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1958 Lebanon crisis | On 1 February 1958, Syria and Egypt united, forming the UAR. The United States feared initially that the new nation would become the dominant power in the Middle East, but recognized it on 25 February after deciding that the UAR could be beneficial in halting communism's spread and keeping Nasser contained. Chamoun and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis |
Population history of Egypt | Located in the extreme north-east corner of Africa, ancient Egyptian society was at a crossroads between the African and Near Eastern regions. Early Egyptologists noted the increased novelty and seemingly rapid change in Predynastic pottery and noted trade contacts between ancient Egypt and the Middle East. Fekri Hassa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt |
Islamic family jurisprudence | Islamic criminal law (Arabic: فقه العقوبات) is criminal law in accordance with Sharia. Strictly speaking, Islamic law does not have a distinct corpus of "criminal law". It divides crimes into three different categories depending on the offense – Hudud (crimes "against God", whose punishment is fixed in the Quran and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence |
2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election | The election to the People's Assembly took place on the following dates:
first stage: 28–29 November, run-off on 5–6 December;
second stage: 14–15 December, run-off on 21–22 December;
third stage: 3–4 January, run-off on 10–11 January.
There are a total 508 seats in the Lower house: 498 seats are elected, and 10 seats... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Egyptian_parliamentary_election |
Aniconism in Islam | Depending on which segment of Islamic societies are referred to, the application of aniconism is characterized by noteworthy differences. Factors are the epoch considered, the country, the religious orientation, the political intent, the popular beliefs, the private benefit or the dichotomy between reality and discours... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam |
Maimonides | With Mishneh Torah, Maimonides composed a code of Jewish law with the widest-possible scope and depth. The work gathers all the binding laws from the Talmud, and incorporates the positions of the Geonim (post-Talmudic early Medieval scholars, mainly from Mesopotamia). It is also known as Yad ha-Chazaka or simply Yad (י... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides |
History of mathematical notation | Although the origin of our present system of numerical notation is ancient, there is no doubt that it was in use among the Hindus over two thousand years ago. The algebraic notation of the Indian mathematician, Brahmagupta, was syncopated. Addition was indicated by placing the numbers side by side, subtraction by placi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematical_notation |
Hezbollah | Hezbollah has long been an ally of the Ba'ath government of Syria, led by the Al-Assad family. Hezbollah has helped the Syrian government during the Syrian civil war in its fight against the Syrian opposition, which Hezbollah has described as a Zionist plot to destroy its alliance with al-Assad against Israel. Geneive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah |
Piracy | Pirates, of course, had to sell their loot. They had trading relationships with land communities and foreign traders in the southeastern regions of China. Zhu Wan, who held the office of Grand Coordinator for Coastal Defense, documented that pirates in the region to which he had been sent had the support of the local ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy |
Safavid Iran | According to the historian Roger Savory, the twin bases of the domestic economy were pastoralism and agriculture. And, just as the higher levels of the social hierarchy was divided between the Turkish "men of the sword" and the Persian "men of the pen"; so were the lower level divided between the Turcoman tribes, who w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Abdülmecid II | The caliph was nominally the supreme religious and political leader of all Muslims across the world, with the main goal to prevent extremism or protect the religion from corruption. In the last session of the budget negotiations on 3 March 1924, Urfa Deputy Sheikh Saffet Efendi and his 53 friends demanded the abolition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_II |
Roman Empire | Traditional Roman education was moral and practical. Stories were meant to instil Roman values (mores maiorum). Parents were expected to act as role models, and working parents passed their skills to their children, who might also enter apprenticeships. Young children were attended by a pedagogue, usually a Greek slave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire |
Abul A'la Maududi | Maududi believed that copying cultural practices of non-Muslims was forbidden in Islam, having
very disastrous consequences upon a nation; it destroys its inner vitality, blurs its vision, befogs its critical faculties, breeds inferiority complexes, and gradually but assuredly saps all the springs of culture and sound... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi |
Dome | Persian architecture likely inherited an architectural tradition of dome-building dating back to the earliest Mesopotamian domes. Due to the scarcity of wood in many areas of the Iranian plateau and Greater Iran, domes were an important part of vernacular architecture throughout Persian history. The Persian invention o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome |
Sudanese Arabs | Islam made its deepest and longest lasting impact in Sudan through the activity of the Islamic religious brotherhoods or orders. These orders emerged in the Middle East in the twelfth century in connection with the development of Sufism, a reaction based in mysticism to the strongly legalistic orientation of mainstream... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabs |
Ibn Taymiyya | Ibn Taymiyya was a fervent polemicist who zealously launched theological refutations against various religious sects such as the Sufis, Jahmites, Ash'arites, Shias, Falsafa, etc., labelling them as heretics responsible for the crisis of Mongol invasions across the Islamic World. He was imprisoned several times for conf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya |
Hussein of Jordan | On 5 June 1967 the Six-Day War began after an Israeli strike wiped out Egypt's Air Force. The Egyptian army commander in Cairo transmitted to General Riad that the Israeli strike had failed, and that Israel's Air Force was almost wiped out. Based on the misleading information from Cairo, Riad ordered the Jordanian army... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan |
Mongol Empire | The Mongols had a history of supporting merchants and trade. Genghis Khan had encouraged foreign merchants early in his career, even before uniting the Mongols. Merchants provided information about neighboring cultures, served as diplomats and official traders for the Mongols, and were essential for many goods, since t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire |
I'jaz | In Islamic theology, Muhammad's illiteracy is a way of emphasizing that he was a transparent medium for divine revelation and a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood since the illiterate prophet could not have composed the eloquent poetry and prose of the Qur'an. According to Tabatabaei (d. 1981), a Muslim schola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27jaz |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Relations with Israel improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi's removal, with Sisi saying that he had talked to Israel's prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, "a lot". Sisi was described by The Economist as "the most pro-Israeli Egyptian leader ever". With continuous support for Palestine, the Sisi administration ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
Sufism | Sufi mysticism has long exercised a fascination upon the Western world, and especially its Orientalist scholars. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European orientalists treated Sufism and Islam as distinct subjects, leading to "an over-emphasis on the translation of classical Sufi mystical literature" in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism |
Ibn Arabi | Addas, Claude, Quest for the Red Sulphur, Islamic Texts Society, Cambridge, 1993. ISBN 0-946621-45-4.
Addas, Claude, Ibn Arabi: The Voyage of No Return, Cambridge, 2019 (second edition), Islamic Texts Society. ISBN 9781911141402.
Akkach, Samer, Ibn 'Arabî's Cosmogony and the Sufi Concept of Time, in: Constructions of T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi |
Slavery | Slavery in early medieval Europe was so common that the Catholic Church repeatedly prohibited it, or at least the export of Christian slaves to non-Christian lands, as for example at the Council of Koblenz (922), the Council of London (1102) (which aimed mainly at the sale of English slaves to Ireland) and the Council ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Sufi cosmology | Islamic Sufis describe the Divine Descent and the creation of universe and humankind in the following stages, when Noor-e-Ahadi (Light of One), coming out of His self-isolated oneness, intended to manifest Himself in multiplicity. These stages are also termed as "Tanzalat-e-Satta". Many saints have explained these Tanz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_cosmology |
Adamawa Emirate | The cavalry of the Muslims were highly effective against their adversaries. There is no record of horses being used in the Adamawa region by non-Fulanis before the jihad. Unlike in Mandara and Bornu where they could be found in large numbers, horses were very scarce in Adamawa and were sometimes used for sports and cer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate |
Almoravid dynasty | The Almoravid period, along with the subsequent Almohad period, is considered one of the most formative stages of Moroccan and Moorish architecture, establishing many of the forms and motifs of this style that were refined in subsequent centuries. Manuel Casamar Perez remarks that the Almoravids scaled back the Andalus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Leila Abouzeid | Abouzeid's radio show was unique because it was spoken in Arabic, as opposed to French. Almost every radio broadcast was done in French because the radio was a business, and French was used in business. As part of her program, she translated movie scripts into Arabic and did dramatic readings. One of these was the famo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Abouzeid |
Aden Emergency | 22 SAS Regiment
Royal Armoured Corps
10th Royal Hussars
1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards
4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards
Queen's Own Hussars
Queen's Royal Irish Hussars
16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers
Royal Tank Regiment
1st Royal Tank Regiment
B Sqn 5th Royal Tank Regiment
Guards Division
1st Battalion, Coldstream Guard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Emergency |
Corruption in Yemen | Under Saleh, power was alleged to be distributed to the president's relatives and members of his clan, who came to dominate the military, tribes, government, and economy.
A 2013 report argued that Saleh utilized his massive patronage network to garner cooperation between the nation's economic, military, and tribal elit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Yemen |
Antisemitism in the Arab world | Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohammed Mahdi Akef has denounced what he called "the myth of the Holocaust" in defending Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's denial of it.
The Egyptian government-run newspaper, Al Akhbar, on April 29, 2002, published an editorial denying the Holocaust as a fraud. The next paragr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world |
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud | On 10 September 2012, legislators elected Hassan President of Somalia during the country's 2012 presidential elections. Members of parliament marked their ballot papers behind a curtain before casting them in a clear box in front of foreign envoys and hundreds of Somali men and women as well as being broadcast live on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud |
Levantine Arabic | Levantine is spoken in the fertile strip on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean: from the Turkish coastal provinces of Adana, Hatay, and Mersin in the north to the Negev, passing through Lebanon, the coastal regions of Syria (Latakia and Tartus governorates) as well as around Aleppo and Damascus, the Hauran in Syri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic |
Habesha peoples | Throughout history, populations in the Horn of Africa had been interacting through migration, trade, warfare and intermarriage. Most people in the region spoke Afroasiatic languages, with the family's Cushitic and Semitic branches predominant. As early as the 3rd millennium BCE, the pre-Aksumites had begun trading alon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habesha_peoples |
Shura | Many traditional Sunni Islamic lawyers agree that to be in keeping with Islam, a government should have some form of council of consultation or majlis al-shura, although it must recognize that God and not the people are sovereign. Al-Mawardi has written that members of the majlis should satisfy three conditions: they m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shura |
M60 tank | A redesigned full vision cupola was envisioned for the commander's station. It had 7 tiltable vision blocks arranged to give the commander a 360 degree field of view with overlapping vision between adjacent vision blocks. The front vision block could be replaced with a dual power M34 7×50 binocular day sight or an M19E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_tank |
Al-Ma'arri | Abu al-'Ala' was born in December 973 in al-Ma'arra (present-day Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria), southwest of Aleppo, whence his nisba ("al-Ma'arri"). At his time, the city was part of the Abbasid Caliphate, the third Islamic caliphate, during the Islamic Golden Age. He was a member of the Banu Sulayman, a notable family o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri |
Assyrian people | The Neo-Aramaic languages, which are in the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, ultimately descend from Late Old Eastern Aramaic, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which displaced the East Semitic Assyrian dialect of Akkadian and Sumerian. After being conquered by the Assyr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
Regency of Algiers | The 17th century was the "golden age of privateering". By 1600, Algerian corsairs had adopted the square-rigged sailing ships introduced by Dutch corsair Simon Dansa and begun to rely less on Christian galley slaves. The expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain also gave the corsairs reinforcements, with whom they weakened... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers |
Nubians | Luqman, Ancient wise man in Islamic tradition
Alara of Kush, founder of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Mentuhotep II (possibly), the sixth ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty. United Egypt and established the Middle Kingdom of Egypt
Amenemhat I, founder of the Twelfth Dynasty. Many scholars in recent years have argued tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians |
2011 Egyptian revolution | According to a U.S. Embassy report, police brutality had been widespread in Egypt. In the five years before the revolution, the Mubarak regime denied the existence of torture or abuse by police. However, claims by domestic and international groups provided cellphone videos or first-hand accounts of hundreds of cases of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution |
Khalid ibn al-Walid | The remnants of the Byzantine forces from Ajnadayn and Fahl retreated north to Damascus, where the Byzantine commanders called for imperial reinforcements. Khalid advanced, possibly besting a Byzantine unit at the Marj al-Suffar plain before besieging the city. Each of the five Muslim commanders were charged with block... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid |
Saadiyat Island | The project is being developed by the Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority-held Tourism Development & Investment Company (TDIC). The company plans is to dispose of development to private investors that will work on their sites in accordance with the master plan as well as other ground rules. The plan for Saadiyat island was don... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadiyat_Island |
Zellij | In traditional zellij decoration, geometric patterns of varying complexity were the most prominent and widespread motif. Vegetal arabesque motifs were also used, though less frequently. Geometric patterns were created on the basis of tessellation: the method of covering a surface with the use of forms that can be repea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellij |
Marinid Sultanate | The Marinid army was largely composed of tribes loyal to the Marinids or associated with the ruling dynasty. However, the number of men these tribes could field had its limits, which required the sultans to recruit from other tribes and from mercenaries. Additional troops were drawn from other Zenata tribes of the cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Juniper | Junipers vary in size and shape from tall trees, 20–40 metres (66–131 feet) tall, to columnar or low-spreading shrubs with long, trailing branches. They are evergreen with needle-like and/or scale-like leaves. They can be either monoecious or dioecious. The female seed cones are very distinctive, with fleshy, fruit-lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper |
Hammam | Prayer is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and it is customary to perform ablutions before praying. The two Islamic forms of ablution are ghusl, a full-body cleansing, and wudu, a cleansing of the face, hands, and feet. In the absence of water, cleansing with pure soil or sand is also permissible. Mosques always provid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammam |
Ibn Tufayl | Born in Guadix, near Granada, he was educated by Ibn Bajjah (Avempace). His family were from the Arab Qays tribe. He was a secretary for several leaders, including the rulers of Ceuta and Tangier, in 1154. He also served as a secretary for the ruler of Granada, and later as vizier and physician for Abu Yaqub Yusuf, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl |
Taforalt | Sector 10, excavated by Humphrey, and the burial deposits excavated by Roche in the 1950s, form a contiguous and spatially demarcated collective burial area with dozens of closely spaced burials. The presence of both articulated and disarticulated bones indicates extensive use and reuse of the burial area with evidence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taforalt |
Yusuf al-Qaradawi | Mecca Time
In April 2008, at a conference in Qatar titled "Mecca: the Center of the Earth, Theory and Practice", al-Qaradawi advocated the implementation of Mecca Time to replace the Greenwich Meridian as the basis of the world time zone system.
Muhammed cartoon controversy
Al-Qaradawi called for a "Day of Anger" over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi |
Salafi movement | Similar to Saudi Arabia, most citizens of Qatar adhere to a strict sect of Salafism referred to as Wahhabism. The national mosque of Qatar is the Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque named after the founder of Wahhabism. Similar to Saudi Arabian sponsorship of Salafism, Qatar has also funded the construction of mosqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Rhodesia | The Rhodesian army continued its "mobile counter-offensive" strategy of holding key positions ("vital asset ground") while carrying out raids into the no-go areas and into neighbouring countries. While often extraordinarily successful in inflicting heavy guerrilla casualties, such raids also on occasion failed to achie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia |
Islam in France | The wearing of hijab in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_France |
Buddhist art | The first of the Three Kingdoms of Korea to officially receive Buddhism was Goguryeo in 372. However, Chinese records and the use of Buddhist motifs in Goguryeo murals indicate the introduction of Buddhism earlier than the official date. The Baekje Kingdom officially recognized Buddhism in 384. The Silla Kingdom, isola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_art |
Israel | The religious affiliation of the Israeli population as of 2022 was 73.6% Jewish, 18.1% Muslim, 1.9% Christian, and 1.6% Druze. The remaining 4.8% included faiths such as Samaritanism and Baháʼí, as well as "religiously unclassified".
The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely: a 2016 survey by Pew Research... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel |
Ancient Egyptian pottery | The place of the ceramic industry in the wider social and economic context of ancient Egyptian society has been treated only cursorily in research to date.
Tomb decorations and pottery models provide only a few pieces of evidence for the context of pottery production. Depictions from the Old Kingdom are closely linked ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery |
Iraqi nationalism | Iraqi nationalism has emphasized Iraq's cultural heritage which dates back to ancient Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia and Assyria, states that are considered the cradle of civilization that spread civilization to other parts of the world. The Babylonian ruler Nebuchadnezzar II and Kurdish Muslim leader Saladin are two importa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism |
John Philoponus | The commentaries of the late antiquity and early Middle Ages aimed to teach an audience. In that regard, the repetitive nature of Philoponus’ commentaries demonstrates his pedagogical awareness. Although abstract in manner, Philoponus is chiefly focused on the concept in question.
Most of Philoponus’ early philosophica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philoponus |
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war | Both al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Islamic State had a presence in Yemen before the Saudi-led intervention. AQAP had controlled substantial pieces of territory for some time, while Islamic State claimed for twin bombings in Sanaa the following month that killed 140 people and injured hundreds more.
The t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war |
Palestinian Authority | On 22 April 2001, Jaweed al-Ghussein, former Chairman of the Palestine National Fund, was abducted from Abu Dhabi, UAE, flown to Arish, Egypt, and driven across the border to Gaza, where he was held hostage by the Palestinian Authority. The Minister of Justice, Freh Abu Mediane, protested and resigned over the illegali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority |
Cairo | The air pollution in Cairo is a matter of serious concern. Greater Cairo's volatile aromatic hydrocarbon levels are higher than many other similar cities. Air quality measurements in Cairo have also been recording dangerous levels of lead, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and suspended particulate matter concentrations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo |
Habib Bourguiba | Following independence, proclaimed on 20 March 1956, a National Constituent Assembly was elected, on 25 March, in order to write a constitution. Therefore, Bourguiba ran to represent the constituents of Monastir, as the Neo-Destour candidate. On 8 April, the assembly held its opening session, chaired by M'hamed Chenik ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba |
Berbers | During the Taifa era, the petty kings came from a variety of ethnic groups; some—for instance the Zirid kings of Granada—were of Berber origin. The Taifa period ended when a Berber dynasty—the Moroccan Almoravids—took over al-Andalus; they were succeeded by the Almohad dynasty of Morocco, during which time al-Andalus f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers |
Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s | The administrative reforms took place between 1919 and 1927. In November 1918, Captain N. N. E. Bray was appointed as Political Agent in Bahrain and instructed to "seek the amelioration of the internal government by indirect and pacific means and by gaining the confidence and trust of the shaikh". He was the first of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s |
Regency of Algiers | Architecture in Algiers during this period showed a convergence of Ottoman influence with local traditions. Mosques began to be built with domes under the Ottoman influence, but minarets generally still had square shafts in the local tradition, not the round or octagonal shafts seen in other Ottoman provinces, where pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers |
Hedwig glass | Much scholarship in the last century discussed the Hedwig glasses, especially their elusive origins and iconography. Scholars have reached no clear consensus beyond the fact that the glasses must have been made at a distinct cultural crossroads that allowed Christian and Islamic elements to converge. Eugen von Czihak ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_glass |
History of Qatar | Desiring to keep surveillance over the proceedings of the Wahhabis, Bahrain stationed a government official named Abdullah bin Ahmad Al-Khalifa on the coast of Qatar as early as 1833. Turning against the Bahrainis, he instigated the people of Al Huwailah to revolt against the Al Khalifa and open up a correspondence wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Qatar |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | Despite his popularity with the people of the Arab world, by mid-1957 his only regional ally was Syria. In September, Turkish troops massed along the Syrian border, giving credence to rumors that the Baghdad Pact countries were attempting to topple Syria's leftist government. Nasser sent a contingent force to Syria as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser |
World War I | The assassination initiated the July Crisis, a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain. Believing that Serbian intelligence helped organise Franz Ferdinand's murder, Austrian officials wanted to use the opportunity to end their interference in Bosnia and saw war as t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Gulf Cooperation Council | Abramson, Seth (3 September 2019). Proof of Conspiracy: How Trump's International Collusion Is Threatening American Democracy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-25671-3.
Bianco, C. (2020a). The GCC monarchies: Perceptions of the Iranian threat amid shifting geopolitics. The International Spectator, 55(2), 92–107.
Bian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council |
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah | Abu'l-Shalaghlagh did not have heirs, as his son and grandchild had reportedly been captured and imprisoned by the Abbasids. Sa'id was thus designated as his successor, and given his uncle's daughter in marriage. Sa'id's only child, Abd al-Rahman, the future caliph al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, was born in March or April 893.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah |
Al-Mustanjid (Cairo) | Al-Mustanjid was the son of Al-Mutawakkil I. His given name was Yusuf and his Kunya was Abu al-Mahasin.
The 1455 mutiny convinced caliph al-Qa'im to abandon his support for Sayf ad-Din Inal and join the uprising. With the caliph providing symbolic legitimacy to the mamluks, they took up arms and assaulted the citadel. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustanjid_(Cairo) |
Arianism | The First Council of Nicaea did not end the controversy, as many bishops of the Eastern provinces disputed the homoousios, the central term of the Nicene Creed, as it had been used by Paul of Samosata, who had advocated a monarchianist Christology. Both the man and his teaching, including the term homoousios, had been ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism |
Music of Egypt | Early Middle Eastern music was influenced by Byzantine and Roman forms, which were themselves heavily influenced by earlier Greek, Semitic, and Ancient Egyptian music.
Egyptians in Medieval Cairo believed that music exercised "too powerful an effect upon the passions, and leading men into gaiety, dissipation and vice."... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt |
List of Assyrian kings | Ancient Assyria was an absolute monarchy, with the king believed to be appointed directly through divine right by the chief deity, Ashur. The Assyrians believed that the king was the link between the gods and the earthly realm. As such, it was the king's primary duty to discover the will of the gods and enact this, oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Muslim Brotherhood | After the war the Brotherhood lobbied for granting Amin al-Husseini, who had served as a German propaganda mouthpiece between 1941 and 1945, asylum in Egypt. In May 1946 al-Husseini managed to escape from French imprisonment and arrived in Cairo. He received a warm welcome, especially by al-Banna, who ennobled him to a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood |
Chickpea | Chickpeas are usually rapidly boiled for 10 minutes and then simmered for longer. Dried chickpeas need a long cooking time (1–2 hours) but will easily fall apart when cooked longer. If soaked for 12–24 hours before use, cooking time can be shortened by around 30 minutes. Chickpeas can also be pressure cooked or sous vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea |
Coastal Road massacre | The bus was finally stopped by a large police roadblock set up at the Glilot Junction near Herzliya, which included nails planted on the road to puncture the bus' tires. Due to the speed at which the attack was transpiring, Israeli counter-terrorism squads had been unable to mobilize quickly enough, and the roadblock w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre |
Gulf War | Task Force 1–41 Infantry was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991. Prior to this action the Task Force's primary fire support battalion, 4th Battalion o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War |
Tunisian campaign | The Allied forces had reorganised and during the night of 19/20 April, the Eighth Army captured Enfidaville against the Italian 16th Motorized Division "Pistoia", which counter-attacked several times over the next three days and was repulsed and the action at Takrouna also took place. The northward advance of Eighth Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign |
Islamic extremism | The Salafiyya movement is a conservative, Islahi (reform) movement within Sunnī Islam that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and advocate a return to the traditions of the "devout ancestors" (Salaf al-Salih). It has been described as the "fastest-growing Islamic movement"; with each scholar expressing dive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Ayyubid dynasty | Saladin went to Alexandria in 1171–72 and found himself facing the dilemma of having many supporters in the city, but little money. A family council was held there by the Ayyubid emirs of Egypt where it was decided that al-Muzaffar Taqi al-Din Umar, Saladin's nephew, would launch an expedition against the coastal regio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Assyrian people | As early as the 8th century BC Luwian and Cilician subject rulers referred to their Assyrian overlords as Syrian, a western Indo-European corruption of the original term Assyrian. The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous Arameans, Assyrians and other inhabitants of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | Israel was victorious militarily, but its reputation was harmed. The international community continued to isolate Hamas (except for Iran and Syria), because it rejected the Quartet demands to recognize Israel, accept the Oslo accords peace initiative and abandon violence in exchange for international recognition as rep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Fez, Morocco | In 1912, French colonial rule was instituted over Morocco following the Treaty of Fes. One immediate consequence was the 1912 riots in Fez, a popular uprising which included deadly attacks targeting Europeans as well as native Jewish inhabitants in the Mellah, followed by an even deadlier repression. The first French r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Egypt | In 2003, the government established the National Council for Human Rights. Shortly after its foundation, the council came under heavy criticism by local activists, who contend it was a propaganda tool for the government to excuse its own violations and to give legitimacy to repressive laws such as the Emergency Law.
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt |
1973 oil crisis | This price increase had a dramatic effect on oil exporting nations, for the countries of the Middle East who had long been dominated by the industrial powers were seen to have taken control of a vital commodity. The oil-exporting nations began to accumulate vast wealth.
Some of the income was dispensed in the form of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis |
René Guénon | The Introduction to the study of the Hindu doctrines had, among its objectives, the purpose of giving the proper intellectual basis to promote openness to the study of eastern intellectuality. The study of Hindu doctrines is continued in his book Man and His Becoming According to the Vedanta. There he described a part ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non |
Arabic language influence on the Spanish language | Albarracín City of Aragón. Derived from Al Banū Razin, name of the Berber family of the town.
Alcalá de Henares City in the Community of Madrid. Derived from al-qal'a (القلعة), meaning citadel or fortress. Henares may also come from the Arabic name for river: nahar.
Alcántara (several places) from Arabic al qantara (ال... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language_influence_on_the_Spanish_language |
Menes | Beck, Roger B; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S; Naylor, Phillip C; Shabaka, Dahia Ibo (1999), World history: Patterns of interaction, Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, ISBN 0-395-87274-X
Cervelló-Autuori, Josep (2003), "Narmer, Menes and the seals from Abydos", Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century: proceedin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes |
History of medieval Tunisia | After an hiatus under the Almohads, the Maliki madhhab (school of law) resumed its full traditional jurisdiction over the Maghrib. During the 13th century, the Maliki school had undergone substantial liberalizing changes due in part to Iraqi influence. Under Hafsid jurisprudents the concept of maslahah or "public inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Tunisia |
Safavid Iran | More problematic for the Safavids was the powerful neighboring Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans, a Sunni dynasty, considered the active recruitment of Turkmen tribes of Anatolia for the Safavid cause as a major threat. To counter the rising Safavid power, in 1502, Sultan Bayezid II forcefully deported many Shiʻite Muslims ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Economic history of Somalia | In 1950, during the beginning of the ten years of the Trust Administration of Somalia under Italy, the "Cassa per la Circolazione Monetaria della Somalia" (Cassa for the monetary circulation of Somalia) was set up, established officially in a public law institution in 1954; in the same year the "Somali Credit" was esta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia |
War of the Camps | On 19 May 1985, heavy fighting erupted between Amal Movement and Palestinian camp militias for the control of Sabra and Shatila and Burj el-Barajneh camps in Beirut. Amal was supported by the predominantly Shia Sixth Brigade of the Lebanese Army commanded by General Abd al-Halim Kanj and by the 87th Infantry Battalion ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Camps |
2003 invasion of Iraq | Both supporters and opponents of the Iraq War widely viewed it within the context of a post–11 September world, where the U.S. has sought to make terrorism the defining international security paradigm. Bush often described the Iraq War as a "central front in the war on terror". Some critics of the war, particularly wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali | Alan Cowell, a prominent New York Times journalist, believed Ben Ali's initial promises of a more democratic way of ruling the country than had prevailed under Bourguiba. One of his first acts upon taking office was to loosen restrictions on the press; for the first time state-controlled newspapers published statements... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali |
Hashim al-Atassi | However, by the end of 1938 it became clear that the French government had no intention of ratifying the treaty, partly due to fears that if it relinquished its colonies in the Middle East, it would be outflanked in a war with Nazi Germany that was brewing in Europe. Atassi resigned on 7 July 1939 as the French continu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi |
Jordan | While both team and individual sports are widely played in Jordan, the Kingdom has enjoyed its biggest international achievements in taekwondo. The highlight came at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games when Ahmad Abughaush won Jordan's first ever medal of any colour at the Games by taking gold in the −67 kg weight. Medals have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
Islamic art | Despite Hadith sayings prohibiting the wearing of silk, the Byzantine and Sassanian traditions of grand figured silk woven cloth continued under Muslim rule. Some designs are calligraphic, especially when made for palls to cover a tomb, but more are surprisingly conservative versions of the earlier traditions, with man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art |
Qatar | Qatar's international profile and active role in international affairs have led some analysts to identify it as a middle power. Since 2022, it has been a major non-NATO ally of the United States. Qatar also has particularly strong ties with France, China, Iran, Turkey, as well as a number of Islamist movements in the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar |
2011 Egyptian revolution | The 6 April Youth Movement (Arabic: حركة شباب 6 أبريل) is an Egyptian Facebook group begun in spring 2008 to support workers in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, an industrial town, who were planning to strike on 6 April.
Activists called on participants to wear black and stay home the day of the strike. Bloggers and citizen journa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution |
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