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Ibn Khaldun | Ibn Khaldun's epistemology attempted to reconcile mysticism with theology by dividing science into two different categories, the religious science that regards the sciences of the Qur'an and the non-religious science. He further classified the non-religious sciences into intellectual sciences such as logic, arithmetic,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun |
Harar | Known as gey gar ("city house", plural: gey garach), Harari houses form a distinct archetype that differs from other Muslim regions and from other parts of Ethiopia. The traditional Harari house design is still widely in use today, with only minor changes, and Hararis who have moved to other cities try to adhere to a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar |
Bahrain | The kingdom has a small but professional and well-equipped military called the Bahrain Defence Force (BDF), numbering around 8,200 personnel, including 6,000 in the Royal Bahraini Army, 700 in the Royal Bahraini Naval Force, and 1,500 in the Royal Bahraini Air Force. The BDF command structure also includes the Bahrain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain |
Kuwait | The Al Sabah strongly advocated Islamism throughout the 1980s. At that time, the most serious threat to the continuity of Al Sabah came from home-grown democrats, who were protesting the 1976 suspension of the parliament. The Al Sabah were attracted to Islamists preaching the virtues of a hierarchical order that includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Khalid ibn al-Walid | After Buzakha, Khalid proceeded against the rebel Tamimite chieftain Malik ibn Nuwayra headquartered in al-Butah, in the present-day Qassim region. Malik had been appointed by Muhammad as the collector of the sadaqa ('alms tax') over his clan of the Tamim, the Yarbu, but stopped forwarding this tax to Medina after Muha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid |
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict | The Iran–Iraq War began on 22 September 1980, when Iraq under Saddam Hussein invaded Iran, and it ended on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the UN-brokered ceasefire. Iraq wanted to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state, and was worried the 1979 Iranian Revolution would lead Iraq's Shi'ite majority to rebel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict |
Esarhaddon | Seeing as he himself had only acquired the Assyrian throne with great difficulty, Esarhaddon took several steps in order to ensure that the transition of power following his own death would be a smooth and peaceful one. A treaty concluded between Esarhaddon and his vassal Ramataia, the ruler of a Median kingdom in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon |
Tariqa | The most popular tariqa in the West is the Mevlevi Order, named after Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi. In the same time the Bektashi Order was also founded, named after the Haji Bektash Veli. Five large tariqas in South Asia are: the Naqshbandi Order, named after Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari; the Qadiri Order, named after ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqa |
Positional notation | Base-12 systems (duodecimal or dozenal) have been popular because multiplication and division are easier than in base-10, with addition and subtraction being just as easy. Twelve is a useful base because it has many factors. It is the smallest common multiple of one, two, three, four and six. There is still a special w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation |
Ulama | The study of, and commentaries on Quran and hadith, debates about ijtihad and taqlid and the issuing of fatwa as well as the use of Arabic, and later also Persian as common languages of discourse constituted the religious authority of the ulama throughout the entire Islamic world. Zaman has demonstrated that, as person... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama |
Jamasp | Axworthy, Michael (2008). A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. New York: Basic Books. pp. 1–368. ISBN 978-0-465-00888-9.
Boyce, Mary (2001). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. pp. 1–252. ISBN 9780415239028.
Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "Balāš, Sasanian king of kings". En... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamasp |
Ishtar Gate | The front of the gate has a low-relief design with a repeated pattern of images of two of the major gods of the Babylonian pantheon. Marduk, the national deity and chief god, with his servant dragon Mušḫuššu, is depicted as a dragon with a snake-like head and tail, a scaled body of a lion, and powerful talons for back ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar_Gate |
French Algeria | The French faced other opposition as well in the area. The superior of a religious brotherhood, Muhyi ad Din, who had spent time in Ottoman jails for opposing the bey's rule, launched attacks against the French and their makhzen allies at Oran in 1832. In the same year, jihad was declared and to lead it tribal elders c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
Bahrain | Bahrain is the first nation other than United States of America to host International Mixed Martial Arts Federation World Championships of Amateur MMA in partnership with Brave Combat Federation. Bahrain have recorded an influx in global athletes visiting the nation for Mixed Martial Arts training during 2017. Brave Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain |
Moab | According to the Hebrew Bible, the Moabites were not hospitable to the Israelites who exited Egypt and hired Balaam to curse them. As a consequence, male Moabites were excluded by Torah law from marrying Jewish women.
The term "tenth generation" used in connection with that prohibition is considered an idiom, used for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moab |
Somaliland Declaration of Independence | On 26 June 1960, the former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit five days later. The following day, on 27 June 1960, the newly convened Somaliland Legislative Assembly approved a bill that would formally allow fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence |
Ernest Hanbury Hankin | Arriving in India, Hankin worked on the frequent outbreaks of cholera, challenging the prevalent view that "miasmas" were responsible for them. He demonstrated to the public and the officials that micro-organisms were the cause and published his notes and opinions translated into Indian languages. He noted in 1896 that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hanbury_Hankin |
Ni'matullāhī | Dr. Javad Nurbakhsh became pīr of the Niʿmatullāhī Order in 1953 upon the death of his predecessor, Mūnis ʿAli Shah, known as Dhū'l-Rīyāsatayn. Dr. Nurbakhsh was bestowed with the name Nūr 'Ali Shāh Kermani for his initiation when he was 16 years old, and acknowledged as a spiritual prodigy from an early age. Mūnis ʿAl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB |
Sudanese revolution | Dissolution of the TMC and appointment of the Sovereignty Council, all male except for two women, took place on 20 August 2019. Abdalla Hamdok was appointed Prime Minister on 21 August. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan became Chairman of the Sovereignty Council from 21 August 2019. A "comprehensive peace process" with armed oppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_revolution |
Roman–Persian Wars | The Roman–Persian Wars have been characterized as "futile" and too "depressing and tedious to contemplate". Prophetically, Cassius Dio noted their "never-ending cycle of armed confrontations" and observed that "it is shown by the facts themselves that [Severus'] conquest has been a source of constant wars and great ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars |
Wild boar | Piglets are vulnerable to attack from medium-sized felids like Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), jungle cats (Felis chaus), and snow leopards (Panthera uncia), as well as other carnivorans like brown bears (Ursus arctos) and yellow-throated martens (Martes flavigula).
The wolf (Canis lupus) is the main predator of wild boar t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar |
Al-Rastan | According to early Muslim geographers, ar-Rastan, despite its strong fortifications and large garrison was swiftly captured then destroyed by Abu Ubaida's forces during the Muslim conquest of Syria in 634, while Umar ibn al-Khattab was caliph. In early 945 the Aleppo-based Hamdanids under the leadership of Sayf al-Dawl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rastan |
Fayum mummy portraits | For a long time, it was assumed that the latest portraits belong to the end of the 4th century, but recent research has modified this view considerably, suggesting that the last wooden portraits belong to the middle, the last directly painted mummy wrappings to the second half of the 3rd century. It is commonly accepte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayum_mummy_portraits |
Ijtihad | Starting in the middle of the 19th century, Islamic modernists such as Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan, Jamal al-din Al-Afghani, and Muhammad Abduh emerged seeking to revitalize Islam by re-establish and reform Islamic law and its interpretations to accommodate Islam with modern society. They emphasized the use of ijtihad, but i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad |
Sheep | Sheep meat and milk were one of the earliest staple proteins consumed by human civilization after the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Sheep meat prepared for food is known as either mutton or lamb, and approximately 540 million sheep are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. "Mutton" is derive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep |
History of Yemen | The Ottomans had two fundamental interests to safeguard in Yemen: The Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina and the trade route with India in spices and textiles, both of which were threatened and the latter virtually eclipsed by the arrival of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea in the early part of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yemen |
Jarrahids | Al-Hakim switched his approach to the Jarrahids from diplomacy to punitive military force in August 1013. Ali and Mahmud surrendered to the advancing Fatimid army, while al-Hakim had Mufarrij poisoned to death. Hassan, whose ambition was to rule Palestine, fled but later gained a pardon from al-Hakim, who restored to h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrahids |
Syrian pound | On 5 December 2005, the selling rate quoted by the Commercial Bank of Syria was LS 48.4 = US$1. A rate of about LS 50 to US$1 was usual in the early 2000s, but the rate is subject to fluctuations. Since the start of the civil war in 2011, the pound's unofficial exchange rate has deteriorated significantly. It was LS 47... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_pound |
Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan | The peace plan, reportedly accepted by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad on 27 March 2012, calls on the Syrian authorities to:
(1) commit to work with the Envoy in an inclusive Syrian-led political process to address the legitimate aspirations and concerns of the Syrian people, and, to this end, commit to appoint an em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan |
Islam in the United States | In the first half of 2024, anti-Muslim incidents rose about 70% amid Gaza attack. According to a 2011 Gallup poll, over the preceding decade, there had been an increase in Islamophobia, which it defined as "an exaggerated fear, hatred, and hostility toward Islam and Muslims that is perpetuated by negative stereotypes r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States |
Tangier | "Tangiers" . Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition. Vol. XXIII. p. 46 – via Wikisource.
"Tangier" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 397–398.
Akram, Agha Ibrahim (1980), The Muslim Conquest of Spain, Rawalpindi: Army Education Press.
Amitay, Ory (2011), "Procopius of Caesarea and the Girgashite D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier |
Basra | Why Basra was chosen as a site for the new city remains unclear. The original site lay 15 km from the Shatt al-Arab and thus lacked access to maritime trade and, more importantly, to fresh water. Additionally, neither historical texts nor archaeological finds indicate that there was much of an agricultural hinterland i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra |
Sanaa | Jews have been present in Yemen since the 5th century BCE and form part of the historic Jewish diasporas. In Sanaʽa, Jews had initially settled within the enclosed citadel, known as al-Qaṣr, near the ruins of the old tower known as Ghumdan Palace, but were evicted from there in the late 6th century by the ruling monarc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa |
Islam | Al-Shafi'i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith. During the early Abbasid era, scholars such as Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj compiled the major Sunni hadith collections while scholars like Al-Kulayni and Ibn Babawayh compiled major Shia hadith collections. The four Sunni Madh'habs, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Apricot | The apricot is the national fruit of Armenia, mostly growing in the Ararat plain. It is often depicted on souvenirs.
The Chinese associate the apricot with education and medicine. For instance, the classical word 杏 壇 (literally: "apricot altar") (xìng tán 杏坛) which means "educational circle", is still widely used in wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot |
Islamic marital practices | In most Islamic societies and communities it is not a common practice for young people to actively seek a partner for themselves by following modern and Western rituals, such as dating. Young Muslim women and men are strongly encouraged to marry as soon as possible, since the family is considered the foundation of Isla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_marital_practices |
Rohingya people | In the prelude to independence, two Rohingyas were elected to the Constituent Assembly of Burma in 1947, M. A. Gaffar and Sultan Ahmed. After Burma became independent in 1948, M. A. Gaffar presented a memorandum of appeal to the Government of the Union of Burma calling for the recognition of the term "Rohingya", based ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_people |
Kurdistan Workers' Party | From the mid-1990s, the organization began to lose the upper hand in its operations as a consequence of a change of tactics by Turkey and Syria's steady abandonment of support for the group. The group also had lost its support from Saddam Hussein. As during the international operation Poised Hammer the collaboration be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party |
Human rights in Tunisia | Post-revolutionary press laws are considerably more liberal than the legislation they replaced. While it is no longer a crime to defame or offend public officials or institutions, defamation in general remains a crime, although one that is not punishable by imprisonment. Defamation of recognized religions also remains ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tunisia |
Disi Water Conveyance | The project became controversial in 2009 when a study performed by Avner Vengosh of Duke University revealed the Disi water to be highly radioactive. Water was tested from 37 existing wells in the aquifer, and all but one had concentrations of radioactive radium-226 and radium-228 isotopes that exceeded international ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disi_Water_Conveyance |
Islamic eschatology | While "some traditional and contemporary commentators" have interpreted the Quran as condemning all Jews, Farid Esack argues this condemnation is neither "universal" nor "eternal", and asks, 'if the Qur'an is to consign the Jews to eternal damnation, then what becomes of the sacred text as a means of guidance for all h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology |
Marrakesh | Surrounded by lemon, orange, and olive groves, the city's culinary characteristics are rich and heavily spiced but not hot, using various preparations of Ras el hanout (which means "Head of the shop"), a blend of dozens of spices which include ash berries, chilli, cinnamon, grains of paradise, monk's pepper, nutmeg, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh |
Battle of Vienna | In this table, only household and retinue troops’ numbers are certain, 78,500 and 44,200 while other troops’ numbers are rounded, 50,000 Tatars, 10,000 Wallachian, 170,000 rear service etc. Based on this, Kahraman Şakul claims that this anonymous table shows counted numbers of household and retinue troops while number ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna |
LGBT people and Islam | In 2013, the Pew Research Center conducted a study on the global acceptance of homosexuality and found a widespread rejection of homosexuality in many nations that are predominantly Muslim. In some countries, views were becoming more conservative among younger people.
2019 Arab Barometer Survey:
A 2007 survey of Brit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_people_and_Islam |
International recognition of the State of Palestine | On 22 November 1974, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence and sovereignty in Palestine. It also recognised the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, and accorded it observer status in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine |
Berlin–Baghdad railway | In 1919, the Treaty of Versailles cancelled all German rights to the Baghdad railway, however, the Deutsche Bank transferred its holdings to a Swiss bank.
The Treaty of Ankara in 1921 established the Syria–Turkey border as running along the railway track from Al-Rai in the west to Nusaybin in the east, with the border ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Baghdad_railway |
Horses in Sudan | Horses were used for warfare in the central Sudan region since the 9th century, where they were considered "the most precious commodity following the slave." The first conclusive evidence of horses playing a major role in the warfare of West Africa dates to the 11th century when the region was controlled by the Almorav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Sudan |
Nabataean Kingdom | The Nabataean Arabs did not emerge as a political power suddenly; their rise instead went through two phases. The first phase was in the 4th century BC (ruled then by an elders' council), which was marked by the growth of Nabataean control over trade routes and various tribes and towns. Their presence in Transjordan by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom |
Rafic Hariri | Hariri implemented an aggressive new economic policy. In 1992 inflation was running at 131% but such was the confidence in Hariri's leadership that within two years it had been reduced to 12%. Perhaps Hariri's most important creation in the beginning of his career was "Horizon 2000" the government's name for its new re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafic_Hariri |
Sasanian Empire | 224–241: Reign of Ardashir I:
224: Overthrow of the Parthian Empire
229–232: War with Rome
Zoroastrianism is revived as official religion
The collection of texts known as the Zend Avesta is assembled
241–271: Reign of Shapur I "the Great":
241–244: War with Rome
252–261: War with Rome. Decisive victory of Persian at Ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
History of Islam in southern Italy | After suppressing another revolt in 948, the Fatimid Caliph Ismail al-Mansur named al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi as emir of the island. As his position soon became hereditary, his emirate became de facto independent from the African government. In 950, Hassan waged war against the Byzantines in southern Italy, reaching up ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy |
Qatar | Association football is the most popular sport in Qatar, both in terms of players and spectators. Shortly after the Qatar Football Association became affiliated with FIFA in 1970, one of the country's earliest international accolades came in 1981 when the Qatar national under-20 team's emerged as runners-up to West Ger... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar |
Liberalism | Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi's New Principles of Political Economy (French: Nouveaux principes d'économie politique, ou de la richesse dans ses rapports avec la population) (1819) represents the first comprehensive liberal critique of early capitalism and laissez-faire economics, and his writings, which wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism |
Wars of Alexander the Great | The Battle of the Granicus River in May 334 BC was fought in Northwestern Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), near the site of Troy. After crossing the Hellespont, Alexander advanced up the road to the capital of the Satrapy of Phrygia. The various satraps of the Persian Empire gathered their forces at the town of Zelea an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great |
Women in Islam | During medieval times, the labor force in Spanish Caliphate included women in diverse occupations and economic activities such as farming, construction workers, textile workers, managing slave girls, collecting taxes from prostitutes, as well as presidents of guilds, creditors, religious scholars.
In the 12th century, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
Delhi Sultanate | The rise of the Delhi Sultanate in India was part of a wider trend affecting much of the Asian continent, including the whole of southern and western Asia: the influx of nomadic Turkic peoples from the Central Asian steppes. This can be traced back to the 9th century when the Islamic Caliphate began fragmenting in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | Following the implementation of the blockade, Israel halted all exports from the Gaza Strip. Israeli human rights organization Gisha, the Legal Center for Freedom of Movement, obtained an Israeli government document which says "A country has the right to decide that it chooses not to engage in economic relations or to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip |
David | Literary works about David include:
1517 The Davidiad is a Neo-Latin epic poem by the Croatian national poet, Roman Catholic priest, and Renaissance humanist Marko Marulić (whose name is sometimes Latinized as "Marcus Marulus"). In addition to the small portions that attempt to recall the epics of Homer, The Davidiad ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David |
Spread of Islam | The Siege of Jerusalem (636–637) by the forces of the Rashid Caliph Umar against the Byzantines began in November 636. For four months, the siege continued. Ultimately, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, an ethnic Arab, agreed to surrender Jerusalem to Umar in person. The caliph, then in Medina, agr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam |
List of Assyrian kings | Ancient Assyria was an absolute monarchy, with the king believed to be appointed directly through divine right by the chief deity, Ashur. The Assyrians believed that the king was the link between the gods and the earthly realm. As such, it was the king's primary duty to discover the will of the gods and enact this, oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Anatolian beyliks | Following the 1071 Seljuk victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert and the subsequent conquest of Anatolia, Oghuz Turkic clans began settling in present-day Turkey. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum's central power established in Konya was largely as a result of using these clans under appointed beys call... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks |
Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s | By the end of the 1920s, the administration in Bahrain was described as "reasonably efficient and modern". The British involvement however, was very deep. Belgrave was in control of all offices and British officials involvement was described in November 1927 by Denys Bray, the Secretary of the Foreign Department of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s |
Islamic banking and finance | The influx of "petro-dollars" and a "general re-Islamisation" following the Yom Kippur War and 1973 oil crisis encouraged the development of the Islamic banking sector, and since 1975 it has spread globally.
In 1975, the Islamic Development Bank was set up with the mission to provide funding to projects in the member c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Somalia | Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland as the Trust Territory of Somaliland, on the condition first proposed by the Somali Youth League... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia |
Jubba River | The Jubba River has a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization and trade network conducted by the powerful Somalis that held sway over the Jubba River.
During the Middle Ages Jubba River was under the Ajuran Empire of the Horn of Africa which utilized the Jubba River for its plantations and was the on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubba_River |
Affad Basin | Initially, the sites of Affad were surveyed between 1998 and 2003. In 2012, archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences began excavation of the sites. The excavation data spans approximately 70,000 years of this region's history in Sudan.
Affad 23 is an archaeological si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affad_Basin |
Othello | The over-reliance of the plot of Othello upon a trivial prop, the handkerchief, was noted in the play's earliest criticism. The same Thomas Rymer quoted above, in his 1693 A Short View of Tragedy, suggested that the play should better have been called "The Tragedy of the Handkerchief", arguing "the handkerchief is so r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello |
Fez, Morocco | In the 16th century the Saadis, a dynasty claiming prophetic heritage, rose to power in southern Morocco and challenged the Wattasids. Around the same time, the Ottoman Empire came close to Fez after its conquest of Algeria. In January 1549, the Saadi sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh took Fez and ousted the last Wattasid sul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Tingi | The town came under Roman rule in the 1st century BC. Q. Sertorius, took and held Tingis for a number of years in the 70s BC as part of his war against Sulla's regime in Rome. Tingis grew in importance as a free city under Augustus and then as a colony under Claudius, who made it the capital of Mauritania Tingitana. As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingi |
Christian mission | A wave of missions, starting in the early 1850s, targeted inland areas, led by a Briton Hudson Taylor (1832–1905) with his China Inland Mission (1865– ). Taylor was later supported by Henry Grattan Guinness (1835–1910) who founded (1883) Cliff College, which continues as of 2014 to train and equip for local and global ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission |
Sardinia | From about 1500 BC onwards, villages were built around a kind of round tower-fortress called nuraghe (usually pluralized as nuraghes in English and as nuraghi in Italian). These towers were often reinforced and enlarged with battlements. Tribal boundaries were guarded by smaller lookout Nuraghes erected on strategic hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia |
Amin al-Husseini | The Supreme Muslim Council and its head al-Husseini, who regarded himself as guardian of one of the three holy sites of Islam, launched an international campaign in Muslim countries to gather funds to restore and improve the Haram ash-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary) or Temple Mount, and particularly the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini |
Architecture of Palestine | Archaeological artifacts imparting information as to the nature of monumental construction, such as city walls, palaces, tomb and cult centers, in ancient Palestine are abundant. The paucity of written records, and the incompleteness of archaeological remains of ancient Palestinian housing available to early scholars, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Palestine |
Boxing | Hitting with different extremities of the body, such as kicks and punches, as an act of human aggression, has existed across the world throughout human history, being a combat system as old as wrestling. However, in terms of sports competition, due to the lack of writing in the prehistoric times and the lack of referen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing |
Granada | The Charterhouse of Granada is a monastery of cloistered monks, located in what was a farm or Muslim almunia called Aynadamar ("fountain of tears") that had an abundance of water and fruit trees. The initiative to build the monastery in that place was begun by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, known as El Gran Capitán. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada |
Ardabil Carpet | Completed after about four years weaving during the rule of the Safavid Shah Tahmasp I in 1539-40, probably in Kashan, the carpets are considered some of the best of the classical Iranian (Persian) school of carpet creation. According to the traditional story, now rather doubted by historians, when new they were placed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Carpet |
Ex-Muslims | Simon Cottee (2015) wrote that it is very difficult for Muslims to express doubts and questions about Islam. Those who get the opportunity, must conduct self-search on the Internet, and if they wish to ask questions to any religious expert, then they have to do so with a lot of caution to avoid accusations of disbelief... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Muslims |
Apostasy in Islam by country | During the Ottoman Turkish Muslim rule of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1463–1878), a large minority of the Southern Slavic-speaking inhabitants converted to Islam for various reasons, whilst others remained Roman Catholics (Croats) or Orthodox Christians (Serbs). These converts and their descendants were simply known as "Bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country |
Ayyubid dynasty | By the 12th century, Islam was the dominant religion in the Middle East. It is not certain, however, if it was the religion of the majority outside the Arabian Peninsula. Arabic was the language of high culture and of the urban population, although other languages dating to pre-Islamic rule were still being used to a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Ibn Taymiyya | In 1269, Ibn Taymiyya, aged seven, left Harran together with his father and three brothers; however, the city was completely destroyed by the ensuing Mongol invasion. Ibn Taymiyya's family moved and settled in Damascus, Syria, which was ruled by the Mamluk Sultanate at the time.
In Damascus, his father served as the di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya |
Argobba language | Prepositions have either 1 or 2 syllables and two allomorphems, that differ in the vocal in the end. When a preposition is added onto a noun that starts in the epenthesevocal (ɨ) the preposition end in “i“. When the prepositions are added onto other nouns, all the other prepositions end on the vocal (ɜ) except for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argobba_language |
Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas | (1959) Rangkaian Ruba'iyat (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka).
(1963) Some Aspects of Sufism as Understood and Practised among the Malays (Singapore: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute).
(1968) The Origin of The Malay Sha'ir (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka).
(1969) Raniri and the Wujudiyyah of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas |
Granada | The Umayyad conquest of Hispania, starting in 711 AD, brought large parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control and established al-Andalus. The earliest Arabic historical sources mention that a town named Qashtīliya, later known as Madīnat Ilbīra (Elvira), was located on the southern slopes of the Sierra de El... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada |
Kalam | Al-Shawkani, a 18th AD Atharism, and Zahiri scholar, early Salafi movement figure, and and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab contemporary; has expressed his view for literal theological interpretation and opposition to kalam (speculative theology)
Siddiq Hasan Khan, 19th AD North Indian Salafi scholar, co-founder of Ahl-i Ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam |
2003 invasion of Iraq | Bravo and Charlie companies of 1st Battalion 5th SFG crossed the Kuwait border at H-Hour with ODA 531 using breaching demolition charges to clear a path through the sand berms. Charlie company's seven ODAs in 35 vehicles took the southeastern operation box of the western desert heading towards the towns of Nukyab, Habb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Politics of the Comoros | Sultanates in the late nineteenth century used a cyclic age system and hierarchical lineage membership to provide the foundation for participation in the political process. In the capital, "the sultan was assisted by his ministers and by a madjelis, an advisory council composed of elders, whom he consulted regularly". ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Comoros |
Allah | In contrast with pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism, as stated by Gerhard Böwering, God in Islam does not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and jinn. Pre-Islamic pagan Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This was replaced with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah |
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana | Pursuing the Sasanian shah, Yazdegerd III, the Arabs under Abdallah ibn Amir and his lieutenant, Ahnaf ibn Qais, entered Khorasan in 651. Abandoned by his local governors, who resented his overbearing demands and harboured designs for autonomy, Yazdegerd was killed by a local peasant. The local Persian resistance was d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana |
Education in Lebanon | Secondary education is three years education, the first year is common for all students, and the second year is either scientific or literature whereas the third year composes of (humanities, economics, life sciences, general sciences) and technical education (about 55 different fields of study). Most schools, however... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon |
Abu Ghraib prison | From 2003 until August 2006, Abu Ghraib prison was used for detention purposes by both the U.S.-led coalition forces and the Iraqi government. The Iraqi government has controlled the area of the facility known as "The Hard Site". The prison was used to house only convicted criminals. Suspected criminals, insurgents or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison |
State religion | Jurisdictions where a Lutheran church has been fully or partially established as a state recognized religion include the Nordic States.
Denmark: Section 4 of the Constitution of Denmark confirms the Church of Denmark as the established church.
Faroe Islands: The Church of the Faroe Islands is the state church of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion |
Dam | Arenillas, Miguel; Castillo, Juan C. (2003). "Dams from the Roman Era in Spain. Analysis of Design Forms (with Appendix)". 1st International Congress on Construction History [20th–24th January].
Almeida, Ricardo (2018). "A case study on environmental sustainability: A study of the trophic changes in fish species as a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam |
Anatolian Seljuk architecture | The Seljuk Turks created the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century, conquering all of Iran and other extensive territories from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. In 1071, following the Seljuk victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert, Anatolia was opened up to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture |
Medina quarter | Prior to the rise and intrusion of European colonial rule in North Africa, the region was home to many major cities which had long been centres of culture, commerce, and political power over many centuries.
In Algeria, the French conquest that began in 1830 and brought the country under colonial control resulted in sig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_quarter |
Faisal I of Iraq | On 23 October 1916 at Hamra in Wadi Safra, Faisal met Captain T. E. Lawrence, a junior British intelligence officer from Cairo. Lawrence, who envisioned an independent post-war Arabian state, sought the right man to lead the Hashemite forces and achieve this. In 1916–18, Faisal headed the Northern Army of the rebellion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq |
Sharia | Jonathan A.C. Brown says:
The vast majority of the ulama across the Sunni schools of law inherited the Prophet's unease over domestic violence and placed further restrictions on the evident meaning of the 'Wife Beating Verse'. A leading Meccan scholar from the second generation of Muslims, Ata' bin Abi Rabah, counsele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum | As a result of the highly fractured parliament from the 2019 Tunisian parliamentary election—which saw the largest party, Ennahda, receive less than half of the 109 seats required for a legislative majority—a coalition was formed in February 2020 of five parties and several independents, with Elyes Fakhfakh as Prime Mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Tunisian_constitutional_referendum |
History of Islamic economics | Burke, Edmund (June 2009). "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity". Journal of World History. 20 (2). University of Hawaii Press: 165–186. doi:10.1353/jwh.0.0045. S2CID 143484233.
Coulson, Andrew J. Delivering Education (PDF) (Report). Hoover Institution. pp. 105–145. Archived from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics |
Turkish people | During the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks, who were influenced by Persian civilization in many ways, grew in strength and succeeded in taking the eastern province of the Abbasid Empire. By 1055, the Seljuks captured Baghdad and began to make their first incursions into Anatolia. When they won the Battle of Manzikert ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people |
Head of state | Sometimes multiple individuals are co-equal heads of state, or a corporate person embodies the functions of head of state. In some cases precedence rotates among the members of the collective as the term of office progresses. Of multiple royal systems, a diarchy, in which two rulers is the constitutional norm, may be d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state |
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