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Wallace Fard Muhammad | In January 1933, Fard snuck back into Detroit and held secret meetings with followers. Fard left Detroit for a few weeks but returned to Detroit and resumed preaching on street corners. Recognized by police, he was arrested on May 25, booked, and photographed. He was again released and ordered to depart the city.
Fard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad |
Byzantine Greeks | Byzantine education was the product of an ancient Greek educational tradition that stretched back to the 5th century BC. It comprised a tripartite system of education that, taking shape during the Hellenistic era, was maintained, with inevitable changes, up until the fall of Constantinople. The stages of education were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks |
Israeli–Palestinian peace process | In June 2009, reacting to US President Barack Obama's Cairo Address, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared for the first time conditional support for a future Palestinian state but insisted that the Palestinians would need to make reciprocal gestures and accept several principles: recognition of Israel as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process |
Syria | In 1516, the Ottoman Empire invaded the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, conquering Syria, and incorporating it into its empire. The Ottoman system was not burdensome to Syrians because the Turks respected Arabic as the language of the Quran, and accepted the mantle of defenders of the faith. Damascus was made the major entr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria |
Battle of Vienna | In an effort to stop the siege, the relief army of Poles and Imperial forces would rush to prepare a response. Despite the multinational composition of the army and the short space of only six days, an effective leadership structure was established, centred around the king of Poland and his heavy cavalry (Polish Hussar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna |
Ahmadiyya | The Six articles of Islamic Faith and the Five Pillars of Islam constitute the basis of Ahmadi belief and practice. Likewise, Ahmadis accept the Quran as their holy text, face the Kaaba during prayer, follow the sunnah (normative practice of Muhammad) and accept the authority of the ahadith (sing. hadith; reported sayi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya |
River delta | The formation of a delta is complicated, multiple, and cross-cutting over time, but in a simple delta three main types of bedding may be distinguished: the bottomset beds, foreset/frontset beds, and topset beds. This three part structure may be seen in small scale by crossbedding.
The bottomset beds are created from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_delta |
Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi) | Arabic Transliteration Key,
Introduction,
A Short Biography of Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi,
Chain of Teachers from Imam Abu Hanifa to Imam al-Maturidi,
Kitab at-Tawhid,
Notes on Translation,
1. Religion must not be Based on Belief in Authority (taqlid) but must be Based on Evidence,
2. Knowledge of the Religion is Acqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi) |
Libyan civil war (2011) | In 2009 and 2011, the Freedom of the Press Index rated Libya the most-censored state in the Middle East and North Africa. In contrast, a January 2011 report of the United Nations Human Rights Council, on which the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya sat prior to the uprising, released a month before protests began, praised certain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011) |
Al-Azhar University | Al-Azhar's muftis have a history of being consulted on political issues. Muhammad Ali Pasha appointed Al-Azhar muftis to the Consultative Council in 1829 and this would be repeated by Abbas I and later Isma'il Pasha. At the same time, there were many cases where the Egyptian ruler would disregard the opinion of Al-Azha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University |
Byzantine Empire | The first Christian communities began in Judea, in the Roman Empire, in the second quarter of the first century. They swiftly spread into the Jewish diaspora, along the trade and travel routes followed by merchants, soldiers and migrating tribes, moving from fewer than 50,000 adherents to over a million in the hundred ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire |
Battle of Nahrawan | After the third Caliph Uthman was assasinated in a rebellion instigated by the Yemeni Jew turned Muslim Abd Allah ibn Saba in 656, Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad, was subsequently elected Caliph by the Medinese people. His election was challenged by Muhammad's widow A'isha and some of Muhammad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nahrawan |
Ancient Egypt | According to historian William Stiebling and archaeologist Susan N. Helft, conflicting DNA analysis on recent genetic samples such as the Amarna royal mummies has led to a lack of consensus on the genetic makeup of the ancient Egyptians and their geographic origins.
The genetic history of Ancient Egypt remains a develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt |
Justinian I | Justinian was born in Tauresium, Dardania, probably in 482. A native speaker of Latin (possibly the last Roman emperor to be one), he came from a peasant family thought to have been of either of Illyro-Roman or Thraco-Roman origin. The name Iustinianus, which he took later, is indicative of adoption by his uncle Justin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I |
Eastern Orthodox Church | The Eastern Orthodox Church considers itself to be both orthodox and catholic. The doctrine of the Catholicity of the Church, as derived from the Nicene Creed, is essential to Eastern Orthodox ecclesiology. The term Catholicity of the Church (Greek Καθολικότης τῆς Ἐκκλησίας) is used in its original sense, as a designat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church |
Portraiture in ancient Egypt | The context of the displayed statue or relief must be put into consideration when studying a piece of art. Was it in the innermost sanctuary of the tomb and meant to be seen only by the gods; or was it monumental, on the first pylon of the temple, and meant to be seen by the public? Context dictates the purpose of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt |
Jordan | The oldest known evidence of hominid habitation in Jordan dates back at least 200,000 years. Jordan is a rich source of Paleolithic human remains (up to 20,000 years old) due to its location within the Levant, where various migrations of hominids out of Africa converged, and its more humid climate during the Late Pleis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) | The Conference formally opened on 18 January 1919 at the Quai d'Orsay in Paris. This date was symbolic, as it was the anniversary of the proclamation of William I as German Emperor in 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, shortly before the end of the Siege of Paris – a day itself imbued with signi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920) |
French people | Successive waves of immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries were rapidly assimilated into French culture. France's population dynamics began to change in the middle of the 19th century, as France joined the Industrial Revolution. The pace of industrial growth attracted millions of European immigrants over the nex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people |
Jaffa | Until the mid-19th century, Jaffa's orange groves were mainly owned by Arabs, who employed traditional methods of farming. The pioneers of modern agriculture in Jaffa were American settlers, who brought in farm machinery in the 1850s and 1860s, followed by the Templers and the Jews. From the 1880s, real estate became a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa |
Zeid bin Ra'ad | On 8 September 2014, in his maiden speech to the UN's 47-member Human Rights Council at the body's 27th session in Geneva, Zeid strongly criticized the so-called Islamic State group, saying it was trying to create a "house of blood". He called on the international community to combat the spread of the movement in Iraq ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeid_bin_Ra%27ad |
Spread of Islam | The history of Arab and Islamic rule in the Iberian peninsula is probably one of the most studied periods of European history. For centuries after the Arab conquest, European accounts of Arab rule in Iberia were negative. European points of view started changing with the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in new de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | The Met has always deaccessioned works to improve the collection by using the proceeds to purchase better or more appropriate works. As noted above, it has deaccessioned nearly two-thirds of the founding purchase of Old Master paintings made in 1871. As early as 1887, it sold 5,000 Cypriot objects in order to purchase ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
MISCA | The creation of MISCA is a consequence of United Nations Security Council resolution on 10 October 2013, expressing its concerns for stabilizing the political transition of the new regime following the Agreements of Libreville on 11 January 2013 and the declaration of N'Djamena on 18 April 2013, calling for the organis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MISCA |
Hisham's Palace | It is difficult to establish a secure historical framework for Hisham's Palace. No textual sources reference the site, and archaeological excavations are the only source of further information. An ostracon bearing the name "Hisham" was found during the course of Baramki's excavations. This was interpreted as evidence f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham%27s_Palace |
Salafi movement | In Indian subcontinent, a number of Salafi streams exist including Ahl i Hadith and Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen.
Ahl-i Hadith is a religious movement that emerged in Northern India in the mid-nineteenth century. Adherents of Ahl-i-Hadith regard the Quran, sunnah, and hadith as the sole sources of religious authority an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Kim Il Sung | The Soviet Union declared war on Japan on 8 August 1945, and the Red Army entered Pyongyang on 24 August 1945. Stalin had instructed Lavrentiy Beria to recommend a communist leader for the Soviet-occupied territories and Beria met Kim several times before recommending him to Stalin.
Kim arrived in the Korean port of Wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung |
Adal Sultanate | The Military of Adal was divided into several sections such as the infantry consisting of swordsmen, archers and lancers that were commanded by various generals and lieutenants. These forces were complemented by a cavalry force and eventually, later in the empire's history, by matchlock-technology and cannons during th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate |
Alawi Sultanate | After Mawlay Isma'il's death, Morocco was plunged into one of its greatest periods of turmoil between 1727 and 1757, with Isma'il's sons fighting for control of the sultanate and never holding onto power for long. Isma'il had left hundreds of sons who were theoretically eligible for the throne. Conflict between his son... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate |
Bektashi Order | After lodges in Turkey were shut down, the order's headquarters moved to Albania. On 20 March 1930, Sali Njazi was elected as the First Dedebaba of the Bektashi community. Njazi established the Bektashi World Headquarters in Tirana. Its construction was finished in 1941 during the Italian occupation of Albania. Njazi p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order |
Aliyah | After Aliyah Bet, the process of numbering or naming individual aliyot ceased, but immigration did not. A major wave of Jewish immigration, mainly from post-Holocaust Europe and the Arab and Muslim world took place from 1948 to 1951. In three and a half years, the Jewish population of Israel, which was 650,000 at the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah |
Tell Abu Hureyra | The village of Abu Hureyra had two separate periods of occupation: An Epipalaeolithic settlement and a Neolithic settlement. The Epipaleolithic, or Natufian, settlement was established c. 13,500 years ago. During the first settlement, the village consisted of small round huts, cut into the soft sandstone of the terrace... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra |
Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) | Until Wilson's arrival in Europe in December 1918, no sitting American president had ever visited the continent. Wilson's 1918 Fourteen Points had helped win many hearts and minds as the war ended, not only in America but all over Europe, including Germany, as well as its allies in and the former subjects of the Ottoma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920) |
Atatürk's reforms | The Ottoman Empire had a social system based on religious affiliation. Religious insignia extended to every social function. It was common to wear clothing that identified the person with their own particular religious grouping and accompanied headgear which distinguished rank and profession throughout the Ottoman Empi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms |
Sasanian Empire | Christians in the Sasanian Empire belonged mainly to the Nestorian Church (Church of the East) and the Jacobite Church (Syriac Orthodox Church). Although these churches originally maintained ties with Christian churches in the Roman Empire, they were quite different from them: the liturgical language of the Nestorian a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
LGBT people and Islam | The Quran contains several allusions to homosexual activity, which has prompted considerable exegetical and legal commentaries over the centuries. The subject is most clearly addressed in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah (seven verses) after the men of the city demand to have sex with the (seemingly male) messengers sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_people_and_Islam |
Córdoba, Spain | Jardines de la Victoria. Within the gardens there are two newly renovated facilities, the old Caseta del Círculo de la Amistad, today Caseta Victoria, and the Kiosko de la música, as well as a small Modernist fountain from the early 20th century. The northern section, called Jardines of Duque de Rivas, features a pergo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain |
National Iraqi Alliance | The Alliance formed in the lead-up to the January 2005 elections from mainly Shi’ite groups most importantly the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, whose leader Abdul Aziz al-Hakim headed the list, and Islamic Dawa Party. Other important members included the secular Iraqi National Congress led by Ahmed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance |
Ridda Wars | As soon as the expedition of Usama ibn Zayd had returned, Abu Bakr immediately started preparing his forces for further combat against the rebels close to Medina. Before dispatching Khalid against Tulayha, Abu Bakr sought to reduce the latter's strength. Nothing could be done about the tribes of Bani Assad and Banu Gha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_Wars |
Palmyra | Palmyra's first scholarly description appeared in a 1696 book by Abednego Seller. In 1751, an expedition led by Robert Wood and James Dawkins studied Palmyra's architecture. French artist and architect Louis-François Cassas conducted an extensive survey of the city's monuments in 1785, publishing over a hundred drawing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra |
Couscous | Couscous is traditionally made from semolina, the hardest part of the grain of durum wheat (the hardest of all forms of wheat), which resists the grinding of the millstone. The semolina is sprinkled with water and rolled with the hands to form small pellets, sprinkled with dry flour to keep them separate, and then siev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couscous |
Languages of Europe | Europe has had a number of languages that were considered linguae francae over some ranges for some periods according to some historians. Typically in the rise of a national language the new language becomes a lingua franca to peoples in the range of the future nation until the consolidation and unification phases. If ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Europe |
Judeo-Tunisian Arabic | Like all other Judeo-Arabic languages, Judeo-Tunisian Arabic does not seem to be very different from the Arabic dialect from which it derives, Tunisian Arabic.
Phonology: There are three main differences between Tunisian Arabic phonology and Judeo-Tunisian Arabic phonology:
Substitution of phonemes: Unlike most dialec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic |
Wahhabism | Allegations of links between Wahhabism proper and the ideology of militant Islamists such as al-Qaeda and Islamic State, have been disputed. Throughout the 20th century Board of Senior Ulema (BSU) of the Dar al-Ifta in Saudi Arabia, were known for issuing fatawa which strongly condemned various forms of war crimes and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Syrian civil war | United Nations authorities have estimated that the war in Syria has caused destruction reaching to about $400 billion. SNHR reported in 2017 that the war has rendered around 39% of Syrian mosques unserviceable for worship. More than 13,500 mosques were destroyed in Syria between 2011 and 2017. Around 1,400 were dismant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war |
Rock-cut architecture | Ancient monuments of rock-cut architecture are widespread in several regions of world. A small number of Neolithic tombs in Europe, such as the c. 3,000 B.C. Dwarfie Stane on the Orkney island of Hoy, were cut directly from the rock, rather than constructed from stone blocks.
Alteration of naturally formed caverns, alt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture |
Monsoon | Strengthening of the Asian monsoon has been linked to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau after the collision of the Indian subcontinent and Asia around 50 million years ago. Because of studies of records from the Arabian Sea and that of the wind-blown dust in the Loess Plateau of China, many geologists believe the monso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon |
Takfir | On the other hand, there are a number of ways a Muslim may avoid being found guilty of apostasy.
Giving pause to takfir accusations is the principle of fiqh (in Shafiʿi and other madhhabs) that accusing or describing another devout Muslim of being an unbeliever is itself an act of apostasy, based on the hadith where Mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takfir |
Comparative law | The origins of modern Comparative Law can be traced back to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1667 in his Latin-language book Nova Methodus Discendae Docendaeque Iurisprudentiae (New Methods of Studying and Teaching Jurisprudence). Chapter 7 (Presentation of Law as the Project for all Nations, Lands and Times) introduces th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_law |
Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry | The following are the conclusions and observations of the report:
"Both the Government and the opposition have their share of responsibility in allowing events to unfold as they did."
"The forceful confrontation of demonstrators involving the use of lethal force and resort to a heavy deployment of Public Security Forc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_Independent_Commission_of_Inquiry |
Cleopatra | Ptolemy XII died sometime before 22 March 51 BC, when Cleopatra, in her first act as queen, began her voyage to Hermonthis, near Thebes, to install a new sacred Buchis bull, worshiped as an intermediary for the god Montu in the Ancient Egyptian religion. Cleopatra faced several pressing issues and emergencies shortly a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra |
Saint | In the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement, the title of Saint refers to a person who has been elevated by popular opinion as a pious and holy person. The saints are seen as models of holiness to be imitated, and as a "cloud of witnesses" that strengthen and encourage the believer during his or her ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint |
Mode (music) | Use and conception of modes or modality today is different from that in early music. As Jim Samson explains, "Clearly any comparison of medieval and modern modality would recognize that the latter takes place against a background of some three centuries of harmonic tonality, permitting, and in the 19th century requirin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(music) |
Banu Kilab | The Banu Amir had developed a reputation for military prowess in Arabia by the time the Islamic prophet Muhammad began his teachings in Mecca in the early 7th century. Despite their close ties with the Quraysh, which opposed Muhammad, the Banu Amir remained on generally peaceful terms with the nascent Muslim community;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kilab |
Fez, Morocco | The main spoken language in Fez is Arabic Darija (Arabic: الدارجة المغربية, lit. 'Moroccan vernacular'), a vernacular variety of Arabic. Like the inhabitants of other historical urban centers in Morocco, Ahl Fes (أهل فاس "the people of Fes," referring especially to old elite families) speak their own distinct dialect o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Colonial empire | Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and one of the first colonial empires under the leadership of Henry the Navigator. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories distributed across the globe (especially at one time in the 16th century) that are now parts of 60 different sovereign s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_empire |
Likud | Likud has historically espoused opposition to Palestinian statehood and support of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. However, it has also been the party that carried out the first peace agreements with Arab states. For instance, in 1979, Likud Prime Minister Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud |
Libya | Libyan cuisine is a mixture of the different Italian, Bedouin and traditional Arab culinary influences. Pasta is the staple food in the Western side of Libya, whereas rice is generally the staple food in the east.
Common Libyan foods include several variations of red (tomato) sauce based pasta dishes (similar to the It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran between two revolutions. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691101345.
Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. California: University of California Press. ISBN 0520081730. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). Tortured Confessions: Prisons a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Tulkarm | According to the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Tulkarm had a population of 3,350 (3,109 Muslims, 208 Christians, 23 Jews, eight Samaritans, one Baha'i, and one Druze). At the time of the 1931 census, Tulkarm had a population of 4,827 (4,540 Muslims, 255 Christians, 18 Jews, six ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulkarm |
Order of Assassins | The Assassins were part of Medieval culture, and they were either demonized or romanticized. The Hashashin frequently appeared in the art and literature of the Middle Ages. Sometimes, they were portrayed as one of the knight's archenemies, and they were also portrayed as a quintessential villain during the crusades.
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Assassins |
Decapitation | Decapitation is quickly fatal to humans and most animals. Unconsciousness occurs within seconds without circulating oxygenated blood (brain ischemia). Cell death and irreversible brain damage occurs after 3–6 minutes with no oxygen, due to excitotoxicity. Some anecdotes suggest more extended persistence of human consci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation |
Mamluk Sultanate | In 1263, Baybars deposed al-Mughith based on allegations of collaboration with the Mongol Ilkhanate of Persia, and thereby consolidated his authority over Islamic Syria. During his early reign, Baybars expanded the Mamluk from 10,000 cavalry to 40,000, with a 4,000-strong royal guard at its core. The new force was rigi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Persecution of Sufis | 2005
19 March: a suicide bomber kills at least 35 people and injured many more at the shrine of Pir Rakhel Shah in remote village of Fatehpur located in Jhal Magsi District of Balochistan. The dead included Shia and Sunni devotees.
27 May: As many as 20 people are killed and 100 injured when a suicide-bomber attacks a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis |
Tripolitania | Ottoman Tripolitania (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت طرابلس غرب) extended beyond the region of Tripolitania proper, also including Cyrenaica. Tripolitania became effectively independent under the rulers of the Karamanli dynasty from 1711 until Ottoman control was re-imposed by Mahmud II in 1835. Ottoman rule persisted until 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania |
History of India | In 1526, Babur swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered much of South Asia. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and his Hindu ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India |
Sharia | The classical doctrine of hisba, associated with the Quranic injunction of enjoining good and forbidding wrong, refers to the duty of Muslims to promote moral rectitude and intervene when another Muslim is acting wrongly. Historically, its legal implementation was entrusted to a public official called muhtasib (market ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Nelson Mandela | With the election set for 27 April 1994, the ANC began campaigning, opening 100 election offices and orchestrating People's Forums across the country at which Mandela could appear, as a popular figure with great status among black South Africans. The ANC campaigned on a Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela |
Theatre | The first form of Indian theatre was the Sanskrit theatre, earliest-surviving fragments of which date from the 1st century CE. It began after the development of Greek and Roman theatre and before the development of theatre in other parts of Asia. It emerged sometime between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre |
Genetic studies on Arabs | Consanguinity (interbreeding, marriage between cousins, inside the family, the clan, the tribe, or even country especially small countries like Kuwait, to preserve fortunes in the family or clan or tribe especially after the Oil discovery in Gulf) is the main cause of Arabic genetical diseases, in addition to mutagens ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Arabs |
Hosni Mubarak | Until Libya's suspension from the Arab League at the beginning of the Libyan Civil War, Egypt was the only state in the history of the organization to have had its membership suspended, because of President Sadat's peace treaty with Israel. In June 1982, Mubarak met King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, which marked a beginning o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak |
Intef II | We know the name and activities of some of the officials who served under Intef II :
Tjetjy was the chief treasurer and king’s chamberlain of Intef II and Intef III. His finely carved tomb stele, now at the British Museum, shows that Intef II claimed the dual throne of Egypt but also recognizes the limited extent of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intef_II |
Red fox | Red foxes typically dominate other fox species. Arctic foxes generally escape competition from red foxes by living farther north, where food is too scarce to support the larger-bodied red species. Although the red species' northern limit is linked to the availability of food, the Arctic species' southern range is limit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox |
Yazidis | During World War I, the Armenian genocide of 1915 caused a mass exodus of Yezidis from Van, Kars, and Bazîd, who together with many Armenians, fled from the Ottoman Empire in masses to Transcaucasia, following their kinsfolk who had already settled in territories of Russian Empire after fleeing during the Russo-Turkish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis |
Umayyad Caliphate | The recognition of Mu'awiya in Kufa, referred to as the "year of unification of the community" in the Muslim traditional sources, is generally considered the start of his caliphate. With his accession, the political capital and the caliphal treasury were transferred to Damascus, the seat of Mu'awiya's power. Syria's em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Israeli–Palestinian peace process | In 2000, US President Bill Clinton convened a peace summit between Palestinian President Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. In May of that year, according to Nathan Thrall, Israel had offered Palestinians 66% of the West Bank, with 17% annexed to Israel, and a further 17% not annexed but under Israeli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process |
Kutubiyya Mosque | The most commonly accepted chronology of the mosque's construction is the one originally proposed by French scholars Henri Terrasse and Henri Basset during their study of Almohad monuments in the first half of the 20th century, with further refinements by Gaston Deverdun in his 1959 book about Marrakesh. According to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque |
Yemeni civil war (1994) | On 27 April, a major tank battle erupted in Amran, near Sana'a. Both sides accused the other of starting it. On 4 May, the southern air force bombed San'a and other areas in the north; the northern air force responded by bombing Aden. President Saleh declared a 30-day state of emergency, and foreign nationals began eva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994) |
Angels in Islam | Islamic scholars which supported the notion that angels were infallible and rejected the entire concept of the fallen angel, as they based Quran describes angels in At-Tahrim 66:6 "not disobeying", Al-Anbiya 21:19 of "not acting arrogant", and in Al-Anbiya 21:27 of "not presumptuous", where those verses used by various... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_Islam |
Shammuramat | Shammuramat has long been recognized as the primary inspiration behind the legendary Assyrian warrior-queen and heroine Semiramis, though the Semiramis tradition likely also draws some inspiration from several other real and mythological figures of the ancient Near East, such as the later Assyrian consorts Atalia (wife... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat |
Esarhaddon | In an inscription describing his appointment as crown prince and his rise to power, Esarhaddon uses the following royal titles:
Esarhaddon, the great king, king of Assyria, viceroy of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four regions of the earth, favorite of the great gods, his lords. Whom Assur, Marduk and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon |
White | Chalk is a type of limestone, made of the mineral calcite, or calcium carbonate. It was originally deposited under the sea as the scales or plates of tiny micro-organisms called Coccolithophore. It was the first white pigment used by prehistoric artists in cave paintings. The chalk used on blackboards today is usually ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White |
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt | After allowing discipline at the southern forts to deteriorate, the government eventually withdrew its garrisons and, not long afterward, the forts were reoccupied by the rising Nubian state of Kush. In the north, Lower Egypt was overrun by the Hyksos, a Semitic people from across the Sinai. An independent line of king... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt |
Oil shale | Oil shale is utilized as a fuel for thermal power-plants, burning it (like coal) to drive steam turbines; some of these plants employ the resulting heat for district heating of homes and businesses. In addition to its use as a fuel, oil shale may also serve in the production of specialty carbon fibers, adsorbent carbon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale |
Muslim conquest of Persia | Bashear, Suliman (1997). Arabs and Others in Early Islam. Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-126-7.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1997). "Sīstān". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden, and New York: BRILL. pp. 681–685. ISBN 9789004082656.
Bosworth, C. E. (2011). "SISTĀN ii. In the Islamic period"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
Lihyan | Scholars have long grappled to establish a reliable timeline for the kingdoms of Lihyan and Dadan; numerous attempts were made to construct a secure chronology, but none of them so far came to fruition. This important chapter in the region's history remains fundamentally obscured. The main source of information regardi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihyan |
Girsu | The site consists of two main mounds, one rising 50 feet above the plain and
the other 56 feet. A number of small mounds dot the site. Telloh was the first Sumerian site to be extensively excavated, at first under the French vice-consul at Basra, Ernest de Sarzec, in eleven campaigns between 1877 and 1900, followed by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girsu |
Syria | In 1516, the Ottoman Empire invaded the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, conquering Syria, and incorporating it into its empire. The Ottoman system was not burdensome to Syrians because the Turks respected Arabic as the language of the Quran, and accepted the mantle of defenders of the faith. Damascus was made the major entr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria |
Egyptians | Around the end of the 19th and early 20th century, the state started making efforts to shape a collective Egyptian Identity and Egyptian nationalism in face of the British rule. However, the revolution of Ahmed Orabi is considered to be a turning point in Egyptian History , as it fought for the Egyptian identity, where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians |
Agriculture in Mauritania | Although it is a large country, most of Mauritania is desert. In the late 1980s, arable land was scarce, and, except for some oases, crop production was limited to a narrow band along the southern borders with Senegal and Mali. Farmers practiced four types of agriculture: rain-fed dryland cropping, called dieri; flood ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mauritania |
Hussein of Jordan | Hussein later stated that during one of his meetings with Israeli representatives: "I told them I could not absorb a serious retaliatory raid, and they accepted the logic of this and promised there would never be one." The Palestinian nationalist organization Fatah started organizing cross-border attacks against Israel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan |
Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar | The event is mentioned in the Quran verse 9:107, the verse states:
And there are those who put up a mosque by way of mischief and infidelity - to disunite the Believers - and in preparation for one who warred against Allah and His Messenger aforetime. They will indeed swear that their intention is nothing but good; Bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar |
Marrakesh | The Marrakesh area was inhabited by Berber farmers from Neolithic times, and numerous stone implements have been unearthed in the area. Marrakesh was founded by Abu Bakr ibn Umar, chieftain and second cousin of the Almoravid king Yusuf ibn Tashfin (c. 1061–1106). Historical sources cite a variety of dates for this even... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh |
Great power | As noted above, for many, power capabilities were the sole criterion. However, even under the more expansive tests, power retains a vital place.
This aspect has received mixed treatment, with some confusion as to the degree of power required. Writers have approached the concept of great power with differing conceptuali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power |
Fatimid Caliphate | After al-Hakim's death his two designated heirs were killed, putting an end to his succession scheme, and his sister Sitt al-Mulk arranged to have his 15-year-old son Ali installed on the throne as al-Zahir. She served as his regent until her death in 1023, at which point an alliance of courtiers and officials ruled, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Antiquities of the Jews | Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews is a vital source for the history of the intertestamental period and the Jewish war against Rome. Antiquities of the Jews is separated into twenty volumes:
In the preface of Antiquities of the Jews, Josephus provides his motivation for composing such a large work. He writes:
Now I hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews |
Aja'ib al-Makhluqat | Qazwini shows that God created many things that are unknown to the people (Quran 16:8), and a fundamental part of this, with central importance, is God's Throne, His footstool are the angels and the jinn (demons, evil/good spirits).
The celestial spheres are inhabited by the angels. The angels are good perfect beings w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja%27ib_al-Makhluqat |
Hafez al-Assad | When Hafez came to power, he increased Alawite dominance of the security and intelligence sectors to a near-monopoly. The coercive framework was under his control, weakening the state and party. According to Hinnebusch, the Alawite officers around Hafez "were pivotal because as personal kinsmen or clients of the presid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Isis | The memory of Isis survived the extinction of her worship. Like the Greeks and Romans, many modern Europeans have regarded ancient Egypt as the home of profound and often mystical wisdom, and this wisdom has often been linked with Isis. Giovanni Boccaccio's biography of Isis in his 1374 work De mulieribus claris, based... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis |
Agriculture in Saudi Arabia | Nomadic pastoralism declined as a result of several political and economic forces. Sedentarization was a means of imposing political control over various tribal groupings in the Arabian Peninsula. New legal structures such as the 1968 Public Lands Distribution Ordinance created novel land relations and spurred the diss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia |
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