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Iraqi Police | In 2009 the Iraqi Police was under the command of Major General Hussein Jassim Alawadi. The Multi-National Security Transition Command – Iraq (MNSTC-I) was a United States Central Command organisation tasked to train, mentor and equip all Iraqi civilian security forces. MNSTC-I also had the goal of training their count... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Police |
Aristotle | Aristotle describes sleep in On Sleep and Wakefulness. Sleep takes place as a result of overuse of the senses or of digestion, so it is vital to the body. While a person is asleep, the critical activities, which include thinking, sensing, recalling and remembering, do not function as they do during wakefulness. Since a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle |
Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire | See Also: Zionist Movement
While the Ottoman Empire became a safe space for Jews, parts of Europe saw increased violence and anti-semitism against Jews. Violent uprisings against Jews took place all over Eastern Europe in the Late 19th century, and the civil rights of Jews were extremely limited.
Zionism is an interna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire |
Narmer | The famous Narmer Palette, discovered by James E. Quibell in the 1897–1898 season at Hierakonpolis, shows Narmer wearing the crown of Upper Egypt on one side of the palette, and the crown of Lower Egypt on the other side, giving rise to the theory that Narmer unified the two lands. Since its discovery, however, it has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer |
2002 FIFA World Cup | Total number of yellow cards: 272
Average yellow cards per match: 4.25
Total number of red cards: 17
Average red cards per match: 0.27
First yellow card of the tournament:Emmanuel Petit for France against Senegal
First red card of the tournament:Boris Živković for Croatia against Mexico
Fastest yellow card from k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup |
Aliyah | After Aliyah Bet, the process of numbering or naming individual aliyot ceased, but immigration did not. A major wave of Jewish immigration, mainly from post-Holocaust Europe and the Arab and Muslim world took place from 1948 to 1951. In three and a half years, the Jewish population of Israel, which was 650,000 at the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah |
Chechnya | Ichkeria was a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation between 1991 and 2010. Former president of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, deposed in a military coup of 1991 and a participant of the Georgian Civil War, recognized the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in 1993. Diplomatic relation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya |
Rationale for the Iraq War | In the post-invasion search for weapons of mass destruction, US and Polish forces found decayed chemical weapons from the Iran–Iraq War. These chemical weapons led former senator Rick Santorum (R-PA) and representative Peter Hoekstra (R-MI) to say that the US had indeed found weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.
These ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War |
Kingdom of Jerusalem | Fulk was an experienced crusader and had brought military support to the kingdom during a pilgrimage in 1120. He brought Jerusalem into the sphere of the Angevin Empire, as the father of Geoffrey V of Anjou and grandfather of the future Henry II of England. Not everyone appreciated the imposition of a foreigner as king... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem |
Nergal | The oldest surviving copies of the Epic of Erra come from the Assyrian city of Nineveh and have been dated to the seventh century BCE, but it has been argued that the composition is between 100 and 400 years older than that based on possible allusions to historical events which occurred during a period of calamity whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nergal |
Ancient Mesopotamian religion | Besides the worship of the gods at public rituals, individuals also paid homage to a personal deity. As with other deities, the personal gods changed over time and little is known about early practice as they are rarely named or described. In the mid-third millennium BC, some rulers regarded a particular god or gods as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion |
Manichaeism | Baker-Brian, Nicholas J. (2011). Manichaeism: An Ancient Faith Rediscovered. London and New York. T&T Clark.
Beatty, Alfred Chester (1938). Charles Allberry (ed.). A Manichean Psalm-Book, Part II. Stuttgart.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Cross, F. L.; E. A. Livingstone (1974). The Oxford D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism |
Sharia | Some extremists have used their interpretation of Islamic scriptures and Sharia, in particular the doctrine of jihad, to justify acts of war and terror against Muslim as well as non-Muslim individuals and governments. The expert on terrorism Rachel Ehrenfeld wrote that the "Sharia's finance (Islamic banking) is a new w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
History of mathematical notation | At the turn of the 19th century, Carl Friedrich Gauss developed the identity sign for congruence relation and, in Quadratic reciprocity, the integral part. Gauss contributed functions of complex variables, in geometry, and on the convergence of series. He gave the satisfactory proofs of the fundamental theorem of algeb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematical_notation |
History of Morocco | In 1907, the French took the murder of Émile Mauchamp in Marrakesh as a pretext to invade Oujda in the east, as they took an uprising against their appropriation of customs revenue in Casablanca as an opportunity to bombard and invade that city in the west. Months later, there was a brief fratricidal civil war referred... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco |
Islamic philosophy | The Muslim physician-philosophers, Avicenna and Ibn al-Nafis, developed their own theories on the soul. They both made a distinction between the soul and the spirit, and in particular, the Avicennian doctrine on the nature of the soul was influential among the Scholastics. Some of Avicenna's views on the soul included ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Circassians | Feudalism began to emerge among Circassians by the 4th century. As a result of Armenian, Greek and Byzantine influence, Christianity spread throughout the Caucasus between the 3rd and 5th centuries. During that period, Circassians (known at the time as Kassogs) began to accept Christianity as a national religion, but d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians |
History of the Palestinians | Under the Ottomans, Palestine's Arab population mostly saw themselves as Ottoman subjects. Kimmerling and Migdal consider the revolt in 1834 of the Arabs in Palestine as the first formative event of the Palestinian people. In the 1830s, Palestine was occupied by the Egyptian vassal of the Ottomans, Muhammad Ali and his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Palestinians |
Yasser Arafat | In the late 1960s, tensions between Palestinians and the Jordanian government increased greatly; heavily armed Palestinian elements had created a virtual "state within a state" in Jordan, eventually controlling several strategic positions in that country. After their proclaimed victory in the Battle of Karameh, Fatah a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat |
Perim | In 1856, seeing the French-sponsored Suez Canal project as a method to promote French power at Britain's expense, Prime Minister Palmerston agreed to the occupation of Perim as one of many options to counter assumed French political and military ambitions in Egypt and the Red Sea. In December 1856, Lord Elphinstone, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perim |
Hiraab Imamate | The Hiraab Imamate was the successor state of the Ajuran Sultanate. The reason for their rebellion was the Ajuran rulers, in the end, became extremely prideful, neglected the sharia and imposed a heavy taxation on their subjects which was the main reason for the rebellion.
The first clan to ever challenge the Ajuuraan ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraab_Imamate |
Red fox | Red foxes feature prominently in the folklore and mythology of human cultures with which they are sympatric. In Greek mythology, the Teumessian fox, or Cadmean vixen, was a gigantic fox that was destined never to be caught. The fox was one of the children of Echidna.
In Celtic mythology, the red fox is a symbolic anima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox |
Roman Empire | Literature under Augustus, along with that of the Republic, has been viewed as the "Golden Age" of Latin literature, embodying classical ideals. The three most influential Classical Latin poets—Virgil, Horace, and Ovid—belong to this period. Virgil's Aeneid was a national epic in the manner of the Homeric epics of Gree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire |
Tabriz | Thanks to the geographical closeness to the West and to communications with nearby countries' enlightenment movements, Tabriz became the centre of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution movements between 1905 and 1911, which led to the establishment of a parliament in Iran and the formation of a constitution. Sattar Kha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz |
Al-Mu'tadid | During the 9th century, the Abbasid administrative system became increasingly professionalized. The provincial administration became a subject of careful study, with geographical works such as Ibn Khordadbeh providing details on the Caliphate's provinces and their road networks, while men like Ibn Qutayba developed the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid |
Rashtrakutas | In 972 A.D., during the rule of Khottiga Amoghavarsha, the Malwa King Siyaka Harsha attacked the empire and plundered Manyakheta, the capital of the Rashtrakutas. This seriously undermined the reputation of the Rastrakuta Empire and consequently led to its downfall. The final decline was sudden as Tailapa II, a feudato... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakutas |
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region | Pakistan has the third largest Muslim population in the world and approximately 30% of its people living below the poverty threshold. Over decades, Saudi has spent billions of dollars in Pakistan, while the $ billions in remittances from the almost one million Pakistanis living and working in Saudi Arabia (as of 2010)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region |
Achaemenid Empire | The Achaemenid infantry consisted of three groups: the Immortals, the Sparabara, and the Takabara, though in the later years of the Achaemenid Empire, a fourth group, the Cardaces, were introduced.
The Immortals were described by Herodotus as being heavy infantry, led by Hydarnes II, that were kept constantly at a stre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire |
History of the State of Palestine | After a two-year impasse in negotiations with Israel, the Palestinian Authority sought to gain recognition as a state according to its 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital from the UN General Assembly in September 2011. A successful application for membership in the UN would require approval from the UN Secu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine |
Desert climate | Hot desert climates (BWh) are typically found under the subtropical ridge in the lower middle latitudes or the subtropics, often between 20° and 33° north and south latitudes. In these locations, stable descending air and high pressure aloft clear clouds and create hot, arid conditions with intense sunshine. Hot desert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate |
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight | In the first few months of the civil war, the climate in the Mandate of Palestine became volatile, although throughout this period both Arab and Jewish leaders tried to limit hostilities.: 90–99 According to historian Benny Morris, the period was marked by Palestinian Arab attacks and Jewish defensiveness, increasingl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight |
Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent | During the reign of the curious and just Akbar the Great (1556–1605 AD), men of knowledge from all over India gathered at his Ibadat khana in the then Maughal capital, Fatehpur Sikri. Among them were three Shia scholars: Shah Fathullah Shirazi, Qazi Nurullah Shustari and Mullah Ahmad Thattavi.
The foundations of Shi'i ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent |
Al-Faw Palace | Al-Faw Palace is situated on a former resort complex about 5 kilometers from the Green Zone, which is now referred to as the International Zone or IZ. The complex contains numerous villas and smaller palaces that at one point housed the largest US/Coalition bases in Iraq (Camp Victory/ Camp Liberty). The palace contain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Faw_Palace |
LGBT rights in Bahrain | The press in Bahrain has, since the 1990s, generally been allowed to discuss the subject of homosexuality, without being punished by the government. Initially, the discussion was focused on people and events happening outside of Bahrain, especially in the field of entertainment or the AIDS-HIV pandemic. In the early pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bahrain |
Hadith | Traditions of the life of Muhammad and the early history of Islam were passed down mostly orally for more than a hundred years after Muhammad's death in AD 632. Muslim historians say that Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (the third khalifa (caliph) of the Rashidun Caliphate, or third successor of Muhammad, who had formerly been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith |
Mehmed II | Emperors of Trebizond formed alliances through royal marriages with various Muslim rulers. Emperor John IV of Trebizond married his daughter to the son of his brother-in-law, Uzun Hasan, sultan of the Aq Qoyunlu (also known as White Sheep Turkomans), in return for his promise to defend Trebizond. He also secured promis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II |
Wahhabism | Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab defined armed jihad as a sacred endeavour that must have a valid religious justification and which can only be declared by an Imam. The purpose of combat was to safeguard the community from the aggression and military attacks by various external threats. While early methods of his reformist ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Syrian Armed Forces | Because of the violence against the people by the Syrian Army and the detention of a great number of people, some soldiers from different religions and sects (Sunni, Shia, Druze and Christian) defected in protest at orders to kill protesters in April 2011. By 2014, the number of defecting officers had reached approxima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces |
Islamic economics | Islamic economics has been criticised for
its alleged "incoherence, incompleteness, impracticality, and irrelevance", driven by "cultural identity" rather than problem solving (Timur Kuran, John Foster);
being "a hodgepodge of populist and socialist ideas" in theory, and "nothing more than inefficient state control ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics |
Islamic terrorism | In reference to suicide attacks, Hannah Stuart notes there is a "significant debate among contemporary clerics over which circumstance permit such attacks." Qatar-based theologian, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, criticized the 9/11 attacks but previously justified suicide bombings in Israel on the grounds of necessity and justifie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism |
Mogadishu | Mogadishu has historically served as a media hub. In 1975, the Somali Film Agency (SFA), the nation's film regulatory body, was established in Mogadishu. The SFA also organized the annual Mogadishu Pan-African and Arab Film Symposium (Mogpaafis), which brought together an array of filmmakers and movie experts from acro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu |
Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan | Unlike the King's, the Crown Prince's role is mostly ceremonial under the Constitution, and the title is not associated with any political post. Hussein performed his first official engagement in June 2010, when he represented his father at the celebrations of the anniversary of the Arab Revolt and the Armed Forces Day... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein,_Crown_Prince_of_Jordan |
Kabbalah | One point of view is represented by the Hasidic work Tanya (1797), in order to argue that Jews have a different character of soul: while a non-Jew, according to the author Shneur Zalman of Liadi (born 1745), can achieve a high level of spirituality, similar to an angel, his soul is still fundamentally different in char... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah |
Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet | While the process was widely hailed by international observers and non-governmental organizations, the actual National Dialogue was decried by more fervent unionists as betraying elements of the Tunisian working poor. In particular, the inclusion of UTICA, at a juncture when Tunisians were embattled in a fight for wage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet |
Bible | The philosophical foundation of human rights is in the Bible's teachings of natural law. The prophets of the Hebrew Bible repeatedly admonish the people to practice justice, charity, and social responsibility. H. A. Lockton writes that "The Poverty and Justice Bible (The Bible Society (UK), 2008) claims there are more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible |
List of Assyrian kings | Ancient Assyria was an absolute monarchy, with the king believed to be appointed directly through divine right by the chief deity, Ashur. The Assyrians believed that the king was the link between the gods and the earthly realm. As such, it was the king's primary duty to discover the will of the gods and enact this, oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Volubilis | The Arch of Caracalla is one of Volubilis' most distinctive sights, situated at the end of the city's main street, the Decumanus Maximus. Although it is not architecturally outstanding, the triumphal arch forms a striking visual contrast with the smaller Tingis Gate at the far end of the decumanus. It was built in 217 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volubilis |
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire | 1908 Ottoman general election was preceded by political campaigns. In the summer of 1908, a variety of political proposals were put forward by the CUP. The CUP stated in its election manifesto that it sought to modernize the state by reforming finance and education, promoting public works and agriculture, and the princ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire |
Habib Bourguiba | On 21 July, Bourguiba was transferred into The Château de La Ferté in Amilly (110 kilometers from Paris) on the orders of Mendès France to preparing the upcoming negotiations. On 31 July, the new French prime minister travelled to Tunis and gave his famous speech in which he stated that the French government unilateral... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba |
Timeline of Middle Eastern history | 927 BC – Jerusalem becomes the capital of the (southern) Kingdom of Judah after the split of the United Monarchy
884 to 858 BC – Ashurnasirpal II, king of Assyria, embarked on a vast program of expansion, known for his harshness, moved his capital to the city of Kalhu (Nimrod)
884 to 612 BC – Neo-Assyrian Empire
800 to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history |
Chadian–Libyan War | Since Gaddafi had kept mostly aloof in the months before the fall of N'Djamena, Habré hoped to reach an understanding with Libya, possibly through an accord with Acyl, who appeared receptive to dialogue. But Acyl died on 19 July 1982, replaced by Acheikh ibn Oumar, and the CDR was antagonized by Habré's eagerness to un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War |
Alim Louis Benabid | Benabid developed stereotactic surgery methods for brain surgery in patients who had brain tumors or certain types of movement disorder.
As part of the work, he and his team members created tissue banks using tissue from brain tumor biopsies. The tissue samples were used to characterize brain tumors by oncogenic mappin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alim_Louis_Benabid |
Women in Islam | Particularly within the context of religion – a domain which is often associated with sexual asceticism – Muḥammad is notable for emphasising the importance of loving women. According to a famous ḥadīth, Muḥammad stated: "Three things of this world of yours were made lovable to me: women, perfume – and the coolness of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
Elam | The Assyrians had utterly destroyed the Elamite nation, but new polities emerged in the area after Assyrian power faded. Among the nations that benefited from the decline of the Assyrians were the Iranian tribes, whose presence around Lake Urmia to the north of Elam is attested from the 9th century BC in Assyrian texts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam |
Judgement Day in Islam | The final judgement (Reckoning, ḥisāb) where God judges each soul for their lives lived on earth, will be "carried out with absolute justice" accepting no excuses, and examine every act and intention—no matter how small, but "through the prerogative of God's merciful will".
Quran verses in Al-Haqqah (surah 69) are thou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam |
Ming dynasty | The Hongwu emperor from 1373 to 1384 staffed his bureaus with officials gathered through recommendations only. After that the scholar-officials who populated the many ranks of bureaucracy were recruited through a rigorous examination system that was initially established by the Sui dynasty (581–618). Theoretically the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty |
Love | The Christian understanding is that love comes from God, who is himself love (1 John 4:8). The love of man and woman—eros in Greek—and the unselfish love of others (agape), are often contrasted as "descending" and "ascending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.
There are several Greek words for "love... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love |
Ayyubid dynasty | Although still nominally a vassal of Nur al-Din, Saladin adopted an increasingly independent foreign policy. This independence became more publicly pronounced after Nur al-Din's death in 1174. Thereafter, Saladin set out to conquer Syria from the Zengids; and on November 23 he was welcomed in Damascus by the governor o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation | On 21 August 1969, a fire was started in the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Amin al-Husseini, the former Mufti of Jerusalem, called the arson a "Jewish crime" and called for all Muslim heads of state to convene a summit. The fire, which "destroyed part of the old wooden roof and an 800-year-old pulpit" was blamed on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation |
Kilim motifs | The meanings expressed in kilims derive both from the individual motifs used, and by their pattern and arrangement in the rug as a whole. A few symbols are widespread across Anatolia as well as other regions including Persia and the Caucasus; others are confined to Anatolia.
An especially widely used motif is the Elibe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilim_motifs |
Muslim Sicily | By the 11th century, mainland southern Italian powers were hiring Norman mercenaries, who were Christian descendants of the Vikings; it was the Normans under Roger de Hauteville, who became Roger I of Sicily, that captured Sicily from the Muslims. In 1038, a Byzantine army under George Maniaces crossed the strait of Me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Sicily |
List of Islamophobic incidents | In the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, many residents of Middle Eastern descent and African-American Muslims became victims of the initial rage at "Muslim terrorists" as the initial news stories hypothesized. KFOR-TV's coverage of the bombing informed viewers that a member of the Nation of Islam had taken credi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamophobic_incidents |
Non-Aligned Movement | With the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement transformed. The breakup of Yugoslavia (a prominent founding member) in 1991–1992 also affected the Movement; the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1992 s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement |
French Algeria | Pierre Deval and other French residents of Algiers left for France, while the Minister of War, Clermont-Tonnerre, proposed a military expedition. However, the Count of Villèle, an ultra-royalist, President of the council and the monarch's heir, opposed any military action. The Bourbon Restoration government finally dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
African cuisine | In a study of food loss and waste in North Africa, researchers found that the region was wasting about 30% of its food, which is likely to increase as the population continues to grow. This waste occurs for a variety of reasons, including lack of refrigeration and storage facilities. to solve that issue the people had ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_cuisine |
Andalusia | As in any modern society, transport systems are an essential structural element of the functioning of Andalusia. The transportation network facilitates territorial coordination, economic development and distribution, and intercity transportation.
In urban transport, underdeveloped public transport systems put pedestria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia |
Sasanian Empire | Following the conquest of Iran and neighboring regions, Shapur I extended his authority northwest of the Indian subcontinent. The previously autonomous Kushans were obliged to accept his suzerainty. These were the western Kushans which controlled Afghanistan while the eastern Kushans were active in India. Although the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Islamic modernism | Cheragh Ali and Syed Ahmad Khan argued that "the Islamic code of law is not unalterable and unchangeable", and instead could be adopted "to the social and political revolutions going on around it".
"Objectives" of Islamic law (maqasid al-sharia) in support of "public interest", (or maslahah, a secondary source for I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism |
Sasanian Empire | The cavalry used during the Sassanid Empire were two types of heavy cavalry units: Clibanarii and Cataphracts. The first cavalry force, composed of elite noblemen trained since youth for military service, was supported by light cavalry, infantry and archers. Mercenaries and tribal people of the empire, including the Tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Astrology in the medieval Islamic world | Medieval Islamic astrology and astronomy continued Hellenistic and Roman era traditions based on Ptolemy's Almagest. Centres of learning in medicine and astronomy/astrology were set up in Baghdad and Damascus, and the Caliph Al-Mansur of Baghdad established a major observatory and library in the city, making it the wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | He is Garabet Artin Davoudian, better known as Daoud Pasha. Armenian in origin, and Catholic in faith, he was highly educated and was holding the position of post and telegraph director in Constantinople when, in 1861, a decision was issued to appoint him as administrator of Mount Lebanon for a period of three years. H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate |
Iraqi Ground Forces | In the days leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the following Iraq War, the army consisted of 375,000 troops, organized into five corps. In all, there were 11 infantry divisions, 3 mechanized divisions, and 3 armored divisions. The Republican Guard consisted of between 50,000 and 60,000 troops (although some so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Ground_Forces |
Abu Ali ibn al-Banna | Abu Ali ibn al-Banna was born in 1005 (396 AH); his family background is unknown. He appears to have lived in Baghdad his entire life. He married a daughter of Abu Mansur Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Qirmisini (374-460 AH) and had at least one son with her: Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Banna (434-510 AH), who was the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_ibn_al-Banna |
Beni Ḥassān | Historical accounts report that these Hassani communities enriched themselves by collecting tolls from trade caravans and extorting farming and herding villages settled in the oases. They were accused of subjecting these territories to two centuries of looting and intermittent wars, but at the same time they point out ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_%E1%B8%A4ass%C4%81n |
COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates | All passengers travelling to Dubai from any point of origin (GCC countries included) must hold a negative COVID-19 RT‑PCR test certificate for a test taken no more than 72 hours before departure, except for travel from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (for which specific requirements ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war | Both al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Islamic State had a presence in Yemen before the Saudi-led intervention. AQAP had controlled substantial pieces of territory for some time, while Islamic State claimed for twin bombings in Sanaa the following month that killed 140 people and injured hundreds more.
The t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war |
Sudan | In 1504 the Funj are recorded to have founded the Kingdom of Sennar, in which Abdallah Jamma's realm was incorporated. By 1523, when Jewish traveller David Reubeni visited Sudan, the Funj state already extended as far north as Dongola. Meanwhile, Islam began to be preached on the Nile by Sufi holy men who settled there... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Gamal Mubarak | Following the stepping down of Hosni Mubarak, media sources started to point to the 'suspicious' financial dealings of Gamal Mubarak. On 28 February 2011, the Egyptian daily Al-Ahram published a list of bank accounts allegedly belonging to Gamal Mubarak. Al-Ahram reported that the Chief Prosecutor of Egypt received a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Mubarak |
Bahmani Sultanate | Alauddin was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I. His conflicts with the Vijayanagar empire were singularly savage wars, as according to the historian Ferishta, "the population of the Carnatic was so reduced that it did not recover for several ages." The Bahmanids' aggressive confrontation with the two main Hindu king... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate |
Classical Ottoman architecture | In 1550 Sinan began construction for the Süleymaniye complex, a monumental religious and charitable complex dedicated to Suleiman. Construction finished in 1557. Following the example of the earlier Fatih complex, it consists of many buildings arranged around the main mosque in the center, on a planned site occupying t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture |
Madrasa | Note: The word jāmiʻah (Arabic: جامعة) simply means 'university'. For more information, see Islamic university (disambiguation).
Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that, starting in the tenth century, some medieval Islamic madrasas indeed became universities. However, scholars like George... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa |
Ancient Rome | Ancient Rome boasted impressive technological feats, using many advancements that were lost in the Middle Ages and not rivalled again until the 19th and 20th centuries. An example of this is insulated glazing, which was not invented again until the 1930s. Many practical Roman innovations were adopted from earlier Greek... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome |
Jaffa | Jaffa is not mentioned in Alexander the Great's coastal campaign, but during the Wars of the Diadochi, Antigonus Monophthalmus captured Jaffa in 315 BCE. Ptolemy I Soter later destroyed it in 312 BCE. Despite this, Jaffa was resettled and became a Ptolemaic mint site in the third century BCE. Archaeological evidence fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffa |
Arameans | The toponym A-ra-mu appears in an inscription at the East Semitic-speaking kingdom of Ebla listing geographical names, and the term Armi, the Eblaite term for nearby Idlib, occurs frequently in the Ebla tablets (c. 2300 BCE). One of the annals of Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 2250 BCE) mentions that he captured "Dubul, the en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans |
Temporary capital | Germany after 1945 considered Berlin to remain the German capital. But due to the onset of the Cold War Berlin itself was divided and 161 kilometers (100 miles) beyond the Inner German Border within the Soviet-controlled zone that would soon become the German Democratic Republic. As a result, Bonn was established as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_capital |
Water supply and sanitation in Yemen | Until 2000 urban water and sewer services were provided by a national public enterprise called the National Water and Sanitation Authority (NWSA). According to a study of the reform process, before the reform tariffs were set by the national government at levels insufficient to meet operating costs, the revenues were c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Yemen |
Ruhollah Khomeini | After the First World War, arrangements were made for him to study at the Islamic seminary in Isfahan, but he was attracted instead to the seminary in Arak. He was placed under the leadership of Ayatollah Abdolkarim Haeri Yazdi. In 1920, Khomeini moved to Arak and commenced his studies. The following year, Ayatollah Ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini |
Sharia | Some articles that may be considered precursors of sharia law and rituals can be found in the pre-Islamic Arabic Religions; Hajj, salāt and zakāt could be seen in pre-Islamic Safaitic-Arabic inscriptions, and continuity can be observed in many details, especially in todays hajj and umrah rituals. The veiling order, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
History of Mesopotamia | The next two centuries or so, called the Isin-Larsa period, saw southern Mesopotamia dominated by the Amorite cities of Isin and Larsa, as the two cities vied for dominance. This period also marked a growth in power in the north of Mesopotamia. An Assyrian king named Ilushuma (1945–1906 BC) became a dominant figure in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia |
Egyptian language | Here is the vowel system reconstructed for earlier Egyptian:
Vowels are always short in unstressed syllables (⟨tpj⟩ = */taˈpij/ 'first') and long in open stressed syllables (⟨rmṯ⟩ = */ˈraːmac/ 'man'), but they can be either short or long in closed stressed syllables (⟨jnn⟩ = */jaˈnan/ 'we', ⟨mn⟩ = */maːn/ 'to stay').
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language |
French Algeria | The bulk of Algeria's wealth in manufacturing, mining, agriculture, and trade was controlled by the grands colons. The modern European-owned and -managed sector of the economy centered on small industry and a highly developed export trade, designed to provide food and raw materials to France in return for capital and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
Furniture | Civilization in ancient Egypt began with the clearance and irrigation of land along the banks of the River Nile, which began in about 6000 BCE. By that time, society in the Nile Valley was already engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings. At this period, Egyptians in the southwestern co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture |
Libyan civil war (2014–2020) | As of February 2015, damage and disorder from the war has been considerable. There are frequent electric outages, little business activity, and a loss in revenues from oil by 90%. Over 5,700 people died from the fighting by the end of 2016, and some sources claim nearly a third of the country's population has fled to T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020) |
Peshmerga | The Kurdish warrior tradition of rebellion has existed for thousands of years along with aspirations for independence, and early Kurdish warriors fought against the various Persian empires, the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire.
Historically the Peshmerga existed only as guerrilla organizations, but under the self-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshmerga |
Palestinian nationalism | The collapse of the Ottoman Empire was accompanied by an increasing sense of Arab identity in the Empire's Arab provinces, most notably Syria, considered to include both northern Palestine and Lebanon. This development is often seen as connected to the wider reformist trend known as al-Nahda ("awakening", sometimes cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism |
Nawal El Saadawi | Saadawi wrote prolifically, placing some of her works online.
Novels and novellas
Mudhakkirat tabiba (Cairo, 1958). Memoirs of a Woman Doctor, trans. Catherine Cobham (Saqi Books, 1988)
Al ghayib (Cairo, 1965). Searching, trans. Shirley Eber (Zed Books, 1991)
Imra'tani fi-Imra'a (Cairo, 1968). Two Women in One, trans.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi |
Saadi Sultanate | Following the assassination, Abdallah al-Ghalib succeeded his father as sultan. At the same time, three of his brothers – Abd al-Malik, Ahmad, and Abd al-Mu'min – fled the country in fear of assassination and took refuge with the Ottomans. (Though it is possible that Ahmad only fled much later, depending on which histo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Āyah | Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether āyah means anything other than "sign", "proof", or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, and the life and growth of pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80yah |
Carpet | Turkish carpets (also known as Anatolian), whether hand knotted or flat woven, are among the most well-known and established handcrafted artworks in the world. Historically: religious, cultural, environmental, sociopolitical and socioeconomic conditions created widespread utilitarian need and have provided artistic ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet |
Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi | Anthony, Sean W. (2012a). The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 91. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004216068. ISBN 978-90-04-20930-5.
Anthony, Sean W. (2012b). "The Mahdī and the Treasures of al-Ṭālaqān". Arabica. 59 (5): 459–483. doi:10.1163/157005812X... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi |
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