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Salafi jihadism | Salafist jihadist groups include Al Qaeda, the now defunct Algerian Armed Islamic Group (GIA), and the Egyptian group Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya which still exists.
In the Algerian Civil War 1992–1998, the GIA was one of the two major Islamist armed groups (the other being the Armee Islamique du Salut or AIS) fighting the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_jihadism |
Antelope | Antelope vary greatly in size. For example, a male common eland can measure 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) at the shoulder and weigh almost 950 kg (2,100 lb), whereas an adult royal antelope may stand only 24 cm (9+1⁄2 in) at the shoulder and weigh a mere 1.5 kg (3+1⁄4 lb).
Not surprisingly for animals with long, slender yet powe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope |
Syrian civil war | In October 2019, Kurdish leaders of Rojava, a region within Syria, announced they had reached a major deal with the government of Syria under Assad. This deal was enacted in the wake of the U.S. withdrawal from Syria. The Kurdish leaders made this deal in order to obtain Syria's help in stopping hostile Turkish forces ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war |
Military history of Somalia | The European Age of Discovery brought Europe's then superpower, the Portuguese empire, to the coast of East Africa, which enjoyed a flourishing trade with foreign nations. The wealthy southeastern city-states of Kilwa, Mombasa, Malindi, Pate and Lamu were all systematically sacked and plundered by the Portuguese. Trist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia |
Arabs | Arabs are mostly Muslims with a Sunni majority and a Shia minority, one exception being the Ibadis, who predominate in Oman. Arab Christians generally follow Eastern Churches such as the Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic churches, though a minority of Protestant Church followers also exists. There are also Arab communi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Islamic state | According to Pakistani scholar of Islamic history Qamaruddin Khan, the term Islamic state "was never used in the theory or practice of Muslim political science, before the twentieth century". Sohail H. Hashmi characterizes dawla Islamiyya as a neologism found in contemporary Islamist writings. Islamic theories of the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state |
Apostasy in Islam | The charge of apostasy has often been used by religious authorities to condemn and punish skeptics, dissidents, and minorities in their communities. From the earliest times of the history of Islam, the crime of apostasy and execution for apostasy has driven major events in the development of the Islamic religion. For e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam |
Isma'ilism | The ʻAlavi Bohras, popularly and incorrectly known as Alya Bohras, follow a different line of succession of Duʼaat (missionaries) from the 29th daʼi onwards after the split from Daʼudi Bohras in Ahmedabad in 1621 CE. They believe the rightful daʼi was a grandson of the 28th daʼi named ʻAli Shams al-Din b. Ibrahim (d. 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Piracy | Seaborne piracy against transport vessels is a significant issue, with estimated worldwide losses of US$16 billion per year in 2004, increased to US$25 billion over the next 20 years. Waters between the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, off the Somali coast, and also in the Strait of Malacca and Singapore, which are used by ov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy |
Romanticism | Romanticism placed the highest importance on the freedom of the artists to authentically express their sentiments and ideas. Romantics like the German painter Caspar David Friedrich believed that an artist's emotions should dictate their formal approach; Friedrich went as far as declaring that "the artist's feeling is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism |
Jewellery of the Berber cultures | Becker, Cynthia (2006). Amazigh arts in Morocco : women shaping Berber identity (PDF). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-79591-4. OCLC 568018126.
Becker, Cynthia (2010). "Deconstructing the history of Berber arts: tribalism, matriarchy and a primitive Neolithic past". In Hoffman, Katherine E.; Miller, S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures |
Moroccan Arabic | Phonetic notes:
Non-emphatic /t/ In normal circumstances, is pronounced with noticeable affrication, almost like [t͡s] (still distinguished from a sequence of /t/ + /s/), and hence is easily distinguishable from emphatic /tˤ/ which can be pronounced as [t]. However, in some recent loanwords from European languages, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic |
Ottoman Empire | Turkic peoples practiced a form of shamanism before adopting Islam. The Muslim conquest of Transoxiana under the Abbasids facilitated the spread of Islam into the Turkic heartland of Central Asia. Many Turkic tribes—including the Oghuz Turks, who were the ancestors of both the Seljuks and the Ottomans—gradually convert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire |
Emirate of Abu Dhabi | Parts of Abu Dhabi were settled millennia ago, and its early history fits the nomadic herding and fishing pattern typical of the broader region. The Emirate shares the historical region of Al-Buraimi or Tawam (which includes modern-day Al Ain) with Oman, and is demonstrated to have been inhabited for over 7000 years.
M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi |
Al-Tabari | Theodor Nöldeke, the German orientalist in 1878 has also translated the Sassanid section of Tabari's history into German, and has since been reprinted several times.
Dutch orientalist Michael Jan de Goeje, in several volumes, translated Tabari's history book into Dutch, The book was later translated into English and re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari |
Principality of Antioch | The Principality's relationship with other Latin settlements were based on two factors. The first factor was that the Princes of Antioch wanted to extend their power throughout the Latin east which led to conflict between the County of Edessa and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Secondly, an alliance between the Latin rulers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch |
Mohammed bin Salman | On 23 January 2015, King Abdullah died and Salman ascended the throne. Mohammed was appointed minister of defence and secretary general of the royal court. In addition, he retained his post as the minister of state.
The political unrest in Yemen (which began escalating in 2011) rapidly became a major issue for the newl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman |
Quda'a | According to several early Islamic sources, the first figure to claim South Arabian, Himyarite descent for the Quda'a was a supposed companion of Muhammad, Amr ibn Murra of the Juhayna, another major constituent tribe of the Quda'a. Amr ibn Murra urged his tribesmen in Egypt, which was conquered by the Muslim Arabs in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quda%27a |
Shakira | Shakira's sixth studio album, Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno, was released in June 2005. The lead single from the album, "La Tortura", reached the top 40 on the Hot 100. The song also featured the Spanish balladeer Alejandro Sanz. Shakira; Sanz and Daddy Yankee ("Gasolina") were the first artists to perform Spanish languag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira |
Mike Pompeo | When asked about his knowledge of the controversial call made by President Trump on July 25, 2019, to Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, in which Trump solicited assistance in investigating the son of former vice president and presidential candidate Joe Biden, Pompeo initially said he had little knowledge of Trum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pompeo |
Abdul Rahman Munif | Munif was born in 1933 in Amman, Jordan. His grandmother was Iraqi. His Story of a City: A Childhood in Amman describes his upbringing there.
In 1952, he moved to Baghdad to study law and later moved to Cairo. He received a law degree from the Sorbonne and a PhD in oil economics from the University of Belgrade's Facult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Munif |
History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes | The crossing dome at Obazine Abbey has pendentives, which became popular in France throughout the 12th century. By the middle of the 12th century, the use of drums with windows beneath the domes allowed in more light. Octagonal drums were preferred. Examples include the church of La Dorat in the Limousin region and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes |
Islam | Earlier in the 14th century, Ibn Taymiyya promoted a puritanical form of Islam, rejecting philosophical approaches in favor of simpler theology, and called to open the gates of itjihad rather than blind imitation of scholars. He called for a jihad against those he deemed heretics, but his writings only played a margina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Economy of Egypt and the environment | A major port city along the Mediterranean coast in Egypt, Damietta, relies on the fishing industry, tourism in Ras El Bar, and real estate as its primary source of income. In Damietta's fishing sector located in Izbat al-Burj surrounded on the east coast by Lake Manzala, approximately 10,000 individuals make their liv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt_and_the_environment |
Sasanian Empire | The Sassanids, like the Parthians, were in constant hostilities with the Roman Empire. The Sassanids, who succeeded the Parthians, were recognized as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighboring rival the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, for a period of more than 400 years. Following the division... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Islamic architecture | The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) combined elements of Byzantine architecture and Sasanian architecture, but Umayyad architecture introduced new combinations of these styles. The reuse of elements from classical Roman and Byzantine art was still widely evident because political power and patronage was centered in Syria, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Abd al-Rahman III | Even before al-Andalus was firmly under his rule, he had restarted the war against King Ordoño II of León, who had taken advantage of the previous troublesome situation to capture some boundary areas and menace the Umayyad territory. In 917 the then emir had sent a large army under his general Ahmad ibn Abi Abda agains... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III |
Prehistory of Mesopotamia | Excavated between 2012 and 2017, the Bestansur site is located in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains on the edge of the Shahrizor Plain, 30 kilometers southeast of the city of Sulaymaniyah. Geographically close, but older than Jarmo, the village survived between 8000 BC and 7100 BC. The inhabitants enjoy a wide rang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia |
Madrid Conference of 1991 | Although "check-book diplomacy" had been used in the past to move the peace process, as at the Camp David Accords, President Bush and Secretary Baker felt the coalition victory and increased U.S. prestige would itself induce a new Arab-Israeli dialogue, but also because their diplomatic initiative focused on process an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991 |
History of India | The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) unified most of the Indian subcontinent into one state, and was the largest empire ever to exist on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India |
Ptolemy VIII Physcon | Ptolemy VI died on campaign in Syria in 145 BC. Ptolemy VI may have intended for his seven-year-old son, also named Ptolemy, to succeed him, but the Alexandrians called on Ptolemy VIII to return from Cyrene, assume the kingship and marry his older sister, Cleopatra II. The royal couple were incorporated into the dynast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon |
Russian Compound | In 1948, after the Soviet Union recognized the state of Israel, Israel returned all Russian church properties on its territory to the Moscow Patriarch, including the Russian Compound. In 1964 the property was purchased by the government of Israel except for the cathedral and one building. The purchase was paid for in $... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Compound |
Syrian Turkmen | Several Turkish families, such as the al-Atassi's (Atasi's), Bey Kanj Pasha Zadeh (Genç Yussef Pasha 1807–1811), Al-Azm, Qawuqji's, Quwwatli's (Kuvvetli's) and Shishakli's (Çiçekçi's), continued to rule Syria as Prime Ministers or Presidents. However, by the 1960s the pan-Arab Baathist movement of the Al-Assad family s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen |
Indus River | The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains – it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical since rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus Valley civ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River |
War of the Camps | Following the disappearance of Terry Waite, January 1987, the dynamics in Beirut changed. The return of global media organisations to the city led to attention being focused on the sieges of Bourj el-Barajneh and Shatila. Dr Pauline Cutting, a British doctor in Bourj el-Barajneh, was amongst those who gave graphic desc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Camps |
Shamsa | In Persian manuscripts, the first page traditionally consisted of an oval rosette or medallion, above and below which there would sometimes be ornamented cartouches and palmettes. The shamsa took a number of symmetric forms, such as an eight or twelve pointed star, with arabesque or floral motifs. The central panel con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamsa |
2006 Lebanon War | Under international humanitarian law, warring parties are obliged to distinguish between combatants and civilians, ensure that attacks on legitimate military targets are proportional, and guarantee that the military advantage of such attacks outweigh the possible harm done to civilians. Violations of these laws are con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War |
Assyrian people | As early as the 8th century BC Luwian and Cilician subject rulers referred to their Assyrian overlords as Syrian, a western Indo-European corruption of the original term Assyrian. The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous Arameans, Assyrians and other inhabitants of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
Historiography | Marxist historiography developed as a school of historiography influenced by the chief tenets of Marxism, including the centrality of social class and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes (historical materialism). Friedrich Engels wrote The Peasant War in Germany, which analysed social warfare in ear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography |
Mehmed II | When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he devoted himself to strengthening the Ottoman navy and made preparations for an attack on Constantinople. In the narrow Bosphorus Straits, the fortress Anadoluhisarı had been built by his great-grandfather Bayezid I on the Asian side; Mehmed erected an even stronger f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II |
LGBT rights in the State of Palestine | On 18 September 1936, the criminal code of Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate Criminal Code, which drew from Ottoman law or English law, was enacted. Section 152(1)(b)(c) of the code states that any person who "commits an act of sodomy with any person against his will by the use of force or threats" or "commits an ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
Islamic calendar | Nasi' is interpreted to signify either the postponement of the pre-Islamic month of Hajj, or the (also pre-Islamic) practice of intercalation – periodic insertion of an additional month to reset the calendar into accordance with the seasons.
In the tenth year of the Hijra, as documented in the Qur'an (Surah At-Tawbah ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar |
Architecture of Mesopotamia | Ziggurats were huge pyramidal temple towers which were first built in Sumerian City-States and then developed in Babylonia and Assyrian cities as well. There are 32 ziggurats known at, or near, Mesopotamia—28 in Iraq and 4 in Iran. Notable ziggurats include the Great Ziggurat of Ur near Nasiriyah, Iraq, the Ziggurat of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | Throughout the following days, the Arabs were only able to make limited gains due to fierce Israeli resistance, and were quickly driven off their new holdings by Israeli counterattacks.
As the war progressed, the IDF managed to field more troops than the Arab forces. In July 1948, the IDF had 63,000 troops; by early sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
Compass | A magnetic rod is required when constructing a compass. This can be created by aligning an iron or steel rod with Earth's magnetic field and then tempering or striking it. However, this method produces only a weak magnet so other methods are preferred. For example, a magnetised rod can be created by repeatedly rubbing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass |
Western Sahara | Western Sahara was partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the northern two-thirds of the territory. When Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979, Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has sinc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara |
Isma'ilism | The focus of Imam Aga Khan III's message was to promote the idea that women were free and independent. In a message to his followers in 1926, he proclaimed that:
"I do not want Ismaili women dependent on anyone—their parents, husbands, or anyone except God...I have no doubt that the whole spirit and teaching of my ance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb | Archaeological and scholarly research has shown that Christianity existed after the Muslim conquests. The Catholic church gradually declined along with local Latin dialect. According to a view, Christianity in North Africa effectively continued a century after the Muslim conquest but that neither the Church nor the ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb |
Moors | Tariq ibn Ziyad, Moorish general who defeated the Visigoths and conquered Hispania in 711
Abd ar-Rahman I, founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in 756; along with its succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba, the dynasty ruled Islamic Iberia for three centuries.
Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, Andalusian historian and grammarian.
Yahya al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors |
Aswan Dam | In 1952, the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost overtopped in 1946, the government of King Farouk showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst was favored, which propo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam |
Muammar Gaddafi | On 2 March 1977, the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية, al-Jamāhīr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah | Once again, Sa'id and his entourage had to flee the Abbasid manhunt, making for Tulunid Egypt. Sa'id arrived in Fustat, the capital of Egypt, in early 904, and settled there in the house of a local convert, with the help of the local da'i, Abu Ali. According to the generally considered reliable report of Ibn Hawqal, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah |
Umar | Umar's political capacity first manifested as the architect of the caliphate after Muhammad died on 8 June 632. While the funeral of Muhammad was being arranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organised a meeting on the outskirts of the city, effectively locking out thos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar |
Ali al-Hadi | After the death of al-Jawad in 835, most of his followers acknowledged his son Ali as the next Imam. As with his father, Ali al-Hadi was still a minor when he succeeded to the imamate at the age of about seven. Thanks to the precedent of al-Jawad, however, the imamate of Ali was widely accepted without much demur, even... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi |
Muhammad | With the help of the exiled Banu Nadir, the Quraysh military leader Abu Sufyan mustered a force of 10,000 men. Muhammad prepared a force of about 3,000 men and adopted a form of defense unknown in Arabia at that time; the Muslims dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad |
2015 Sousse attacks | The killer, Seifiddine Rezgui Yacoubi, also known as Abu Yahya al-Qayrawani, (29 August 1992 – 26 June 2015) was a 22-year-old electrical engineering student at University of Kairouan from Gaâfour, in northwest Tunisia. He did not have the typical traits of an Islamic extremist: he had a girlfriend, drank alcohol and w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Sousse_attacks |
Ali al-Hadi | When al-Hadi approached Baghdad, people gathered to see him and he was received warmly by the governor, Ishaq ibn Ibrahim al-Tahiri, who welcomed him outside of the city. Later, when al-Hadi arrived in Samarra on 23 Ramadan 233 AH (1 May 848), the caliph did not immediately receive him but assigned a house for him, loc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi |
Ahmad bin Yahya | In the 1920s and 1930s, Ahmad assisted his father in putting together his kingdom through strategy, diplomacy, tribal warfare and intrigue. Ahmad was appointed governor of Ta'izz from 1918 to 1948. In 1927 he was named wali ahad, effectively the crown prince.
From his father, Ahmad learned a deep distrust for the new a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Yahya |
Tribes of Yemen | Several researchers believe that the reason for the rapid conversion to Islam of the Himyarites, Hamdan, and Hadhramaut is that these tribes were of a monotheistic religion before Islam for a long time, but neither Moaz nor Ali ibn Abi Talib and Abu Musa Al-Ash’ari remained long before they converted to Islam.
As for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Yemen |
Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu | Kuşçuoğlu was born on March 27, 1919, in Çorum, Turkey. He is related to the famous Sage of Fatih Sultan Mehmet era, namely Ali Kuşçu who is a descendant of Caliph Omar. Galip Kuşçuoğlu has also kinship relation to the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his maternal kinship relation to Caliph Ali. He spent his childhood ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu |
Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting | Carpets remained an important way of enlivening the background of full-length portraits throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, for example in the English portraits of William Larkin.
The finely-knotted silk carpets woven in the time of Shah Abbas I at Kashan and Isfahan are rarely represented in paintings, as they wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting |
Battle of Mosul (2016–2017) | About 3,000–5,000 ISIL militants were estimated to be in Mosul city, according to the United States Department of Defense. Other estimates ranged as low as 2,000 and high as 12,000 ISIL fighters. Mosul Eye estimated approximately 8,000–9,000 fighters loyal to ISIL, with "half of them... highly trained, and the rest... ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017) |
Cradle of civilization | The developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phases Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (10,200 BC) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (7600–6000 BC) appeared in the fertile crescent and from there spread eastwards and westwards. Contemporaneously, a grain-grinding culture using the earliest type of sickle blades had replaced the cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization |
Mehmed V | Under his rule, the Ottoman Empire lost all its remaining territory in North Africa (Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan) and the Dodecanese to Italy in the Italo-Turkish War and nearly all its European territories (except for a small strip of land west of Constantinople) in the First Balkan War. The Ottomans made some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_V |
History of the Jews in Egypt | Further waves of Jewish immigrants settled in Egypt during the Ptolemaic dynasty, especially around Alexandria. Thus, their history in this period centers almost completely on Alexandria, though daughter communities rose up in places like the present Kafr ed-Dawar, and Jews served in the administration as custodians of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt |
Adamawa Emirate | In the latter part of 1810, Adama assembled a sizable army and embarked on a campaign towards Mandara due to ongoing reports of Mandara's hostility towards the Fulani. Travelling through the Tiel River valley, Adama's forces arrived at Guidder. With the assistance of the local Fulbe population, Adama launched an attack... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate |
Ottoman architecture | The main developments in Ottoman architecture generally took place in the capital cities (Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul) and other major administrative centers that were closely associated with the Ottoman dynasty, where imperial patronage was most concentrated. Beyond these imperial centers, Ottoman provincial governors and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture |
Alifa Rifaat | Fatma Abdullah Rifaat was born on June 5, 1930, in Cairo, Egypt. Her father was an architect and her mother was a housewife. Her family boasted that their roots are said to extend back to Umar ibn al-Khattab, a companion and advisor to the prophet Muhammad. She was raised in provincial Egypt and spent most of her life ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifa_Rifaat |
Islamic Cairo | Much of this historic area suffers from neglect and decay, in this, one of the poorest and most overcrowded areas of the Egyptian capital. In addition, thefts of Islamic monuments and artifacts in the Al-Darb al-Ahmar district threaten their long-term preservation. In the aftermath of the 2011 uprising theft increased ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Cairo |
Khor Al Adaid | More than thirty years after the Ottomans established a protectorate in the Qatari Peninsula, they designated four administrative districts (nehiye) on the peninsula in December 1902, with Khor Al Adaid (simply referred to as Adide by the Porte) being among them. Ottoman sources allege that this was in response to Brit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid |
Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon | The events of this civil war began in the summer of 1859, with a simple dispute over a game of Gelleh (Marbles) between a Druze and a Maronite kid in the town of Beit Meri, the parents of each of the kids participated in the dispute, and it turned into a bloody quarrel in which the people of the two sects from Beit Mer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Qaim-Maqamate_of_Mount_Lebanon |
History of slavery in the Muslim world | In the Muslim conquests of the 8th century, the armies of the Umayyad commander Muhammad bin Qasim enslaved tens of thousands of Indian prisoners, including both soldiers and civilians. In the early 11th century Tarikh al-Yamini, the Arab historian Al-Utbi recorded that in 1001 the armies of Mahmud of Ghazna conquered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world |
Baruch Spinoza | Amsterdam was tolerant of religious diversity so long as it was practiced discreetly. The community was concerned with protecting its reputation and not associating with Spinoza lest his controversial views provide the basis for possible persecution or expulsion. Spinoza did not openly break with Jewish authorities unt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza |
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator | The identity and role of the person usually designated Ptolemy Neos Philopator are unclear, and are based primarily on inferences from the succinct and possibly distorted information provided by Justin in his Epitome of the Philippic History of Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus. Other relevant passages are found in Diodorus Sicul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator |
Ulugh Beg Observatory | Zīj-i Sultānī (Persian: زیجِ سلطانی) is a Zij astronomical table and star catalogue that was published by Ulugh Beg in 1437.
A Zij is an astronomical table that is made up of numerical tables and explanations that allow astronomers to compute any problems they encounter. It should provide enough information that they c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory |
Dubai | Companies in Dubai have in the past been criticised for human rights violations against labourers. Some of the 250,000 foreign labourers in the city have been alleged to live in conditions described by Human Rights Watch as "less than humane". The mistreatment of foreign workers was a subject of the difficult-to-make d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai |
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war | Saudi-backed Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, running unopposed as the only candidate for president, won the 2012 Yemeni elections. Since August 2014, the Houthis (or Ansar Allah), a Zaidi Shia movement and militant group backed by Iran, dissatisfied with Hadi government's decisions and the new constitution, arranged mass protes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war |
Honor killing | Legislation on this issue varies, but today the vast majority of countries no longer allow a husband to legally murder a wife for adultery (although adultery itself continues to be punishable by death in some countries) or to commit other forms of honor killings. However, in many places, adultery and other "immoral" se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_killing |
Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting | Pile carpets with geometric design are known to have been produced from the 13th century among the Seljuks of Rum in eastern Anatolia, whom Venice had had commercial relations since 1220. The Medieval trader and traveler Marco Polo himself mentioned that the carpets produced at Konya were the best in the world:
...et ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting |
Ctesiphon | M. Streck, Die alte Landschaft Babylonien nach den arabischen Geographen, 2 vols. (Leiden, 1900–1901).
M. Streck, "Seleucia und Ktesiphon," Der Alte Orient, 16 (1917), 1–64.
A. Invernizzi, "Ten Years Research in the al-Madain Area, Seleucia and Ctesiphon," Sumer, 32, (1976), 167–175.
Luise Abramowski, "Der Bischof von ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesiphon |
Al-Aqsa | In 637, the Rashidun Caliphate under Umar, the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, besieged and captured Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire. There are no contemporary records, but many traditions, about the origin of the main Islamic buildings on the Temple Mount. A popular account from later centuries is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa |
Ex-Muslims | According to Najma Al Zidjaly study in spite of high-risk restrictions and official obstructions, the Ex-Muslims in Arab societies could manage to form online communities and share challenging ideas which have been permeating throughout Arabia. Zidjaly says, ex-Muslims after studying Islam carefully, come to conclusio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Muslims |
'Ajam of Kuwait | The anti-preservation attitude of the Kuwaiti government towards the Kuwaiti Persian language will eventually lead to the disappearance of the language in Kuwaiti society, as Abdulmuhsen Dashti projects. The government of Kuwait tries to delegitimise the use of the language in as many domains as possible.
In 2008, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait |
Eshnunna | After the fall of the Ur III empire there was a period of chaos in Akkad with numerous city-states vying for power. For a time Eshnunna was under the control of Subartu. Ishbi-Erra (in his 9th year, circa 2010 BC) of the southern Mesopotamia city of Isin defeated them and installed Nurahum as the new king of Eshnunna. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eshnunna |
Sunni Islam | Since the second half of the 20th century, there have been fierce clashes within the Sunni camps between Ashʿarites on the one hand and Salafiyya on the other, who exclude each other from Sunnism. In Indonesia, the Ashʿarite scholar Sirajuddin Abbas (d. 1980) wrote several books in the 1960s in which he explicitly excl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Sabians | In some Sunni hadiths, they are described as converts to Islam.
At the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia, the leader of the Mandaeans, Anush bar Danqa, appeared before Muslim authorities showing them a copy of the Ginza Rabba, the Mandaean holy book, and proclaiming the chief Mandaean prophet to be John t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabians |
History of trigonometry | Ancient Greek and Hellenistic mathematicians made use of the chord. Given a circle and an arc on the circle, the chord is the line that subtends the arc. A chord's perpendicular bisector passes through the center of the circle and bisects the angle. One half of the bisected chord is the sine of one half the bisected an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trigonometry |
Halaib Triangle | In 2004, Sudanese president Omar Al-Bashir claimed that despite his nation's withdrawal in 2000, and Egypt's de facto control of the Triangle, the area still rightfully belonged to Sudan, which had "never relinquished" it. "We did not make any concessions.... The proof is that we have recently renewed the complaint to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaib_Triangle |
Hasmonean dynasty | Julius Caesar initially supported Aristobulus against Hyrcanus and Antipater. Between the weakness of Hyrcanus and the ambition of Aristobulus, Judea lost its independence. Aristobulus was taken to Rome a prisoner, and Hyrcanus was reappointed High Priest, but without political authority. When, in 50 BCE, it appeared t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty |
Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula | In 713, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa subdued the forces of the Visigothic count Theodemir (or Tudmir), who had taken over southeastern Iberia from his base in Murcia after the power vacuum after King Roderic's defeat. Theudimer then signed a conditional capitulation by which his lands were made into an autonomous client state ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula |
Arabic | Arabic usually refers to Standard Arabic, which Western linguists divide into Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic. It could also refer to any of a variety of regional vernacular Arabic dialects, which are not necessarily mutually intelligible.Classical Arabic is the language found in the Quran, used from the pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
Polis | One of the most influential of these translative models was the French La Cite antique, translated again into English "the ancient city", by Coulanges. Only to read the title gives credibility to the idea that there is a model type inclusive of all ancient cities, and that the author need only present it without provin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis |
Six-Day War | On 7 and 8 June, the Israeli leadership debated about whether to attack the Golan Heights as well. Syria had supported pre-war raids that had helped raise tensions and had routinely shelled Israel from the Heights, so some Israeli leaders wanted to see Syria punished. Military opinion was that the attack would be extre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
The Guide for the Perplexed | The beginning of the third part is described as the climax of the whole work. This is the exposition of the mystical passage of the Chariot found in Ezekiel. Traditionally, Jewish law viewed this passage as extremely sensitive, and in theory, did not allow it to be taught explicitly at all. The only way to learn it pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed |
Abdul Rahman Munif | Munif was born in 1933 in Amman, Jordan. His grandmother was Iraqi. His Story of a City: A Childhood in Amman describes his upbringing there.
In 1952, he moved to Baghdad to study law and later moved to Cairo. He received a law degree from the Sorbonne and a PhD in oil economics from the University of Belgrade's Facult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Munif |
Ummah | There are 62 instances in which the term ummah is mentioned in the Qur'an, and they almost always refer to ethical, linguistic, or religious bodies of people who are subject to the divine plan of salvation. The meaning of the term appears to transform throughout the chronology of the Qur'an. When it is first used in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah |
Muslim conquest of Persia | In December 636, Umar ordered Utbah ibn Ghazwan to head south to capture al-Ubulla (known as "port of Apologos" in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea) and Basra, in order to cut ties between the Persian garrison there and Ctesiphon. Utbah ibn Ghazwan arrived in April 637, and captured the region. The Persians withdrew ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
2012 Bahrain Grand Prix | Eight different teams were represented in the final qualifying period. The McLarens of Hamilton and Button, and the Red Bulls of Vettel and Webber each set two times during the period; of the remaining six, four set a lap time. Fernando Alonso and Paul di Resta elected not to complete timed laps. Having used all three ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Bahrain_Grand_Prix |
1961 Syrian coup d'état | At 7:30 am on 29 September, Radio Damascus announced that SARCAF has entrusted Maamun al-Kuzbari (a relative of one of the coup organizers) to form a new government which consisted of the old National Party and People's Party politicians. It was government of the traditional Syrian elites, but it promised to maintain s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat |
Kurds | According to CIA Factbook, Kurds formed approximately 18% of the population in Turkey (approximately 14 million) in 2008. One Western source estimates that up to 25% of the Turkish population is Kurdish (approximately 18–19 million people). Kurdish sources claim there are as many as 20 or 25 million Kurds in Turkey.
In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds |
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