany and the Central Powers. In the Mesopotamian campaign against the Central Powers, British forces invaded the country and initially suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Turkish army during the Siege of Kut (1915–1916). However, the British began to gain the upper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq |
Concubinage | The term concubine did not necessarily refer to women after the first wife. A man could have many wives and concubines. Legally, any children born to a concubine were considered to be the children of the wife she was under.
The concubine may not have commanded the exact amount of respect as the wife. In the Levitical r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubinage |
Manually coded language | It is unknown when the first attempts were made to represent an oral language with gesture. Indeed, some have speculated that oral languages may have evolved from sign languages, and there may be undocumented cases in history when vocal and signed modes of a language existed side by side. It is not uncommon for people ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manually_coded_language |
Mudawana | Despite numerous calls for reform throughout the 1960s and 70s, it was not until 1982 that women's legal status was brought to the forefront of public debate in Morocco. Eventually, public debates and discussions led to a broad rewriting of the Mudawana in 2003–4, which many attribute to the increase in activity and or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudawana |
Hafez al-Assad | Hafez turned the presidency, which had been known simply as "head of state" under Jadid, into a position of power during his rule. In many ways, the presidential authority replaced the Ba'ath Party's failed experiment with organised, military Leninism; Syria became a hybrid of Leninism and Gaullist constitutionalism. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Roman–Persian Wars | In 524–525 AD, Kavadh proposed that Justin I adopt his son, Khosrau, but the negotiations soon broke down. The proposal was initially greeted with enthusiasm by the Roman emperor and his nephew, Justinian, but Justin's quaestor, Proculus, opposed the move. Tensions between the two powers were further heightened by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars |
North African campaign | Operation Torch in November 1942 was a compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing American armed forces the opportunity to engage in the fight against Nazi Germany on a limited scale. In addition, as Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, had long been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign |
One Thousand and One Nights | The first European version (1704–1717) was translated into French by Antoine Galland from an Arabic text of the Syrian recension and other sources. This 12-volume work, Les Mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français ('The Thousand and one nights, Arab stories translated into French'), included stories that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Muslim conquest of Persia | Bashear, Suliman (1997). Arabs and Others in Early Islam. Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-126-7.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1997). "Sīstān". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden, and New York: BRILL. pp. 681–685. ISBN 9789004082656.
Bosworth, C. E. (2011). "SISTĀN ii. In the Islamic period"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
Mandaeans | According to a theory first proposed by Ignatius of Jesus in the 17th century, the Mandaeans originated in Palestine and later migrated east to the Mesopotamian Marshes. This theory was gradually abandoned, but was revived in the early 20th century through the first translation of Mandaean texts, which Biblical scholar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeans |
Interwar period | Hitler came to power in January 1933, and inaugurated an aggressive power designed to give Germany economic and political domination across central Europe. He did not attempt to recover the lost colonies. Until August 1939, the Nazis denounced Communists and the Soviet Union as the greatest enemy, along with the Jews.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period |
Al-Assad family | During the 1950s, Syrian Alawites started becoming influential in the Syrian Armed Forces and Ba'ath party. Led by Alawite military officers like Salah Jadid. Ba'athist factions staged a series of coups during the 1960s and built up a one-party state. The party cemented its total control over the state and society by p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad_family |
Alchemy | The introduction of alchemy to Latin Europe may be dated to 11 February 1144, with the completion of Robert of Chester's translation of the Liber de compositione alchemiae ("Book on the Composition of Alchemy") from an Arabic work attributed to Khalid ibn Yazid. Although European craftsmen and technicians pre-existed, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy |
Human rights in Saudi Arabia | While Saudi Arabia's Criminal Procedure Code prohibits "torture" and "undignified treatment" (art. 2), in practice, torture and using torture to extract forced confessions of guilt remains common.
According to Amnesty International, security forces continued to torture and ill-treat detainees to extract confessions to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Morality in Islam | The topic of chastity is mentioned 13 times in the Quran. Sharia (Islamic law) commands Muslims to preserve chastity and modesty is a principal means of doing so. Muhammad is narrated as saying:
"Every religion has its characteristic, and the characteristic of Islam is modesty (Haya)," (collected in al-Muwatta, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality_in_Islam |
Al-Ta'i' | In a formal ceremony, Adud al-Dawla was invested as amir al-umara by al-Ta'i', with extensive new honours: he was awarded a crown and jewel-studded necklace, given the honorific Taj al-Milla ('Crown of the Muslim Community'), as well as a banner for himself and his heir, something hitherto reserved for the designated h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ta%27i%27 |
Muammar Gaddafi | In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution: Third International Theory. This approach regarded both the US and the Soviet Union as imperialist and thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Marxist–Leninist atheism. In this respect, it was similar to the Three Worlds Theor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Women in Islam | In the United States, Islamophobia, coupled with the 2016 presidential election which heightened anti-Muslim sentiment has particularly impacted on Muslim American women. In their 2018 American Muslim Poll, think tank Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU) reported, "though roughly half of women of all ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
Sibawayh | Probably due to Sibawayh's early death, "no one", al-Nadim records, "was known to have studied Al-Kitāb with Sibawayh," nor did he expound it as was the tradition. Sibawayh's associate and pupil, Al-Akhfash al-Akbar, or al-Akhfash al-Mujashi'i, a learned grammarian of Basra of the Banu Mujashi ibn Darim, transcribed S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibawayh |
Sharia | Sharia was traditionally interpreted by muftis. During the first few centuries of Islam, muftis were private legal specialists who normally also held other jobs. They issued fatwas (legal opinions), generally free of charge, in response to questions from laypersons or requests for consultation coming from judges, which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Islamic revival | The term "Islamic revival" encompasses "a wide variety of movements, some intolerant and exclusivist, some pluralistic; some favorable to science, some anti-scientific; some primarily devotional, and some primarily political; some democratic, some authoritarian; some pacific, some violent".
The revival has been manifes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_revival |
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